breathing underwater essay

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Breathing under water and other East European essays

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Breathing underwater - Essay Example

• Subject: Miscellaneous
• Type: Essay
• Level: Undergraduate
• Pages: 4 (1000 words)
• Downloads: 2
• Author: knikolaus

Extract of sample "Breathing underwater"

He had it all – a rich family, plenty of money, a good school and classmates and his beautiful girlfriend Caitlin. He was also popular for being one of the top athletes and students of his school. The author Alexandra Flinn, had undertaken extensive research on the topic of batterers by taking into consideration the different counseling and anger control programs given for such people. The author had always been working with victims of domestic violence and the perpetrators of such crimes. From a literary standpoint, she took the liberty of presenting this incredibly touching story from the viewpoint of the abuser.

Alexandra Flinn focuses on the theme of violence within the framework of a love relationship shared between two teenagers, Nick and Caitlin. As the story unfolds, the author vividly explains how love had turned to violence which finally snuffed out a beautiful relationship. She also gives us a clear picture how each made use of the other to get what they needed for the moment. Nick came from an affluent family but did not experience a mother’s love. Moreover, he had a father who was violent and was never there when Nick needed him most.

Therefore, Nick craved for love and affection and someone to listen to his hopes and fears. This need was satisfied in the form of his girlfriend Caitlin whom he loved a lot. Caitlin too loved Nick but at the same time got whatever she wanted from him. Though she catered to his whims and fancies, she stood her ground whenever the need arose. As time passed, Nick gradually started acting jealous and displaying violent behavior. He badly needed to release the pressure he faced with his father on the home front and uses Caitlin in an abusive manner to get rid of his pent up feelings.

The novel opens with a court scene where his girlfriend Caitlin is seen testifying against him for slapping her. Nick had loved Caitlin for she was smart and beautiful and she loved Nick too. But all that changed after she

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Fluid mechanics 230, scuba diving industry, the scouring of underwater pipelines, marine biologists' discovery, the underground welder as a piece of literature, define the origins of the aqualung in relation to swim diving, submarine volcanoes, underwater performance evaluation.

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A group of WWII-era scientists used themselves as guinea pigs to learn to breathe underwater. Their experiments helped make D-Day possible.

• During WWII, scientists experimented on themselves to help divers and submarine crews.
• The scientists conducted over 600 experiments on themselves, breathing CO2, oxygen, and more gases.
• The British Admiralty used their data for recon missions, including before D-Day .

On January 18, 1944, a miniature sub known as an X-craft made its way from the English Channel to French waters undetected. For four nights, the sub surfaced every 12 hours to let in fresh air.

The submariners were on a reconnaissance mission. Two British Army officers aboard the sub swam to shore to mark landmarks and recently dug mines, gathering intel for troops who would invade the beaches of Normandy on D-Day , five months later.

The small group of scientists aboard the sub performed hundreds of experiments on themselves to figure out how long the X-craft could stay submerged with the occupants breathing their own expelled carbon dioxide .

They locked themselves in hyperbaric chambers, where they breathed carbon dioxide, pure oxygen, and other gases to figure out how best to breathe underwater .

These scientists meticulously documented the dangers of inhaling regular air and pure oxygen at different depths — helping pave the way for modern divers, who often use different gas mixtures depending on how deep they are going.

In her new book, "Chamber Divers: The Untold Story of the D-Day Scientists Who Changed Special Operations Forever," Rachel Lance tells the story of the many injuries and near-death experiences the researchers endured, from a broken spine to a collapsed lung .

The British Admiralty, which was in charge of the Royal Navy, used the scientists' data to help troops pilot miniature submarines, dismantle underwater obstacles, and perform other reconnaissance missions. All these tasks were vital for the D-Day mission .

The many dangers of diving

By the 1940s, diving was common but required bulky suits and large helmets. Anyone going underwater for lengthy periods needed a cable to attach them to a boat and provide a constant supply of air.

Experts had already known about the dangers of decompression sickness , also known as the bends, for decades. When a diver surfaces too quickly after a deep dive, the change in pressure can cause nitrogen bubbles to flood the bloodstream. A buildup of bubbles blocks blood flow and, in the most serious cases, can lead to death.

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But that wasn't the British Admiralty's only concern with underwater travel. In 1939, the Thetis submarine sank during a dive test. While four people escaped, the other 99 trapped aboard died of then-unknown causes. Having breathing apparatuses on board wasn't enough to save them.

An engineer investigating the disaster asked John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, who worked in the genetics department at University College London, for help figuring out what happened. Haldane had participated in his physiologist father's experiments on decompression sickness and breathing various gases in their at-home lab since he was a child.

Haldane and a handful of members from his lab, quickly got to work conducting experiments in hyperbaric chambers . They were the guinea pigs.

Pure oxygen could be poisonous

Haldane and his fellow scientists breathed different levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen to see how their bodies responded at different levels of pressure. CO2 would give them headaches, make them tired, and cause them to hyperventilate.

It was excessive CO2 that had killed those aboard the Thetis, Haldane figured out, and future crews would need a way to absorb the gas .

Pure oxygen could be just as poisonous. It caused violent seizures, vomiting, and impaired vision. The researchers would see flashes of color they called "dazzle." Haldane injured his back during a seizure, and another researcher dislocated her jaw.

The seizures were bad enough in a dry hyperbaric chamber, but one of the researchers nearly drowned breathing oxygen while submerged in water.

Breathing regular air — which is mostly nitrogen — at increased pressure caused a phenomenon known as nitrogen narcosis during the researchers' tests.

It was potent enough that "no great trust should be placed in human intelligence under these circumstances," Haldane and Martin Case, another researcher, wrote. While the phenomenon wasn't new, the fact that the scientists struggled to do math problems while under its effect showed that it could be deadly for divers trying to complete simple tasks.

Finally, the researchers started mixing oxygen and air to find an ideal composition that would allow divers and submarine crews to breathe without side effects like seizures or vision loss.

Haldane and the other members of his lab conducted over 600 experiments on themselves in total. The British Admiralty used their data when outfitting its X-craft submarines and handing out custom mixes of oxygen and air based on the depth of their dives.

The documents chronicling the work of Haldane and his fellow scientists were declassified in 2001, well after many of them had died. Their dangerous experiments not only contributed to the D-Day invasion, but also contributed to the science behind modern-day scuba diving.

Watch: How Navy sailors train to work on $2 billion submarines

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Breathing Underwater

82 pages • 2 hours read

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Chapters 1-6

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Chapters 13-18

Chapters 19-24

Chapters 25-31

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Chapters 1-6 Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1 summary: “january 5”.

In Chapter 1, we meet Nick Andreas, a 16-year-old boy who arrives at a courthouse in Miami, Florida, because his ex-girlfriend has filed a restraining order against him. He is with his father, a Greek immigrant who appears well-dressed and well-mannered. In the courtroom, Nick tries to talk to Caitlin , but his father pushes him away.

Caitlin testifies that her relationship with Nick was sexual and consensual but violent, and she is in fear for her life. Nick justifies the abuse to himself by saying it was only one slap when she provoked him. We learn that he is ashamed of how much he looks like his father. Nick lives alone with him after his mother left when Nick was five. On the stand, Nick claims that Caitlin is lying, but the Judge does not believe him. She grants the restraining order and warns Nick that if he contacts Caitlin, he will go to jail. She orders that he attend six months of counseling and keep a journal describing everything that happened with Caitlin; he must write 500 words per week. She promises not to read it unless he wants her to.

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