chicago style citation book review

Chicago Citation Guide (17th Edition): Book Reviews

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Book review - in a journal, book review - in a magazine, book review - on a website, books with editors in place of authors.

Some books have an editor or editors in place of an author. For editors, include the abbreviation ed. following the editor's name (or eds. for more than one editor). However, this abbreviation is not included in shortened footnotes.

Henry Findell, ed. 

Findell, Henry, ed. 

Eric Small and Will Rhodes, eds. 

Small, Eric, and Will Rhodes, eds.

1. Reviewer's First Name Last Name, "Title of Review [if any]," review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name, Name of  Journal in which review appears  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

Bibliography Entry:

Reviewer's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review [if any]." Review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name.  Name of Journal in which review appears  Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Date of Publication): First Page Number of Article-Last Page Number of Article. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

This citation format is for book reviews found in a journal from a library database. For other types of journals (e.g. in print or from a website), begin the citation as shown above, up to and including the book author's name. Then complete the citation starting at  Name of Journal using the appropriate citation format as shown on the Journal Articles section of the Chicago Citation Guide.

1. Reviewer's First Name Last Name, "Title of Review [if any]," review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name, Name of Magazine,  Date of Publication, Page Number of Exact Citation, https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

Reviewer's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review [if any]." Review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name.  Name of Magazine,  Date of Publication. https://doi.org/DOI Number or Name of Database.

This citation format is for book reviews found in a magazine from a library database. For other types of magazines (e.g. in print or from a website), begin the citation as shown above, up to and including the book author's name. Then complete the citation starting at Name of Magazine  using the appropriate citation format as shown on the Magazine Articles section of the Chicago Citation Guide.

1. Reviewer's First Name Last Name, "Title of Review [if any]," review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name, Title of Website, Name of Owner or Sponsor of the Website [if different from Title of Website], Date of copyright or modification or access, URL. 

Reviewer's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review [if any]." Review of  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Book Author/Editor's First Name Last Name. Title of Website. Name of Owner or Sponsor of the Website [if different from Title of Website]. Date of copyright or modification or access. URL.

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Chicago Citation Style, 17th Edition: Book Review

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Book Review (14.202)

N:           1. Richard E. Wagner, review of  Austrian and German Economic Thought: From Subjectivism to Social Evolution , by Kiichiro Yagi,  Journal of the History of Economic Thought 36, no. 3 (September 2014): 391, https://doi-org.ezproxy.uleth.ca/ 10.1017/S1053837214000443.

B:     Wagner, Richard E. Review of  Austrian and German Economic Thought: From Subjectivism to Social Evolution ,              by Kiichiro Yagi.  Journal of the History of Economic Thought  36, no. 3 (September 2014): 391-94.              https://doi-org.ezproxy.uleth.ca/10.1017/S1053837214000443.

NOTE: For a print book review, omit the DOI URL.

DOI - Digital Object Identifier

Most scholarly publishers now assign a unique alpha-numeric code called a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) to journal articles, e-books, and other documents. Chicago guidelines for citing electronic resources include this number in the citation whenever possible. The DOI can generally be found on the first page of scholarly journal articles as well as in the database record for that article. DOIs are typically provided within a URL beginning with  https://doi-org.ezproxy.uleth.ca/  and ending with the DOI, as seen in this example:  https://doi-org.ezproxy.uleth.ca/10.1017/CBO9781139028080.

If the DOI does not appear on the article or in the database record, it may be found by entering citation information into the free DOI Lookup on CrossRef.org.

To determine DOIs for an entire reference list, copy & paste the entire list here: Cross/Ref Simple Text Query .

A DOI can be searched or verified by entering the DOI number here: Cross/Ref DOI Resolver .

Materials originally published prior to the Internet, but now available online, may not have a DOI. When a DOI is not available, include the URL in its place.

Help & Guide Contents

Home General Guidelines     Notes     Bibliography Books     One Author or Editor     Multiple Authors or Editors     Author and Editor     Author and Translator     Organization as Author     Anonymous Work     Chapter from an Edited Work     Multivolume Work     Edition Other than the First     Dictionary or Encyclopedia     E-Book Articles     Journal Article     Magazine Article     Newspaper Article     Book Review Websites     Basic Webpage     Blogs and Social Media     Government Website Audiovisual Media     Audio/Video Recording     Online Multimedia Other Sources     Interview or Personal Communication     Lecture or Presentation    Primary Source Published in an Edited Collection     Thesis or Dissertation     Pamphlet or Brochure     Sacred Text     Indirect Source     Government Document     Paintings, Illustrations, Tables Plagiarism

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Book review: the chicago manual of style , 17 th edition.

Permissions : This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Please contact [email protected] to use this work in a way not covered by the license.

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The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7208/cmos17

  The Chicago Manual of Style provides detailed guidance on the popular formatting and citation style known as Chicago style. The first edition, released in 1906, conveyed the typographical rules of its publisher, the University of Chicago Press. [1] Many iterations later, the 17th edition, measuring approximately 1,150 pages, just over 100 more than its predecessor, is a hefty reference on formatting, grammar, usage, and citation styles for publishers, editors, and writers. It is divided into three general sections—Part I: The Publishing Process; Part II: Style and Usage; and Part III: Source Citations and Indexes—each divided into chapters and, further still, sub-sections numbered for easy reference and referred to as paragraphs.

I have long been a follower of this style guide. When I first began working in publishing, I was gifted a copy of the 16th edition, and, throughout my tenure at the press, the volume was always within easy reach. Many pages in the publishing process section became tabbed and well worn from repeated reference. When I decided to return to school, I took my style bible with me, often utilizing the sections on style and citations. I also discovered the online “Citation Quick Guide,” which presents a list of sample citations with limited commentary—a perfect resource for the busy student wishing to have an overview of citation styles without delving into the detailed guidelines and underlying explanations of the original volume.

This “Quick Citation Guide” is just one of the many resources which comprise The Chicago Manual of Style ’s electronic counterpart. Rather than as an eBook—translating the discrete print volume into a discrete electronic file—the University of Chicago Press has chosen to present the electronic version of the manual as a website, of which the text of the current edition is only one section. A number of the website’s components are openly accessible, including the citation guide and a “Style Q&A,” in which the guide’s editors answer users’ questions. Moving inside a paywall, users can access the current edition as well as the previous edition and a community forum, where users of the guide can discuss questions. Thus, the website not only relays the reference’s content but also increases the accessibility of a potentially convoluted and dense manual by creating a community through these additional resources.

The electronic 17th edition takes full advantage of the website format by making each numbered paragraph a distinct webpage. Users accustomed to the print version thus encounter a very different reading experience, with the 52-page “Glossary of Problematic Words and Phrases” (5.250) taking up the same number of virtual pages as the three-lined “Academic Titles and Degrees in Index Entries” (16.40), which shares its two-page spread with seven other paragraphs in the print version. Unlike flipping through the print pages, I found clicking through each electronic paragraph a bit tedious, probably because of those discrete webpages with small amounts of text. This layout also forces a reliance on each chapter’s table of contents to navigate between paragraphs, as opposed to skimming print pages to find the desired content.

The online version, however, does add some helpful finding aids. A search bar allows users to search for keywords, with results directly linking to specific paragraphs, and the index contains hyperlinks to the referenced paragraphs. For readers who already know the number of the paragraph they need, a second search bar asks users to enter that number and then takes them directly to the corresponding webpage, bypassing navigating through multiple tables of contents or flipping through over a thousand print pages to locate the correct page.

Many versions of the print manual, mine included, are sprinkled with multicolored tabs to bypass this fumbling for pages. Fortunately, the online version has a similar bookmarking system, in which users can tag paragraphs for future reference. Although useful for repeat users, these bookmarks highlight the navigation problems of the online version: in the book level table of contents, a bookmark icon is present next to the chapter title, indicating how many paragraphs are bookmarked in that chapter. But the user is forced to navigate to the chapter’s table of contents to see exactly which paragraph is bookmarked and then click on the bookmarked paragraph’s title to be taken to the correct webpage. This tedious navigation could have easily been bypassed with a separate bookmarks list or direct hyperlinks from the book’s table of contents.

The note feature shares these navigational flaws while offering users another way to replicate the mark-ups of their worn print versions. For those users that have penciled notes in the margins of their print manuals, this feature offers a perfect digital alternative. Users can add notes to the entire paragraph or a selected portion of the online text, with notes appearing at the bottom of the webpage and, for the latter, also when hovering over the highlighted text. Users can truly take advantage of the text’s digital format with these notes’ functionalities. First, users have the option to hyperlink to other paragraphs. Do you think a paragraph from chapter 1 and another from chapter 14 are related? Add a hyperlink to both their notes to digitally connect the two pages, especially advantageous because it avoids having to navigate through multiple layers of tables of contents. Second, users can share notes. Have you made a realization specific to a project you are working on? Download that webpage, including the paragraph text and all notes, to your local drive or email a copy to a colleague who would find your thoughts relevant. These functions optimize personalized navigation and sharing in a way that the print object never could.

The veer from the print version continues with the manual’s figures and tables. Although the navigation between paragraphs differs between the print and electronic versions, the general presentation of the content remains consistent. Not so for the figures and tables, which are instead presented separately from the rest of the electronic content, each on their own webpages, which are accessible through the volume’s list of figures and list of tables. When individual paragraphs refer to a specific figure or table, a hyperlink connects the user to that figure or table. Only about half of the figures and tables, however, link back to the relevant paragraphs, further highlighting the website’s murky navigation. I much prefer the print version in which you can peruse the figures alongside the text, but I suppose I may need to adjust to the technology by opening the figures in a new tab. For those who want to have the image for offline reference, each figure and table—as well as the hyphenation guide (7.89)—is available as a downloadable PDF, another distinct advantage of the digital presentation.

Perhaps the most obvious benefit of the digital version is portability. At approximately 1,150 pages, the print version is not light. It commonly sits on a bookshelf for easy reference, but its use outside of the office may be rare as few would want to lug the hefty volume around, no matter how highly they value its contents. Having the entire volume in an easily accessible format, wherever users go, without requiring any local resources besides bandwidth, increases the usability of the manual, especially for the publisher, writer, or editor on-the-go. Be warned, however, that this new convenience can be potentially plagued by the typical electronic woes, such as internet speed or data allowances. I found that sometimes my bookmarks and notes icons would not load or would load slowly. Additionally, bookmarks and notes do not function on mobile devices, as neither the button to add new items nor icons in the tables of contents appear.

For those looking to learn or reference the Chicago formatting and citation styles, The Chicago Manual of Style will always be the go-to resource. Despite each new edition’s growth in length and changes in content, the volume remains the same: the definitive—and only—guide to Chicago style. Given the print volume’s size and weight, the online version, with its additional features—many of which are freely available—is a good alternative for both brief and dedicated users who want portable access to the manual or want to move beyond the content to engage with The Chicago Manual of Style community.

Jessica Kirschner began her career in publishing in the acquisitions department at SUNY Press. She subsequently earned an MLIS from the University of Pittsburgh, where she began exploring scholarly communications, open access, and digital publishing. She now serves as the Digital Publishing Librarian at Texas Tech University, where she is working to develop a digital textbook publishing program. She is a 2017 Society for Scholarly Publishing Fellow.

Product of Michigan Publishing , University of Michigan Library • [email protected] • ISSN 1080-2711

Chicago 17th edition notes and bibliography

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Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide

Chicago-style source citations come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. If you already know which system to use, follow one of the links above to see sample citations for a variety of common sources. If you are unsure about which system to use, read on.

Notes and Bibliography or Author-Date?

The notes and bibliography system is preferred by many working in the humanities—including literature, history, and the arts. In this system, sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes. Each note corresponds to a raised (superscript) number in the text. Sources are also usually listed in a separate bibliography. The notes and bibliography system can accommodate a wide variety of sources, including unusual ones that don’t fit neatly into the author-date system.

The author-date system is more common in the sciences and social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and year of publication. Each in-text citation matches up with an entry in a reference list, where full bibliographic information is provided.

Aside from the use of numbered notes versus parenthetical references in the text, the two systems share a similar style. Follow the links at the top of this page to see examples of some of the more common source types cited in both systems.

Most authors choose the system used by others in their field or required by their publisher. Students who are unsure of which system to use will find more information here .

For a more comprehensive look at Chicago’s two systems of source citation and many more examples, see chapters 14 and 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style.

History: Chicago Style Citations: Chicago Style Citations

• Chicago Style Citations
• Citation Help Research Guide

Books: Chicago Style Citations

Most of the books on writing are located in the 800's. Citation guides can be found in the 808 call number range. A few examples are listed below.For more books on Chicago Style, s earch the Libraries catalog .

Software Citation Tools

Word processing programs can help you insert footnotes or endnotes, and manage your references. See online help:

• Creating Footnotes and Endnotes in World
• Word 2016/ 2013 / Office 365 - footnotes and endnotes
• Word 2016 / 2013 / Office 365 - Create a bibliography
• Word 2016 for MAC - footnotes and endnotes
• Google Drive - footnotes

Citing books accessed on ereaders in Chicago style

The Chicago Manual of Style website provides examples of how to cite ebooks on its website under 'Book published electronically'.

In your citation, include the author, title, editor (if there is one), publication information, and the version of the book you consulted. If you used the book online, include the URL. Include an access date only if required by your publisher or discipline. If no fixed pagination is available, include a section title, chapter or other number.

The Manual website offers examples of how to cite ebooks in both the notes and bibliography style and the author-date style. A couple of our own examples are shown below. Consult the Manual's website to see additional examples:

Notes and Bibliography:

 1. Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried (Boston: Mariner Books, 1990), Kindle edition.

O'Brien, Tim. The Things They Carried. Boston: Mariner Books, 1990. Kindle edition.

Author-Date:

O'Brien, Tim. 1990. The Things They Carried. Boston: Mariner Books. Kindle edition.

Chicago / Turabian Style​:  Be sure to check your class syllabus, as well as any documents, announcements, or postings from your instructor for specific information about the assignment. If your instructor recommends using Chicago style citations for your essay or research paper, these resources may be helpful:

Online Help with Chicago Style Citations

• Chicago Manual of Style Online: Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide
• Chicago Style (Excelsior College OWL)
• Purdue OWL: Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition Help
• Turabian Quick Guide
• What are Footnotes? from Plagiarism.org

Quick Tips:

• Chicago: Humanities style citations use footnotes or endnotes, not parenthetical references. 
• Write in the 3rd person, not 1st or 2nd. Don't use "I" or "you" or related words in your writing.
• Indent the first line of each note by five spaces.
• Start each note with its corresponding number, a period, and one space.
• For the first footnote or endnote for a source, give the full citation information.
• For subsequent notes, use use the author's name, title, and the page number.
• If you use the same source two or more times in a row, use the abbreviation Ibid., followed by the page number.

To cite books , check the front pages of the book or the record in the library catalog to find the publication information you need to format the citation. Sample Chicago style format for the first footnote or endnote for a print book:

1. Author's Name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Publication Date), Page Numbers.

To cite articles found in our library databases , check the article citation or article information page to find publication information.

Chicago style format 

Sample Chicago style format for the first footnote or endnote for an article from one of our databases:

1. Author's Name, "Title of Article,"  Title of Journal Volume Number, Issue Number (Date of Publication), Page Numbers, Name of Database , Database Vendor ( or persistent/stable URL, accession number or doi).   

The 16th edition does not require the date accessed for articles from library databases. You could generally cite an online database journal article similar to a print journal article, but also add the database information, and an accession number or doi. 

Library databases may allow you export a citation or to save a citation in a particular format. You can then copy and paste the citation text into your footnote or endnote.

For example:

• EBSCO databases, including Academic Search , select the include when saving/sending checkbox and select Chicago/Turabian:Humanities style from drop-down Citation Format list.

Be sure to check with your instructor and follow requirements for your assignment.  Check the formatting and make any necessary corrections. 

Citing Book Reviews

Citing book reviews in Chicago / Turabian:

Sample Chicago style format for the first footnote or endnote for a book review from a journal in one of our library databases using Chicago 15th edition:

1. Reviewer's Name, "Title of Review," Review of Title of Book , by Name of Author, Title of Journal Volume Number, Issue Number (Date of Publication): Page Numbers.  Name of Database , Database vendor . (or persistent URL, accession number or doi). 

Questions: Check with your instructor, the Writing Center, or Ask a Librarian.

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How to Cite a Review in Chicago Footnote Referencing

3-minute read

• 10th July 2020

If you’re writing an academic paper , you may want to refer to reviews of books, films, or artworks to back up your arguments. In this guide, then, we will show you how to cite a review in Chicago footnote referencing.

How to Cite a Review in Chicago Footnotes

In Chicago footnote referencing , to cite a review, give the following information in the first footnote citation:

n. Name of Reviewer, “Title of Review,” review of Title of Reviewed Work by Creator(s), location and date of performance (if applicable), Title of Periodical/Website , date of review, edition/section information, URL (online sources only).

That’s quite a lot to pack in! Not all of it will be relevant for every review, but try to include as much detail as possible. Let’s look at a few examples. Below are footnote citations for reviews of a book, a film, and a play:

1. Deborah Levy, “An American Writer Goes into the Jungle to Commune with a Tiger,” review of All the Way to the Tigers: A Memoir by Mary Morris, The New York Times , June 9, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/09/books/review/all-the-way-to-the-tigers-mary-morris.html.

2. Kambole Campbell, review of Da 5 Bloods , directed by Spike Lee, Empire , June 10, 2020, https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/da-5-bloods/.

3. Arifa Akbar, review of The Seven Streams of the River Ota , written and directed by Robert Lepage, National Theatre, London, March 13, 2020, The Guardian , March 15, 2020, Culture section, https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/mar/15/the-seven-streams-of-the-river-ota-review-national-theatre-london.

If the reviewer’s name isn’t available, simply start your footnote with “Unsigned review of” instead. The rest of the citation stays the same.

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Reviews in a Chicago Bibliography

The bibliography entry for a review uses the same information as the footnote citation, but the presentation is a little different:

Reviewer’s Surname, First Name. “Title of Review,” review of Title of Reviewed Work by Creator(s), location and date of performance (if applicable). Title of Periodical/Website , date of review, edition/section information. URL (online sources only).

So, for example, we would list the book review above as follows:

Levy, Deborah. “An American Writer Goes into the Jungle to Commune with a Tiger,” review of All the Way to the Tigers: A Memoir by Mary Morris. The New York Times , June 9, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/09/books/review/all-the-way-to-the-tigers-mary-morris.html.

And if no reviewer is named, give the title of the periodical first:

Classical Concert Monthly. Unsigned review of concert performance by John Smith (ukulele) and Jane Roberts (kazoo), Concert Hall, Birmingham, January 13, 2020. January 14, 2020, Unusual Duets section.

These pointers will help you to cite reviews in Chicago footnote referencing. If you would like an expert editor to check your writing, though, why not upload a paper and try our proofreading services ?

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Citation Style Guide

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Two Chicago Systems

The Chicago Manual of Style presents two basic documentation systems: 

• The humanities style (notes and bibliography)
• The author-date system.

Choosing between the two often depends on subject matter and nature of sources cited, as each system is favored by different groups of scholars. If you are unsure what system you should use for your paper, please ask your professor, teaching assistant, or publisher which you should follow.

You must choose to use either the notes and bibliography system ([N] and [B]) or the author-date system ([T] and [R]). Do not mix the two systems. Again, ask your professor if you are unsure which is preferred.

Humanities Style

The humanities style is preferred by many in literature, history, and the arts. This style presents bibliographic information in notes and, often, a bibliography. It accommodates a variety of sources, including esoteric ones less appropriate to the author-date system.

Author-Date System

The more concise author-date system has long been used by those in the physical, natural, and social sciences. In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and date of publication. The short citations are amplified in a list of references, where full bibliographic information is provided.

Adapted from The Chicago Manual of Style Online, Sixteenth Edition . "Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide." http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html (accessed December 21, 2008).

For more information and more examples: 

Please visit the website listed above, or for complete guidelines, see Chapters 16 and 17 in the print version of The Chicago Manual of Style, Fifteenth Edition which can be requested for onsite use through the Library Catalog Search (BREF Z253 .U69 2003).

Citing Print Sources, Chicago

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Please note that although these resources reflect the most recent updates in the The Chicago Manual of Style  (17 th  edition) concerning documentation practices, you can review a full list of updates concerning usage, technology, professional practice, etc. at  The Chicago Manual of Style Online .

Introduction

The Chicago Manual of Style  (CMOS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation, and as such, it has been lovingly dubbed the “editor's bible.”

The material on this page focuses primarily on one of the two CMOS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB) , which is used by those working in literature, history, and the arts. The other documentation style, the Author-Date System, is nearly identical in content but slightly different in form and is preferred by those working in the social sciences.

Though the two systems both convey all of the important information about each source, they differ not only in terms of the way they direct readers to these sources, but also in terms of their formatting (e.g., the position of dates in citation entries). For examples of how these citation styles work in research papers, consult our sample papers: 

Author-Date Sample Paper

NB Sample Paper

In addition to consulting  The Chicago Manual of Style  (17th edition) for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. Turabian's  Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations  (8th edition). This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMOS patterns of documentation but offers slight modifications suited to student texts.

Notes and Bibliography (NB) in Chicago style

The Chicago Notes and Bibliography (NB) system is often used in the humanities to provide writers with a system for referencing their sources through the use of footnotes, endnotes, and through the use of a bibliography. This offers writers a flexible option for citation and provides   an outlet for commenting on those sources, if needed. Proper use of the Notes and Bibliography system builds a writer’s credibility by demonstrating their accountability to source material. In addition, it can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or accidental uncredited use of source material created by others.

Introduction to Notes

In the Notes and Bibliography system, you should include a note (endnote or footnote) each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote, paraphrase, or summary. Footnotes are added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, while endnotes are compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document.

In either case, a superscript number corresponding to a note, along with the bibliographic information for that source, should be placed in the text following the end of the sentence or clause in which the source is referenced.

If a work includes a bibliography, which is typically preferred, then it is not necessary to provide full publication details in notes. However, if a bibliography is not included with a work, the first note for each source should include  all  relevant information about the source: author’s full name, source title, and facts of publication. If you cite the same source again, or if a bibliography is included in the work, the note only needs to include the surname of the author, a shortened form of the title (if more than four words), and the page number(s). However, in a work that does not include a bibliography, it is recommended that the full citation be repeated when it is first used in a new chapter.

In contrast to earlier editions of CMOS, if you cite the same source two or more times consecutively, CMOS recommends using shortened citations. In a work with a bibliography, the first reference should use a shortened citation which includes the author’s name, the source title, and the page number(s), and consecutive references to the same work may omit the source title and simply include the author and page number. Although discouraged by CMOS, if you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, it is also possible to utilize the word “Ibid.,” ( from the Latin ibidem, which means “in the same place,”) as the corresponding note. If you use the same source but a draw from different new page, the corresponding note should use “Ibid.” followed by a comma and the new page number(s).

In the NB system, the footnote or endnote itself begins with the appropriate full-sized number, followed by a period and then a space.

Introduction to Bibliographies

In the NB system, the bibliography provides an alphabetical list of all sources used in a given work. This page, most often titled Bibliography, is usually placed at the end of the work preceding the index. It should include all sources cited within the work and may sometimes include other relevant sources that were not cited but provide further reading.

Although bibliographic entries for various sources may be formatted differently, all included sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) are arranged alphabetically by author’s last name. If no author or editor is listed, the title or, as a last resort, a descriptive phrase may be used.

Though useful, a bibliography is not required in works that provide full bibliographic information in the notes.

Common Elements

All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title, and publication information.

Author Names

The author’s name is inverted in the bibliography, placing the last name first and separating the last name and first name with a comma; for example, John Smith becomes Smith, John.

Titles of books and journals are italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are placed in quotation marks .

Publication Information

The year of publication is listed after the publisher or journal name .

Punctuation

In a bibliography, all major elements are separated by periods.

For more information and specific examples, see the sections on  Books  and  Periodicals .

Please note that this OWL resource provides basic information regarding the formatting of entries used in the bibliography. For more information about Selected Bibliographies, Annotated Bibliographies, and Bibliographic Essays, please consult Chapter 14.61 of  The Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition).

Thursday, February 23: The Clark Library is closed today.

Chicago Style (17th Edition) Citation Guide: Books & Ebooks

• Introduction
• Journal Articles
• Magazine/Newspaper Articles
• Books & Ebooks
• Government & Legal Documents
• Secondary Sources
• Videos & DVDs
• How to Cite: Biblical & Catholic Sources
• How to Cite: Other
• Short Form & Ibid.
• Additional Help

Table of Contents

Book in print, book with editor(s) but no author, translated book, chapters, short stories, essays, or articles from a book (anthology or collection), an introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword, article in a reference book (e.g. encyclopedias, dictionaries).

Bibliography:

All citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches.

All citations should use first line indent, where the first line of the footnote should be indented by 0.5 inches; all subsequent lines are not indented.

Footnotes should be the same font size and style as the rest of your paper.

See instructions for how to insert footnotes in Microsoft Word.

Authors/Editors

An author can be a person but can also be an organization, or company. These are called group or corporate authors.

If you are citing a chapter from a book that has an editor, the author of the chapter is listed first, and is the name listed in the in-text citation.

Capitalize the first letter of every important word in the title. You do not need to capitalize words such as in, of, or an.

If there is a colon (:) in the title, include what comes after the colon (also known as the subtitle).Capitalize the first word after the colon, even if it is a word such as in, of, or an.

The format of all dates is: Month Date, Year. e.g. September 5, 2012.

Whether to give the year alone or include a month and day depends on your source: write the full date as you find it there.

If no date is listed, use the abbreviation n.d. for "no date." 

When an edition other than the first is used or cited, the number or description of the edition follows the title in the listing. If you are using the first edition, you do not have to include that information in the citation.

Access Date

Chicago style does not recommend including access dates in the citation, unless no date of publication for the source may be located.

Kling, David William. The Bible in History: How the Texts Have Shaped the Times . New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

1. David William Kling, The Bible in History: How the Texts Have Shaped the Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 301.

Two or Three Authors

Jacobson, Diane L., and Robert Kysar. A Beginner's Guide to the Books of the Bible . Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1991.

1. Diane L. Jacobson and Robert Kysar, A Beginner's Guide to the Books of the Bible (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1991), 151.

Four to Ten Authors

For sources with four to ten authors, list all authors in the bibliography; in the footnote, list only the first author’s name followed by the phrase et al. (Latin for “and others”)

 Evans, Julie, Patricia Grimshaw, David Philips, and Shurlee Swain.  Equal Subjects, Unequal Rights:              Indigenous Peoples in British Settler Societies.  Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003.

1. Julie Evans et al.,  Equal Subjects, Unequal Rights: Indigenous Peoples in British Settler Societies  (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003), 52.

More than Ten Authors

For sources with more than ten authors, list the first seven authors in the bibliography, followed by  et al.. In the footnote, list only the first author's name followed by et al..

Holder, Arthur G. Christian Spirituality: The Classics . New York: Routledge, 2009. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/up/detail.action?docID=446822.

1. Arthur G. Holder, Christian Spirituality: The Classics (New York: Routledge, 2009), 30, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/up/detail.action?docID=446822.

Print Book:

Richard, Lucien, editor.  What are They Saying about the Theology of Suffering?  New York: Paulist Press, 1992.

1. Lucien Richard, ed.,  What are They Saying about the Theology of Suffering?  (New York: Paulist Press, 1992), 20.

Online Book:

Kidwell, Jeremy, and Sean Doherty, editors. Theology and Economics: A Christian Vision of the Common Good . New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. https://login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url= http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9781137536518.

1. Jeremy Kidwell and Sean Doherty, eds., Theology and Economics: A Christian Vision of the Common Good (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), 103, https://login.uportland.idm.oclc.org/login?url= http://link.springer.com/10.1057/9781137536518.

Boitani, Piero. The Bible and Its Rewritings . Translated by Anita Weston. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

1. Piero Boitani, The Bible and Its Rewritings , trans. Anita Weston (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 89.

Augustine. The Confessions of St. Augustine . Translated by Edward Bouverie Pusey. Waiheke Island, New Zealand: Floating Press, 1921. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/up/detail.action?docID=349865.

1. Augustine, The Confessions of St. Augustine , trans. by Edward Bouverie Pusey (Waiheke Island, New Zealand: Floating Press, 1921), 65, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/up/detail.action?docID=349865.

Deffenbaugh, Daniel G. and David L. Dungan. “The Bible and Ecology.” In The International Bible Commentary , edited by William R. Farmer, 314-323. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1998.

1. Daniel G. Deffenbaugh and David L. Dungan, “The Bible and Ecology,” in The International Bible Commentary , ed. William R. Farmer (Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1998), 315.

When citing an introduction, a preface, a foreword, or an afterword, write the name of the author(s) of the piece you are citing. Then give the name of the part being cited, which should not be italicized or enclosed in quotation marks; in italics, provide the name of the work and the page range. Finish the citation with the details of publication.

Shepard, Paul. Introduction to Nature and Madness, 24-41. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998.

1. Paul Shepard, introduction to Nature and Madness  (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998), 35.

If the writer of the piece is different from the author of the complete work, then start the citation with the author of the introduction or foreword, and write the full name of the principal work's author after the title of the work. 

Sacks, Oliver. Foreword to A Man without Words, by Susan Schaller, 9-12. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012.

1. Oliver Sacks, foreword to A Man Without Words , by Susan Schaller, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012), 10.

For reference books that provide content in alphabetical order, in the footnote, use s.v. (Latin for “ sub verbo ) before the title of the entry that you are citing. (If you are citing more than one title, use the plural form, s.vv. ). Publisher information does not need to be included in the footnote.

Print Reference Book:

Camelot, P. T. "Ephesus." In The New Catholic Encyclopedia , edited by William J. McDonald, vol. 5, 457-458. New York: McGraw Hill, 1967.

1. The New Catholic Encyclopedia , s.v. “Ephesus.”

Online Reference Book:

Include a publication date or last updated date if available; otherwise, include an access date.

Hunt, M. J. "Red Sea." In The New Catholic Encyclopedia,  2nd ed., vol. 11, 962-963. Detroit, MI: Gale, 2003. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3407709364/GVRL?u=port18814&sid=GVRL&xid=c11723f0.

1. The New Catholic Encyclopedia , s.v. “Red Sea,” https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3407709364/GVRL?u=port18814&sid=GVRL&xid=c11723f0.

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How to Effectively Cite a PDF (APA, MLA, AMA, and Chicago Style)

• By : Enago Academy
• Namrata Singh

The pressure to “publish or perish” is a well-known reality for academics, striking fear into the hearts of researchers worldwide. At the core of this high-stakes environment is the critical importance of effectively citing your sources. The art of citation is far more than just a formality — it is a fundamental pillar upon which the credibility and authority of your research rests.

Proper citation, across a variety of style formats, demonstrates to editors, reviewers, and readers that you take seriously the need to give credit where it is due. This attention to detail commands respect, as it shows you do not shy away from rigorously documenting your sources, even when citing something as common as a PDF file.

By approaching this scholarly practice with diligence and care even when citing PDFs, you position your work to be taken seriously and respected by the scholarly community.

Table of Contents

Importance of Citing a PDF

In today’s digital world, PDFs are frequently used as reference materials, encompassing a variety of content such as journal articles, books, newspapers, reports, and more. Properly citing a PDF is academic work because it serves multiple functions and provides various benefits. The benefits of citing a PDF include:

Upholds Academic Integrity 

Ensures proper credit is attributed to the original authors and prevents misrepresentation of their work.

Acknowledges the Work of Others

Allows authors to pay tribute to work of prior researchers, demonstrating respect for the academic community.

Contextualizes the Research

Serves as a medium to understand the current work within the broader context of existing knowledge.

Provides Credibility

Lends credibility to an author's work by showing thorough engagement with the relevant literature.

Facilitates Future Research

Serves as a guidepost for future researchers, saving time and effort while promoting the advancement of knowledge.

Enhances Scholarly Reputation

Stands as a testament to the author’s understanding of the existing literature and their ability to make a contribution.

Elements of PDF Citation

Before you begin citing the PDF that you have accessed online for your research work you need to note down few essential elements required to accurately cite them. They include:

You may also require other additional details including volume number and edition depending on the type of PDF you cite. While the elements of a PDF citation may remain constant, the structure may vary depending on the citation styles.

Different Citation Styles and Their Use

The choice of citation style is often determined by the discipline or the publication requirements. The most commonly used citation styles and their recommended applications are:

1. MLA (Modern Language Association)

Primarily used in the humanities, including literature, languages, and cultural studies.

2. APA (American Psychological Association)

Widely adopted in the social sciences, such as psychology, education, and business.

3. AMA (American Medical Association)

The preferred style for the field of medicine and life sciences.

Commonly used in historical research and publications.

Adhering to the appropriate citation style depending on your requirement is crucial because:

1. Ensures consistency and uniformity throughout the document, aiding in the ease of locating and verifying sources.

2. Reflects the priorities and preferences of different disciplines, which may emphasize specific details or formatting conventions.

3. Demonstrates respect for the conventions and norms of the academic community, enhancing the credibility and professionalism of the work.

4. Reduces the risk of rejection or criticism because of adherence to specific formatting guidelines or preferences of publications or journals

5. Maintains academic integrity, clarity, and adherence to disciplinary standards.

By investing the time and effort to master this essential skill of citing a PDF, you’ll not only safeguard your academic integrity but also elevate the credibility and impact of your research.

As you embark on your scholarly journey, embrace the power of proper citation. Let it be the mark of your dedication to the pursuit of knowledge. In doing so, you’ll not only uplift your own academic success but also contribute to the broader advancement of your field.

Frequently Asked Questions

To cite a PDF found online, include the following elements in your citation: author(s) name, title of the PDF, publication date, page numbers (if applicable), DOI/URL, and the date you accessed the PDF. The citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) will dictate the specific format. For example, in APA style: Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Title of document [PDF]. Site Name. URL

When citing a PDF with multiple authors, list all authors' names in the citation. For instance, in APA style: Author1 Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial., Author2 Last Name, F. M., & Author3 Last Name, F. M. (Year). Title of document. Site Name. URL

In-text citations for PDFs follow the same principles as citations for other sources. Include the author's last name and publication year within parentheses, e.g., (Author Last Name, Year).

To cite a PDF, you'll typically need the author(s) name, title of the PDF, publication date, page numbers (if applicable), DOI/URL, and access date. Additional details such as volume number or edition might be required depending on the citation style.

No, there isn't a universal way to cite PDFs. The citation format varies based on the style guide (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) you are using. Each style has its specific requirements for citing PDFs, and it's essential to follow these guidelines for accuracy and consistency in your citations.

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Entertainment, entertainment | navy pier announces summer 2024 music, fireworks and sports events.

Navy Pier has announced its summer 2024 schedule of events, opening with a summerlong exhibit devoted to house music, plus a Summer Block Party, multiple sporting events, a return of the LatiNxt Music Fest and the fireworks.

Chicago: Home of House Exhibit (May 1 to Oct. 31): Commemorating the 40th anniversary of house music, an exhibit devoted to the artists from Chicago’s South and West Sides who helped create the style. Presented in partnership with the Design Museum of Chicago and Vintage House Show Collective.

Mexico Fest (May 3-5): Music and dance performances by Mariachi Estrellas de Chicago, Ballet Folklorico Sones Mexicano, Pachanga DJs, Caballo Dorado and others. Plus workshops and more than 30 vendors. Presented in partnership with Consulado General de México en Chicago and the governments of Chihuahua, Nayarit and Queretaro.

Lakefront Loop 5K (May 5): A 5K run on the Pier itself, and for the first time this year a timed event.

Swing Into Summer (May 18): The Pier will become a sports hub with pickleball, wiffle ball, baseball, softball and golf. Coaches and trainers will be on hand to offer instruction, while mini-golf competitions will take place at the new Pier Park Mini Golf Course.

Live on the Lake (May 25 to Sept. 2): Navy Pier’s free weekend music series in the outdoor Beer Garden from 2 p.m. to closing every Saturday and Sunday, plus Memorial Day and Labor Day Mondays.

Summer fireworks (May 25 to Aug. 31): Every Wednesday at 9 p.m. and Saturday at 10 p.m., from Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day weekend.

Wave Wall Moves (May 25 to Aug. 31): Live outdoor performance series with Chicago dance companies including Chicago Ballet Arts, Uptown Rockers, Ruth Paige School of Dance, Chicago Korean Dance Company and Perpetual Motion. Presented in partnership with See Chicago Dance on Saturday afternoons at 4 p.m. on the Wave Wall Stage.

Wave Wall Wax (May 25 to Aug. 31): Chicago DJs spin house and dance music every Saturday from 5:30 p.m. to 10 p.m. Including Steve “Miggedy” Maestro, TRQPiTECA, DJ Iggy, Mo Mami and Joe Smooth.

Skyline Sessions (May 30 to Aug. 30): Live music by Larry Anthony, Lydia Cash, James Gedda, MER’s Music Showcase, Daniel Chavez Organ Quartet, and Meg & The Wheelers and others, every Thursday and Friday from 5 p.m. on the Wave Wall Stage.

Rush Hour Workouts and Sunset Yoga (June 4 to Aug. 27): Free Tuesday exercise classes with a fusion of Zumba and Jazzercise at 6 p.m. and yoga at 7:30 p.m. in Polk Bros Park.

Pier Dance (June 5-26): Free dance lessons every Wednesday at 6 p.m. in Polk Bros Park.

Chi-Soul Fest (June 15-16): Two-day music festival celebrating Black History Month with artists including Jamiah Rogers, Bumpus, Manny Torres, Ariel Posen and Chibrations.

Summer Block Party (June 26 and July 31): New for 2024 with live bands, DJs and a Beer Garden stage with ’90s music. Plus family-friendly activities from corn hole to video games. Starting at 3 p.m., concluding with fireworks at 9 p.m.

Navy Pier Pride (June 29): Celebrates the LGBTQIA+ community with live music, dance, storytelling and more, including by the Chicago Gay Men’s Chorus, Lakeside Pride Marching Band and Party Noir.

Water Flicks (July 1 to Aug. 26): Movies at 6:30 p.m. every Monday in Polk Bros Park. A science theme includes “Back to the Future,” “Honey I Shrunk the Kids,” “Interstellar,” “Big Hero 6,” “Weird Science” and “Oppenheimer.”

Fresh Fest (July 11-12): Young musicians, dancers and artists from noon to 5 p.m. on Thursday, and 10 a.m. to 8:30 p.m. on Friday.

Bastille Day (July 13): Celebrate the French national holiday in Polk Bros Park, with live music and tasty French treats.

Noche Caribeña (Aug. 17): Puerto Rican Arts Alliance will present a free evening concert spanning the genres of Puerto Rican and Afro-Caribbean folk at the Lake Stage in Polk Bros Park.

LatiNxt (Aug. 24-25): Two-day festival with music from the Latin American diaspora, across three Pier stages. Headliners include AnanTijoux and Pahua. Plus vendors.

All events are free unless otherwise noted; more information at navypier.org

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