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Maharashtra Board Books for Class 12 Environment Education And Water Security in English medium

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Maharashtra Board Class 12 Environment Education And Water Security Books in English medium

Maharashtra Board Class 12 Environment Education And Water Security Books in English medium is one of the most important study materials for students who have opted for this subject. It will enable students to prepare for their exams and help them in boosting their knowledge in the subject too. Environment Education And Water Security is a quite interesting subject that deals with various interesting concepts. The Maharashtra Board Class 12 Books is prescribed by the board officials as per the selected study curriculum in Maha HSC.

The chapters and topics given in the HSC Class 12 Books of Environment Education And Water Security are based on the syllabus that is prescribed by the board itself. The textbooks are prepared under the guidance of highly educated professionals. Therefore, the given resources aid students in their preparation and study.

Download HSC Environment Education And Water Security Class 12 Books Free PDF

Students studying in Maha board std 12th can always refer to the link given here on this website to Download HSC Class 12 Environment Education And Water Security Books Free PDF. These free textbooks will not only aid in solving the various kind of questions related to Environment Education And Water Security rather provides students the guidance in clearing their board exams too.

With the help of this given textbook, students can early start their preparation for the board exams and clear their doubts very easily.

Maharashtra State Board Class 12 Environment Education And Water Security books in English Medium

Environment Education And Water Security textbook of Maha board class 12th can help students to build their strong foundational knowledge in the subject that will help them in tackling the complex questions. With the use of this PDF version of the book, they can revise their studied topics and practice a plethora of questions.

These books are available in a chapter-wise format that follows a pattern given in HSC Class 12 Syllabus . Getting proper knowledge in this subject will help students to choose a proper career later.

Features of MSBSHSE Class 12th Environment Education And Water Security Textbooks

There are various kinds of features of MSBSHSE Class 12th Environment Education And Water Security Textbooks, a few of them are listed below.

• There are very clear representations of chapters inside the textbooks.
• Every single chapter has very detailed and to-the-point information.
• Visuals and Digrams are there to make the study process of Environment Education And Water Security a little interesting.
• It can be used by any Maha Board Class 12th students to prepare for their board exams.

Maha Class 12 Model Papers

Environment Education And Water Security textbooks play an important role in students’ board exam preparation. It is because every year the official releases the Maha std 12 Model Papers . It gives students an idea of how their board exam question paper will be going to look like. However solving model papers are great but sometimes students lack in solving a few questions. Students can refer to the Maharashtra State Board Class 12 textbooks to quickly look at the topics/Concepts and revise them.

After that process, they can move further and try to re-attempt the model papers. On Selfstudys.com we are providing both Model papers and English Medium Books. Students can choose the resources as per their needs.

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Class 12th maharashtra board (hsc) evs project: air pollution.

  CLASS 12th MAHARASHTRA BOARD (HSC) EVS PROJECT: AIR POLLUTION

SELECTION OF PROJECT TOPIC (INTRODUCTION):

Air pollution is the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials. There are different types of air pollutants, such as gases (such as ammonia, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane and chlorofluorocarbons), particulates (both organic and inorganic), and biological molecules. Air pollution may cause diseases, allergies and even death to humans; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural environment (for example, climate change, ozone depletion or habitat degradation) or built environment (for example, acid rain). Both human activity and natural processes can generate air pollution. Air pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases, including respiratory infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung cancer.  The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, and the individual's health status and genetics. Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the world's worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report. Outdoor air pollution alone causes 2.1 to 4.21 million deaths annually. Overall, air pollution causes the deaths of around 7 million people worldwide each year, and is the world's largest single environmental health risk. Productivity losses and degraded quality of life caused by air pollution are estimated to cost the world economy $5 trillion per year. Various pollution control technologies and strategies are available to reduce air pollution.  

IMPORTANCE OF THE TOPIC:

Air pollution inflicts a massive toll on the Indian economy. Its scale, complexity and urgency necessitate a strong, coherent and coordinated fiscal response by the government. However, recent relief and stimulus spending in response to the COVID-19 pandemic has crippled the Indian economy and led to a massive spike[10] in public debt. With limited room available for fiscal manoeuver, the government faces the massive challenge of financing measures to improve air quality. The imperative is to create a financial architecture that can mobilize private finance for clean-air solutions in India. Green sectors such as clean energy and e-mobility are likely to be the driving force for developing and implementing tangible solutions to improve air quality. An investment fund with a dedicated green focus could play an instrumental role in catalysing growth of such green industries and simultaneously addressing the twin problems of air pollution and climate change. A Green Super-Fund would combine a returns-driven strategy with the sustainability imperative and accelerate investment in green industries. The Triple Bottom-line framework, with an emphasis on profit, people and the planet, will be at the heart of the Super-Fund’s performance management strategy. It would raise capital from institutional investors such as multilateral organizations, sovereign wealth funds, and development financial institutes. Since 2014, more than 40 environmental startups have been set up in India with the singular goal of combatting the air pollution crisis. The Super-Fund would play a pivotal role in harnessing the economic and environmental potential of these startups and financing other high-impact ventures. There are several other channels through which the private sector can contribute to cleaner air and demonstrate that economic development and air pollution abatement are not mutually exclusive. 

OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT WORK:

To reduce the impacts of air pollution, both international and national legislation and regulation have been implemented to regulate air pollution. Local laws where well enforced in cities have lead to strong public health improvements. At the international level some of these efforts have been successful, for example the Montreal Protocol which successful at reducing release of harmful ozone depleting chemicals or 1985 Helsinki Protocol which reduced sulfur emissions, while other attempts have been less rapid in implementation, such as international action on climate change. To Setting up of a state-of-the-art advanced and integrated air pollution model system from hemispheric scale, European scale, and national scale, for calculation and assessment of high resolution (down to 1 km x 1 km resolution) air pollution levels and human exposure, including assessing the contribution related to different emission sectors and regions. This work is carried out in WP2. To Investigate the potential causal impact of individual chemical air pollutants as well as mixtures of air pollutants on health outcomes. In pursuing this aim, we utilize the unique Nordic population-based registers allowing linkage between historical residential address, air pollutants over decades and later health outcomes. By linking the exposure to health outcomes, new exposure-response relationships are determined of health effects for different population Groups To quantify the overall negative health outcomes of air pollution in terms of premature deaths, hospital admissions, days of reduced activity, respiratory diseases, mental disorders, etc. on high resolution down to 1 km x 1 km in the Nordic countries for the different population groups, using the integrated model system EVA, based on the impact pathway chain.

PROJECT WORK METHODOLOGY:

According to the WHO, air pollution is the fifth largest killer in India. There are a variety of ways in which the air pollution of an area can be measured. One of the ways is the measurement of particulate matter in air. Particulate matter is a mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets like acids, chemicals, gas, water, metals, soil dust particles, etc. These particles cause major health hazard in India. The changing temperature and slowing winds trap soot, dust and fine particulate matter. The particulate matter is present in a variety of sizes ranging from coarse, fine, to ultrafine.

According to the Ambient Air Pollution (AAP) report for the year 2018, Delhi had one of the highest pollution levels in the world. This result was based on the monitoring of PM measurement of outdoor air pollution from almost 1,600 cities in 91 countries. Last year, a public health emergency was declared in Delhi as pollution levels crossed 70 times the safe limit.

The methodology required for quantifying the health effects of air pollution is derived from the Health and Air Pollution in study, a joint initiative from the Health Research Council, the Ministry for the Environment and the Ministry of Transport (Fisher et al, 2007). This study represents the most comprehensive analysis of air pollution, its health implications, and the resulting societal costs conducted in New Zealand. The research evaluated the effects of specific source categories of emissions from vehicles (including private petrol cars, diesel cars, and diesel trucks), industry, domestic and total sources in New Zealand. 

The research encompassed five interconnected components: 

  air quality, meteorology and emissions data analysis 

  air pollution exposure assessment

  health impact assessment

  economic impact assessment 

  preventative policy assessment.   

Air quality is a measure of how clean or polluted the air is. Monitoring air quality is important because polluted air can be bad for our health— and the health of the environment. Air quality is measured with the Air Quality Index, or AQI. The AQI works sort of like a thermometer that runs from 0 to 500 degrees.

Basically, there are two general approaches to air pollution exposure assessment: 

(1) air monitoring, which depends on either direct measurements (personal monitors) or indirect measurements (fixed-site monitors combined with data on time-activity patterns), and

 (2) biological measurements that use biological markers.

WHO defines HIA as “a combination of procedures, methods and tools by which a policy, programe or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of those effects within the population”.  

The purpose of an economic impact assessment is to estimate the changes in employment, income, and levels of business activity (typically measured by gross receipts or value added) that may result from a proposed project or program.

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, aims to enable the “preservation of the quality of air and control of air pollution.” It was enacted to fulfil India's commitments at the 1972 United Nations environment conference

OBSERVATION:

Air pollution problems of a scale larger than the point monitoring problem lend themselves to space observational techniques. Examples of these large scale problems are those associated with changes in the global background of gases and aerosols; potential stratospheric pollution resulting from SST operations; regional sources, pollution episodes, and large scale diffusion; and effects of pollutants on climate. These problems are discussed and observational requirements are specified. Possible remote sensing techniques for satellite monitoring are described. These include monitoring of pollutant gases and particulates by means of their absorption and scattering of radiation in both the solar spectrum range and terrestrial emission spectrum range. A discussion of potential difficulties includes the atmospheric and surface background problems, the temperature sensitivity problem in the terrestrial spectrum range, the band overlap problem, and the cloud interference problem. Recent observations from satellites and balloons are reviewed. It appears that except for H2O, and, perhaps, O3 , measurements of the vertical profiles of atmospheric pollutant gases and aerosols from satellites will be extremely difficult. On the other hand, measurements of the total amounts (in a vertical column) of pollutant gases and aerosols do appear feasible.

ANALYSIS OF DATA:

Many studies suggest the quality of air has been significantly improving in the last years in the majority of the world regions. However, air quality still creates a significant problem in Europe, especially in some densely populated urban areas and during certain weather conditions. Several reports observe the serious impact of the air pollution on the people’s health and many analysis and models have been tested to understand and finally reduce the problem. The air pollution primarily results from: 

 Natural processes (soil erosion, volcano eruptions)

  Human activity,

 which includes three major sources:

 o Industry pollution 

o Traffic pollution (air exhaust, brake and tire wear, dust resuspension from roads, air and sea traffic) 

o House heating

 In addition to the increasing level of certain chemical compounds  (CO, SO2, NOx, BC, etc.) in the air, a dangerous type of pollution are small particles suspended in the atmosphere generated by a variety of human activities – Particulate Matter (PM) or Particulates. PM is a type of air pollution that can travel long distances in the atmosphere and causes a wide range of diseases and a significant reduction of life expectancy in most of the population of Europe There is a predictability to the narrative around North India’s air pollution. Air that is unhealthy all year-round becomes unbreathable during winter, largely due to particulate matter in emissions from farm fires in Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh. This contributes to the portrayal of farmers as the primary architects of Delhi’s air pollution crisis, and short-term solutions sustain only till the skies clear up. There is no denying that the effects of seasonal paddy stubble burning are severe—it causes an estimated loss of 150,000 years of healthy life annually.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:

Indoor environment is a complex issue in terms of toxicology and health risk assessment. There are many different types of pollutants which may give 11 rise to combined effects. The exposed population is the general public including vulnerable groups. 

 Many different factors influence air quality, e.g. ventilation, cleaning conditions, properties of buildings, products used in house-holds, cultural habits, climate, outdoor air etc. Thus, large variations in indoor environments can be expected across the EU. 

 The SCHER considers that the health risk assessment of the pollutants in indoor environments should be done according to the principles used in the EU for risk assessment of chemicals as this is an evidence based approach. Those principles should be applied on the data available and the specific features related to indoor environment taken into account. The risk assessment paradigm should be used flexibly, taking into account that complaints and diseases related to indoor exposures may have a complex cause-effect relationship. 

 The SCHER considers that the data base for indoor air risk assessment is in general limited. Frequently, there are more data available for risk assessment of “classical” indoor air pollutants such, as organic pollutants as compared to particles and microbes. Especially, more data on exposure, in quantitative terms, are required. Available dose-response data seldom cover vulnerable groups. 

 The SCHER has identified several gaps of knowledge, presented in answer to Question 2, which should be addressed by European-wide multidisciplinary research. As to single known compounds, SCHER considers carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, benzene, nitrogen oxides and naphthalene to be compounds of concern because they have caused adverse health effects as indoor pollutants or have a high potential to cause them.

 Environmental tobacco smoke, radon, lead and organophosphates are also of concern. For most other pollutants the data available are yet limited for risk assessment as indoor air pollutants.

 Consumer products, one source of chemicals in indoor environment, emit mostly volatile organic compounds. Lack of data on true exposure for emissions in consumer products has hampered evaluation of the associations with possible health effects most of which are also caused by other factors. The recent data suggest that some of the emitted products may react further in air and on surfaces producing secondary products, including fine and ultrafine particles. The health effects of those reaction products are poorly known. 

 Indoor air may contain over 900 chemicals, particles, and biological materials with potential health effects. Since their concentrations are usually higher than outdoors and people spend more time indoors than outdoors, the SCHER recommends that any studies to correlate outdoor air concentration with health effects need to consider the impact of indoor exposure. 

 The composition and concentrations of the different components in indoor air vary widely and are influenced by human activities. Since it is not feasible to regulate all possible scenarios, prevention from possible health effects and protection of sensitive populations is best achieved by reducing exposure. As a consequence the SCHER recommends that all relevant sources that are known to contribute should be evaluated. Such sources include tobacco smoke, any open fires including candles, building materials, furniture, pets and pests, use of household products, as well as conditions that lead to the growth of moulds. Constructers, maintenance personnel and inhabitants should also be aware that appropriate humidity avoids annoyances and sufficient air exchange reduces accumulation of pollutants.

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MOTIVATIONAL THOUGHTS

200+ EVS Project Topics || Environmental Science Research Topics

200+ EVS Project Topics || Environmental Science Research Topics: The research topics of the environment can come from different aspects such as chemical, physical and biological elements of the earth. The globe has experienced an increase in the issues related to the environment and it involves global warming, air pollution and climate change. If you’re struggling in choosing a topic for an EVS project, then no need to worry as we have  alot of topics available for you here.

Also See: Best General Topics For Presentation

Let us shed light on some of the interesting topics below that are associated with Environmental Science.

• Impacts of climate change on the health of a human being
• Are all industrial plants adjacent to the resources of water a major cause for developing human diseases?
• Why should the globe ought to switch from fossil fuels to that of hydrogen?
• How can we stop the destruction of coral reefs?
• How pesticides as well as wastes contribute to the contamination of soil?
• Is ocean acidification a very serious problem to the environment?
• How melting permafrost affects the change in climate?
• The myths and reality that surrounds global warming
• How does increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide affect the environment?
• What is the role of human beings in global warming?
• How significant is paleoecology in the research of the environment?
•  How significant are the resources of small water in the environment?
• Explain the relationship between acid rains and industrialisation?
• How to change to cleaner fuels & vehicles?
• What are some impacts on the destruction of coral reefs?
• Is there any possibility of a new ecosystem in the future?
• How do human activities put up with global warming?
• Will hybrid vehicles be helpful in controlling the atmosphere pollution?
• How does deforestation play a role in global warming?
• Can human beings be helpful in controlling global warming?
• Reasons and formation of acid rain

Also See: Non-Technical Topics

• Relation between amphibians and environment
• How does the environment impact the attacks of asthma?
• Bacteria that human consumes
• Impact of genetic diseases on humans
• A comparison study behind the dust found on various surfaces.
• Impact of climate change on environment
• Composting: Good or bad?
• A comparative analysis on the plant’s roots.
• A comparative study: Photosynthesis on various plants
• Purpose of Crustaceans
• Comparison of the earth with living organisms.
• Impact of invasive species on the environment.
• The working of sewage treatment
• Is there any difference between the sewage treatments?
• Do light sources affect aquariums? How?
• The working of viruses
• Trees diversity in the areas
• Discuss all weed diversity in the community.
• What change can honey extinction have on the globe?
• Impact of climate change on agricultural production
• A toxicity evaluation and quality of the fishing water
• A study on the temperature increase in environment and its impact on sea creatures
•  What is the role of Mangrove trees in the marine ecosystem?
• Impact of careless disposal of polythene bags on the ecosystem.
• Impact of air pollution on child mortality rate.
• How can preventing environmental pollution have a direct impact on the protection of human health?
• Can humans make sure there is enough supply of safe water?
• Fostering sustainable communities.
• Use of science to defend the endangered species.
• Revival of World’s Oceans
• How can we ensure adequate clean energy supply in the near future?
• How helpful science is in the reduction of global warming?
• The plans for environmental management for all players in the hospitality industry.
• Reducing the greenhouse gas emission in freight transport.
• Benefits of nuclear power for the environment.
• How helpful greenhouse gasses are in making the environment sustainable?
• Use of science in addressing change in climate.
• Benefits of sustainability & recycling on the health of the environment.
• Some scientific implications of scarcity of water.
• Impacts of economic development on the health of the environment.
• Importance of sustainable development to the environment.
• Integration of environment health to sustainable development.
• Curb climate change to benefit the health of humans.
• Decrease the exposure of pesticides.
• How can we evaluate the influence of the environment on the development of the human brain?
• Is Paskinson’s disease linked to genes & use of pesticides?
• The exposure of environmental pesticides causes a cognitive decline.
• A study on disease and a person’s environment.

Also See: Seminar Topics for MBA

• The exposure of involuntary tobacco smoke affects people’s health.
• Risks of Toxic chemicals & environmental health in towns.
• Impact of traffic air pollution on the health of humans.
• Is air pollution leading to cancer?
• Importance of improving air quality
• How to worsen the impacts of air pollution due to change in climate?
• Effects of wildfires on the health of humans.
• Interaction between human genes & the environment.
• Should animal & human rights be the same?
• Climate Change: Is it a major threat?
• Why should companies have to pay taxes for the emissions of carbon?
• Should fracking be banned by the government?
• Is Vegetarianism ought to be made mandatory?
• Governments ought to ban modification of genetic organisms.
• Is organic farming a future of modern agriculture?
• How is tourism beneficial to the environment?
• Why should the government dedicate more and more land to national parks?
• Why should there be a ban on the exports of animals by the government?
• Why should the government ban all zoos?
• Why to ban fur sales?
• Which is better; organic farming or conventional one?
• Packaging of plastic should be banned.
• Replacement of fossil fuels with nuclear energy.
• Reversible climate change
• Why off-roading & off-landing is not a good thing for the environment?
• Why is it necessary for sustainable energy production?
• Recycling & Refusing: A best alternative to the management of the waste.
• Assessing the best and effective sanitation of the environment.
• Assessing all environmental risks of urban flooding.
• Impacts of Methane emission.
• Deforestation.

So it was all about 200+ EVS Project Topics || Environmental Science Research Topics, if you liked these evs project topics then please share them with your friends.

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EVS Project (Class 12 ICSE): SYJC

December 26, 2021 by studymumbai Leave a Comment

EVS Project (ICSE Class 12) – SYJC (30 Marks)

Steps to Conduct the Project

Here are the steps for conducting the project work.

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Introduction of the project – (2 marks-1 page- back to back) Background of the subject, Justification of choosing the topic

Importance of the project – (2 marks-1 side page) Why particular project is important

Objectives of the project – (2 marks-1 side page) what is that you will find out in the project (Should Start with “To”)

Methodology of the project –(4 marks-2 pages- back to back) Methods those will be used in data collection (siting the sources, survey, interviews etc.)

Observations – (4 marks-2 pages – back to back) Data/ information collection

Analysis – (4 marks-2 pages- back to back) on analysis of data- discuss ‘why’ of data

Results and Conclusion –(2 marks-1 page- back to back) what is the project outcome, what were the learnings from the project- did you fulfil objectives of project…

How to approach the Project

Selecting a topic

What topic should I research?

• Keep your eyes and ears open..
• Observe……..
• Be inquisitive……
• Ask why?????

Think big but Start small.

Should reflect what you will do.. Should not be vague, too general.

Aim and Objectives

What is that you want to find out…Write down the objectives of the project. Whether you already have little information and you want to find out further. Read relevant material.

Planning theresearch

Once you have identified the problem you want to work on – discuss with experts, Try to read some material on the subject (google is a good place to start..)

Finalise your methodology

How are you going to collect your data?

This depends on what you are going to explore

Questionnaire, semi structured interviews, observations, sample collection, lab analytical techniques.

Spend time on this aspect.

It is the most important part of your work. Do a sample first to test.

Analysing your data

Use graphs (bar graphs, pie diagram)

This will help you to understand patterns in your data.

Interpreting the data

What do the patterns in the analysis mean?

EVS Project Topics (ICSE Class 12)

Climate action plan dedicated to mumbai keeping in tune with climate adaptation, mitigation and resilience.

Intergovernmental panel on climate change (ipcc) report – 2021 on global warming with a focus on mumbai and maharashtra.

Ramsar sites in india – conservation of wetlands.

Survey the local rainwater harvesting installations if any in your locality. List down how it has benefitted the area.

Vehicular pollution – biggest contributor to city’s air pollution.

Study the local or nearby dam and write down the environmental issues concerning the dam and the locality.

Ecosystem restoration – Conservation of Aarey which acts as drainage basin and restoration of mangroves for creating carbon sink.

Biofuels – Production of biofuels (b10-ethanol etc.) in India.

Visit a local industry and study the environmental impacts of it in the surrounding area. Carry out interviews of local people about their views on the industry.

Study population status of your village/town /city for past 20 years ( since census is conducted every ten years) available on the indian national website (http//:censusindia.gov.in). Make a graphical representation of the changes seen and discuss the changes.

Report the weather changes experienced by you and other people in your area in the previous year. Make a report on how it is afffecting your own local environment.

Use sound level app to study the sound pollution in the area. Measure the noise levels at the market place, school, hospital, traffic signal. Prepare a detail report on it. Prepare a poster suggesting measures to reduce noise levels and its harmful effects.

Visit (or one on one video call/ phone call) the nearest hospital / doctor in your locality. Prepare a questionnaire to talk to the doctor on the increase or decrease in the patients and the types of diseases reported. Write the report what are the causes of diseases and preventive measures which can be taken. Make a report of the same.

Conduct a project in your locality to find out solid waste disposal in your locality. Make a poster to reduce the waste management in the community.

Utilisation of renewable enrgy sources in india. 16. Causes, impact, mitigation measures of tropical storms and cyclones like nisarg (2020) and tauktae (2021) in mumbai city.

Wildlife conservation – protection of natural habitat.

Hi-tech project to clean Mithi river in Mumbai.

The ground water levels have gone down due to increase in use of water by people.

A number of animal species have become extinct due to excessive disturbance of the natural environment by humans.

A number of plant species have become extinct due to excessive disturbance of the natural environment by humans.

There are new patterns of disease and pest attack with changes in rainfall pattern.

Organic farming or agriculture.

Biogas: source of renewable energy

Waste water treatment

Vermi-composting

Importance of mangrove cover

Water pollution due to oil spillage.

E-waste management

Mobile towers: Effects on environment

Mobile towers: Effects on human health

Extinctions of animals or plants (take one specific animal or plant)

The Sparrow: Concerns and conservation

Vanishing vultures: too late or is there hope?

Animal testing : is it ethical?

3 R mantra: for solid waste management

Ecofriendly celebration of festivals (take one specific festival)

Red Munia birds (Sample EVS Project)

Title: To study and do the assessment of Red Munia birds ( Red Avadavat) in Shindewadi village.

Introduction

Importance of study

Study will help to understand if there is illegal trade of birds in the area. Survey of these birds will help to identify the threats to this species. Study will throw light on the species distribution and identify the areas of occurrence. Awareness created among locals will help in protecting the species.

1. To study the distribution of red munias

2. To Study the abundance of the species (population of species)

3. To understand the threats of the species

Methodology

Write about study area – location, district, population of village, major occupation of people.

Field observations- visit the areas where munias are seen on every Sunday from 8 am to 10 am from January to July ( example- will change according to the project).

Count the number of individuals seen.

Document the activity- feeding, preening, nesting .

Write down plants on which they feed. Survey of people in village about the munias – prepare a questionnaire.

Observations

Table showing month wise data of population of red munias in the study area.

They are seen in small flocks 15 to 20 of them together. Only one flock was observed which increased in january.

List of plants on which they are seen feeding.

They mostly feed on grass seeds and seen in jowar field.

They are seen chirping all the time and very agile.

Observations and analysis – monthwise population

Population of munias change monthwise in the study area as shown in fig.

In January or winter more individuals of birds are seen which keep on decreasing by summer.

Local people interviews say that they are not to be seen so commonly in recent years.

11% people informed that they have seen people catching the area.

Results and conclusion

The red munias are seen in Shindewadi and nearby villages. Their numbers increase in January as maybe some local migration of birds happen inthe area. The threat to species is there is catching of birds is seen by very few (11%)local people. Another threat is also the changing crop pattern in the area. Instead of jowar – bajra people grow sugarcane or anjir, pomgranades (dalimb).

The red munias are seen in the village fields near the flowing stream. There number is decreasing and there are no large flocks seen. The birds are caught and local people have no idea why they are caught. The people who catch them are not from village.

CISCE Class 12 Environmental Science (EVS) Syllabus

CISCE Class 12 Environmental Science (EVS) Syllabus Topics

• Modern Schools of Ecological Thought. Deep Ecology (Gary Snyder, Earth First) Vs. Shallow Ecology. Stewardship of Land (E.G. Wendell Berry).
• Social Ecology [Marxist Environmentalism and Socialist Ecology (Barry Commoner)]. Feminism. Green Politics (E.g. Germany and England). Sustainable Development
• Population and Conservation Ecology: Population and Conservation Ecology. Human Populations. Population Regulation. Human Population Control. Threats to the Ecosystem. Conservation
• Monitoring Pollution: Pollution Monitoring. Monitoring the Atmosphere: Techniques. International and National Air Quality Standards. Water Testing. Soil Testing
• Third World Development: Urban-rural Divide. A Critical Appraisal of Conventional Paradigm of Development from the Viewpoints of Sustainability, Environmental Impact and Equity. A Case Study of Gandhian Approach in Terms of Its Aims and Processes. Urban Environmental Planning and Management
• Sustainable Agriculture: Traditional Agriculture in India. Food Environmental and Natural Resource Economics: Definition: Resources; Scarcity and Growth; Natural Resource Accounting. Gnp Vs. Other Forms of Measuring Income. Economic Status and Welfare (Net Economic Welfare, Nature Capital, Ecological Capital, Etc.). Externalities: Cost Benefit Analysis (Social, Ecological). Natural Capital Regeneration
• International Relations and the Environment: Trans-national Characteristics of Environmental Issues Using Case Study of Amazonia, Trade in Wild Life and Ozone Depletion. Impact of International Politics, National Sovereignty and Interest. International Trade. International Aid

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California Today

The Bay Area Leads the National Shift to Electric Vehicles

San Jose and San Francisco had the highest E.V. adoption rate among major U.S. metropolitan areas last year.

By Nadja Popovich

San Francisco

E.V.s as percent of total auto registrations in 2023

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Pacific Ocean

California has been leading the national shift toward electric vehicles. And the Bay Area has led California.

As I recently reported for The Times’s climate desk, San Jose and San Francisco had the highest E.V. adoption rate among major U.S. metropolitan areas last year. They topped the list in 2021 and 2019, too.

Electric cars, pickup trucks and S.U.V.s accounted for nearly 40 percent of new auto registrations in the San Jose area last year and about 34 percent in San Francisco, according to data from S&P Global Mobility, an automotive market research firm. For comparison, E.V.s made up less than 10 percent of registrations in the New York area, and 3 percent in Detroit, America’s automotive capital.

Today I’m sharing new data, shown on the map above, that offers an even more detailed view of which Bay Area ZIP codes are leading the transition.

Some of the areas with the highest share of electric vehicles are associated with the E.V. industry (see: Fremont, where Tesla has a factory). But more often, high electric vehicle penetration correlated with higher incomes and with a higher ratio of single-family homes to apartments.

In wealthy suburbs like Los Altos and Saratoga, more than half of the new autos registered last year were electric. In lower-income areas like North Richmond and East Oakland, the share was closer to 15 percent. The lowest rates of all tended to be in more rural ZIP codes north of the Bay Area, like those near Ukiah.

That pattern echoes a nationwide trend. Americans who have made the shift to electric vehicles so far tend to be richer and younger than average and more likely to live in urban or suburban areas, research shows. Many buyers say they are motivated by environmental concerns, and some by interest in the latest cutting-edge technology.

That demographic profile is changing, experts said, but slowly.

To fight climate change, the Biden administration and many state governments want to accelerate the transition to electric vehicles. That’s because cars, S.U.V.s and pickup trucks powered by gasoline or diesel add up to one of the biggest sources of planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. (They’re a major source of other harmful air pollutants too .)

California regulators passed strict auto emissions standards in 2022 that would, in effect, phase out the sale of gasoline-powered cars in the state over the next decade. Several other states have followed its lead .

Many consumers, though, still have reservations about going electric.

The lack of widespread and reliable public charging stations is one of the biggest roadblocks, experts said. That partly explains why small towns and rural areas with few charging stations have some of the lowest rates of E.V. use in the country. But even people in urban areas can have trouble plugging in, if they live in an apartment building rather than a single-family home with a garage.

“Being able to charge at home is the thing that very much still divides the E.V. experience from pretty easy and kind of hard,” Ken Kurani, a researcher focused on electric vehicles at U.C. Davis, told me.

The Bay Area, which leads the nation in electric vehicle registrations, also leads in public charging infrastructure . But a study that looked at access to public charging stations in California found “stark disparities” by income and race: Lower-income and Black- and Hispanic-majority neighborhoods tended to have less access to public chargers than whiter, wealthier neighborhoods did. That trend was more pronounced in areas with higher proportions of multiunit housing.

The high price tag on many electric vehicles is another big concern for many consumers.

Federal tax credits are available for used electric vehicles and for a limited list of new vehicles. Last year, California shifted its own popular E.V. rebate program to focus more specifically on lower-income car buyers . And the state and many local governments are pushing to close the charging gap .

The Bay Area “is ahead of the curve” on electric vehicles, said Ted Lamm, who leads the E.V. Equity Initiative at the U.C. Berkeley School of Law. That gives the region an opportunity to draw a road map for the rest of the country.

“The challenges that are faced here are the things that will play out years down the road elsewhere, just ideally with less friction,” he told me. “We often figure out the kinks, so others can do it more straightforward.”

Nadja Popovich is a climate reporter and graphics editor for The New York Times.

If you read one story, make it this

He was in prison. She was in Covid lockdown. They freed each other.

The rest of the news

California’s attorney general, Rob Bonta, is supporting a state bill that would prohibit medical debt from being included in consumer credit reports , The Los Angeles Times reports.

Conor Dougherty, an economics reporter for The New York Times, talks to “The Daily” about the group of billionaires who want to build a new city on the outskirts of Silicon Valley.

Federal managers announced plans to heavily restrict or prohibit salmon fishing this year because Chinook salmon counts are low, CalMatters reports.

Southern California

An oil sheen that emerged last week in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Huntington Beach does not appear to have been caused by an oil spill , officials with the U.S. Coast Guard said.

A San Bernardino County sheriff’s deputy fatally shot a 15-year-old boy who the authorities said ran toward the deputy with a sharpened gardening tool. A lawyer for the family told ABC7 Los Angeles that the teenager had autism, and was acting out after a dispute over chores.

Disney is seeking approval to add more immersive attractions to its resort in Anaheim, NBC Los Angeles reports.

Northern California

The San Francisco police arrested 135 people and seized over 10 pounds of narcotics in the first two months of this year in an effort to clamp down on drug dealing in the city, The San Francisco Chronicle reports.

The warden of a troubled federal women’s prison in Dublin has been ousted as part of a sexual abuse investigation that led to charges against a former warden and other employees, The Associated Press reports.

The U.C. Davis Medical Center is trying to contact about 300 people who may have been exposed to measles at the hospital when a child who had the disease was treated there, CNN reports.

We’ve been compiling our California soundtrack for years, and have captured most of the hits. What songs do you think still need to be added?

Tell us at [email protected]. Please include your name, the city where you live, and a few sentences on why you think your song deserves to be included.

And before you go, some good news

“The Last Repair Shop,” a documentary about a musical instrument repair shop that has been tuning, maintaining and fixing up instruments for Los Angeles’s public schools for decades, won an Oscar on Sunday night for best documentary short film.

It’s also the first Oscar for The Los Angeles Times, which distributed the film with Searchlight.

The workshop is run by the Los Angeles Unified School District, one of the few districts in the country to provide free musical instruments and repairs to public school students. The heartwarming film follows four of the workshop’s 12 technicians as they repair more than 80,000 instruments.

The documentary was made by Ben Proudfoot and Kris Bowers, a Los Angeles Unified School District alumnus who discovered an early love of music while playing piano at school.

“‘The Last Repair Shop’ is about the heroes in our schools who often go unsung, unthanked and unseen. Tonight, you are sung, you are thanked, and you are seen,” Bowers said during his acceptance speech on Sunday.

You can stream the full documentary here.

Thanks for reading. We’ll be back tomorrow.

Yesterday’s newsletter included an incorrect link for an article about the YIMBY movement. Read here about the left-right alliance pushing for more apartments in the suburbs.

P.S. Here’s today’s Mini Crossword .

Soumya Karlamangla, Maia Coleman and Briana Scalia contributed to California Today. You can reach the team at [email protected] .

Sign up here to get this newsletter in your inbox .

Nadja Popovich is a reporter and graphics editor covering climate change and the environment for The Times. More about Nadja Popovich

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