example of hypothesis in capstone project

Capstone Project Outline Essentials: A Step-by-Step Guide to Success

A capstone project is a multifaceted assignment that serves as a culminating academic and intellectual experience at the end of a student's educational program. Typically undertaken in the final year of study, especially in higher education, such as undergraduate or graduate programs, a capstone project integrates and applies the knowledge and skills acquired throughout the course of the program. It often involves comprehensive research, critical analysis, problem-solving, and the presentation of findings.

By definition, a capstone project outline is a structured plan or blueprint that lays out the framework for the entire capstone project. It serves as a guide, helping students organize their thoughts, plan their approach, and ensure that their project meets the required academic standards. The outline generally includes key components such as the introduction, background or literature review, outline methodology, data collection and analysis, findings, conclusions, and recommendations.

A capstone project outline provides a roadmap for students, helping them systematically organize their ideas, allocate resources, and execute their projects effectively. It ensures that the project is coherent, well-structured, and aligned with the academic objectives, making the entire capstone process more manageable and successful.

Why Do You Need a Capstone Project Outline?

Students benefit significantly from developing a capstone project outline as it is a foundational tool for project success. Firstly, a well-structured outline provides students with a clear roadmap, delineating the key components and milestones of their capstone project. This clarity of direction ensures that students can articulate their research questions, define objectives, and establish a systematic approach to their work. The outline acts as a strategic guide, helping students stay focused on the primary goals of their project and avoiding unnecessary detours. By organizing their thoughts at the outset, students enhance their ability to manage time effectively, allocate resources efficiently, and maintain a coherent narrative throughout the project's execution.

Secondly, a capstone project outline facilitates effective communication and collaboration. As students engage with faculty, peers, or industry professionals, a well-prepared outline becomes a shared reference point that enhances communication clarity. It enables students to convey their project's scope, methodology, and expected outcomes concisely, fostering constructive feedback and guidance. All in all, a well-written capstone outline is indispensable for students for several reasons:

• Provides a clear roadmap for project goals.
• Structured framework for logical information flow.
• Aids in planning and meeting project milestones.
• Ensures efforts align with defined objectives.
• Promotes thorough research and analysis.
• Helps allocate time and resources efficiently.
• Facilitates assessment against outlined criteria.

Moreover, an organized outline lays the groundwork for collaborative efforts, making it easier for team members to understand each other's contributions and ensuring a cohesive final project. Here are great capstone project ideas if you want to explore the topic further. 

Choosing the Citation Style for an Outline for Capstone Project

Each of the APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), and Chicago citation styles has its own guidelines for formatting references in an academic document, including a capstone project outline. Here's a brief explanation of each:

APA (American Psychological Association)

• In-text Citations: In APA style, in-text citations typically include the author's last name and the publication year. For example – (Smith, 2019).
• Reference Page: The full details of each source are listed on a separate references page at the end of the document. The reference entry includes the author's name, publication date, title of the work, and publication information.

MLA (Modern Language Association)

• In-text Citations: In MLA, in-text citations generally include the author's last name and the page number. For example: (Smith 45).
• Works Cited Page: All sources used in the capstone project are listed on the Works Cited page. The entry includes the author's name, work title, publication information, and the medium of publication.

Chicago Manual of Style

• Notes and Bibliography System: Chicago offers two citation styles. The Notes and Bibliography system uses footnotes or endnotes for in-text citations and a bibliography for the full reference details.
• Author-Date System: Alternatively, Chicago's Author-Date system includes parenthetical in-text citations and a corresponding reference list.

When creating a capstone project outline, you should be consistent in applying the chosen citation style throughout the document. Ensure that your in-text citations and reference page or bibliography conform to the specific rules of the style you are using. Always consult the latest edition of the respective style guide for detailed and accurate information on formatting citations in your capstone project outline.

Capstone Project Outline Writing Tips

Drawing up a capstone project outline is essential for ensuring clarity, organization, and smooth execution of your project’s outline. Here are eight steps to help you create an effective capstone project outline:

STEP 1 – Title and Introduction

Craft a title that not only encapsulates the essence of your project but also sparks interest. In the introduction, provide a backdrop to your project by explaining the context or problem you aim to address. Emphasize the significance of your work in the broader field and engage your readers with a compelling narrative leading to the core research question or objective.

💡 Extra tip: Consider using Roman numerals for major sections and letters or numbers for subsections to maintain a hierarchical structure in your outline.

STEP 2 – Background and Literature Review

Develop the background by delving into the evolution of the problem or topic under study. Offer a historical context that helps readers understand the progression of ideas. In the literature review, critically analyze existing research, highlighting key studies and methodologies. Articulate the gaps in current knowledge, showcasing how your project fits into this intellectual landscape.

💡 Extra tip: Review your program's guidelines and specific requirements for the capstone project outline to ensure alignment with academic expectations.

STEP 3 – Research Question or Hypothesis

Elaborate on the thought process behind your outline’s question or hypothesis. Explain why this particular inquiry is crucial and how it contributes to the overall understanding of the subject. Clearly articulate the scope and boundaries of your outline to guide readers in comprehending the focus of your investigation.

💡 Extra tip: Consider the feasibility and scope of your chosen topic, ensuring it is neither too broad nor too narrow for the scope of your capstone project.

STEP 4 – Methodology

Provide a detailed overview of your research design, explaining why it is the most suitable approach. Describe the rationale behind choosing specific methods and tools, emphasizing their appropriateness for your outline’s objectives. Detail the step-by-step process of data collection and analysis, ensuring transparency in your methodological choices.

💡 Extra tip: Justify your choice of research methods by explaining how they align with your outline’s questions and contribute to the overall objectives of your capstone project.

STEP 5 – Data Collection and Analysis

Go beyond a simple description of data collection methods. Explain the considerations behind selecting particular instruments or surveys. Discuss potential challenges and how you plan to address them. In the analysis section, outline the specific statistical or analytical techniques you will employ, justifying their relevance to extracting meaningful insights from your data.

💡 Extra tip: Clearly articulate the goals and objectives of your capstone project. Make sure they are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).

STEP 6 – Results and Findings

Present not only the anticipated results but also discuss potential variations or unexpected outcomes. Offer a preliminary interpretation of the findings, linking them back to the outline’s question. Discuss the reliability and validity of your results, acknowledging any limitations. This section provides a nuanced understanding of your project's outcomes.

💡 Extra tip: Include brief descriptions or bullet points under each subsection to provide a more detailed overview of the content you plan to cover.

STEP 7 – Discussion and Conclusion

In the discussion, delve deep into the implications of your findings. Relate them to existing literature, highlighting areas of agreement or divergence. Address any unexpected results and propose possible explanations. Conclude with a synthesis of key insights, summarizing the contributions of your project to the field. Offer suggestions for future research, demonstrating a forward-thinking perspective.

💡 Extra tip: When seeking feedback, provide specific questions or areas where you'd like input, such as clarity of objectives, appropriateness of outline’s methods, or potential gaps in your approach.

STEP 8 – References and Appendices

Create a meticulously formatted list of references following the prescribed citation style. Ensure consistency and accuracy in citing sources. In the appendices, include any supplementary materials that enhance the comprehensibility of your project, such as raw data, additional charts, or detailed methodological documentation. This step adds depth and credibility to your work.

💡 Extra tip: Schedule dedicated revision sessions, focusing on one or two sections at a time, to maintain a systematic and organized approach to refining your outline.

How to Make the Best of Your Capstone Project?

This is an important assignment, so you need the best help you can get – expert academic writers.

How to Format a Capstone Project Outline?

Ensure that you follow any specific formatting guidelines provided by your institution or department. Additionally, consistency in font, spacing, and citation style is crucial for a professional presentation. Always check if your institution provides any specific requirements or templates for a capstone project outline.

• Title of the Capstone Project.
• Institutional affiliation.
• Briefly summarize your capstone project, including the problem statement, objectives, methodology, and key findings. Keep it concise, usually around 150-250 words.

Table of Contents

• List all the sections and subsections with corresponding page numbers.

Introduction

• Provide background information on the topic.
• State the problem or question.
• Clearly define the objectives of your capstone project.
• Justify the importance of the study.

Literature Review

• Review relevant literature and studies related to your topic.
• Identify gaps in existing research that your project aims to fill.
• Provide a synthesis of key findings and concepts.

Methodology

• Describe the outline design, data collection methods, and tools used.
• Explain the sampling technique and sample size.
• Discuss any limitations or constraints of the methodology.

Data Analysis

• Present the results of your research.
• Use tables, charts, graphs, or other visual aids to enhance clarity.
• Interpret the findings and relate them to your question.
• Analyze and interpret the results in the context of your question.
• Discuss the implications of your findings.
• Address any limitations and suggest areas for future research.
• Summarize the main findings and their significance.
• Restate the outline’s main question and how your project contributes to addressing it.

Recommendations

• Provide any recommendations based on your findings.
• Suggest practical applications or policy changes.
• List all the sources cited in your capstone project.
• Follow a specific citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.).
• Include any additional materials such as raw data, survey questionnaires, or supplementary information.

Capstone Project Outline Example

Here’s a great example of an outline for a capstone project that will give you a detailed understanding of how this assignment should look from a technical perspective.

• Title: "Exploring the Impact of Technology Integration on Student Learning Outcomes in High School Mathematics"
• Author: [Your Full Name]
• Institutional Affiliation: [Your University]
• Date: [Date of Submission]
• Briefly summarize the project, including the research problem, objectives, methodology, and key findings.
• Background: Discuss the increasing role of technology in education.
• Problem Statement: Highlight the need to understand the impact of technology on high school math learning outcomes.
• Objectives: Clearly define the goals of the study.
• Justification: Explain the importance of investigating this topic.
• Overview of technology integration in education.
• Review of studies on the impact of technology on student learning outcomes.
• Identification of gaps in the existing research.
• Research Design: Describe the research design as a quantitative study.
• Participants: Specify the high school and grade levels involved.
• Data Collection: Detail the use of surveys and standardized test scores.
• Limitations: Acknowledge any constraints, such as sample size limitations.
• Presentation of survey results and statistical analysis.
• Visualization of data through charts and graphs.
• Interpretation of findings in relation to the research question.
• Analysis of the impact of technology on high school math learning outcomes.
• Discussion of any unexpected findings.
• Implications of the results for education practitioners.
• Summary of main findings.
• Significance of the study.
• Reflection on how the project addressed the research question.
• Suggestions for integrating technology effectively in high school math classrooms.
• Areas for future research.
• List of all sources cited, following the APA citation style.
• Include survey questionnaires, raw data, and any additional materials.

Struggling with Your Capstone Project Outline?

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Do’s and Don’ts of Capstone Project Outline Writing 

Before writing your capstone project, one of the first things you should do is draw up an outline. Here are the most essential you should and should not do when producing this type of academic document. 

Clearly Define Your Objectives

• Clearly state the goals and objectives of your capstone project. Ensure they are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).

Thorough Literature Review

• Conduct a comprehensive literature review to provide a strong theoretical foundation for your project. Include relevant frameworks, theories, and case studies.

Methodology Clarity

• Clearly outline the methodology you plan to use in your project. Explain the outline design, data collection methods, and any tools or frameworks you'll employ.

Realistic Implementation Plan

• Develop a realistic implementation plan with a clear timeline, milestones, and resource allocation. Ensure that your plan is feasible within the given time frame.

Metrics and Evaluation

• Clearly define key performance indicators (KPIs) and metrics for success. Explain how you will measure the effectiveness of your project.

Address Potential Challenges

• Anticipate and address potential challenges in your project. Provide mitigation strategies for handling obstacles that may arise during the implementation phase.

Consistent Formatting

• Maintain a consistent and professional formatting style throughout your outline. Use headings, subheadings, and bullet points for clarity and readability.

Relevance to the Field

• Ensure that your capstone project is relevant to the field of study and addresses a real-world problem. Clearly articulate the significance of your outline.

Clear Conclusion and Recommendations

• Summarize your findings, draw conclusions, and provide clear recommendations based on your outline. Discuss the implications of your work for future research or practice.

Thoroughly Cite References

• Properly cite all references, frameworks, theories, and literature used in your project. Follow the citation style specified by your academic institution.

Don'ts

Vague Objectives

• Avoid vague or overly broad objectives. Ensure that each objective is specific and directly contributes to the overall goal of your capstone project.

Incomplete Literature Review

• Don't neglect the literature review. Ensure that you cover relevant and up-to-date literature to provide a solid theoretical foundation for your project.

Ambiguous Methodology

• Avoid ambiguity in your methodology. Clearly describe the outline design, data collection methods, and any tools or techniques used in your project.

Overly Ambitious Implementation

• Don't set unrealistic goals or an overly ambitious implementation plan. Ensure that your project plan is achievable within the given constraints.

Lack of Evaluation Metrics

• Don't overlook the importance of defining clear evaluation metrics. Ensure that you have a systematic way to measure the success of your project.

Ignoring Potential Challenges

• Don't ignore potential challenges. Acknowledge and address potential obstacles in your project outline and provide realistic mitigation strategies.

Inconsistent Formatting

• Avoid inconsistent formatting in your outline. Maintain a professional and consistent style throughout the document for a polished appearance.

Irrelevant Content

• Avoid including content that is not directly relevant to your research objectives. Stay focused on the main goals of your capstone project.

Weak Conclusion

• Don't provide a weak or abrupt conclusion. Summarize your findings, draw meaningful conclusions, and clearly articulate the implications of your outline.
• Never engage in plagiarism. Ensure that you properly cite all sources and give credit to the original authors for their work. Plagiarism can have serious academic consequences.

If you don’t have time to work on such a complex paper, simply say, ‘ write my capstone project for me ,’ and we will do it for you, including the outline.

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How to Start a Capstone Project: A Comprehensive Guide

Embarking on a capstone project is a significant milestone in your academic journey, representing the culmination of your educational experiences and the application of your acquired knowledge. This comprehensive guide is designed to help you navigate the process, from understanding the purpose and scope of a capstone project to preparing for the final presentation. Whether you're just starting or looking to refine your approach, these steps will ensure you create a meaningful and impactful project.

Key Takeaways

• Understand the purpose and scope of a capstone project to align it with academic and career goals.
• Choose a relevant and impactful topic by identifying your interests and conducting preliminary research.
• Develop a clear research proposal with a well-formulated question, objectives, and methodology.
• Plan and manage your time effectively by creating a project timeline and setting realistic milestones.
• Prepare for the final presentation by designing an engaging presentation and practicing public speaking skills.

Understanding the Purpose and Scope of a Capstone Project

A capstone project is a multifaceted academic endeavor that serves as a culminating experience for students. This project aims to test the skills and competencies that students have gained during the course. It is imperative to comprehend the purpose of a capstone project and why it is required before you begin. This type of paper is mainly presented in various forms, such as research papers, presentations, or practical projects, and it pushes you to synthesize knowledge and skills from your education and apply those in a meaningful way toward professional growth.

Choosing a Relevant and Impactful Topic

Coming up with an innovative capstone project begins with self-analysis. Before you finalize a topic , identify subjects that genuinely interest you and align with your strengths. If you are passionate about the topic, it will fuel your dedication throughout the project.

Your chosen topic should also align with your academic objectives and future career aspirations. The nature of an appropriate project topic is that it will contribute to academic growth while preparing you for challenges in the respective field.

If you feel out of ideas, you can go through academic journals, books, and reliable online resources. Remember to seek approval from your professor.

Developing a Research Proposal

Creating a well-structured research proposal is a crucial step in your capstone project. This document serves as a roadmap for your research, outlining your objectives, methodology, and the significance of your study. A strong proposal not only guides your research but also helps in securing approval and feedback from your advisors.

Planning and Managing Your Time Effectively

Effective time management is crucial for the successful completion of your capstone project. By breaking down your project into smaller sections within allocated time frames, you can avoid the stress of last-minute rushing and ensure a more balanced and systematic project progression. Mastering time management is essential for meeting your project deadlines and maintaining a steady workflow.

Conducting Comprehensive Research

Conducting comprehensive research is a cornerstone of any successful capstone project. This phase involves gathering both primary and secondary sources to build a robust foundation of knowledge. Conducting thorough research is essential for building a strong theoretical framework for your project. You must navigate academic resources, including peer-reviewed articles, primary sources, and data sets, to find and evaluate reliable information. This process not only enhances your understanding but also demonstrates your ability to synthesize and analyze data critically.

Writing and Structuring Your Capstone Project

In the writing phase, arrange your capstone project in a logical manner, adhering to the format that comprises necessary elements such as the introduction, methodology, findings, and conclusion. Maintain a unified writing style that makes sense and is easy to read, making it easier for the reader to comprehend. Writing a capstone project outline may initially seem overwhelming, but following these steps and incorporating the insights provided can create a well-structured and comprehensive paper. Remember, the outline serves as the foundation for your project, guiding your research and writing process. Take your time, seek guidance when needed, and approach each step with intention and focus.

Preparing for the Final Presentation

The final presentation of your capstone project is a crucial opportunity to showcase your hard work and findings to an audience of key stakeholders. This stage hones communication and public speaking skills, allowing you to articulate your findings, insights, and the learning journey itself.

Preparing for the final presentation can be a daunting task, but with the right guidance, you can excel. At Research Rebels, we offer a comprehensive Thesis Action Plan that will help you overcome anxiety and sleepless nights. Our step-by-step guides and innovative worksheets have been tested and approved by students worldwide. Don't let stress hold you back. Visit our website to claim your special offer now and take the first step towards a successful presentation.

Embarking on a capstone project is a significant milestone in your academic journey, representing the culmination of your learning and the application of your skills in a real-world context. This comprehensive guide has provided you with the essential steps and insights needed to navigate this complex process effectively. From selecting a relevant and impactful topic to methodically planning and executing your research, each phase of the capstone project requires careful consideration and dedication. By following the structured approach outlined in this guide, you can confidently tackle your capstone project, transforming challenges into opportunities for growth and achievement. Remember, the key to success lies in thorough preparation, consistent effort, and a willingness to seek guidance when needed. As you move forward, embrace the learning experience, and let your capstone project be a testament to your academic prowess and professional potential.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a capstone project.

A capstone project is a multifaceted assignment that serves as a culminating academic experience for students, typically at the end of an academic program. It involves research, problem-solving, and practical application of theoretical knowledge.

How do I choose a topic for my capstone project?

Choose a topic that aligns with your interests, strengths, and career goals. Conduct preliminary research to ensure there is enough material available and consult with your academic advisor for guidance.

What are the benefits of completing a capstone project?

Completing a capstone project helps you apply what you've learned in a real-world setting, enhances your research and problem-solving skills, and can significantly boost your academic and professional profile.

How should I structure my capstone project?

A typical capstone project includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, findings, analysis, and conclusion. Be sure to follow any specific guidelines provided by your institution.

What resources are available to help me with my capstone project?

There are various resources available, including academic advisors, online databases, research guides, and tools like the Thesis Action Plan. Additionally, time management tools and writing templates can be very helpful.

How can I manage my time effectively while working on my capstone project?

Create a project timeline with realistic milestones, use time management tools, and set aside regular, dedicated time for your project. Prioritize tasks and seek feedback regularly to stay on track.

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CAPSTONE PROJECT: Analysis of Qualitative Data

• Parts of a Capstone Project
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Capstone & Thesis Research

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• Academic Integrity Webster University page outlining the definitions of academic integrity, academic dishonesty, cheating, fabrication, disciplinary actions and the Academic Honesty Board.
• Case Study (Business and Management) Case studies usually present the pertinent facts about a real or fictional business or management "problem". Teaching cases are intended to provide the reader with sufficient data to evaluate multiple courses of action. They may pose questions to stimulate critical thinking and help readers to apply theory to the analysis of the events portrayed.
• Hypothesis "A tentative assumption made in order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences." more... less... Hypothesis. (2012). In Merriam-Webster's Collegiate(R) Dictionary . Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. Retrieved from http://library3.webster.edu/login?url=http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/mwcollegiate/hypothesis/0
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• Primary Source An original paper, article or document created with raw data, for example, tests, experiments or field research; data sets from pre-existing databases generated by others; first hand accounts or archival materials (for example, journals, diaries or letters written by ,say, historical figures or original historical documents); policy documents generated by, say governments and other organizations; state and international legal legislation- also court judgments; literary, art or religious works; and so forth.
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Why take on a major research project?

• When you read or research, you're joining the academic conversation. 
• To explore areas of interest more fully. Often in class, a topic is only addressed enough to raise more questions, so this is a good time to explore more deeply.

Benefits of doing a capstone project

• To integrate various elements of your educational experience
• To demonstrate your learning
• To prepare you for the kind of work you will do in your career
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149 Capstone Project Ideas & Examples – 2024

June 6, 2024

The word “capstone” originally referred to the decorative, final piece of masonry that would be affixed to the top of a new building. But in terms of schooling, what is a capstone project? Academically, “capstone” is a fitting metaphor, as a capstone project serves as a culminating, crowning illustration of your scholarly work. The capstone project synthesizes the learning you have done in various fields, demonstrates your level of expertise in your specific area of study, and often marks the end or milestone moment of a current study path. In short, it’s a big achievement! In this article, we’ve outlined a few tips for cultivating your perfect capstone thesis and have included a list of capstone project ideas to get you started.

General Capstone Writing Tips

As you select a topic for your capstone project, be sure to consider the following criteria:

Personal Interest . A capstone project is meant to be the culmination of or milestone representing your specific path of study; as such, it should be a project that actually interests you! Perhaps you’ve already been working on a passion project or long-term scholarly paper on a topic that excites you. Or maybe you’ve heard about a specific branch of inquiry within your field that you find compelling and want to explore further. Whether you’re new to a specific capstone subject or have been working on it for a while, it’s important to know that your actual interest in a subject can increase your productivity and learning. [i]

Existing Research . For any new piece of scholarship, it’s crucial to thoroughly understand and acknowledge the current knowledge and findings that exist around your thesis. As an advancing practitioner in your field of study or profession, you should already have a sense of what other scholars and experts have said about your capstone project idea, but this is a moment to fully explore: Who are the major players in this professional or scholarly conversation? What are the most important pieces of research that ground this field of study? What recent innovations have been made in this topic?

Stakes . If you’ve ever been involved in a debate or had to write a persuasive speech , you know that an important question to answer is: “So what?” Why is this capstone project idea important? What will be affected if the ideas in your capstone do or do not come to pass? What exactly is at stake here?

Examples Continued

Stakeholders . The stakeholders of a capstone are those who will be affected by the information in your project. Perhaps you’ve already engaged in community service and have seen a gap that can be filled by your particular area of expertise. Maybe you are one of the stakeholders in your research. In every capstone project, your readers should know who will be most important to your work.

Identify a gap or problem . If you’ve done your research properly, then you now know what current holes or gaps exist in your field. Make sure you frame your capstone so that your audience is aware of the work that needs to be done.

Fill the gap . This is your moment to shine! What is your specific hypothesis? What kind of research will you conduct to prove it? Specifically, how is your work contributing to this field of study? To this profession?

Feasibility and Scope . The last question you need to ask yourself is: Can I actually do this project? Do you have the time and resources to complete the work you’re proposing? Is your capstone actually doable? If you find that your project seems too big, don’t despair! Many capstone project ideas can be narrowed down for specificity and feasibility. Take a look at the example below:

Very broad:

“What are some recent developments in women’s health research?”

More specific and feasible:

“What are the most current findings on early diagnostic testing and maternal health outcomes amongst American women?”

Capstone Project Examples

Below, we’ve listed 150 capstone project examples in various fields. Think of all of these focus questions and ideas as jumping-off points. Some are very broad, while others are much more specific. Your capstone project will most likely fall under the “specific” category (see “feasibility and scope” above), but broader topics and focus questions can get you started down the path of your own particular branch of research.

Computer Science Capstone Project Ideas

1) In what ways does social media influence current developments in information systems and marketing?

2) What recent developments have we seen in natural language processing? What innovations do we hope to see?

3) How is cybersecurity an essential consideration in political and public policy?

4) What is the potential for virtual reality within the fields of mental healthcare and / or physical rehabilitation?

5) How can cybersecurity better function in the healthcare industry?

6) What are current and developing applications for machine learning algorithms?

7) How can we develop more secure data encryption?

8) What are the current needs for development in image processing and design?

9) How does artificial intelligence promise to elevate, innovate, revolutionize, or render obsolete various fields and / or methodologies inside and outside of computer science?

10) What current developments exist in the field of neural networks?

11) In what ways can we develop more efficient data encryption algorithms?

12) What specific roles does computer science play in national defense?

13) Exploring automated testing systems.

14) In what ways have smartphone interfaces changed human behavior? Can we predict future changes?

15) What recent innovations have we seen in cloud computing and what changes can we expect to see in this field?

16) How can we improve specific algorithms that conduct market-based analysis?

17) What are the current most important ethical questions surrounding big data and information systems?

18) What are the current expectations around the development and use of cryptocurrency?

19) What specific relationships exist between national policy and internet censorship?

20) Recent innovations and gaps in _________. (Have you already done some research on a very particular topic? This is your moment to delve more deeply into a branch of computer science that specifically interests you !)

Nursing and Medical Capstone Project Ideas

21) What roles might nurses have in administering pain management and anesthesia?

22) In what ways can we address the country’s nursing shortage?

23) In what ways is the field of nursing expected to change in the near future?

24) What innovations can be made in continuing education for nurses?

25) In what ways can nurse practitioners and PAs function more effectively in primary care and specialty settings?

26) Going forward, what roles can nurses play in mobile health and telemedicine?

27) How can clinical settings improve their mental and emotional health outreach for employees?

28) In what ways do nurses and PAs function in specific research roles (e.g. cancer research)?

29) Development of cultural sensitivity training and eliminating health equity disparities in the nursing field.

30) Recent developments in women’s health initiatives and research.

31) In what ways can communication efficacy be addressed in clinical settings?

32) What is the relationship between medical care and specific public policies?

33) Nursing, management, and leadership roles.

34) In what ways can technology improve nursing and healthcare initiatives?

35) Recent innovations and gaps in _________. (Have you already done some research on a very particular topic? This is your moment to delve more deeply into a branch of medicine or scientific inquiry that specifically interests you !)

Humanities and Arts Capstone Project Ideas

36) How does art function in the political and public spheres?

37) What specific developments have we seen in the field of graphic design in the past decade?

38) Analyzing the relationships between marketing, commercial viability and contemporary literature.

39) In what ways do the humanities function in ecocriticism and the Anthropocene?

40) Social media and communication.

41) What are some recent examples of the relationship between popular culture and political propaganda?

42) Current distinctions between pop culture, avant-garde, and highbrow literature and art.

43) What is the role of philosophy in current public debate?

44) In what ways do / have the humanities function(ed) within and / or outside of the public sphere?

45) What is the role of the digital humanities in ancient / early modern / modern history?

46) What recent developments have we seen in the fields of women’s and gender studies?

47) How has a globalized media culture impacted our views on cultural exchange / postcolonialism / hegemonic power structures?

48) In what ways have sustainability initiatives become an essential part of art, theatre, fashion, film, and literary production?

49) Race, class, gender and / or sexuality, and recent developments in the construction of personal identity.

50) How does appropriation function in the realm of cultural production?

51) What is the current role of cinema in public and political culture?

52) Creativity and new genres in the wake of social media, artificial intelligence and monoculture.

53) How can / do museums and public spaces function as sites of cultural production?

54) In what ways has artificial intelligence begun to shape the arts and humanities?

55) Recent innovations and gaps in ____________. (Have you already done some research on a particular topic? This is your moment to delve more deeply into a branch of humanities research that specifically interests you!)

Engineering Capstone Project Ideas

56) What is the role of engineering in specific manufacturing practices?

57) In what ways are environmental and sustainable efforts transforming various industries (transportation, manufacturing, public use, energy, etc.)?

58) How does artificial intelligence promise to function in various engineering fields?

59) What are the functions of drones in supply chains?

60) How does engineering specifically function in the production and management of public health (water purification and distribution, waste management, etc.)?

61) What recent innovations have we seen in the fields of engineering and defense?

62) Assessing the feasibility of solar power, wind power, etc.

63) In what ways can engineering facilitate specific infrastructure innovations in public spaces?

64) What does the privatization of the aerospace industry demonstrate about the relationship between public and commercial scientific research?

65) In what ways does current engineering promise to disrupt fields like the automotive, manufacturing, aerospace, etc. industries?

66) Examining various uses of 3D printing.

67) What are some recent innovations in electric, geothermal and/ or nuclear energy?

68) What is the current relationship between extraction engineering and the public sphere?

69) How does the field of robotics function in medicine and public health?

70) Recent innovations and gaps in _________. (Have you already done some research on a very particular topic? This is your moment to delve more deeply into a branch of engineering or scientific inquiry that specifically interests you !)

Education Capstone Project Ideas

71) How do charter schools currently function in the education system?

72) What current pathways exist for continuing education in the teaching field?

73) What roles does artificial intelligence play in the future of education?

74) Disciplinary practices and education for early childhood, middle school, high school, etc.

75) Addressing income and resource disparities between public school districts.

76) In what ways does gender currently function in STEM education?

77) In what ways can mental health initiatives more thoroughly benefit students, staff, and educators?

78) In what ways is parental involvement a factor in current curriculum models?

79) What are the advantages and disadvantages of various modes of virtual learning, technology in the classroom, asynchronous learning, e-learning, etc.?

80) How can we address the current teacher shortage?

81) What are the current relationships between politics, public policy, school funding and curriculum development?

82) What recent innovations have we seen in outdoor learning, Montessori schooling, forest schools, eco-education, etc.?

82) How can schools facilitate better curricula and funding for special needs programs?

83) What is the current role of the arts in public education? In private education?

84) What is the relationship between public policy and homeschooling?

85) In what ways do race and class currently function in specific conversations around education?

86) What are current concerns and developments in the practices of school safety?

87) What developments are currently underway in curricula involving interdisciplinary and project-based learning?

88) What benefits and drawbacks currently exist in extracurricular programs and initiatives for students of various age groups?

89) Recent innovations and gaps in _________. (Have you already done some research on a very particular topic? This is your moment to delve more deeply into a branch of education or curriculum planning that specifically interests you !)

Biology Capstone Project Ideas

90) What are some recent developments in the ethics of stem cell research and cloning?

91) How has public disease testing changed since the pandemic?

92) What is the role of the biologist in mining, extraction, and geoengineering?

93) What recent innovations have been made in pesticide production, distribution, and wider use?

94) How can biology serve manufacturing industries to prevent contamination and supply chain stalling?

95) How do specific ecosystems currently function in regard to climate change? What changes are predicted to these ecosystems in the next decade and why?

96) In what ways are biologists’ roles evolving in the development of biomechanical medical devices?

97) What roles do biologists play in understandings of human reproduction and DNA?

98) How are pharmaceutical and recreational drugs currently understood and classified?

99) What recent biological innovations have been made in the production of food? What developments do we foresee in this branch of biology?

100) In what ways are biological systems affected by various forms of energy extraction and consumption (electrical power, gas, wind and solar power, etc.)?

101) How does A.I. promise to affect the roles of biologists in various fields?

102) What current biological threats do we face in terms of biological warfare? How are biologists crucial players in national defense?

103) Explore a relationship between the biochemical signatures of the body and mental wellness / illness.

104) In what specific ways is the organic movement both a biological consideration and a marketing strategy?

105) How do biologists play significant roles in the prevention of spreading infectious diseases?

106) What are the relationships between human population growth or decline and natural ecosystems?

107) How is marine life affected by human activity (recent understandings and developments)?

108) How do biologists function in public and political conversations around sustainability?

109) Recent innovations and gaps in _________. (Have you already done some research on a very particular topic? This is your moment to delve more deeply into a branch of biology that specifically interests you !)

Psychology Capstone Project Ideas

110) What recent developments have been made in research around specific social media platforms and mental health?

111) What roles did the pandemic play in social and mental health amongst particular age groups?

112) How are recent developments in digital communication (“ghosting,” “swiping,” “liking”) indicative of disordered psychological behaviors?

113) Considering particular contexts like time and place, explore the relationships between psychological wellness and gender.

114) Investigate stress reduction efficacy amongst particular populations.

115) What is the role of mental health awareness in policies and conversations around public health?

116) What role does psychology play in pain management?

117) In what ways are clinical psychologists and therapists uniquely poised to conduct empirical research?

118) What recent developments exist in research around various types of trauma?

119) What daily interventions need to be explored in the reduction of anxiety and sleep disorders?

120) What is the developing role of telemedicine and online mental healthcare?

121) In what ways are particular prescription drugs more or less effective when paired with traditional types of psychotherapy?

122) In what ways do companies utilize psychology in marketing and branding?

123) What is the role of the child psychologist in public schools?

124) In what ways can HR departments benefit from on-staff mental health workers?

125) Explore distinctions between child psychologists and early childhood educators.

126) What interventions can be made in the realm of public policy to lessen the social stigma of mental health disorders?

127) How can psychology be used to create more efficient workplaces?

128) In what ways can new technology like apps and AI be implemented in the ongoing care of mental health patients?

129) Recent innovations and gaps in _________. (Have you already done some research on a very particular topic? This is your moment to delve more deeply into a branch of psychology that specifically interests you !)

Business and Accounting Capstone Project Ideas

130) What are the current impacts of globalization on business strategy?

131) How can organizations change communication practices?

132) What are the relationships between sales, brand perception, and social justice movements?

133) In what ways are women perceived and compensated in the finance field? How has this developed over the past decade? What developments remain to be seen?

134) What leadership training programs and strategies best serve managers?

135) Exploring sustainable business practices.

136) In what ways can company structure influence business innovation?

137) What are the current trends and best practices for inter-departmental conflict resolution within businesses?

138) Exploring effects of mergers and acquisitions for specific companies.

139) What is the specific role of HR in performance management amongst employees?

140) Recent explorations of forensic accounting in cases of embezzlement.

141) Perform a case study analysis of a particular taxation policy.

142) What are some important features of the ethics of non-profit accounting?

143) In what ways can we measure international accounting standards?

144) Due to the pandemic, how have budgeting and financial planning methods evolved in recent years?

145) What specific impacts can we predict in the accounting field as a result of AI and other advancing technologies?

146) Perform an analysis of marketing strategies that utilize social media.

147) How can companies maximize consumer engagement in saturated markets?

148 Which technologies and designs are most effective in brand management and dispersion?

149) Recent innovations and gaps in _________. (Have you already done some research on a very particular topic? This is your moment to delve more deeply into a branch of business or accounting that specifically interests you !)

Capstone Project Examples – Works Cited

[i] Kahu, Ella., Karen Nelson, Catherine Picton. “Student Interest as a Key Driver of Engagement for First Year Students.” Student Success. Volume 8, Issue 2, pp. 55-66. July 2017.

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Jamie Smith

For the past decade, Jamie has taught writing and English literature at several universities, including Boston College, the University of Pittsburgh, and Carnegie Mellon University. She earned a Ph.D. in English from Carnegie Mellon, where she currently teaches courses and conducts research on composition, public writing, and British literature.

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For more information on writing your thesis or capstone project using the imrad format, take time to watch this video from lund university:.

What are capstone and undergraduate thesis projects?

In capstone and thesis projects, you conduct research on a specific question in your subject area and complete a formal report. In these projects, you apply your previous undergraduate studies to a practical, hands-on project, often based on a "real-world" problem or question. You present your research findings in two ways. First, you write up your findings in a formal report. Second, you may be required to present your findings to your professors, classmates, higher academic groups or clients. The presentation may be a poster presentation, a talk about your research, or a presentation to a client and your advisor.  These expectations should be determined with your program advisor.

Who do I work with for these projects?

Thesis projects are normally conducted by individual students, under the supervision of a professor in the subject area.  This professor provides guidance and support as needed.  You will also have regular thesis meetings with an advisor in your faculty. Capstone projects may be undertaken by an individual student or with a self-selected group of six to eight peers.  The Capstone Project involves performing research and analysis on a key issue for a designated client.  In addition to the final formal report, you will submit progress reports to your capstone advisor.

How long should my project be?

The length of your project will depend on your faculty.  For example, thesis projects in the Faculty of Science can range between 20 and 50 pages, but a capstone project in the Faculty of Business and IT normally ranges between 10 and 15 pages and is no more than 40 pages.

When should I start thinking about my capstone or thesis project?

It is never too early to begin thinking about possible topics for your capstone or thesis; however, specific dates are provided by your individual faculty.

If you are unsure of important dates for registration, e-mail your academic advisor.

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5. Conducting an Evidence-Based Literature Review

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

• Explain the purpose of a literature search.
• Develop a literature search strategy based on the PICO framework.
• Describe and Apply the PICOT approach to specific research question development for capstone projects.
• Identify at least two databases that can be used for a literature search.
• Explain the relationship between evidence-based practice and levels of evidence.
• Implement an information management system to facilitate critical appraisal of identified literature.

This chapter discusses the importance of the PICO framework when developing a literature search strategy.  Common databases for literature scoping are shown.  Strategies for critically appraising the literature are presented and examples of information management systems for effective literature reviews are included.  This chapter ends with some examples of information management systems that can be used or modified to facilitate a succinct and relevant literature review.

Introduction

Once Phase 1 of literature scoping has been completed and a topic has been identified, and a PICO/PIO question developed it is time to begin Phase 2 of literature scoping.  The second phase of a literature review is to help you delve deeper into what evidence is available on your topic or program of interest (Burke & Dempsey, 2022).  Although literature reviews can be time consuming it is an extremely important component of a capstone project.  Literature reviews are used to describe the population or community using supporting data.  Literature reviews also begin to introduce the population or community needs or problem to substantiate a program or intervention.  Literature reviews are also used with grant proposals and Institutional Review Board (IRB applications) as a means of supporting evidence-based practice.  Once you have selected a topic and created a PIO/PICO question, literature should be reviewed for similar programs.  Exploring other programs can help you understand challenges, successes, and potential funding streams associated with program development.  Furthermore, students should be knowledgeable about what similar programs exist so as not to reinvent the wheel (Doll, 2010).

The purpose of the literature search is to identify existing published research or information in a particular area of interest.  This will assist you in clarifying your guiding question(s), and to identify whether your guiding question has been answered.  A literature review must be strategic and systematic and informed by documented strategies.  Search strategies have two major considerations: search terms and databases (Considine et al., 2017).

Developing a Search Strategy

The PIO/PICO framework (Chapter 3) should be used to develop search terms that are informed by the PIO/PICO question, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), and any other terms deemed relevant.  Alternative terms and spellings must also be considered (see Table 5.1:  Examples of Alternative Terms)

Table 5.1:  Examples of Alternative Terms

Performing the Literature Search (Literature Sourcing)

With a solid PICO/PIO question, selection of databases begins.  Conducting a literature search involves the use of web-based search engines along with electronic research databases.  Electronic bibliographic databases collect and index publications in a focus area.   To find the correct database(s), explore what material it covers and develop knowledge of the search features within the database.  This is also a great time for you to meet with their school’s librarian,  who can help you determine the most suitable databases available (Burke & Dempsey, 2022; DeIuliis, Bednarski, Bell, & DeAngelis,  2020).

To carry out a good literature review, you need to draw it from the latest research and information.  While some books are good for providing you with a helicopter view of a topic, before the average book is written and published at least a year has passed.  Consequently, books that have been published two or three years ago more than likely contain research that is over five years old (Burke & Dempsey, 2022).  Yet each year, there are at least one million new academic articles published in peer-reviewed journals.  For this reason, the most effective way of sourcing literature is by reading and reviewing peer-reviewed journal articles.  Many peer-reviewed journal articles are accessible via open access.  Literature sourcing can be done via Google Scholar, Touro Scholar, and other open access platforms; however, they are not exhaustive.  That’s why it is useful for you to draw from some of the databases available through the library of your educational institution  (Burke & Dempsey, 2022).  (Refer to Table 5.2:  Common Databases for Literature Scoping).

Table 5.2:  Common Databases for Literature Scoping

Source:  DeIuliis, E. D., Bednarski, J. A., Bell, A., & DeAngelis, T. (2020). 3. In The entry level Occupational Therapy Doctorate Capstone: A Framework for the experience and project (pp. 41–55). essay, SLACK Incorporated.

To find the right database(s), explore what material it covers, and become familiarized with the search features within the database.  It is best practice to search multiple databases that are relevant to your topic because different databases can yield different search results.  Furthermore, all databases will allow you to truncate terms to find different word endings and expand your results.  Note that the truncation symbol is usually the asterisk (*).  For example, nurs* will find nurses, nurse, and nursing.  The wildcard is usually a question mark symbol (?) that can be used to replace a single character in a word to find different spellings.  For example, wom?n will show results for both woman and women.  It is important to save your search strategy as this information is considered an important component of your capstone project (Considine et al., 2017).

The process that you use to search for and select literature should be organized and systematic, Although the majority of capstone projects will undergo the process of a rapid review of the literature, systematic reviews can also be completed. Rapid reviews have narrow search criteria to answer a policy or practice issue and systematic reviews have more expansive search criteria needed to answer a broader question (DeIuliis et al., 2020).

Getting and Reporting Your Search Results

Once search results are completed, the next step is for you to review all titles and abstracts and to remove duplicates.  The remaining titles and abstracts are critiqued against the PIO/PICO question and the articles can then be labeled as included, excluded, or possibility .  The full-text articles are then retrieved and read in detail for appraisal against the PIO/PICO question (Considine et al., 2017).  One system to consider using to guide the critical reading of results obtained from the literature search is the Preview, Question, Read, and Summarize (PQRS) Model (Refer to Table 5.3:  PQRS Model for Critical Reading).  At this point, additional literature scoping can be done by hand searching the reference lists of the full-text papers for secondary sources.  At the end of this process, it is imperative to have documented the literature search in a systematic fashion (Considine et al., 2017).  This will be covered in the Information Management section of this chapter.

Table 5.3:  PQRS Model for Critical Reading

Evaluating the Literature

Once the inclusion/exclusion process of the literature is complete, the resultant articles are re-reviewed and the level, quality, relevance and strength of the evidence is critically appraised (Refer to Table 5.4:  Level, Quality, Relevance, and Strength of Evidence Checklist)

Table 5.4:  Level, Quality, Relevance, and Strength of Evidence Checklist

Source:  Considine, J., Shaban, R. Z., Fry, M., & Curtis, K. (2017). Evidence based emergency nursing: designing a research question and searching the literature.  International emergency nursing ,  32 , 78-82.

Levels of Evidence:  Quantitative Studies

Levels of evidence are based on the principle that certain study types have more rigor and these higher quality study designs provide more confidence to associated clinical decision-making (Tomlin & Borgetto, 2011).  It is important to note that in many areas of health, it is difficult to attain high-level evidence.  Consequently, the focus should be on determining the highest available level of evidence (Refer to Table 5.5:  Levels of Evidence)

Table 5.5:  Levels of Evidence

The levels of evidence are an important component of evidence-based practice (EBP) .  Understanding the levels and why they are assigned to publications can help you prioritize information.  With that being said, not all Level IV or V evidence should be ignored nor all Level I be accepted as fact.  The levels of evidence table within this chapter (Table 5.5) can be used as a guide; however, you will still need to be cautious when interpreting results (Burns, Rohrich, & Chung, 2011).

Information Management (CAPs Matrix, COREQ)

Developing an effective strategy for managing information before you begin to engage with the literature is vital.  Using reference manager software or developing an information management system will help to enable efficient saving and sorting of references.  There are several techniques that can be used for information management that we will review; however, it is important to discuss information management with your capstone course instructors and mentors to ensure you are meeting specific course and program requirements.  It should also be noted that any information management system used can be modified to meet your and/or individual program needs and requirements.

Microsoft Excel Note-Taking Spreadsheet

A simple technique for managing information is to create a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet comprised of information you require for your literature review (Refer to Table 5.6:  Example of Note-Taking Spreadsheet for Literature Review).

Table 5.6:  Example of Note-Taking Spreadsheet for Literature Review

Critically Appraised Paper (CAP)

A CAP is an at-a-glance summary of the method, findings, study limitations, and clinical implications of a selective quantitative or qualitative- based article. Critically Appraised Papers are used to provide a detailed appraisal of an individual study to determine its value and relevance to a capstone project.   Each article would have its own CAP and each CAP would be numbered (Refer to Appendix 5.A:  Sample Critically Appraised Paper (CAP).

Matrix Tables

Using a review matrix enables you to quickly compare and contrast articles in order to determine the scope of research across time. A review matrix can be used for quantitative or qualitative studies and can help you easily spot differences and similarities between journal articles about a given research topic. Review matrixes are especially helpful for health sciences literature reviews covering the complete scope of a research topic over time. Matrix tables expand both horizontally and vertically, with the number of rows and columns being determined by the number of unique values in the specific fields (Refer to Appendix 5.B:  Sample Matrix Table).

Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies (COREQ) Checklist

For qualitative research, you can also use the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies Checklist (COREQ) for reporting purposes.  The COREQ is a 32-item checklist developed to promote explicit and comprehensive reporting of interviews and focus groups   It is important that you include sufficient detail on the methods of data analysis and the relationship between the analysis and their findings in this research report so reviewers can assess the rigor of the research analysis and the credibility of research findings (Booth, Hannes, Harden, Noyes, Harris & Tong, 2014).  (Refer to Appendix 5.C:  Sample COREQ (Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research Checklist).

Citing Sources

Once you have consulted the literature and are ready to synthesize your information, be sure to adequately give credit to original authors by citing appropriately.  You must cite the source every time you incorporate research, words, ideas, data, or information that is not your own.  Typically, citations consist of standard elements and contain the information necessary to identify and track down publications.  Citations may look different, depending on what is being cited and which style is used to create them.  Plagiarism occurs when you borrow another’s words or ideas and do not acknowledge that you have done so.  The best way to avoid plagiarism is to cite your sources, both within the body of your paper and also within the bibliography of sources, or reference page.  It is important for you to discuss citation style and requirements with your program and capstone instructors to ensure you are citing your sources according to program and course policies (Boston University School of Public Health, 2021).  It should also be noted that there are a number of citation management tools that can help you organize your references such as RefWorks and Zotero.  Your educational institution’s library can provide you with more guidance with citation management tools available to students.

To understand the importance and relevance of available literature, you must locate, identify, and analyze available literature that supports your topic.  Using a systematic process for literature scoping and information management is essential to the literature review process.  Level of evidence interpretation can also help you effectively critically appraise the evidence and report on your findings.

Case Study:  Conducting a Literature Review

Glynn began the second phase of their literature review, a systematic and thorough literature search to locate the most current research supporting their capstone project.  Glynn met with her school’s librarians via Zoom meetings and subsequently used the databases subscribed to by their educational institution and Google Scholar.  Science Direct, CABI, The Embase, The Cochrane Library, and ERIC were included to investigate articles published in any country and written in English over a ten-year lookback.  Keywords and phrases that were used to perform effective database searches included health literacy, functional health literacy, low health literacy, health literacy and chronic disease, health literacy curricula for health care professionals, occupational therapy and low health literature patients, health literacy education, health literacy universal precautions, low health literacy and older adults in rehabilitation settings, and health literacy and community-dwelling adults.   

  A systematic database review by title and keywords resulted in 57 articles that were further reviewed and scrutinized in their entirety to determine their relevance to the capstone project.  After a thorough analysis of these articles, 21 studies were chosen for Glynn’s Critically Appraised Topic (CAT) portfolio.

Inclusion criteria for Glynn’s CAT portfolio included topics that:

• Clearly described a health literacy intervention that was developed or adapted for health care professionals or students enrolled in an accredited health care program
• Utilized a validated measure of health literacy for patients, such as the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM)
• Included measurements of participants; self-perceived ability to identify, assess, and provide client-centered interventions for patients identified as low health literature using questionnaires, pre-post workshop surveys, or pre-post workshop quizzes regarding knowledge of health literacy
• Provided a description of effective, evidence-based educational tools and strategies that can be included in health literacy curricula for health care professionals
• Addressed the importance of health literacy and integrating health literacy initiatives into health care practice
• Described the impact of low health literacy and patient outcomes for older adults

Exclusion criteria for Glynn’s CAT portfolio included:

• Literacy plans not related to functional health literacy initiatives for health care professionals
• Literature lacking in an evidence-based practice approach

According to Glynn’s educational program and capstone course policies and procedures, these 21 articles became part of their Critically Appraised Topic Portfolio and a critically appraised resource template, provided by her educational institution and capstone instructors.  A critically appraised resource template was completed for each article.  Each critically appraised resource was numbered, and levels of evidence were reported according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Standard Levels of Evidence (Refer to Appendix 5.D:  Glynn’s Critically Appraised Resource #1).

Glynn further reviewed these 21- articles and the following common themes were identified:

• Defining health literacy
• Health literacy universal precautions
• Health literacy curriculum for health care professionals
• Identifying and assessing low-health literate patients
• Strategies to develop patient-friendly reading materials and forms
• Strategies to improve provider/low-health literate patient communication

Glynn consulted with her capstone instructors and will be using APA Style, 6th edition to cite sources within their capstone project.

Refer to Appendix 5.D:  Glynn’s Critically Appraised Resource #1

CRITICALLY APPRAISED PAPER #1 (you will number each resource)

List PIO/PICO Question Here or your health promotion program idea (on everyone)

Name of Article and source:

Put APA Formatted Citation Here-don’t forget hanging indent and double spacing

The information in the boxes to the RIGHT in the table has been provided for explanation purposes.  You should delete this information and use this template for each resource.

Source:  Tong, A., Sainsbury, P & Craig J. (2007). Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ):  a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups.  International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 19 (6), 349-357.

Optimizing Your Capstone Experience: A Guidebook for Allied Health Professionals Copyright © 2023 by Virginia E. Koenig is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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What Is a Capstone Project?

A capstone project is a multifaceted academic experience typically required for students during the final year of an academic program. It is a comprehensive and interdisciplinary project that often requires students to apply the knowledge and skills acquired throughout their academic careers to solve real-world problems or issues. 

Capstone projects come in all shapes and sizes, including research papers, case studies, creative works, internships, and field placement projects. They are designed to challenge students to think critically, solve complex problems, and demonstrate their readiness for work in their field. Capstone projects are often a highlight of a student’s academic career and can provide valuable experience and skills for their future endeavors.

Types of Capstone Projects

Capstone projects are an essential part of many academic programs. They can vary from program to program and take shape depending on the specific discipline and project goals. 

Research Paper/Major Project Course

A research paper or major project course is a comprehensive capstone that aims to equip students with the necessary skills and knowledge to conduct research and produce a high-quality research paper or major project. These typically include various topics such as research methodology, literature review, data collection, and analysis, as well as writing and presentation skills.

The course typically begins with an introduction to research methodology, including the different research types, research design, and ethical considerations. Students are taught how to conduct a literature review, which involves identifying and analyzing relevant literature on the topic of their research. Data collection and analysis are also a focus in this type of capstone project, with students demonstrating mastery in learning how to collect and analyze data and showcasing various methods such as surveys, interviews, and even experiments. They are also taught how to use statistical software, such as Tableau and Power BI , to analyze data and draw conclusions. 

It’s also standard for these courses to focus on writing and presentation skills, with students learning how to write a clear, concise, and well-structured research paper or project relating to their major or focus. They are taught how to use proper citation and referencing techniques, as well as how to present their findings in a professional and engaging manner.

Completing a capstone research paper or major project course is crucial for students to acquire the skills and expertise needed to conduct research and present their findings in a comprehensive manner. It serves as a culminating showcase of their academic achievements.

Internship or Field Program

An internship or field placement program is an opportunity for students to gain practical experience in their field of study. It typically involves working for a company or organization for a set period of time. 

The benefits of an internship or field program include gaining hands-on experience, building professional networks, and developing skills that can be applied in future careers within the field of study. It also provides an opportunity to explore different career paths and industries and to learn from experienced professionals.

To find an internship or field program, students can search online job boards, attend career fairs, or reach out to companies directly. Researching the company and the position is vital to ensure it aligns with career goals and interests. In addition, some programs offer professional partnerships that connect students and businesses in established internship programs. 

During the internship or field placement program, it’s essential to ask questions, be proactive and take on responsibilities. This can eventually lead to a positive reference or even a job offer. Maintaining a professional attitude and work ethic is also important, as the experience can impact future career opportunities.

Portfolio-Building Course

A portfolio-building course is designed to help individuals create a professional portfolio that showcases their skills and accomplishments. The course covers key points such as identifying your target audience, selecting a suitable format for your portfolio, creating a solid visual design, and selecting the best pieces to include. 

These courses are designed to showcase the creativity and ingenuity of the student. Additionally, a portfolio-building course provides guidance on writing compelling descriptions and captions for each focus piece included. It also offers tips for presenting your portfolio to the necessary stakeholders, like professors, advisors, and even prospective employers.

By the end of the course, participants should have a polished portfolio that can be used to showcase their work to potential employers or clients. 

Group Project Course

A group project course is designed to allow students to work collaboratively on a project that requires them to apply the knowledge and skills they have acquired in their respective fields of study. The course covers key points such as project planning, team building, communication, problem-solving, and project management. Students are expected to work in teams to identify a problem, develop and execute a project plan, and clearly present their findings. 

A group project course also emphasizes the importance of effective communication within the team and with external stakeholders. Through this course, students develop critical thinking, leadership, and teamwork skills essential for success in their future careers.

What Is the Goal of a Capstone Project?

A capstone project aims to demonstrate a student’s mastery of a particular subject or field of study. It is typically a culminating project that integrates and applies the knowledge and skills acquired throughout the course of a degree program. The project may involve research, analysis, problem-solving, and creative work, and it should demonstrate the student’s ability to think critically, communicate effectively, and work independently. The ultimate aim of a capstone project is to produce high-quality, original work that contributes to the student’s academic and professional development.

What Programs Usually Require Capstones?

Capstones are usually required in programs that involve hands-on learning and the practical application of skills. These programs typically include engineering, computer science, business, healthcare, education, and social sciences. Capstones require students to demonstrate their mastery of the subject matter through a comprehensive project or presentation. Capstones are often required in graduate programs as a way to exhibit a student’s research and analytical skills.

How to Choose a Capstone Topic

After dedicating time and effort to your academic program, the following requirement is to select a unique interest topic that will embody all the knowledge and academic growth attained throughout your studies. How do you choose a capstone topic? What determines what kind of topic is most suitable?

• Identify your interests and passions : Choose a topic that you are passionate about and interested in. This will make the research process more enjoyable and engaging, not only for the student but also for the audience.
• Consider your career goals : Examine your future career goals and choose a topic that aligns with them. This will help you gain relevant skills and knowledge that will be useful in your future career.
• Research current trends and issues : Look for current trends and issues in your field of study and choose a topic that addresses them. This will make your capstone project more relevant and impactful.
• Consult with your advisor : Consult with your capstone advisor to get their input and guidance on choosing a topic. They can provide valuable insights and help you narrow down your options.
• Consider the scope and feasibility : Choose a topic that is manageable in terms of scope and feasibility. Make sure you have access to the necessary resources, equipment, and data to complete your project successfully.
• Brainstorm and refine your ideas : Brainstorm a list of potential topics and then refine them based on your interests, career goals, and feasibility. Choose a topic that you are excited about and can confidently expound upon.

The Six Components of a Capstone Paper

A comprehensive capstone paper typically consists of six key components that are essential for its success. These components include an introduction , literature review , methodology , discussion , conclusion , and recommendations . 

1. Introduction

The introduction section of a capstone paper is a crucial part of the document that sets the tone for the entire project. It should cover the key points of the paper, including the purpose, scope, and significance of the research. The introduction should also provide a clear and concise thesis statement that outlines the central argument or focus of the paper. 

2. Literature Review

The literature review section of a capstone paper provides an overview of the existing research and knowledge on the topic. It covers key points related to the research question or problem statement and helps establish the study’s overall context. The literature review should be comprehensive, well-organized, and focused on the most relevant and recent sources. It should also identify gaps in the literature and highlight the need for further research. 

3. Methodology

The methodology section should provide a clear and detailed description of the research methods used in the capstone project and should demonstrate that the research was conducted in a rigorous and ethical manner. 

• Research design : This section should describe the overall approach to the research, including the type of study (e.g., qualitative, quantitative, mixed-methods), the research questions or hypotheses, and the sampling strategy.
• Data collection : This section should describe the methods used to collect data, such as surveys, interviews, or observational data sources. It should also consider any instruments or tools used to collect data, such as questionnaires or interview guides.
• Ethical considerations : This section should examine any ethical considerations related to the research, such as confidentiality and privacy.
• Limitations : This section should review any research limitations. This involves acknowledging any weaknesses or shortcomings in the research and discussing how they may have affected the results, such as sample size, data quality, or financial resources.

4. Discussion

The discussion section of a capstone paper summarizes the findings of the research and provides an analysis of the results. Key points include:

• Summary of findings : The discussion section should begin with a brief summary of the main findings of the research. This should include a concise critique of the results and their significance.
• Interpretation of the results : This portion of the discussion section should offer an analysis of the data and clarify what it means in the context of the original research question.
• Comparison with previous research : The discussion section should also compare the research results to prior studies in the field. This helps to contextualize original findings and identify any similarities or differences.
• Implications of the findings : Another critical component of the discussion section should also discuss the impact of the findings on the field of study. This involves classifying any practical applications of the research and examining how the results can be used to inform future research.

5. Conclusion

The conclusion of a capstone research paper strives to objectively present the data or information that you gathered throughout the entire capstone project. The story you tell will point readers to any figures and tables that illustrate relevant data and tie it back to the general purpose of the research. The overall goal is to bring it all back to the initial hypothesis.

6. Recommendations

Capstone research papers typically include a recommendations section, which provides recommendations for future research related to the topic. This involves identifying areas where further research is needed and suggesting potential avenues for future study.

Additionally, this section can be derived directly from the research findings, providing readers with concrete examples and recommendations based on the data and its implications.

Capstone Project vs. Thesis Paper

Capstone projects and thesis papers are both important academic assignments that students may be required to complete in order to graduate from their degree programs. While they share some similarities, there are also some key differences between the two.

A capstone project is typically a final project that allows students to showcase the knowledge and skills they have gained throughout their academic program and apply them to real-world problems and issues. They take many forms, including research papers, case studies, presentations, or even creative projects like portfolios. These projects often involve collaboration with other students or professionals in the field and may require the use of primary research methods.

By contrast, a thesis paper is a more traditional academic research paper focusing on a specific research question or hypothesis. It typically involves a thorough literature review, data collection, and analysis, as well as a detailed discussion of the findings. Thesis papers are often written by students pursuing graduate degrees and are intended to contribute new knowledge to the field.

While both capstone projects and thesis papers require a significant amount of research and critical thinking, capstone projects tend to be more practical and applied, while thesis papers are more theoretical and research-focused. Additionally, capstone projects often involve more collaboration and may require students to work with external stakeholders, while thesis papers are typically completed independently. 

Both assignments can be valuable learning experiences and can help students develop important skills that will be useful in their future careers.

Dissertation

At its core, a dissertation is a lengthy and detailed research paper that is typically written by students pursuing a doctoral degree. It is a formal document that presents original research and findings on a specific topic or issue. Much like a thesis paper or capstone project, a dissertation requires extensive research, critical analysis, and a thorough understanding of the subject matter. 

By comparison, a dissertation is a research project that is typically required for a doctoral degree, while a capstone project is a culminating project that is required for a master’s degree . In a similar regard, a thesis paper is similar to a dissertation in that it is a research project, but it is typically required for a master’s degree. 

The main distinction between a dissertation and a capstone project or thesis paper lies in the academic level they are intended for and the breadth of the research involved. Dissertations usually involve more comprehensive research and require original findings, whereas capstone projects and thesis papers may concentrate on utilizing existing knowledge to address a particular problem or concern.

A “capstone” project is the crowning achievement of an academic program, as it combines all the skills and knowledge gained into a culminating conclusion. Typically the capstone is the final piece of work or project that wraps up the entire academic program and represents a significant milestone in academic and professional development.

Although they are similar, capstone projects and thesis papers differ at their core. The level of difficulty depends on various factors, such as the project’s topic, scope, and requirements. However, a capstone project may generally be considered less intensive than a thesis paper, as it typically involves the practical application of knowledge and skills, while a thesis paper requires extensive research and analysis of a specific topic.

The length of time it takes to complete a capstone project can vary depending on the specific requirements of the project and the program. Capstone projects can take anywhere from a few weeks to several months to complete. Therefore, project planning and time management are required to ensure that you are able to complete the project within the given timeframe.

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