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Introduction to Computer Science and Programming

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Computer Programming and Its Applications: A Basic Guide

Computer programming is the most foundational skill in information technology, and for good reason. Programming knowledge makes up every computing innovation we see. Without computer programming, the world as we know it would cease to function. 

Almost all modern tools and institutions—including global commerce, finance, information systems, and more—are built on computer systems. You might have the most innovative app idea in the world, but that idea will only see the light of day if someone has the computer programming knowledge to make it happen.

What is computer programming?

As “smart” as they seem to the layperson, computers can’t do anything on their own. Everything a computer does is the result of programs people develop to solve problems, meet needs, or achieve goals.

What is a computer program?

A program is a sequence of commands. Each command causes the computer to perform a specific action. Every action in a computer is a precise set of electrical signals. 

When a computer program is correct and the commands make the computer do what the programmer intends, the computer successfully completes a task.

Today, programmers write their instructions in code, which is text written using the rules of a particular computer language. There are numerous programming languages out there. 

Some of the most popular programming languages include:

Most professionals specialize in a few programming languages. But understanding programming languages on a high level can help professionals learn the fundamentals of many more.

Each language works by taking a programmer’s instructions and translating them into binary code, a sequence of “on” and “off” (or “0” and “1”) instructions. Differences exist in the details, such as syntax, the ways in which the computer translates the language, and more.

Uses of computer programming

The languages you’ll learn as a programmer will depend on what you want to do. For example: 

• JavaScript powers user-responsive web pages.
• SQL sends messages to and from databases.
• C codes operating systems like Windows or Linux.
• Python is popular for machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms.

Many languages have multiple uses. For instance:

• Python handles advanced data processing and data structures , but programmers also use it to create web applications. 
• Java , a different language than JavaScript, powers the Android operating system as well as many business software programs.

What do computer programmers do?

Professional computer programmers spend most of their days doing one of four things:

• Creating new code from scratch.
• Building off existing code to create new functionality.
• Testing someone else’s code before releasing a product.
• Debugging code to achieve a desired function.

The end goal is to create a working application, web page, or piece of computer software. If something goes wrong, the programmer searches for the error (“bugs”) and finds the right fix.  

Computer science vs. computer programming

A common question is: What is the difference between computer science and computer programming?

Computer programming involves building things with code. Programming is a hands-on technical skill that involves designing, creating, and refining code to solve problems, build applications, and more.

Computer science is a theoretical field that spans mathematics and computer systems. Instead of building applications, computer scientists solve more abstract problems such as algorithms (finding faster methods of computing numbers), graph problems, and more. Computer scientists are also planners and designers that study computer systems and software. They often develop ideas for how to best solve problems using computers that programmers later on implement in their own work.

An analogy: If programmers are digital builders, then computer scientists are the digital architects. Both are necessary for the final product.

Are computer programmers the same as software developers?

Software developers can be considered “domain-specific” computer programmers. More than just code, they look at software and applications from a high-level perspective and design the technical elements that will work together to achieve a final result.

A computer programmer might automate a task and write a simple script and call it a day. A software developer, however, is responsible for creating an entire application. They must choose and implement specific features based on user needs and create models that determine what code the app will need—software developers must consider more complicated design questions, such as whether to use so-called “object-oriented programming,” “functional programming,” and/or more.

Not all computer programmers are qualified software developers, but most software developers have programming skills. 

Benefits of computer programming knowledge

In 2019, there were more than two billion computers across the globe. As long as computers run, programmers will be in demand.

Job Opportunities

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) anticipates 9,700 new computer programming job openings every year through 2030. Programming jobs pay a median wage of $89,190 per year, more than twice the national median.

At the time of this writing, there are almost 10,000 open computer programming jobs on Indeed . Positions are available across the country, and close to 1,000 are explicitly labeled as remote work .

Entrepreneurship

Because programming is part of every computer innovation, computer programming is the perfect skill for aspiring tech entrepreneurs. With a background in computer programming, you can:

• Develop and market an app.
• Start an app development agency.
• Create a Software-as-a-Service product (a subscription-based software like MailChimp or Hulu).
• Teach programming online.
• Create video games with game design and game development .

These are only a few of the business options available to savvy programmers. If you have a tech idea, all you need are the skills to launch it.

Lucrative career options

Computer programming is a gateway skill that opens doors to other technical careers, including:

• Software Engineering and Development ( $110,140/yr )
• Data science ( $126,830/yr )
• Cybersecurity ( $103,590/yr )
• Database management and administration ( $98,860/yr )

A computer programming education is a solid background for any of these fields. Even if you’re not sure which way to go, start with programming and branch out when the time is right.

Getting started in programming

For years, most programmers entered the workforce with a bachelor’s degree. Today, there are many more pathways to entry, from the traditional degree program to certificate programs and self-study.

If you want to study programming without general education requirements or electives, consider edX’s bootcamp-style coding programs . These focused options let you study part-time or full time, depending on your schedule and professional goals.

Not ready for an extended bootcamp? edX offers a range of stand-alone courses and certificate programs, many of which have no prerequisites. Check out edX’s computer programming courses today and take your first step into the world of coding.

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This course has fixed due dates that you have to meet. Research shows that students are most successful with distance education when they start their course work on time and make steady progress. Expect to work 6-9 hours per week on assignments for this course and  submit one assignment at a time. To help you do this, please follow the time line posted as an Excel file at the top of the Assignments page. You can print it out for your own reference. You are encouraged to move forward but you should not miss the due date of each unit. I understand that sometimes things may happen and you can’t meet the deadlines. If it does happen, let me know in advance so I can consider granting an extension. Late assignments will not be accepted.

NOTE : Testing centers are closed on Sundays. You have to submit all the assignments and complete all the exams by the course end date.

• Introduction to Computer Applications and Concepts Course Schedule. Authored by : Jim Shannon. Provided by : Extended Learning Institute of Northern Virginia Community College. Located at : http://www.nvcc.edu/eli/index.html . License : CC BY: Attribution

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1: Introduction to Computers

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Learning Objectives

• Discuss basic computer concepts and definitions
• Determine what operating system you have
• Navigate programs
• Locate and manage files and folders
• Discuss proper file and folder management techniques in a variety of environments
• Take a screenshot
• 1.1: Why It Matters- Introduction to Computers
• 1.2: Introduction to Computer Concepts
• 1.3: Hardware
• 1.4: Software
• 1.5: Security
• 1.6: Privacy
• 1.7: Introduction to Operating Systems
• 1.8: Identifying Your Operating System (OS)
• 1.9: Introduction to Navigate Programs
• 1.10: Managing Windows
• 1.11: Keyboard Shortcuts
• 1.12: Introduction to Finding Programs and Files
• 1.13: Start Menu
• 1.14: Creating Files and Folders
• 1.15: Organizing Files and Folders
• 1.16: Deleting Files and Folders
• 1.17: Introduction to File Management
• 1.18: Local Files
• 1.19: Network Files
• 1.20: Online Files
• 1.21: Introduction to Snips and Screenshots
• 1.22: Snips and Screenshots
• 1.23: Putting It Together- Intro to Computers
• 1.24: Assignment- Download Files
• 1.25: Assignment- Identify Your OS
• 1.26: Assignment- Empty the Recycle Bin
• 1.27: Discussion- Computers vs. Smartphones

• Get started with computers
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• Basic Internet Skills
• Online Safety
• Social Media
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• Google Docs
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• Career Planning
• Resume Writing
• Cover Letters
• Job Search and Networking
• Business Communication
• Entrepreneurship 101
• Careers without College
• Job Hunt for Today
• 3D Printing
• Freelancing 101
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Computer Basics

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Introduction

• 1 About This Tutorial arrow_forward_ios ✓ Learn what's covered in this free course.
• 2 What is a Computer? arrow_forward_ios ✓ Learn what a computer is and how it functions.

Hardware Basics

• 3 Basic Parts of a Computer arrow_forward_ios ✓ Learn the basic parts of a computer, including the monitor, computer case, and keyboard.
• 4 Buttons and Ports on a Computer arrow_forward_ios ✓ Learn the various ports and buttons on a computer.
• 5 Inside a Computer arrow_forward_ios ✓ Learn what's inside a computer.
• 6 Laptop Computers arrow_forward_ios ✓ Learn more about laptop computers and how they differ from traditional desktop computers.
• 7 Mobile Devices arrow_forward_ios ✓ Learn how mobile devices work.

Software Basics

• 8 Understanding Operating Systems arrow_forward_ios ✓ Get a better understanding of operating systems and how they function.
• 9 Understanding Applications arrow_forward_ios ✓ Better understand applications and how they work.

Using a Computer

• 10 Setting Up a Computer arrow_forward_ios ✓ Learn know how to set up a computer.
• 11 Getting Started with Your First Computer arrow_forward_ios ✓ Get started with your first computer.
• 12 Getting to Know the OS arrow_forward_ios ✓ Get to know your computer's operating system.

Using the Internet

• 13 Connecting to the Internet arrow_forward_ios ✓ Learn how to get online and start using the Internet.
• 14 Getting Started with the Internet arrow_forward_ios ✓ Learn how to get started with and navigate the Internet.
• 15 Understanding the Cloud arrow_forward_ios ✓ Gain a greater understanding of the cloud and how it works.

Safety and Maintenance

• 16 Keeping Your Computer Clean arrow_forward_ios ✓ Use these tips to keep your computer clean.
• 17 Protecting Your Computer arrow_forward_ios ✓ Employ these strategies to keep your computer well protected from threats.
• 18 Creating a Safe Workspace arrow_forward_ios ✓ Learn tips for creating a safe space at work.
• 19 Basic Troubleshooting Techniques arrow_forward_ios ✓ Learn these basic troubleshooting techniques.
• 20 How to Use Your Computer's Built-in Help arrow_forward_ios ✓ Learn how to use your computer's built-in help function.
• 21 Learning a New Program arrow_forward_ios ✓ Use these tips for learning a new program, whatever it may be.
• 22 Bringing Your Files with You arrow_forward_ios ✓ Learn how you can bring your computer files and folders with you wherever you go.
• 23 Using Accessibility Features arrow_forward_ios ✓ Here's how to use your computer's various accessibility functions.
• 24 Computer Basics Quiz arrow_forward_ios ✓ Test your knowledge of computer basics by taking our quiz.

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Computer Applications | High School

5 Best Computer Applications Lesson Plans for High School

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November 22nd, 2022 | 6 min. read

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High school computer teachers face a unique challenge. You have hundreds of students to teach, so planning lessons takes hours of personal time every week.

Creating computer applications lessons that are current, engaging, and will prepare your students isn’t easy! Unfortunately, it can be overwhelming to find computer applications lesson plans that are engaging and relevant to high schoolers.

So where do you start?

In this article, we’ll share where you can find great computer applications lesson plans to teach 5 topics to high school students:

• Digital Literacy
• Microsoft Office
• Google Applications
• Internet Research
• Computer Science

We’ll start with the basics — digital literacy.

1. Digital Literacy Resources for High School Computer Classes

Digital literacy (sometimes called computer literacy) encompasses a number of skills related to using technology effectively and appropriately, making it critical for your students to understand.

When teaching digital literacy in high school be sure to include these six topics:

• Information literacy
• Ethical use of digital resources
• Understanding digital footprints
• Protecting yourself online
• Handling digital communication
• Cyberbullying

All of this knowledge provides an important base that students build upon throughout the rest of your course and later in their education!

For digital literacy lesson plans and activities, check out these five steps to teaching digital literacy in the classroom .

2. Microsoft Office Lesson Plans for High School

Teaching Microsoft Office in high school is a must. While some students may be familiar with these programs, it’s critical to familiarize your students so everyone is on the same page.

Also, high school students can go more in-depth with the advanced features of each application, compared to middle school students.

You can find a ton of resources out there to build lesson plans, but there are almost too many for one person to read.

Instead, decide which Microsoft applications you will cover and go from there. Also, consider if your students will take Microsoft Office Specialist (MOS) certification exams. If so, include some exam prep lessons in your course.

To find lesson plan ideas that will work for your classroom, check out these Microsoft Office lesson plans that your students will love .

3. Google Apps Lesson Ideas for High School

Along with Microsoft Office, Google Apps are important for high school students to learn.

Your course standards may already include Google Apps, but if not, you should still consider including some lessons on Docs, Sheets, and Slides in your course.

It comes down to the fact that many employers are now using Google instead of Microsoft. That means your students should be prepared to use either application suite in their careers.

One way to teach Google Apps is to mirror your Microsoft Office lessons. Another option is to focus specifically on how the two suites differ, such as with the collaborative features in Google Docs.

Either way, you’ll need some lesson plans and activities!

To start, check out the Google Apps lesson plans every teacher should own .

4. Lessons to Teach Internet Research Skills in High School

Your students need internet research skills to use throughout the rest of their lives.

With the constant changes in how search engines work and the number of websites out there, these lessons are crucial.

Having good online research skills can help students prevent costly mistakes, such as citing false information in a final project or believing fake news.

There aren’t many resources about web research that are appropriate for high schoolers, but luckily Google has a series of lessons that could be just what you need.

There are three levels of expertise for each topic area, ensuring you can provide lessons based on your students’ levels of knowledge.

Additionally, some lessons have teacher presentations and Google includes a full lesson plan map for quick reference.

Check out the lessons from Google here: Search Literacy Lesson Plans .

5. Computer Science Lesson Plans for High School

Programming may be daunting to teach , but these skills are essential in today’s workforce. Knowing how to write code can set your students up for incredible careers in the future!

Luckily, there are a ton of resources out there to teach these skills. However, like Microsoft lessons, there are so many out there that it’s a challenge to comb through them all.

Fortunately, Common Sense Education has some great computer science activities and lessons for high school students.

Some of the tools come with lesson plans and teacher resources. Others are less structured, intended as an extra supplement to your lessons.

Check out Common Sense Education’s list of the best coding tools for high school students .

Start Teaching Computer Applications in High School Today!

Choosing the most appropriate computer applications lesson plans for your students can be the difference between your learners falling behind or being ready to begin exciting careers.

Any of the lessons in this article can help you get your students on the way to success with computer skills. But many teachers have found success when using a comprehensive CTE curriculum throughout their high school computer classes.

If you're looking for a cohesive learning experience for your high school students, consider iCEV. iCEV provides a high school computer curriculum with pre-built lessons, interactive activities, and automatically graded assessments designed to save you hours in the classroom.

Check out the iCEV computer curriculum to see if it's the right fit for your classroom:

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Unit 6. Basic computer terminologies

Topic A: Application programs

Click play on the following audio player to listen along as you read this section.

Word Processors and Spreadsheets

Application program – a computer program that provides users with tools to accomplish a specific task.

Examples of application programs include those for word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, and database management, as well as Internet browsers, email programs, media players, accounting software, and programs that help with pronunciation, translation, desktop publishing, enterprise.

Microsoft Office – A group of productivity software applications developed by Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft Office 2016 includes such programs as Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint.

Word processors

Word processor – a program that allows users to create, save, edit, format, print, and retrieve documents.

Word processing programs can be used to create all types of text-based documents, such as:

• Assignments
• Newsletters
• Short stories
• Books (with tables, diagrams, photos, links, etc.)

Examples of word processing programs include Microsoft Word, Google Docs, Apple Pages, and LibreOffice Writer.

Spreadsheets

Spreadsheet (electronic worksheet) – a program that organizes data into rows and columns, also known as tabular form. This data can then be arranged, sorted, calculated (using formulas and functions), analyzed, or illustrated using graphical representations.

Among many other things, a spreadsheet program can be used to:

• Create budgets
• Calculate grades
• Balance bank accounts
• Calculate loan payments
• Calculate tax
• Prepare payrolls
• Analyze business performance numbers and results
• Produce charts
• Calculate revenues

Examples of spreadsheet programs include Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets, Apple Numbers, and LibreOffice Calc.

Presentation and Database Programs

Presentation programs.

Presentation program – a program that is designed to present information in the form of a slideshow, using multimedia formats such as pictures, sounds, videos, and text. Such a program is commonly used in education, training, business meetings, etc., to create powerful presentations.

Presentation programs are commonly used to:

• Create slideshow presentations
• Create lectures and tutorials
• Make photo slideshows
• Design websites with hyperlinks and interactivity
• Make photo albums
• Create animated videos (with voice and animation)

Examples of presentation programs include Microsoft PowerPoint, Google Slides, Apple Keynote, Prezi, CustomShow, SlideDog, and Powtoon.

Database programs

Database program (database management system) – A program that is designed for creating, editing, updating, maintaining databases, and managing organized information stored in them.

Databases are useful for keeping track of customers, users, employees, students, inventory, product purchases, ISBN numbers, etc. Database programs are used in the following fields:

• Airline/railway reservation
• Library management
• Human resource management

Examples of database programs include Microsoft Access, Oracle Database, Knack, TablePlus, and TeamDesk.

Launch and Terminate a Program

Launch an application program.

• Click the name of the program that you wish to start (e.g., Word 2016).

• Click the name of the program that you want to launch.
• Double-click a program shortcut icon on the desktop, if there is one.

Close (exit) a program (close an active open window)

• Click the Close icon (x) in the upper-right corner of the window.

Method 2 (Apple)

• Click Close .

Force close a frozen program

• Click Alt + F4 .
• Click Ctrl + Alt + Delete to open Task Manager .
• Select the unresponsive program and click End Task .

a computer program that provides users with tools to accomplish a specific task.

a group of productivity software applications developed by Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft Office 2016 includes such programs as Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint, etc.

a program that allows users to create, save, edit, format, print, and retrieve documents.

a program that organizes data into rows and columns, also known as tabular form. This data can then be arranged, sorted, calculated (using formulas and functions), analyzed, or illustrated using graphical representations.

a program that is designed to present information in the form of a slideshow, using multimedia formats such as pictures, sounds, videos, and text.

a program that is designed for creating, editing, updating, and maintaining databases and managing organized information stored in them.

Key Concepts of Computer Studies Copyright © 2020 by Meizhong Wang is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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In this chapter, we will discuss the application of computers in various fields.

A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility which has made it an integrated part in all business organizations.

Computer is used in business organizations for −

• Payroll calculations
• Sales analysis
• Financial forecasting
• Managing employee database
• Maintenance of stocks, etc.

Today, banking is almost totally dependent on computers.

Banks provide the following facilities −

Online accounting facility, which includes checking current balance, making deposits and overdrafts, checking interest charges, shares, and trustee records.

ATM machines which are completely automated are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks.

Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of computers. Insurance companies, finance houses, and stock broking firms are widely using computers for their concerns.

Insurance companies are maintaining a database of all clients with information showing −

• Procedure to continue with policies
• Starting date of the policies
• Next due installment of a policy
• Maturity date
• Interests due
• Survival benefits

The computer helps in providing a lot of facilities in the education system.

The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE (Computer Based Education).

CBE involves control, delivery, and evaluation of learning.

Computer education is rapidly increasing the graph of number of computer students.

There are a number of methods in which educational institutions can use a computer to educate the students.

It is used to prepare a database about performance of a student and analysis is carried out on this basis.

In marketing, uses of the computer are following −

Advertising − With computers, advertising professionals create art and graphics, write and revise copy, and print and disseminate ads with the goal of selling more products.

Home Shopping − Home shopping has been made possible through the use of computerized catalogues that provide access to product information and permit direct entry of orders to be filled by the customers.

Computers have become an important part in hospitals, labs, and dispensaries. They are being used in hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines. It is also used in scanning and diagnosing different diseases. ECG, EEG, ultrasounds and CT scans, etc. are also done by computerized machines.

Following are some major fields of health care in which computers are used.

Diagnostic System − Computers are used to collect data and identify the cause of illness.

Lab-diagnostic System − All tests can be done and the reports are prepared by computer.

Patient Monitoring System − These are used to check the patient's signs for abnormality such as in Cardiac Arrest, ECG, etc.

Pharma Information System − Computer is used to check drug labels, expiry dates, harmful side effects, etc.

Surgery − Nowadays, computers are also used in performing surgery.

Engineering Design

Computers are widely used for Engineering purpose.

One of the major areas is CAD (Computer Aided Design) that provides creation and modification of images. Some of the fields are −

Structural Engineering − Requires stress and strain analysis for design of ships, buildings, budgets, air planes, etc.

Industrial Engineering − Computers deal with design, implementation, and improvement of integrated systems of people, materials, and equipment.

Architectural Engineering − Computers help in planning towns, designing buildings, determining a range of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D drawings.

Computers are largely used in defence. Modern tanks, missiles, weapons, etc. Military also employs computerized control systems. Some military areas where a computer has been used are −

• Missile Control
• Military Communication
• Military Operation and Planning
• Smart Weapons

Communication

Communication is a way to convey a message, an idea, a picture, or speech that is received and understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant. Some main areas in this category are −

• Video-conferencing

Computers play an important role in government services. Some major fields in this category are −

• Sales tax department
• Income tax department
• Computation of male/female ratio
• Computerization of voters lists
• Computerization of PAN card
• Weather forecasting

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Fundamentals of IT & Computers

Basics of computer and its operations.

• Characteristics of Computer System
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• C Programming Language Tutorial
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Introduction :

A computer is an electronic device that can receive, store, process, and output data. It is a machine that can perform a variety of tasks and operations, ranging from simple calculations to complex simulations and artificial intelligence.

Computers consist of hardware components such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage devices, input/output devices, and peripherals, as well as software components such as the operating system and applications.

The history of computers can be traced back to the 19th century when mechanical devices such as the Analytical Engine and tabulating machines were developed. However, modern computers as we know them today were developed in the mid-20th century with the invention of the transistor and the development of integrated circuits.

Today, computers are widely used in various industries such as education, finance, healthcare, and entertainment, and they have revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate. They have also given rise to a new era of technology such as the internet, cloud computing, and mobile devices, which have further transformed our daily lives.

Computer is a device that transforms data into meaningful information. It processes the input according to the set of instructions provided to it by the user and gives the desired output quickly. A Computer can perform the following set of functions:

• Accept data
• Process data as desired
• Retrieve the stored data as and when required
• Print the result in desired format.

Data and Information: Data: It is the term used for raw facts and figures fed into the computer and along with the set of instructions which enables the computer to convert this raw data into the refined and useful information. Information: Data represented in useful and meaningful form is information. 

Data and information are related concepts, but they have different meanings. Data refers to raw facts and figures that are unorganized and have no meaning on their own. Information, on the other hand, is data that has been processed, organized, and given context to make it meaningful and useful.

Data can take many forms, such as numbers, words, images, or sounds. For example, a list of sales figures for a company is data. However, this data by itself does not provide any useful information. It needs to be processed and analyzed to be turned into information that can be used for decision-making.

Information is data that has been processed and organized in a meaningful way to convey a message or answer a question. For example, using the sales figures from the earlier example, an analyst could create a graph or chart that shows the sales trends over time, providing meaningful information about the company’s performance.

In summary, data is the raw, unorganized facts and figures, while information is data that has been processed and given context to be meaningful and useful for decision-making.

Classification of Computers: Computers can be classified based on the technology being used and the way they are designed to perform the various tasks. Computers can be categorized into Digital, Analog and Hybrid based on their design and working:

• Digital Computers : These are the modern computers which are capable of processing information in discrete form. In digital technology data which can be in the form of letters, symbols or numbers is represented in binary form i.e. 0s and 1s. The digital computers are used in industrial, business and scientific applications. They are quite suitable for large volume data processing.
• Analog Computers : These computers are used to process data generated by ongoing physical processes. A thermometer is an example of an analog computer since it measures the change in mercury level continuously. Analog computers are well suited to simulating systems. A simulator helps to conduct experiments repeatedly in real time environment. Some of the common examples are simulations in aircrafts, nuclear power plants, hydraulic and electronic networks.
• Hybrid Computers : These use both analog and digital technology. It has the speed of analog computer and the accuracy of a digital computer. It may accept digital or analog signals but an extensive conversion of data from digital to analog and analog to digital has to be done. Hybrid Computers are used as a cost effective means for complex simulations.
• Supercomputers: These are the most powerful and expensive computers that are used for complex scientific calculations, simulations, and research. They are used in fields such as weather forecasting, cryptography, and nuclear research.
• Mainframe Computers: These are large and powerful computers that are used by large organizations such as banks, airlines, and government agencies to process massive amounts of data and handle multiple users simultaneously.
• Mini Computers: These are smaller and less powerful than mainframe computers, but they are still capable of handling multiple users and processing large amounts of data. They are commonly used by small to medium-sized businesses for accounting, inventory management, and other data-intensive tasks.
• Personal Computers: These are small and affordable computers that are designed for individual users. They are commonly used for personal productivity, entertainment, and communication.
• Workstations: These are high-performance computers that are used by professionals such as architects, engineers, and designers to run complex software applications for tasks such as 3D modeling, animation, and scientific visualization.
• Embedded Systems: These are specialized computers that are built into other devices such as cars, appliances, and medical equipment to control their operations and perform specific functions.
• Mobile Devices: These are small and portable computers that are designed for on-the-go use, such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops

Classification of Digital Computers

• Micro Computers : These are also known as Personal Computers. These type of digital computer uses a microprocessor (a CPU on a single chip) and include both desktops and laptops. These computers can work on small volume of data, are very versatile and can handle variety of applications. These computers are being used as work stations, CAD, multimedia and advertising applications. Example: portable computers such as PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants) and tablets
• Mini Computers : These computers can support multiple users working simultaneously on the same machine. These are mainly used in an organization where computers installed in various departments are interconnected. These computers are useful for small business organizations.
• Main Frames : These computers are large and very powerful computers with very high memory capacity. These can process huge databases such as census at extremely fast rate. They are suitable for big organizations, banks, industries etc. and can support hundreds of users simultaneously on the network.
• Super Computers : These are fastest and very expensive computers. They can execute billions of instructions per second. These are multiprocessor, parallel systems suitable for specialized complex scientific applications involving huge amounts of mathematical applications such as weather forecasting.
• Minicomputers: These are smaller and less powerful than mainframe computers, but they are still capable of handling multiple users and processing large amounts of data. They are commonly used by small to medium-sized businesses for accounting, inventory management, and other data-intensive tasks.
• Microcomputers: These are the most common type of digital computers, also known as personal computers or PCs. They are designed for individual users and are used for personal productivity, entertainment, and communication.
• Mobile Devices: These are small and portable computers that are designed for on-the-go use, such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops.

Peripheral Devices

These devices are used for performing the specific functions and are connected to the computer externally. These peripheral devices enable the computer to operate according to the user requirements by feeding data in and out of the computer. Peripheral devices are as follows:

• Optical/magnetic Scanner
• Touch Screen
• Microphone for voice as input
• Monitor (Visual Display Unit)

Difference between RAM and Hard-disk

CPU process the data, and to process that data we need fast speed memory which is known as RAM.

Types of Software

• System Software : These are those software,without which our PC,laptop won’t run, i.e it is must for a device to be operating. For Example: Linux,Unix,Windows,etc.
• Application Software : These are those software,without which our PC,laptop can run, i.e these software are not necessary for a device to be operating. For Example: Facebook,What’s App,Games.

Difference between Hacker and Cracker

• Hacker : They will just warn you something about malicious activity going around in your computer.It will not steal your information.
• Cracker : They will try to steal your Information without informing you.

Basic computer operation :

• Booting up: This is the process of starting up the computer by loading the operating system (OS) into memory. The computer runs a series of checks to ensure all hardware is working correctly before loading the OS.
• Logging in: After booting up, you will need to log in to access your user account. This requires entering your username and password.
• Running programs: Once you have logged in, you can run programs on your computer. Programs can include web browsers, office applications, media players, and more.
• Accessing data: You can access data stored on your computer or other connected devices, such as external hard drives or cloud storage services. This can include files, documents, photos, and other media.
• Connecting to the internet: You can connect to the internet to access websites, download files, and communicate with others online. This typically involves using a web browser to access websites and other online services.
• Communicating with other devices: You can communicate with other devices connected to your computer, such as printers, scanners, or other peripherals. This allows you to print documents, scan images, and perform other tasks.
• Saving and backing up data: It’s important to save and back up your data regularly to avoid data loss. You can save data to your local hard drive, external hard drives, or cloud storage services.
• Shutting down: When you’re finished using your computer, you should shut it down properly. This involves closing all programs and files, saving any changes, and shutting down the OS.
• Troubleshooting: If you experience issues with your computer, you may need to troubleshoot the problem. This can involve diagnosing hardware or software issues, performing updates, or reinstalling drivers.
• Security: It’s important to keep your computer secure by using antivirus software, firewalls, and other security measures. This helps protect your data and prevent unauthorized access to your system.

Issues of basic computers and computer operations :

some common issues that can arise with basic computers and computer operations:

• Slow performance: Computers can become slow and unresponsive due to a variety of factors, such as lack of storage space, outdated hardware, or malware.
• Malware and viruses: Malware and viruses can infect computers and cause a range of problems, including data loss, system crashes, and identity theft.
• Hardware failures: Computer hardware components can fail over time, leading to issues like system crashes, data loss, and display problems.
• Software glitches: Software applications can sometimes malfunction or crash, leading to issues like data loss or unresponsive programs.
• Driver problems: Drivers are software components that enable hardware devices to communicate with the operating system. If drivers become outdated or corrupted, it can lead to issues like hardware failures or system crashes.
• Compatibility issues: Sometimes software applications or hardware components may not be compatible with each other, leading to issues like system crashes or display problems.
• Internet connectivity issues: Problems with internet connectivity can lead to issues like slow loading web pages, interrupted downloads, and difficulty accessing online services.
• User error: Users can sometimes make mistakes or accidentally delete files or programs, leading to issues like data loss or unresponsive programs.

Reference :

 Some references for learning about basic computers and computer operations:

• “Computer Basics” by GCFGlobal: This is a comprehensive guide to learning about computers, including hardware components, software, and basic operations.
• “Computer Science Basics” by Khan Academy: This course covers the fundamentals of computer science, including how computers work, programming basics, and algorithms.
• “Introduction to Computers” by Udemy: This course covers the basics of computer hardware, software, and operations, including topics like file management, computer security, and troubleshooting.
• “Computer Operations” by Techopedia: This article provides an overview of computer operations, including booting up, running programs, and saving and backing up data.
• “How Computers Work” by HowStuffWorks: This website provides a detailed explanation of how computers work, including the role of hardware components, operating systems, and software applications.
• “The Basics of Computer Operations” by The Tech Academy: This guide provides an overview of basic computer operations, including starting up, running programs, and shutting down.
• “Introduction to Computing” by Georgia Tech: This course provides an introduction to computing, including basic computer operations, programming, and algorithms.

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• Computer Applications Practice Questions

You are probably using an application right now! A computer can perform amazing functions through an application. Any computer application will have a special purpose and a specific function . The section on Computer Application Practice Questions will deal with some of these applications like the MS Office 2016 . We will also see topics like the file extensions , operating systems , and programming languages .

Browse more Topics under Computer Applications

• MS Office 2016
• File Extensions
• Operating Systems
• Programming Languages

Computer Application Practice Questions

Q1: The ………… tells the computer how to use its components .    [S B I Clerk 2009; Punjab & Sindh Bank Clerk, 2010]

A) Utility                        B) Application                           C) Operating System                     D) Network                        E) None of the above

Q2: What does C O stands in C O B O L ?        [ I  B P S Clerk, 2012]

A) Common Object                        B) Common                           C) Computer Oriented                            D)   Common Operating          E) None of the above

Q3: A computer can’t ‘boot’ if it does not have the?                    [ Union Bank Of India Clerk, 2012]

A) Compiler                     B) Loader                      C) Operating System                   D) Assembler                   E) None of the above

Q4: The function of an assembler is?       [I B P S P. O. 2011]

A) To convert basic language into machine language.

B) To convert high-level language into machine language.

C) To convert assembly language into machine language.

D) To convert assembly language into a high-level language.

E) None of the above.

Q5: Which among the following is/ are interpreted language?                 [S B I P. O. 2011]

A) C                   B) C + +                  C) Java                      D) Visual Basic                 E) Both C) and D)

Q6: A linker program?             [R B I P. O. 2009]

A) places the program in the memory for the purpose of execution.

B) relocates the program to execute from the specific memory area allocated to it.

C) links the program with other programs needed for its execution.

D) interfaces the program with the entities generating its input data.

Q7: Which of the following system software resides in the main memory always?               [ I B P S Clerk, 2011]

A) Text Editor                          B) Assembler                     C) Linker                   D) Loader                 E) None of the above

Find Your Answers Here

Q1: C), Q2: B), Q3: C), Q4: C), Q5: E), Q6: C), Q7: D)

Q1: The ………….. program is used to convert mnemonic code to machine code.             [S B I Clerk 2011]

A) debug                     B) C ++                   C) F O R T R A N              D) Assembler                 E) None of the above

Q2: A set of rules for telling the computer what operations to perform is called a …….? [I B P S P. O. 2012]

A) procedural language                 B) structures                    C) natural language                   D) command language                         E) programming language

Q3: Machine Language                           [S B I P. O. 2013]

A) is the language in which programs were first written.

B) is the only language understood by the computer .

C) differs from one type of computer to another.

D) All of the above.

Q4: Assembly language                           [I B P S Clerk, 2011]

A) uses alphabetic codes in place of binary numbers used in machine language.

B) is the easiest language to write programs.

C) need not be translated into machine language.

Q5: Which of the following is not a computer language?               [S B I Clerk, 2012]

A) High-level language                       B) Machine language                      C) Low-level language                   D) Medium level language                       E) None of the above

Q6: Translator program used in assembly language is called                          [ S B I Clerk, 2012]

A) compiler                     B) interpreter                       C) translation                   D) translator                    E) assembler

Q7: A(n) …… program is one that is ready to run and does not need to be altered in any way.          [I B P S P.O. 2012]

A) interpreter                         B) high-level                    C) compiler                        D) C O B O L                   E) executable

Q8: ……………. is a cross between human language and a programming language.      [I B P S P.O. 2012]

A) Pseudo code                     B) Java                      C) The Java virtual machine                    D) The compiler                       E) None of the above

Q1: D), Q2: E), Q3: D), Q4: A), Q5: D), Q6: E), Q7: E), Q8: A)

Q1: Which of the following is a programming language for creating special programs like applets?           [I B P S Clerk, 2012]

A) Java                B) Cobal                 C) Domain name                    D) Net                   E) C O B O L

Q2: ……………… are words that a programming language has set aside for its own use.    [I B P S P. O. 2011]

A) Control words          B) Control structures                 C) Reserved words                    D) Reserved keys                    E) None of the above

Q3: C ++ language developed by?   [I B P S Clerk 2012]

A) Dennis Ritchie                     B) Charles Babbage                    C) Niklaus Wirth                    D) Bjarne Stroustroup            E) John McCharthy

Q4: In programming, repeating some statements is usually called                     [S S C   C G L, 2013]

A) looping                     B) control structure                  C) compiling                  D) structure                 E) None of the above

Q5: F O R T R A N stands for                        [S B I Clerk, 2011]

A) Formal Translation                   B) Formative Translation                   C) Formal Transaction                  D) Formal Translation                    E) Formula Translation

Q6: Software refers to                            [I B P S Clerk, 2012]

A) the physical components that a computer is made of

B) firmware                         C) programs                          D) people ware                          E) None of the above

Q1: A), Q2: C), Q3: D), Q4: A), Q5: E), Q6: C)

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One response to “ms office 2016”.

In the year 2016, Microsoft Office released some of the new features on it for the Windows system and they got quite popular among all the users. As MS Office is one of the most important and user-friendly platforms, we can do anything over it regarding the editorial matter. For this maybe it is one of the default computer applications.

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Course Resources

Assignments.

The assignments in this course are openly licensed, and are available as-is, or can be modified to suit your students’ needs.

If you import this course into your learning management system (Blackboard, Canvas, etc.), the assignments will automatically be loaded into the assignment tool.

The assignments for Computer Apps for Managers build on one another and culminate in the submission of a finished project.

You can view them below or throughout the course.

Assignment Rubric

Below is a suggested rubric for grading assignments.

Discussions

The following discussion assignments will also be preloaded (into the discussion-board tool) in your learning management system if you import the course. They can be used as is, modified, or removed. You can view them below or throughout the course.

• Assignments. Provided by : Lumen Learning. License : CC BY: Attribution
• Pencil Cup. Authored by : IconfactoryTeam. Provided by : Noun Project. Located at : https://thenounproject.com/term/pencil-cup/628840/ . License : CC BY: Attribution

KNEC notes and Revision materials

Study notes, Revision materials and Past papers for courses examined by KNEC

Computer applications I (Theory & Practical) notes pdf

Computer applications i (theory & practical) pdf notes, chapter 1: introduction to computer applications.

Computer Application/Application software Classification of Computer software Stating the applications in a computers Computer – Applications

CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT

Introduction to OS Function of Operating system Types of Operating System Use of operating systems command DOS Internal and External Commands

CHAPTER 3: WORD PROCESSING

Introduction to Word processing Features of a word processor Examples of word processor programs Types of word processing applications Features of Standard Word Processors Opening Microsoft Word 2007 in the practical room Screen Layout Quick Access Toolbar Using the Keyboard in MS Word Basic actions with documents Editing document Formatting text Formatting Paragraphs Adding Tables Graphics Page Formatting Footnotes Bulleted and Numbered Lists Proofing a Whole Word 2007 Document Mail merge Show or hide comments or tracked changes Automating Common Word Tasks Table of content, Figures and tables Print an MS Word document

CHAPTER 4: SPREADSHEET

Introduction to Spreadsheets The Main Spreadsheets Basic MS Excel Skills Excel Formula and Functions Making Changes to the Contents of a Spreadsheet Cell Saving Your Spreadsheet Printing a Spreadsheet Editing a Spreadsheet Formatting a Spreadsheet Sorting Filtering and Data Validation Charts What if analysis Create a Scenario PivotTable Report Summarizing, consolidating and outlining data Automating simple task Print a Worksheet

CHAPTER 5: DATABASE

Introduction to Databases Traditional File Organization What are Data Models? Type of Data Models Introduction to Microsoft Access Database Concepts Introduction to Access 2007 Exploring Access 2007 Creating a New Database Displaying Different Views Converting and Compatibility Issues Navigation Pane features and controls Exploring an Access Database

CHAPTER 6: DESKTOP PUBLISHING

Introduction to Desk Top Publishing Microsoft Publisher Publisher Basics and Feature Create a table Working with Color Schemes Change page size, paper size, or page orientation Import a Word document Insert a file Add, change, or remove a border in Publisher Determine your desktop printer’s nonprintable region Prepare, publish, and maintain your Publisher Web site

CHAPTER 6: PRESENTATIONS

Introduction to Presentation Microsoft PowerPoint The Basics: Creating and Editing a Presentation Create a New Presentation Entering Text on a Slide Adding Clip Art to a Slide Editing Slide Text Formatting Text Slides Preparing to Deliver a Presentation Adding Transitions to a Slide Show How to Set Transition Effects Animating Text Printing Slides, Speaker Notes, and Handouts Creating a Custom Design Template Inserting Graphics Adding Footers Automate simple tasks – Create a macro in PowerPoint

CHAPTER 7: INTERNET AND EMAIL

Introduction to the Internet Features and functions of the Internet Internet Services Browsing the Web Setting or changing a Home Page Downloading Web pages and programs from the Internet Printing Web pages Creating a Bookmark Working Offline Making Web pages available for offline viewing Electronic Mail (E-Mail)

CHAPTER 8: EMERGING ISSUES AND TRENDS

Written by  KNEC notes and Past Papers

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Job Posting: Vocational Instructor (Computer and Related Technologies) CF

Central California Women's Facility

$41.05 - $12,110.27 per Hour

Final Filing Date: 4/25/2024

Job Description and Duties

Individuals who are eligible for a Training and Development assignment may also be considered for this position(s).

To obtain eligibility for the Vocational Instructor - Computer and Related Technoloties, Correctional Facility classification, before applying for the position, you must first take and pass the examination.

Please see "Exam/Assessment" section below for more details.

Please see attached duty statement for full details.

You will find additional information about the job in the Duty Statement .

Minimum Requirements

• VOCATIONAL INSTRUCTOR (COMPUTER AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES) (CORRECTIONAL FACILITY)

Additional Documents

• Job Application Package Checklist
• Duty Statement

Position Details

Department information.

We enhance public safety and promote successful community reintegration through education, treatment and active participation in rehabilitative and restorative justice programs.

To facilitate the successful reintegration of the individuals in our care back to their communities equipped with the tools to be drug-free, healthy, and employable members of society by providing education, treatment, rehabilitative, and restorative justice programs, all in a safe and humane environment.

The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) and California Correctional Health Care Services (CCHCS) are committed to building and fostering a diverse workplace.  We believe cultural diversity, backgrounds, experiences, perspectives, and unique identities should be honored, valued, and supported.  We believe all staff should be empowered.  CDCR/CCHCS are proud to foster inclusion and representation at all levels of both Departments.

Central California Women’s Facility is located in the Central San Joaquin Valley approximately 30 miles north of Fresno.

Founded in 1885, the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) is one of the nation’s largest and most diverse correctional departments in the country. We are dedicated to enhancing public safety through the safe and secure incarceration of individuals in our care, by providing effective parole supervision, and implementing rehabilitative strategies for their successful reintegration into our communities.

Special Requirements

• Do not include any confidential information on any documents you submit for a job vacancy, such as your State application, resume, or educational transcripts.  Confidential information that should be excluded or removed from these documents includes, but is not limited to, your Social Security Number (SSN), birthdate, student identification number, driver’s license number (unless required), basis of eligibility, examination results, LEAP status, marital status, and age.  Confidential information on the first page of applications submitted electronically online, such as Easy ID number, SSN, examination related information, and driver’s license number will automatically be redacted upon submission.
• Possession of Minimum Qualifications will be verified prior to interview and/or appointment.  If you are meeting Minimum Qualifications with education, you must include your unofficial transcripts/diploma for verification.  Official transcripts may be required upon appointment.  If it is determined an applicant does not meet the Minimum Qualifications, the candidate will be withheld from the eligibility list, rendering them inactive and ineligible to be hired for the position.  Candidates who have been withheld may file an appeal with the State Personnel Board.
• Candidates new to CDCR or the Division of Juvenile Justice are required to submit to a background investigation process utilizing Live Scan Fingerprinting, and Tuberculosis testing prior to appointment followed by department annual Tuberculosis testing/evaluation thereafter.

Credential: Possession of a valid California teaching credential which authorizes the holder to teach, on a full-time basis, a vocational course in the appropriate subject specialty. Applicants who do not possess this credential may take the examination, but must meet the requirements and have an application on file with the Commission on Teacher Credentialing for the appropriate credential before an appointment can be made; applicant must secure the credential within 120 working days after appointment. After issuance, the credential must be maintained by completion of any required examinations or course work.

Application Instructions

Completed applications and all required documents must be received or postmarked by the Final Filing Date in order to be considered. Dates printed on Mobile Bar Codes, such as the Quick Response (QR) Codes available at the USPS, are not considered Postmark dates for the purpose of determining timely filing of an application.

Who May Apply

How To Apply

Address for Mailing Application Packages

You may submit your application and any applicable or required documents to:

Address for Drop-Off Application Packages

You may drop off your application and any applicable or required documents at:

Required Application Package Documents

The following items are required to be submitted with your application. Applicants who do not submit the required items timely may not be considered for this job:

• Current version of the State Examination/Employment Application STD Form 678 (when not applying electronically), or the Electronic State Employment Application through your Applicant Account at www.CalCareers.ca.gov. All Experience and Education relating to the Minimum Qualifications listed on the Classification Specification should be included to demonstrate how you meet the Minimum Qualifications for the position.
• Resume is optional. It may be included, but is not required.

Desirable Qualifications

Willingness to create and promote an equitable and inclusive workplace where diversity is celebrated and valued.

Information on benefits afforded by membership in the California Public Employees’ Retirement System can be found on the California Department of Human Resources (CalHR) Salary and Benefits at: www.calhr.ca.gov/employees/pages/salary-and-benefits.aspx .

Information regarding Merit System Principles provided to public employees by the State Civil Service Act can be found on the CalHR website at: https://www.calhr.ca.gov/Training/Pages/peformance-management-merit-system-principles.aspx .

Additional benefit information can be found on the CalHR California State Civil Service Employee Benefits Summary website at: https://www.calhr.ca.gov/Pages/California -State-Civil-Service-Employee-Benefits-Summary.aspx .

This webpage is intended to provide general information.  Benefit eligibility may be based on job classification, bargaining unit, time base and length of appointment.  

Contact Information

The Human Resources Contact is available to answer questions regarding the position or application process.

Please direct requests for Reasonable Accommodations to the interview scheduler at the time the interview is being scheduled. You may direct any additional questions regarding Reasonable Accommodations or Equal Employment Opportunity for this position(s) to the Department's EEO Office.

EXAM/ASSESSMENT

THIS EXAM/ASSESSMENT IS CURRENTLY AVAILABLE ~ PLEASE SEE BELOW LINKS FOR INFORMATION ON HOW TO BECOME ELIGIBLE:

PLEASE NOTE: The Qualifications Assessment needs to be reviewed/submitted to staff in the Sacramento Office for processing; this process can take 4-6 weeks and may not be completed before hiring interviews are held.

Please ensure you meet the Minimum Qualifications before applying for this exam/assessment (located above under 'Minimum Requirements).  

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

• Priority consideration will be given to Reemployment/Departmental Restriction of Appointment/State Restriction of Appointment/Surplus candidates
• This advertisement will be used for other vacancies that occur during this recruitment
• Various methods of appointments may be considered, unless specified in this advertisement.  If applying as a T&D, it MUST be indicated on your application
• Positions filled limited term or as a Training and Development may become permanent
• All applications may be screened (based on information provided on your application) and only the most qualified will be interviewed.  Therefore, please be as thorough as possible when filling out application.  Please attach resume or additional documents if necessary
• Incomplete applications will be screened out.  Including those submitted without the required documentation (i.e. education, certification, credential)
• Departments are not required to contact all candidates with list eligibility; therefore, candidates are encouraged to search for vacancies they may be eligible for and apply
• The main communication for this position will be through email.   Please ensure you have a valid email address and contact number on your application and CalCareers profile.  It is the applicants’ responsibility to check their email inbox, to include junk emails, for any correspondences regarding their application status.

Equal Opportunity Employer

The State of California is an equal opportunity employer to all, regardless of age, ancestry, color, disability (mental and physical), exercising the right to family care and medical leave, gender, gender expression, gender identity, genetic information, marital status, medical condition, military or veteran status, national origin, political affiliation, race, religious creed, sex (includes pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding and related medical conditions), and sexual orientation.

It is an objective of the State of California to achieve a drug-free work place. Any applicant for state employment will be expected to behave in accordance with this objective because the use of illegal drugs is inconsistent with the law of the State, the rules governing Civil Service, and the special trust placed in public servants.