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Physics Presentation templates

To understand how the world we know works like it does, one of the main scientific disciplines in charge of providing answers is physics. get these google slides themes and powerpoint templates and prove that the formula "slidesgo + creativity = success" is true, related collections.

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Science Subject for Elementary - 2nd Grade: Physics

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• Page 1 of 5

The Science of Physics

Chapter Overview

• Nature of physics and its related fields
• Scientific method of inquiry
• Role of models
• Basic SI units
• Precision vs. accuracy
• Scientific notation
• Significant digits
• Various ways of summarizing data
• Dimensional analysis
• Estimation procedures

Section 1.1 What is Physics?

• Identify activities and fields that involve the major areas within physics
• Describe the processes of the scientific method
• Describe the role of models and diagrams in physics

1.1 What is Physics?

• The study of the physical world
• Use a small number of basic concepts, equations, and assumptions to describe the physical world
• Can be used to make predictions about a broad range of phenomena
• Appliances, tools, buildings, inventions are all basic physics principles put to test

Thermodynamics – Efficient engines, use of coolants

Electromagnetism – Battery, starter, headlights

Optics – Headlights, rearview mirrors

Vibrations and mechanical waves – Shock absorbers, radio speakers, sound insulation

Mechanics – spinning motion of the wheels, tires that provide enough friction or traction

Physics is Everywhere

• When you buy ice cream, why do you put it in the freezer when you get home?
• **Any problem that deals with temperature, size, motion, position, shape, or color involves physics**
• There are major areas of physics that deal with each of these
• Design, build, and operate
• Best shape so that is remains stable and floating, yet quick and maneuverable
• Knowledge of fluids
• Efficient shape for sails and how to arrange them
• Understanding motion and its causes
• Balancing loads
• So port isn't heavier than starboard
• Knowledge on how the keel keeps the boat moving in one direction
• Even though the wind i s blowing in another

The Scientific Method

• No single procedure is always taken in an experiment
• Certain common steps in all good scientific investigations
• There was a car accident and the police were investigating… use the scientific method:
• Observations/Data:
• Hypothesis:
• Experiments/Tests:
• Interpret/Revise Hypothesis:
• Conclusion:
• Simple models are often used to explain the most fundamental features of various phenomena
• Common technique
• Break an event down into different parts
• Use a model for each section

WE WILL ALWAYS DRAW

MODELS!!!!!!

• Observations
• Ball’s size, spin, weight, color, surroundings, time in the air, speed, and sound when hitting ground
• Identify the system
• A single object and the items immediately affecting it
• Ball and its motion
• Disregard any characteristics that don't matter
• Color, sound when hitting the ground
• In some studies of motion, even size and spin are disregarded

Models Help Build Hypothesis

• A hypothesis is a reasonable explanation for observations
• Can be tested with additional experiments
• Modeling a situation can help identify variables as well
• Galileo’s ‘thought experiment’

Models Help Guide Experiments

• Galileo performed many experiments
• Observing weight only
• Used same size objects, just different weight
• No way to eliminate air resistance
• Used rolling ball down smooth ramps as a model
• The steeper the ramp, the closer the representation

Experiments

• Must deal with variables
• Majority of the time a controlled experiment
• Only one variable changed at a time
• Used same set of different weight balls
• Just down a steeper ramp each time

Hypothesis to Prediction

• Until the invention of the air pump, it was impossible to perform direct tests in the absence of air resistance
• Reasonably accurate predictions were still made
• Experiments are run until results match each other and are in agreement with the hypothesis
• If not there could be error
• Then the hypothesis must be revised
• Conclusions
• Are only valid if they can be duplicated and verified by other people under the same conditions
• Not only so scientists conduct experiments to test hypothesis
• They also RESEARCH!!!
• Steps to doing scientific research
• Identifying reliable resources
• Searching the sources to find references
• Checking carefully for opposing views
• Documenting sources
• Presenting findings to other scientists for review and discussion

Section 1.2 Measurements In Experiments

• List basic SI units and the quantities they describe
• Convert measurements into scientific notation
• Distinguish between accuracy and precision
• Use significant figures in measurements and calculations

Numbers as Measurements

• When in physics numbers will never stand alone
• Means absolutely nothing
• Must have units following the number
• (anything labeled without units will be wrong) ☺
• Length, mass, time, or something else?
• If length: inches, centimeters, kilometers, l ight-years?
• The units helps tell us what kind of physical quantity being measured
• Basic dimensions – length, mass, time
• There are many other dimensions as well
• Force, velocity , energy, volume, and acceleration
• All combinations of length, mass, and time
• SI is the standard measurement system for science
• Scientists like to use the same system of units for measurement
• If not that would be a lot of converting ☹
• 7 base units that each describe a single dimension
• Length – meters (m)
• Mass – grams (g)
• Time – seconds (s)
• Other units derived from the 3 bases

SI Prefixes

• A very wide range of measurements will be used
• 100,000,000,000,000,000 m for distances between stars
• .000 000 001 m distances between atoms in a solid
• Can deal with powers of ten
• Prefixes to go with the powers

Conversions

• Using SI, with the prefixes and same base
• Conversion factors will always = 1
• Any measurement multiplied by a fraction will be multiplied by 1
• The number and unit will change but the quantity will stay the same

Dimensional Analysis

• Mathematical techniques that uses conversion factors to convert from one unit to another
• A typical bacterium has a mass of about 2.0μg. Express this in terms of grams and kilograms.
• The mass of an average person is 60,000,000 mg. Express this in grams and kilograms.

Dimension and Units Must Agree

• Can’t measure a length then label in kilograms (kg)
• Must make sure use correct unit
• We will ALWAYS use metric!!
• No inches, feet, miles, lbs, tons

Accuracy and Precision

• The closeness of measurements to the correct or accepted value
• Closeness of a set of measurements of the same quantity made in the same way

Accepted Value = 55 km/h

Problems with Accuracy are Due to Error

• Experimental work is never free of error
• Important to minimize as much as possible
• Should never have human error
• Mistake in reading measurement
• Mistake in recording results
• Method should always be the same
• Same instrument
• Check calculations

Precision of Instrument

• Poor accuracy can be corrected
• Precision based on the instrument
• Instruments can only be so precise

Precise to the .1

Estimate the last place

Significant Figures

• Measurement that consists of all known digits with an uncertain digit at the end
• Uncertain digit
• The digit that you as the experimenter must estimate
• All digits are significant, but not necessarily certain
• Insignificant digits are never reported
• YOU WILL ALWAYS NEED TO USE SIGNIFICANT FIGURES!!!!!

Sig Fig Rules

Sample Problems

• How many significant figures?
• Always round to significant figures
• If adding 2 numbers with 3 significant figures each
• Answer will have 3 significant figures
• Use normal rounding
• 5 and up – round up
• 4 and down – stay the same

Sig Fig Math

• Adding and Subtracting
• Answer must have the same number of digits to the right of the decimal point as there are in the measurement having the fewest digits to the right of the decimal point.
• 2.59 + 6.8974 = 9.49
• Multiplying and Dividing
• Answer can have no more significant figures than are in the measurement with the fewest number of significant figures.
• 3.05/8.47 = .360

Practice Problems

• 5.44m – 2.6103m =
• 2.4g/mL x 15.82 mL =

Conversion Factors and Sig Figs

• Because a measurement is considered exact, after conversion there is no rounding

Section 1.3 The Language of Physics

• Interpret data in tables and graphs, and recognize equations that summarize data
• Distinguish between conventions for abbreviating units and quantities
• Use dimensional analysis to check the validity of expressions
• Perform order of magnitude calculations

Mathematics and Physics

• Tools are used to summarize and analyze data and observations
• Often times mathematical relationships
• In forms of charts and graphs
• Provides a visual of time versus distance
• Can determine distance traveled at any time
• Through this equation

(change in position m) = 4.9 x (time of fall s) 2

• How far would the ball have fallen at .500 s?

Equations Indicate Relationships

• Equations show how two or more variables are related
• Many equations do not have numbers
• But symbols representing physical constants
• Δ means difference or change in
• Usually final minus initial
• Units should help with equations
• Units must cancel correctly
• Want the units that match your answer
• If finding velocity should end with units of m/s

Units or Variables?

• Variables are usually boldface
• Stand for a measurement with specific units
• Always check the context of the problem
• Find the mass of something
• Mass is variable m, units would be g or kg
• Examples of Variables
• Δx, Δy, Δt, c, m, a, v
• Examples of Units
• m, kg, m/s, m/s 2 , s
• Use to check validity of equations
• A car is moving at a speed of 88 km/h and has traveled 725 km, how long did this trip take?

Physics 8: Lectures

For each lecture, the PowerPoint file is available, along with a full-color 4-slide-per-page PDF version. If you want to print grayscale or black & white, you may be able to do so from the PowerPoint file.

Lecture 1: Course Introduction, Roadmap

Powerpoint lecture | 4-slide pdf, lecture 2: basic physics i: laws of motion, lecture 3: basic physics ii: work, energy, power, lecture 4: energy flow and human energy requirements, lecture 5: springs, oscillation, and resonance, lecture 6: electric force, fields, current, & bulbs, lecture 7: ohm's law, basic circuits, bulbstravaganzza, lecture 8: ac electricity, transformers, lecture 9: electrictronic devices, diodes, and more, transmitter questions: first half, powerpoint lecture | 9-slide pdf, lecture 10: sound and sound waveforms, lecture 11: digital information, sampling, cds, lecture 12: transistors, logic, computers, remote controls, lecture 13: radio: electromagnetic waves, am, fm, lecture 14: faraday cages and microwaves, lecture 15: television, lcds, etc., lecture 16: optics: reflection and refraction (revised), lecture 17: light, color, and spectra, lecture 18: color perception, and natural light phenomena, lecture 19: student-selected topics #1, lecture 20: tides, transmitter questions: second half (updated with tv questions).

Home / Free Education Presentation templates / Free Physics PowerPoint Template and Google Slides

Free Physics PowerPoint Template and Google Slides

About the Template

To understand how the world works as it does, then Physics lessons can give you the answers. To make your understanding easy and lessons creative, here we have free Physics PowerPoint template and Google slides . With this amazing Physics ppt template, we guarantee you create a presentation that looks appealing and conveys necessary information precisely to your students.

Learning Physics isn’t interesting for everyone; for some, it can be a joyous experience. If you want a template to illustrate Physics or Science related information, try using these creative Physics designs.

The template has cool icons and illustrations, which makes the template look super-stunning. This Physics deck template includes 18 slides with a dark background that includes formulas and laws to focus on the topic at all times. With this interactive design, your audience will feel very comfortable learning the lessons as it includes wholly well-designed and eye-catching elements. Moreover, students can use these Physics backgrounds as Physics project front page design. So, what are you waiting for? Be confident, make the most of this cool template, and inspire your kids to love Physics.

Isn’t it what you looking for? Then check out our free education template gallery for more.

Features of this template:

• Super-easy to customize
• 18 Unique designs
• Dark background with lots of cliparts, icons, and illustrations which makes the template look creative
• Compatible with Microsoft PowerPoint and Google Slides
• 16:9 widescreen perfect for all popular screens.

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It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when or randomised words which don’t look even slightly believable

Top 101 Physics Topics For Presentation [Updated]

Physics, the science that seeks to understand the fundamental principles governing the universe, offers a vast array of intriguing topics suitable for presentations. From classical mechanics to quantum physics, the realm of physics encompasses a wide range of phenomena that shape our understanding of the natural world. In this blog, we’ll delve into various physics topics for presentations, exploring their significance, applications, and relevance in everyday life.

How to Make Your Physics Presentation?

Table of Contents

Creating a compelling physics presentation involves careful planning, research, and effective communication of complex concepts in a clear and engaging manner. Here are some steps to help you make your physics presentation:

• Choose a Topic: Select a physics topic that interests you and aligns with your audience’s level of understanding. Consider the relevance and significance of the topic and its potential to engage and educate your audience.
• Conduct Research: Research thoroughly using trusted sources like textbooks, scientific journals, and reputable websites to grasp the topic’s key concepts.
• Develop an Outline: Organize your presentation into logical sections or themes. Use the outline provided earlier as a template, adapting it to suit your chosen topic and presentation format.
• Create Visual Aids: Prepare visual aids such as slides, diagrams, and animations to complement your presentation. Use clear and concise graphics to illustrate complex concepts and enhance audience comprehension.
• Craft a Clear Narrative: Structure your presentation with a clear beginning, middle, and end. Start with an attention-grabbing introduction to introduce the topic and establish its relevance. Present the main content in a logical sequence, highlighting key points and supporting evidence. Conclude with a summary of key takeaways and implications.
• Practice Delivery: Rehearse your presentation multiple times to familiarize yourself with the content and refine your delivery. Pay attention to pacing, clarity, and nonverbal communication cues such as posture and gestures.
• Engage Your Audience: Encourage active participation and interaction by asking questions, soliciting feedback, and incorporating interactive elements such as demonstrations or group activities. Tailor your presentation to the interests and background knowledge of your audience to keep them engaged and attentive.
• Anticipate Questions: Prepare for potential questions from your audience by anticipating areas of confusion or ambiguity in your presentation. Be ready to provide clarifications, examples, or references to further resources to address any inquiries.
• Seek Feedback: Solicit feedback from peers, mentors, or colleagues to gain valuable insights into areas for improvement. Consider their suggestions and incorporate constructive criticism to enhance the effectiveness of your presentation.
• Reflect and Iterate: After delivering your presentation, take time to reflect on your performance and the audience’s response. Identify strengths and weaknesses, and consider how you can refine your approach for future presentations.

By following these steps and applying careful planning and preparation, you can create a compelling physics presentation that effectively communicates complex concepts and engages your audience in the wonders of the natural world.

Top 101 Physics Topics For Presentation

• Newton’s Laws of Motion
• Conservation of Energy
• Conservation of Momentum
• Projectile Motion
• Friction: Types and Effects
• Laws of Thermodynamics
• Heat Transfer Mechanisms
• Applications of Thermodynamics
• Electric Fields and Charges
• Magnetic Fields and Forces
• Electromagnetic Induction
• Applications of Electricity and Magnetism
• Reflection and Refraction of Light
• Wave Optics and Interference
• Optical Instruments: Microscopes and Telescopes
• Modern Optical Technologies
• Wave-Particle Duality
• Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
• Quantum Tunneling
• Applications of Quantum Mechanics
• Special Theory of Relativity
• General Theory of Relativity
• Time Dilation and Length Contraction
• Black Holes: Formation and Properties
• Dark Matter and Dark Energy
• Atomic Structure and Spectroscopy
• Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions
• Nuclear Energy: Pros and Cons
• Nuclear Medicine: Applications and Techniques
• Stars: Formation and Evolution
• Stellar Structure and Dynamics
• Galaxies: Types and Properties
• Cosmology: The Big Bang Theory
• Gravitational Waves: Detection and Significance
• Quantum Gravity: Theoretical Concepts
• String Theory: Basics and Implications
• High Energy Physics: Particle Accelerators
• Standard Model of Particle Physics
• Quantum Field Theory
• Symmetry in Physics
• Chaos Theory: Deterministic Chaos
• Fluid Dynamics: Flow Patterns and Applications
• Aerodynamics: Principles and Applications
• Bernoulli’s Principle
• Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids
• Quantum Computing: Principles and Applications
• Cryptography: Quantum Key Distribution
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Entanglement
• Bose-Einstein Condensate
• Superconductivity: Phenomena and Applications
• Magnetic Levitation: Maglev Trains
• Quantum Dots: Properties and Uses
• Nanotechnology: Applications in Physics
• Carbon Nanotubes: Structure and Properties
• Graphene: Properties and Potential Applications
• Optoelectronics: Devices and Technologies
• Photonics: Light-based Technologies
• Lasers: Principles and Applications
• Holography: 3D Imaging Techniques
• Quantum Sensors: Principles and Applications
• Quantum Metrology: Precision Measurements
• Quantum Biology: Biological Processes from a Quantum Perspective
• Quantum Optics: Manipulation of Light at the Quantum Level
• Quantum Materials: Properties and Potential Applications
• Quantum Algorithms: Computational Advantages of Quantum Computing
• Topological Insulators: Unique Electronic Properties
• Neutrinos: Properties and Detection
• Neutron Stars and Pulsars
• Magnetars: Extremely Magnetic Neutron Stars
• Cosmic Rays: Origins and Effects
• Solar Physics: Sunspots and Solar Flares
• Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis
• Space Weather: Impact on Earth and Satellites
• Plasma Physics: Properties and Applications
• Fusion Energy: Achievements and Challenges
• Particle Astrophysics: Cosmic Rays and High-Energy Particles
• Quantum Astrophysics: Applying Quantum Mechanics to Cosmological Phenomena
• Exoplanets: Discoveries and Characterization
• Astrobiology: Search for Extraterrestrial Life
• Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
• Black Hole Thermodynamics
• Gravitational Lensing: Observational Effects
• Multiverse Theory: Theoretical Implications of Cosmology
• Quantum Consciousness: Theoretical Considerations
• Quantum Gravity: Unifying Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity
• Quantum Cosmology: Cosmological Models Based on Quantum Theory
• Quantum Field Theory: Foundations and Applications in Particle Physics
• Quantum Gravity: Approaches and Challenges
• Quantum Chromodynamics: Theory of Strong Interactions
• Quantum Electrodynamics: Theory of Electromagnetic Interactions
• Quantum Spin: Properties and Applications
• Quantum Hall Effect: Topological Phenomenon in Condensed Matter Physics
• Quantum Phase Transitions: Critical Phenomena in Quantum Systems
• Quantum Computing: Architectures and Algorithms
• Quantum Communication: Secure Communication Based on Quantum Principles
• Quantum Simulation: Modeling Complex Quantum Systems
• Quantum Cryptography : Secure Communication Using Quantum Key Distribution
• Quantum Sensing: Ultra-Precise Measurement Techniques
• Quantum Metrology: Achieving High Precision with Quantum Techniques
• Quantum Technologies: Emerging Applications of Quantum Physics

Tips to Fellow to Make Physics Presentation Successful

Making a physics presentation successful requires careful planning, effective communication, and engaging presentation skills. Here are some tips to help your fellow make their physics presentation successful:

• Know Your Audience: Understand the background knowledge and interests of your audience to tailor your presentation accordingly. Adjust the level of technical detail and terminology to ensure clarity and engagement.
• Define Clear Objectives: Clearly define the objectives of your presentation, outlining what you aim to achieve and the key points you intend to convey. This will help you stay focused and ensure that your presentation delivers a coherent message.
• Organize Your Content: Structure your presentation in a logical manner, with a clear introduction, main body, and conclusion. Use headings, subheadings, and bullet points to organize your content and guide the audience through your presentation.
• Use Visual Aids Wisely: Incorporate visual aids such as slides, diagrams, and animations to enhance understanding and retention of key concepts. Keep visual elements clear, concise, and relevant to the content of your presentation.
• Practice Delivery: Rehearse your presentation multiple times to familiarize yourself with the content and refine your delivery. Pay attention to pacing, tone of voice, and body language to ensure confident and engaging presentation delivery.
• Engage Your Audience: Encourage active participation and interaction by asking questions, soliciting feedback, and incorporating interactive elements such as demonstrations or group activities. Engage with your audience to maintain their interest and attention throughout your presentation.
• Clarify Complex Concepts: Break down complex concepts into simpler, more understandable terms, using analogies, examples, and real-world applications to illustrate key points. Clarify any technical jargon or terminology to ensure that all audience members can follow along.
• Be Prepared for Questions: Anticipate questions from your audience and prepare thoughtful responses in advance. Be open to feedback and willing to address any uncertainties or misconceptions that may arise during the Q&A session.
• Demonstrate Enthusiasm: Convey your passion and enthusiasm for the subject matter through your presentation delivery. Demonstrate genuine interest and excitement in sharing your knowledge with your audience, inspiring curiosity and engagement.
• Seek Feedback: After delivering your presentation, solicit feedback from your audience and peers to gain valuable insights into areas for improvement. Reflect on their input and incorporate constructive criticism to enhance the effectiveness of your future presentations.

Physics is fascinating! It’s like a colorful quilt filled with amazing ideas and things that make us wonder about the universe. Whether we’re talking about basic stuff like how things move or super cool things like quantum mechanics, physics presentations help us understand how the world works. They show us the important rules that make everything tick, from tiny atoms to huge galaxies.

By learning about physics, we can see how clever humans are in figuring out nature’s secrets and using them to make awesome technology. It’s like unlocking a treasure chest full of wonders and surprises!

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102 Best Physics-Themed Templates for PowerPoint & Google Slides

With over 6 million presentation templates available for you to choose from, crystalgraphics is the award-winning provider of the world’s largest collection of templates for powerpoint and google slides. so, take your time and look around. you’ll like what you see whether you want 1 great template or an ongoing subscription, we've got affordable purchasing options and 24/7 download access to fit your needs. thanks to our unbeatable combination of quality, selection and unique customization options, crystalgraphics is the company you can count on for your presentation enhancement needs. just ask any of our thousands of satisfied customers from virtually every leading company around the world. they love our products. we think you will, too" id="category_description">crystalgraphics creates templates designed to make even average presentations look incredible. below you’ll see thumbnail sized previews of the title slides of a few of our 102 best physics templates for powerpoint and google slides. the text you’ll see in in those slides is just example text. the physics-related image or video you’ll see in the background of each title slide is designed to help you set the stage for your physics-related topics and it is included with that template. in addition to the title slides, each of our templates comes with 17 additional slide layouts that you can use to create an unlimited number of presentation slides with your own added text and images. and every template is available in both widescreen and standard formats. with over 6 million presentation templates available for you to choose from, crystalgraphics is the award-winning provider of the world’s largest collection of templates for powerpoint and google slides. so, take your time and look around. you’ll like what you see whether you want 1 great template or an ongoing subscription, we've got affordable purchasing options and 24/7 download access to fit your needs. thanks to our unbeatable combination of quality, selection and unique customization options, crystalgraphics is the company you can count on for your presentation enhancement needs. just ask any of our thousands of satisfied customers from virtually every leading company around the world. they love our products. we think you will, too.

Widescreen (16:9) Presentation Templates. Change size...

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Modern Physics

Nov 01, 2014

670 likes | 1.07k Views

المملكة العربية السعودية جامعة الإمام محمد بن سعود الإسلامية كلية العلوم قسم الفيزياء. Modern Physics. Level: Three Course Code and Number: PHY 250. AIM. There are two main objectives of the course:

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المملكة العربية السعودية جامعة الإمام محمد بن سعود الإسلامية كلية العلوم قسم الفيزياء Modern Physics Level: Three Course Code and Number: PHY 250 Modern Physics

AIM • There are two main objectives of the course: 1. First, to provide simple, clear, and mathematically uncomplicated explanations of physical concepts and theories of modern physics 2. And, to clarify and show support for these theories through a broad range of current applications and examples Modern Physics

PROLOGUE • Prerequisites: PHY 101, PHY 105, MAT 101 & MAT 102 • Main Resources: Modern Physics, 3rd ed., R Serway et al., Thomson Learning, 2005. (First 5 chapters, 9, 11, 13) Concepts of Modern Physics, 5th ed., A Beiser, McGraw-Hill, 2003. (First 4 chapters, 6, 8,11) • The course is divided into 6 main chapters: Relativity, the Quantum Theory of Light, Introduction to Quantum Physics, Atomic Structure, Molecular Structure, Nuclear Structure Modern Physics

Contents • Relativity: Einstein’s principle of special relativity, consequences of special relativity, the Lorentz transformation equations, relativistic momentum and the relativistic form of Newton’s laws, relativistic energy, equivalence of mass and energy. • The Quantum Theory of Light: Particle properties of waves, blackbody radiation and Planck’s hypothesis, the photoelectric effect, explanation of the photoelectric effect, the x-rays and some applications, the Compton effect, pair production. • Introduction to Quantum Physics: Photons and electromagnetic waves, wave properties of particles, De Broglie waves, matter waves, the electron microscope, the uncertainty principle. • Atomic Structure: the particle nature of matter, early models of the atom, Bohr’s quantum model of the hydrogen atom, atomic spectra and transitions, nuclear effects on spectral lines, the Franck-Hertz experiment. • Molecular Structure: Molecular bonding, energy states and spectra, molecular vibration and rotation, electronic transitions in molecules. • Nuclear Structure: Nuclear composition, some properties of nuclei, binding energy, radioactivity. Modern Physics

INTRODUCTION • The end of Physics! Newton’s laws of motion and his universal theory of gravitation, Maxwell’s theoretical work in unifying electricity and magnetism, and the laws of thermodynamics and kinetic theory employed mathematical methods to successfully explain a wide variety of phenomena Modern Physics

Introduction • Max Planck 1900 & Albert Einstein 1905: Planck provided the basic ideas led to the quantum theory & Einstein formulated his special theory of relativity • These developments led to understand the nature, behavior, structure and properties of many materials Modern Physics

Introduction • So, what is Modern Physics. It is a group of theoretical concepts and principles that perfectly explains many of experimental physical phenomenon which classical physics fails with. In addition to Planck and Einstein, many other scientists during the 20th century contributed to modern physics by discovering the theoretical foundations led to the development of new physics fields such as nuclear, molecular, particle and solid state physics Modern Physics

Introduction • Examples of technologies based on modern physics: High Temperature Superconductors (HTS), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Particle Accelerators (PA), Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and TV Displays (TVD) • Applications in chemistry, astronomy, biology, geology, and engineering have also made use of modern physics Modern Physics

Special Theory of Relativity • Special theory of relativity is a “general” theory! Because it describes the motion of ALL objects at ALL speeds. The Newtonian mechanics is therefore an approximation of the special relativity • Measurements of time and space are not absolute, they are influenced by the dynamical state of an observer and what is being observed • No exaggeration in saying that special theory of relativity had revolutionized science in general so that our understanding of the physical universe has been significantly improved Modern Physics

Special Theory of Relativity • Relativity connects between all phenomena of nature: space and time, matter and energy, electricity and magnetism • The beauty of this marvelous theory also originates from the fact that conclusions can readily be reached with only the simplest of mathematics • Einstein once said: “The relativity theory arose from necessity, from serious and deep contradictions in the old theory from which there seemed no escape. The strength of the new theory lies in the consistency and simplicity with which it solves all these difficulties, using only a few very convincing assumptions” Modern Physics

The General Theory • What is the general theory of relativity (Einstein 1915)? It describes the relationships between gravity and the geometrical structure of space and time. Remarkable results include: light rays are affected by gravity, and the big bang theory (the universe is continually expanding) • The general theory of relativity concerns with accelerating frames of reference • Special theory of relativity, on the contrary, is only concerned with inertial frames of reference, that is, frames moving with constant velocities (no acceleration) Modern Physics

Postulates of The Special Theory • The laws of physics must be the same for all inertial reference frames: these laws have the same mathematical form for all observers moving at constant velocity with respect to one another • The speed of light is always constant: The measured value (3x108 m/s) is independent of the motion of the observer or of the motion of the source of light • Some relativistic consequences had immediately originated from the theory; the most important will be presented here. Modern Physics

Before we advance, we must agree on the following: • The special theory of relativity has more to do with philosophy than with exact science, therefore, it may most of the time not agree with human intuition and sensibility. • Relativity is most successful for objects moving only with speed close to c, i.e. relativistic speeds. The effect the theory has on daily-life objects is barley noticeable, if any! Modern Physics

Time Dilation • The time interval for a physical event is measured differently by observers in different inertial frames of reference Modern Physics

Time Dilation • O concludes that, because of the motion of the vehicle, if the light is to hit the mirror, it must leave the laser at an angle with respect to the vertical direction Modern Physics

Time Dilation • Since both observers must measure c for the speed of light, it follows that the time interval ∆t measured by O is longer than the time interval ∆t’ measured by O’. The Pythagorean theorem gives: Time Dilation Modern Physics

Time Dilation • t’ is usually written as tp and called the proper time (the time interval between two events as measured by an observer who sees the events occur at the same point in space) • “A moving clock runs slower than a clock at rest by a factor of γ ”. In fact, we can generalize these results by stating that all physical processes, including chemical reactions and biological processes, slow down when observed from another reference frame • The heartbeat rate of an astronaut on earth and through space! i.e. ∆t is always > ∆tp because γ is always > 1 Modern Physics

Example • The period of a pendulum is measured to be 3.0 s in the rest frame of the pendulum. What is the period of the pendulum when measured by an observer moving at a speed of 0.95c with respect to the pendulum? What would be the period if the speed of the observer is increased to 1c, 1000 km/hr.? Hint: ALL matter objects can never have speeds faster than or even equal to the speed of light! Modern Physics

Solution • Proper time ∆tp=3 sec • Moving pendulum takes longer to complete a period than a pendulum at rest does Modern Physics

Doppler Effect (Sound) • It is the change in frequency of sound waves as the source approaches or recedes from a stationary observer who hears different pitch than that occurs in normal situations • The separation (wavelength) between emitted waves varies and hence the frequency • The effect does not depend on the loudness (amplitude energy) of the waves • We get the same effect with the observer moving while the source remains stationary Modern Physics

Doppler Effect (Light) • Spectral lines emitted from distant stars and galaxies (that are billions of years away from us!) are broadened (spread) and red shifted (toward the low frequency end of the EM spectrum) • The measurements indicate that these objects are receding from us (with speeds ≈ 104 km.s-1!) and from one another too and the recession speed is directly proportional to distance (Hubble’s law) • Every 106 years, the recession speed increases on average by 20 km.s-1! • The expansion started 13 billion years ago when a very small, dense and hot mass of matter explodes violently (the big bang theory) Modern Physics

Length Contraction • Like time interval, the measurement of length interval (distance between two points) is not also absolute but depends on the frame of reference in which it is measured • An object whose length at rest is Lp (the proper length) APPEARS to be contracted to a new length L (where L < Lp) when it moves relative to a stationary observer • Lp is defined similarly as tp as the length of the object measured by someone who is at rest with respect to the object Modern Physics

Length Contraction • Consider a spaceship traveling with a speed v from one star to another and two observers, one on Earth and the other in the spaceship. The space traveler claims to be at rest and sees the destination star as moving toward the spaceship with speed v. He then measures a smaller time of travel: ∆tp = ∆t/γ. On the other hand, the distance Lp between the stars as measured by the earth observer is Lp = v∆t. Modern Physics

Length Contraction • Because the space traveler reaches the star in the shorter time ∆tp , he concludes that the distance, L, between the stars is shorter than Lpand is given by: L = v∆tp = v ∆t/γ = vLp /γv = Lp /γ Length contraction where (1-v2/c 2)1/2 is a factor less than 1. So L is always < Lp. Modern Physics

Length Contraction • If an object has a proper length Lp when it is measured by an observer at rest with respect to the object, when it moves with speed v in a direction parallel to its length, its length L is measured to be shorter by a factor of 1/γ Modern Physics

Length Contraction: Simulation When the shutter of the camera is opened, it records the shape of the object at a given instant of time. Because light from different parts of the object must arrive at the shutter at the same time, light from more distant parts of the object must start its journey earlier than light from closer parts as in (a). This is not the case in (b), and the camera records different parts of the object at different times. This results in a highly distorted image, which shows horizontal length contraction, vertical curvature, and image rotation. Modern Physics

The Twin Paradox • It is a famous relativistic effect, which involves an identical twin one of them (X) remains on earth while the other (Y) is taken on a trip into a distant star at speed v and eventually brought back • Y is 20 years old when he takes off at a speed of 0.8c to the star which is 20 light-years away • To Y, the distance L he has covered is shortened to: Lp / γ= 12 light years only! • Although time goes by the usual rate, Y’s two-way voyage to the star has taken L/v = 30 years • But for X, he had to wait (t/tp)x30=50 years! Modern Physics

The Twin Paradox • So, according to each one’s clock, Y is now 50 years old while X is 70 years old! • Amazingly, the relativistic paradox effect has been verified experimentally on earth by sending clocks on board of airplanes that goes around the world with non-relativistic speeds. Each single travelling clock has always shown to be delayed with respect to the clocks left behind (although brief but noticeable) • Theoretically, life processes such as heartbeats & respiration will be less for Y than X for the same period of time; i.e. the biological clocks of X & Y will be different Modern Physics

Lorentz Transformations • The Lorentz transformation formulas provide a formal and concise method of solution of relativistic problems • The Lorentz coordinate transformation is a set of formulas that relates the space and time coordinates of two inertial observers moving with a relative speed v. We have already seen two consequences of the Lorentz transformation in the time dilation and length contraction formulas • The Lorentz velocity transformation is the set of formulas that relate the velocity components ux, uy, uzof an object moving in frame S to the velocity components u’x, u’y, u’zof the same object measured in frame S’, which is moving with a speed v relative to S Modern Physics

Lorentz Coordinate Transformations • the complete coordinate transformations between an event found to occur at (x, y, z, t) in S and (x’, y’, z’, t) in S’ are Modern Physics

Inverse Lorentz Coordinate Transformations • If we wish to transform coordinates of an event in the S’ frame to coordinates in the S frame, we simply replace v by -v and interchange the primed and unprimed coordinates in the previous equations. The resulting inverse transformation is given by Modern Physics

Lorentz → Galilean • When v << c, the Lorentz transformations should reduce to the Galilean transformation, i.e. Modern Physics

Lorentz Velocity Transformations • The relativistic form of the velocity transformation (S frame) is • If the object has velocity components uy and uz along y and z respectively (also in S frame), the components in S’ are • For obtaining the inverse transformation (S’ frame), we apply the previous rules to get Modern Physics

Example • (a) Imagine a motorcycle rider moving with a speed of 0.80c past a stationary observer. If the rider throws a ball in the forward direction with a speed of 0.70c with respect to himself, what is the speed of the ball as seen by the stationary observer? (b) Suppose that the motorcyclist turns on a beam of light in the same direction as he moves. What would the stationary observer measure for the speed of the beam of light? Hint: v (S’ frame) = 0.80c; u’x = 0.70c Modern Physics

Example • An observer on Earth observes two spacecrafts moving in the same direction toward the Earth. Spacecraft A appears to have a speed of 0.50c, and spacecraft B appears to have a speed of 0.80c. What is the speed of spacecraft A measured by an observer in spacecraft B? Hint: ux = 0.50c and v (S’ frame) = 0.80c Modern Physics

Applications of Relativity: (1) Relativistic Momentum • The conservation of linear momentum states that when two bodies collide, the total momentum remains constant assuming the bodies are isolated (that is, they interact only with each other) • Now suppose the collision is described in a reference frame S in which momentum is conserved. If the velocities of the colliding bodies are calculated in a second moving inertial frame S’ using the Lorentz transformation, and the classical definition of momentum p=mu applied, one finds that momentum is not conserved in the second reference frame S’ • However, because the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames, momentum must be conserved in all frames if it is conserved in any one! Modern Physics

Relativistic Momentum • It is found that momentum is conserved in both S and S’, (and indeed in all inertial frames), if we redefine momentum as • where u is the velocity of the particle and m is the proper (rest) mass, that is, the mass measured by an observer at rest with respect to the mass (relativistic mass=mγ) • When u is much less than c, the above equation reduces to the classical form of momentum Modern Physics

Classical and Relativistic Momentum • The figure depicts how p varies with u/c for both γmu and Mu. When u/c is small, mu and γmu are very much the same. As u approaches c, the curve for γmu rises more steeply. If u=c, Then p=∞, which is impossible This is another reason why we can not accelerate an object to the speed of light. u u u Modern Physics

Applications of Relativity: (2) Relativistic Form of Newton’s Second Law • The relativistic form of Newton’s second law is given by the expression • This expression is logical because it protects classical mechanics in the limit of low velocities and requires the momentum of an isolated system (Fext= 0) to be conserved relativistically as well as classically Modern Physics

Example • An electron, which has a mass of 9.11x10-31 kg, moves with a speed of 0.750c. Find its relativistic momentum and compare this with the momentum calculated from the classical expression. Take c=3x10m8 m/s • A particle is moving at a speed of less than c/2. If the speed of the particle is doubled, what happens to its momentum? Modern Physics

Applications of Relativity: (3) Relativistic Energy • The definition of momentum and the laws of motion required generalization to make them compatible with the principle of relativity. This implies that the relativistic form of the kinetic energy must also be modified • We begin with the fact that the work done (W) on an object by a constant force (F) through a distance (s) is W=F.s. If no other forces act on the object and it starts motion from rest, then W=K.E.=F.s Modern Physics

Applications of Relativity: (3) Relativistic Energy • Now, if (F) is not constant then we can write the general form for classical K.E. as • The relativistic form of K.E. is Modern Physics

Applications of Relativity: (3) Relativistic Energy • The last equation E=γmc2 is Einstein’s famous mass–energy equivalence equation, which shows that mass is a measure of the total energy in all forms. It not only applies to particles but also to macroscopic objects • It has the remarkable implication that any kind of energy added to a “brick” of matter—electric, magnetic, elastic, thermal, gravitational, chemical—actually increases the mass! • Another implication of Equation’s equation is that a small mass corresponds to an enormous amount of energy because c2 is a very large number. This concept has revolutionized the field of nuclear physics Modern Physics

Kinetic Energy at Low Speeds • The classical formula for KE [KE=(1/2)mv2] for speeds much smaller than c has experimentally been already verified. Let us check if this is true by considering the relativistic formula for KE: • Since v2/c2 << 1, we can use the binomial approximation (1 + x)n ≈ 1 + nx, and this is only valid for |x| << 1: Modern Physics

Energy-Momentum Relation • If the object at rest (u=0 & K.E.=0), i.e. γ=1, then its total energy is called the rest energy and termed E0 = mc2 • In many situations, the momentum or energy of a particle is measured rather than its speed. It is therefore useful to have an expression relating the total energy E to the relativistic momentum p. This is accomplished using E= γmc2 and p=γmu. This will be done on the next slide Modern Physics

Total Energy-Momentum Relation • We show that the total energy–momentum relationship is given by E2= p2c2+(mc2)2 . Take E= γmc2 and p=γmu. By squaring the two equations and then subtracting, we get: Modern Physics

Total Energy-Momentum Relation • Because the rest energy (E0) is invariant quantity, the quantity will also be so, i.e. has the same value in all inertial frames of reference • The energy-momentum relationship holds true also for a system of many particles provided that (m) represents the entire system. • However, E0 of an isolated system may be greater than or less than the sum of the rest energies of its constituents. Examples include neutrons and protons within an atomic nucleus • Except for the hydrogen atom, this difference in energy is called the “binding energy” of the nucleus (energy needed to break up) • For comparison purposes, a typical binding energy is 1012 kJ/kg of nuclear matter, while the binding energy of water molecules is only in the order of 103 kJ/kg of liquid water Modern Physics

Massless Particles: The Photon • In classical physics, any particle that does not have mass is considered absent. The reason is that both its total energy (Etotal=KE+PE) and momentum (p=mu) are functions in mass. • Considered to be the general theory, relativistic mechanics provides the same result when we substitute m=0 and u<<c in the equations Etotal=γmc2 and p=γmu. • However, when m=0, but u=c: Etotal=0/0 and p=0/0, which are indeterminate, i.e. Etotal and p can have any values • In this case, the total energy of such particles is given by Etotal2= p2c2+(mc2)2= p2c2+0 Etotal = pc For Photons • So, massless particles do exist and they exhibit particle like properties as energy and momentum. Modern Physics

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Modern Physics [2] - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Modern Physics [2]

Modern physics [2] x-rays & gamma rays how lasers work medical applications of lasers applications of high power lasers medical imaging techniques – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• X-rays gamma rays
• How lasers work
• Medical applications of lasers
• Applications of high power lasers
• Medical imaging techniques
• a beam of light waves also behaves like a beam of light particles called PHOTONS
• Photons are little packets of electro-magnetic energy
• The energy is proportional to the frequency or inversely proportional to the wavelength
• Ephoton h f, but c f? so Ephoton h c/?,
• where h is a constant called Plancks constant
• blue photons have more energy than red phtons
• x-rays are very short wavelength photons
• gamma rays are have even shorter wavelengths
• when electrons that have been accelerated
• through about 50,000 volts slam into a piece
• of copper, some of the electron energy is
• converted to x-rays
• x-rays are energetic enough to penetrate
• through soft tissue and thin metal foils
• extremely energetic photons
• constantly bombard the earth
• cosmic rays
• emitted by radioactive materials
• x ray photons are a 1000 times more energetic than visible light photons
• gamma ray photons are 1,000,000 more energetic than visible light photons
• First we must understand the difference between incoherent and coherent radiation
• Ordinary light sources (light bulbs, fluorescent lights, etc) produce incoherent light
• lasers produce coherent light? all atoms radiate in the same manner
• Coherent radiation is produced when an atom undergoes stimulated emission.
• Spontaneous emission occurs when an electron makes an unprovoked transition to a lower energy level
• Stimulated emission occurs when an incoming photon induces the electron to change energy levels? amplification
• Laser surgery to correct for
• nearsightedness, and
• farsightedness
• Diode lasers use semiconductor materials (tiny chips of silicon) as the lasing media
• When current flows through the silicon chip it emits an intense beam of coherent light.
• Diode lasers are used to read the information embedded in the pits in CDs and DVDs, and also to read UPCs in bar code scanners and in laser pointers!
• these are replacing radar guns
• the gun sends out a series of pulses of infrared laser light that bounce off the car and return to the gun.
• by measuring the time for the pulse to return the distance to the car can be measured
• the speed of the car is determined by two consecutive measurements of the distance
• http//computer.howstuffworks.com/cd-burner4.htm
• infrared laser light is applied to a layer of photosensitive dye on top of the plastic
• this causes the dye to darken (no burning!)
• by selectively darkening particular points along the CD track, and leaving other areas of dye translucent, a digital pattern is created that can be read by a standard CD player
• CT and CAT scans (Computerized Tomography)
• MRIs (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
• very short wavelength (0.01 0.1 nm) electromagnetic waves
• produced when energetic electrons slam into a metal target
• able to penetrate soft tissue, but not bone
• produces a two dimensional shadow image
• A shadow image can be misleading
• two shadows taken from different angles provides a better picture
• shadows taken at multiple angles gives a more complete picture
• this is what a CT or CAT scan does
• A computerized tomography or CT scan image is formed by analyzing x-ray shadow images taken at many different angles and positions
• an x-ray source and an array of electronic detectors rotates around the patient as the patient slowly moves through the ring.
• A CAT scan does a good job of imaging bones, but it does not provide as good an image of soft tissue
• Also, it requires that the patient receives a big dose of x-rays, which can be harmful in themselves ? it is an invasive diagnostic
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a better method of imaging soft tissue
• MRI works by locating the hydrogen atoms inside the body. Since the body is mostly water, there are lots of hydrogen atoms
• the nucleus of a hydrogen atom is a single protons. Protons behave like tiny bar magnets with a north pole at one end and a south pole at the other end.
• If you put a bar magnet in a magnetic field, it will try to align itself with the field.
• The rules of atomic physics (quantum mechanics) require that the atomic hydrogen bar magnets can only have 2 orientations when placed in a magnetic field ? either parallel or antiparallel to it, we call this spin-up or spin-down
• Protons have a spin that can be either up or down relative to the direction of the magnetic field
• If radio waves (FM) hit the protons, it can cause it them to flip from one spin state to the other at a frequency that depends on the strength of the magnetic field
• These spin flips result in the absorption or release of radio wave energy that can be detected electronically
• In effect, the magnetic field makes the protons act like tiny radio transmitters that only broadcast their signal when the value of the magnetic field is just right
• By varying the strength of the magnetic field as a function of position in the body, the spin flips can be detected in various parts of the body
• A computer is used to combine the signals from various parts of the body to generate detailed cross-sectional images
• The magnetic field used in MRI are very strong 30,000 times the strength of the earths magnetic field.
• Because the magnet coils are cooled to liquid helium temperatures, they are usually kept on all the time
• Because the magnetic field is on, all iron and steel objects must not be allowed to enter the room. http//www.mercola.com/2001/aug/15/mri.htm

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