phd candidate german

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How to Apply for a PhD in Germany: Programs, Funding, & FAQs

If you’re considering advancing your academic journey with a PhD and have a passion for conducting research in your field, Germany could be an excellent destination for you. With its top-tier universities, exciting research opportunities, financial support, and diverse culture, Germany stands out as an excellent choice for PhD studies.

These are the main steps to doing a PhD in Germany:

Find a PhD Program and a Supervisor

• Decide Between Individual and Structured PhD Programs
• Meet All Requirements & Prepare Your Application

Apply for Doctoral Studies

Secure funding, get a student visa or resident permit, arrive in germany and begin your phd program, why pursue a phd in germany.

Here are some compelling reasons to pursue a PhD in Germany:

• Top universities. Germany boasts four universities ranked in the top 100 globally, offering access to world-class education and research facilities.
• International student community. Germany welcomes a diverse and thriving international student community, with over 458,210 international students studying across the country.
• Abundant research institutions. Germany’s 1,000+ publicly funded research institutions, spanning universities, applied sciences, research institutes, businesses, and government bodies, offer countless opportunities for collaboration and networking.
• Investment in research and development. Germany’s commitment to research and development is evident through its increasing expenditure, which reached a record high of 112.6 billion euros in 2021.
• Strong economy. Germany is known for its robust and stable economy, offering potential career opportunities in academia, industry, and research sectors after completing your PhD.

How to Apply for a PhD in Germany

Below, you will find all the steps you need to take, from discovering your perfect program to submitting your application and commencing your PhD adventure in Germany.

To start your PhD in Germany, define your research focus by considering your interests and academic background. Explore resources, attend conferences, and connect with professors. Use online sources, engage with academic communities, and seek advice from current PhD students for insights into the research scene.

If you’re already clear about your research direction, it’s time to search for suitable programs. The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) provides a comprehensive database of current opportunities, which you can explore at the DAAD PhD Database . Additionally, consider researching universities in Germany individually to understand what each institution offers in terms of research and programs.

Study at GISMA University of Applied Sciences

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You will also have to find a supervisor. One way to do so is by visiting university websites to find faculty directories with profiles of professors and their research interests. Contact professors whose work aligns with your research interests, express your interest and inquire about supervision opportunities.

> You can search PhD programs using the GERiT database , which features over 31,000 research institutions.

Types of PhD Programs in Germany

Before you start searching for a PhD program, it’s essential to understand that in Germany, there are two different paths you can take when pursuing a PhD, each with its own set of advantages and opportunities.

Individual PhD Programs

An individual doctorate program is considered the more common and traditional PhD route in Germany. It is a flexible and self-directed path to earning a doctoral degree, particularly in fields like humanities and social sciences. You take the initiative to find a supervisor (called “Doktorvater” or “Doktormutter”) for your research project and often suggest your research topic.

There’s no fixed curriculum, giving you the freedom to set your research timeline and choose coursework. This approach requires self-discipline and active networking, including participation in doctoral candidate meetings and research events.

Structured PhD Programs

Structured PhD programs in Germany offer a clear path to a PhD degree, typically lasting three to five years. Unlike individual doctorate studies, they include a curriculum, research proposal submission that has to fit an existing program, and a set timeline for coursework and research.

Candidates benefit from advisor supervision and are encouraged to collaborate across disciplines, making structured programs ideal if you’re seeking a guided and comprehensive doctoral experience.

Ensure You Meet All Requirements & Prepare the Application

The requirements and application documents for a PhD in Germany can vary depending on your chosen institution and research area. However, as a general guideline, you should prepare the following:

• Academic degree recognized in Germany. Typically, you’ll need a master’s degree or a German state examination (Staatsexamen) to qualify for a PhD program.
• Copy of master’s thesis. Provide a copy of your master’s thesis, showcasing your research skills and the depth of your academic work.
• Research proposal. Craft a clear and comprehensive research proposal outlining your intended research topic, objectives, methodology, and significance.
• Statement of purpose. Write a statement of purpose explaining why you wish to pursue a PhD in your chosen field, your academic and career goals, and how this program aligns with your aspirations.
• Curriculum Vitae (CV). Prepare a detailed CV highlighting your academic achievements, research experience, relevant coursework, publications, and any other qualifications.
• Proof of language proficiency. Depending on the language of instruction (usually German or English), you may have to provide proof of language proficiency. You can do this with certificates like TestDaF, DSH, TOEFL, IELTS, or proof of previous studies in the language.
• Academic references. You may need to provide contact information or recommendation letters from professors or academic advisors confirming your academic abilities and research potential.
• Predoctoral examination. Some programs may require you to pass a predoctoral examination as part of the application process.

Once you’ve found a suitable PhD program and a mentor, and your academic qualifications are recognized in Germany, you can start your application. Depending on the university or research institute, you can apply online or by post, so it’s essential to check their specific requirements. Keep in mind that admission committees are selective and may conduct interviews to admit the best candidates.

Securing funding is a crucial step when preparing for a PhD in Germany. To meet visa requirements and stay in the country, you must demonstrate access to a minimum of €934 per month, totaling €11,208 annually. This proof can be provided through an admission agreement or relevant contract, or you can open a blocked account with individual funds.

There are various ways to financially support yourself while pursuing a PhD in Germany:

• PhD scholarships. DAAD offers the highest number of doctoral scholarships. PhD students get an average monthly stipend of €1,139.
• Paid PhD positions. Many universities and research institutions offer paid PhD positions in Germany. You will have a contract and work on specific research projects while receiving a salary.
• Research associate positions. You can also work as a research associate in a university, research institution, or company and receive a salary as compensation.
• Part-time jobs. Some PhD students/researchers work part-time jobs that are not related to their studies to secure additional income.

> Read more about the costs associated with studying in Germany.

> Explore scholarship opportunities.

Once your acceptance into the PhD program is confirmed by the university or institution, you can begin the process of applying for a student visa or residence permit. The PhD visa or permit requirements for Germany can vary depending on your nationality and individual circumstances:

Visa Requirements

Citizens of the EU, the European Economic Area (EEA), and Switzerland do not need any special permit or visa to pursue a PhD in Germany. They can research and work with just a valid passport or ID card.

For international researchers who are not citizens of the EU, EEA, or Switzerland, a visa will be required to work as a researcher in Germany.

The type of visa you need depends on your specific situation:

• Study visa. If you’re pursuing a full-time doctoral program, you may apply for a student visa.
• Research visa. If your focus is on research and you have a formal affiliation with a research institution in Germany, you can apply for a research visa.
• EU Blue Card. If your PhD offer includes a gross annual salary of at least €45,300 (or €41,041.80 in certain professions), you may be eligible for an EU Blue Card, which is a special residence title for international academics.

Residence Permit Requirements

Once you arrive in Germany, you’ll need to apply for a residence permit based on the visa you have:

• Study permit. If you’re accepted into a PhD program at a German university, you can get a study-based residence permit for up to two years, extendable.
• Research permit. If you’re a researcher with the right qualifications for doctoral programs, you can get a research permit for Germany. This requires a contract with a research institution for your project.
• EU Blue Card. You may be eligible for the EU Blue Card, which is for foreign academics and qualified workers in Germany. To get it through a PhD offer, your salary should be at least €45,300 per year, or €41,041.80 for certain bottleneck professions .

*Note that nationals of certain countries , including the United States, Australia, Israel, Japan, and Korea, who are not required to obtain a visa, must still apply for a residence permit.

> For more specific information tailored to your situation, we recommend contacting the German embassy or consulate in your home country. You can also use this visa navigator.

Arriving in Germany and commencing your PhD program is an exciting step, but there are certain formalities you need to take care of. The international office at the university or a representative can guide you, however here are the main things to take care of once you’re in the country:

Register Your Residence

Shortly after your arrival, you must register your residence at the local registration office (Einwohnermeldeamt or Bürgeramt). This is mandatory, and you typically have a window of two weeks to complete this process.

Obtain Health Insurance

Everyone in Germany, including international PhD students, is obligated by law to have health insurance coverage . The type of health insurance you are eligible for depends on the source of your funding:

• Doctoral candidates with an employment contract are typically insured automatically with a state-regulated health insurance provider (Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung -GKV)
• Doctoral candidates without an employment contract (with a fellowship or private funding) may choose between:
• Voluntary health insurance coverage with a state-regulated provider.
• Coverage with a private health insurance company.

Some exceptions allow you to retain your insurance from your home country, such as students from a European Union (EU) country or other countries with social security agreements with Germany.

Open a Bank Account

It’s advisable to open a German bank account as soon as possible. Many financial transactions in Germany, including receiving your stipend or salary, are typically done through a German bank account.

Enrollment at University

If your PhD program requires enrollment at a university, you’ll need to complete this step. Submit the necessary documents to the university’s enrollment office, which may include your admission letter, passport, proof of health insurance, and proof of financial means.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

There’s a lot to think about when you’re considering pursuing a PhD, especially if it’s in a foreign country. We’re sure you’ve got more questions, and we’re here to help.

What Is the Duration of a PhD Program in Germany?

In general, a PhD program in Germany typically lasts between three to six years.

The duration of a PhD program in Germany can vary depending on several factors, including the university, the subject area, and individual progress.

Are PhD Programs in Germany Tuition-Free?

Most PhD programs in Germany are tuition-free, at least for the first six semesters. However, if you are enrolled at a university, you will need to cover a semester fee. This can vary depending on the university but usually falls within the range of €100 to €350.

Is Knowing German Mandatory to Pursue a PhD in Germany?

Knowing German is not always mandatory to pursue a PhD in Germany. Many German universities offer PhD programs in English, especially in fields like science, engineering, and the humanities. In such programs, you can write your thesis and communicate with professors and peers in English.

However, language requirements differ by university and department. If your program is in German, you might need to prove your proficiency. Knowing German can also be helpful for daily life and integration if you’re living in Germany.

Will I Get a PhD Salary in Germany?

PhD candidates in Germany, whether affiliated with universities, research institutions, or companies collaborating with them, typically receive financial support in the form of a salary or grant.

The majority of doctoral positions are structured under the TV-L (Tarifvertrag im Öffentlichen Dienst) salary scale, often falling within the TV-L 13 category, with a salary range spanning from €4,188 (Tier 1) to €6,037 (Tier 6).

Salaries are typically determined based on a wage agreement that specifies the contract tier (Stufe) and working hours (percentage-based). Many entry-level PhD students start with tier 1 contracts that are not full-time. For example, if your contract places you in Pay Group E-13 Tier 1 of the TV-L and you work at 75% capacity, your monthly gross salary will be €3,141.

Can I Work While Pursuing a PhD in Germany?

It’s generally allowed for PhD students in Germany to have part-time jobs to cover living expenses. However, the rules and expectations can vary depending on your supervisor, field of study, and specific circumstances.

While part-time work is an option, keep in mind that pursuing a PhD can be quite demanding, often requiring long hours of research and study. It’s essential to find the right balance between work and your academic commitments. Additionally, make sure to be aware of any legal and contractual obligations related to your employment while studying for your PhD.

What Is the Process for Defending a PhD Thesis in Germany?

In Germany, defending your PhD thesis involves several steps. You start by submitting your thesis and necessary documents, making sure they meet all the formal requirements. A commission is formed, and you may have the opportunity to suggest reviewers.

Then, you will have to prepare and undergo an oral defense, which can be either public or private and typically lasts between 30 minutes to 2 hours. During this, you present your research and discuss it with the committee.

The outcome of this discussion determines your final grade, which you receive after the defense. If everything goes well, you’re granted the Ph.D. title and have about two years to publish your dissertation.

What Are the Career Prospects After Completing a PhD in Germany?

After completing a PhD in Germany, career prospects are promising. Graduates often find opportunities in academia as professors or researchers or in various industries, including technology, healthcare, and finance. Germany’s strong economy and research-oriented environment make it an attractive place for career development.

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Prospective Doctoral Candidates

Doing a doctorate at tu darmstadt.

Technical University of Darmstadt provides dedicated early career researchers an outstanding research environment. The doctorate at TU Darmstadt is regarded as a scientific qualification and the first stage of a career, in which the doctoral candidates qualify for different career goals.

There are two ways of gaining a doctorate:

• Traditional – doctoral candidates carry out research individually under the supervision of the supervisor and are not bound to a mandatory programme of studies.
• Structured – doctoral candidates do their studies within the context of a structured doctoral programme, mostly in a group with other early career researchers. Ph.D. Programmes at TU Darmstadt

Formal requirements

In order to do a doctorate at TU Darmstadt, a recognized university degree is required. This is generally a qualification corresponding to a master’s or Magister, Diplom or state examination. In the case of degrees from foreign universities, an equivalence test is necessary.

Further information

Equivalence test.

Information portal on the recognition of foreign educational qualifications

Knowledge of the German language

Some departments allow a doctorate to be done in English. Please clarify with your supervisor what language skills are required.

General information about doctoral studies in Germany

You can find general information about doctoral studies in Germany on the website Research in Germany – Land of Ideas.

Supervision

An important step is choosing a supervisor. On the web pages of the different departments you can find information about current research topics and an overview of the professors.

Once an appropriate person has been identified, the prospective doctoral candidate makes contact directly with the professor in question by means of a formal application. Here the studies completed so far, the topic of the master’s thesis and the planned subject of research should be outlined.

Doctorate places are not assigned centrally at TU Darmstadt.

Departments at TU Darmstadt

An overview of the departments at TU Darmstadt

Tips for finding a supervisor

How to establish the supervisory relationship? For more information on this “focal point of the whole process of pursuing a dissertation” we recommend a closer look at Shaping a Doctorate Together (opens in new tab) by Qualitätszirkel Promotion (QZP). These guidelines are intended to help to make doctoral supervision even more efficient.

Funding options: employment as a research assistant, scholarship, self-funding. The funding of your doctorate should be discussed with your supervisor early on.

Tuition fees

No tuition fees are charged at TU Darmstadt.

Scholarship databases

Are you looking for a scholarship to fund your doctorate?

Here you can find the largest databases:

Stipendiumplus

Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst

Job advertisements

Here you can find an overview of the current advertisements for jobs at TU Darmstadt.

Further formal steps

At TU Darmstadt there are two formal processes: (1) Acceptance as a doctoral candidate by the department and (2) Registering/Enrolment als a Doctoral (PhD) Candidate.

(1) Acceptance as a doctoral candidate by the department

Degrees are granted by the departments at TU Darmstadt. This means you need to be accepted as a doctoral candidate by a department.

To apply for acceptance as a doctoral candidate, a formal application is made to the department’s doctoral board.

Part of the procedure for the admission of a doctoral candidate includes establishing whether the person has the necessary qualifications to do a doctorate or whether proof of any further examinations needs to be provided.

Prospective doctoral candidates can obtain further information from their supervisor or from the dean’s office of the department.

(2) Registering / enrolment as a Doctoral (PhD) Candidate

For starting a doctorate at the TU Darmstadt, an online registration is obligatory.

At the same time, the enrolment as student is optional. For scholarship holders, however, enrolment is recommended. The registration and/or the enrolment are possible throughout the academic year and do not have a deadline.

In order to proceed with the online registration, you need a supervisor’s confirmation from the respective faculty of our university.

NEW: since August 30, 2021, the registration/enrollment of ALL doctoral candidates takes place via the online portal TUCaN – regardless of where you acquired your university entrance qualification and the degree entitling you to a doctorate (Master's degree).

International doctoral candidates who need a student visa for entry into Germany can get their acceptance from the department later after their arrival. Initially they enrol as a “student without degree”. For this written confirmation of supervision from the supervisor at TU Darmstadt is necessary. With this status, a visa can be applied for as soon as you have received confirmation of matriculation.

By enrolling as a doctoral student, you become a member of the university and are given student status.

For more information concerning the doctorate please contact the responsible department .

For more information concerning registration/enrolment please contact the Student Service .

Counselling

Are you unsure whether a doctorate is an option for you? Would you like to know more about research opportunities? Do you have any questions about financing, the doctoral process or the requirements for a doctorate? In an individual consultation, you can clarify your questions and obtain comprehensive information.

Please make an appointment in advance: Dr. Angela Müller, Ingenium

Events for Prospective Doctoral Candidates

Information event, promovierda.

At “PromovierDA”, you can obtain first-hand information on the topic of doctoral studies in general and on doctoral opportunities at TU Darmstadt.

The next event is planned for Fall 2024

Information event (in English)

How to find, fund and apply for phd positions (in english).

The online event introduces to you the specificities of the German science system and provides general information about how to obtain a doctorate degree in Germany and, more particularly, at TU Darmstadt.

Upcoming event: Spring 2024

Promovieren – Wäre das etwas für mich? (in German)

The workshop is open to all students of TU Darmstadt and offers detailed information about doing a doctorate and an opportunity for reflection and discussion.

Upcoming event: January 30th, 2024

More information

General Information / Documents

• Do any temporary provisions apply before the 9th amendment of the Doctoral Regulations come into force?
• General Information about Doctorates
• Doctoral Regulations
• Special provisions of the departments
• Declaration to doctoral thesis and transfer of rights
• Titel Page Specifications

Registration/Enrolment (TUCaN)

• Doctorates: Online Registration and Enrollment – general information
• What is the difference between registration and enrolment?
• Can I change my mind between ‘registration’ and ‘enrollment’ afterwards?
• Registration for courses / language courses as doctoral candidate
• Do I get a TU-ID as a doctoral candidate?
• Enrolment/Registration for former TU students
• Why do I need to register as a doctoral candidate?
• Doctoral candidates: Online Registration / Enrolment in TUCaN
• Due to the imminent completion of my doctorate, I no longer wish to re-register as a student for the coming semester.
• Registration / Enrolment with Guest-TU-ID
• Can certain conditions be applied as part of the aptitude assessment procedure?
• When is an aptitude assessment procedure necessary?
• Which qualifications are needed to be admitted to a doctorate programme?

5-Year Deadline

• What is the 5-year deadline?

Compilation Thesis

• What type of author’s declaration do co-authors need to submit?
• Can members of the examination board be represented by another person?
• In which language will the viva voce be conducted?
• May the report on a doctoral examination be sent to external examiners electronically?
• Which requirements apply to junior scientists who wish to be assessors?
• Who can sit on the examination board?

Thesis Declaration

• When do I need to submit the declaration and to whom?
• Who needs to submit a ‘Doctoral Thesis Declaration’?

Publication of the Thesis

• Can a doctoral thesis be modified once it has been published on TUprints?
• Can a document that has been published in TUprints be withdrawn or ‘unpublished’?
• Does a printed copy of the doctoral thesis need to be filed in the departmental office’s archives?
• Does the ISBN prove that the thesis has been distributed to book stores?
• How is a doctoral thesis published?
• Is there any financial support available for the publication of my thesis?
• What does ‘released in book stores’ mean?
• When, where and how does the electronic version need to be submitted?
• Which type of license is the most appropriate for diffusing my research results?

Dr. Angela Müller

angela.mueller@tu-...

work +49 6151 16-57222 fax +49 6151 16-57204

Work S1|21 A 102 Magdalenenstraße 25 64289 Darmstadt

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Doing a PhD in Germany

Germany’s reputation as an outstanding research destination continues to attract the world’s finest minds. In 2014 an incredible Number of 85,000 people chose Germany to write their dissertations or join one of our growing number of doctoral research teams. Discover your best route to a PhD in Germany, including financing options and advice on how to prepare for your research stay.

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Doctoral studies at the University of Stuttgart

A doctoral degree is proof that you are capable of in-depth scientific work, and lays the foundation for a career in science or industry.

Ten reasons to study for a doctoral degree at the University of Stuttgart

The University of Stuttgart

• is considered one of the most outstanding technical research universities in Germany, with a worldwide reputation
• is a hub for academic, non-academic and industrial research
• sees itself as a guarantor of holistic, research-oriented teaching with a focus on quality
• stands for the interdisciplinary integration of engineering, natural sciences, the humanities and social sciences based on top-level research in the various disciplines with its “Stuttgart method”
• is nestled in one of Europe's most vibrant industrial regions, and enjoys cooperative arrangements with companies and institutions in the local area as well as across Germany and worldwide
• is one of the universities which gets the most external funding in Germany
• offers excellent conditions for research
• provides doctoral candidates with a variety of cross-disciplinary qualifications, information and advisory services and a number of mentoring programs
• provides staff with individual support via a range of measures and personnel development and health management programs
• is committed to equal opportunities and family friendliness

Different doctorate opportunities

There are a variety of ways to gain a doctoral degree:

Individual doctoral studies

Structured doctoral studies.

• Individual freedom in choosing the topic and supervisor.
• A doctoral degree may be done in any subject area represented at the University of Stuttgart.
• You can freely choose a potential supervisor from among 10 different faculties and around 150 institutes.
• You can draw on the full range of qualifications offered by the graduate academy.
• You are part of a larger research association.
• You work on a research topic across different disciplines and working together with several, largely also international doctoral candidates.
• You complete a comprehensive professional and interdisciplinary qualification program .

Find out more about the doctoral studies programs which you can apply for. 

Additional programs, support, further education during studies

• Certificate: Gender and Diversity Skills For doctoral researchers and students

More information

The five steps to gaining your doctoral …

Your path to a doctoral degree – from admission to examination to being awarded your certificate.

Registering, applying and enrolling

The Act on Higher Education of the Land of Baden-Württemberg (Landeshochschulgesetz, LHG) stipulates …

Stipends and support options

Look here for information on several scholarships for self-financing your doctoral degree studies, …

Doctoral degree programs

The University of Stuttgart has graduate schools, PhD research groups, and doctoral degree programs …

Contacts and reference persons for …

This web page provides an overview of where and from whom to get answers to your questions.

Team of the Graduate Academy GRADUS

Pfaffenwaldring 5c, 70569 stuttgart.

• Further information

Jürgen Hädrich

Managing Director GRADUS

• Profile page
• +49 711 685 84222
• Write e-mail

• Accommodation
• Finding a Supervisor & Admission
• Registrar's Office
• Coming with Family
• Financing & Insurances
• Living in Regensburg

Information for PhD candidates

A doctorate in Germany means that you receive a doctoral degree from a University. The doctorate is based on the respective doctoral procedure of the faculty. If you meet the formal and field–specific requirements listed there, you will be awarded the academic degree "Doktor" (Dr.).

At the University of Regensburg, individual doctorates and doctorates in structured programs are possible, depending on the field.

Individual doctorates are based on independent research carried out alone under the supervision of one professor. In structured PhD programs, a team of supervisors guide their doctoral candidates.

⇒ Research in Germany

⇒ Research in Bavaria

Further information on the structured programs as well as a comprehensive offer of scientific events can be found on the homepage of the Center for Graduate & Postgraduate Researchers.

⇒ Center for Graduate & Postgraduate Researchers

Financing options

Your doctorate will involve a lot of work and time. As a general rule, a doctorate takes between three and four years. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary that you inform yourself in advance about financing possibilities such as a scholarship or employment at a department of the University of Regensburg, regardless of how long your research stay will last.

⇒ List of funding opportunities

⇒ Further information about financing and related health insurance questions

Process Overview

♦ If you have already found a supervisor and you will pursue a doctoral degree from UR, there are two different steps for you to follow as a PhD candidate. The first step is to register with your faculty as a doctoral candidate and then, once step one has been completed, you have the option to enroll as a student at the Registrar's Office:

1. Acceptance as a doctoral candidate from the respective faculty.

To be accepted, you must meet the respective requirements for a doctorate and receive the confirmation of supervision from your doctoral supervisor. It is the respective faculty that will ultimately decide about your acceptance as a PhD candidate. Please get in touch with the administration office (Fakultätsverwaltung) of your faculty. Please note that the acceptance process through the faculty can take up to several month.

You must also register yourself as a new PhD candidate in the Doctoral Student Portal. Please contact your faculty about this.

⇒ Register as a doctoral student

2. Enrollment as student at the Registrar's Office (Studierendenkanzlei).

This allows you to receive a student ID card and student status. However, this enrollment is only possible once the faculty has officially accepted you as a doctoral candidate. The officially acceptance to be presented to the Registrar's Office is the “ Confirmation of doctoral study ” (Promotionsbescheinigung).

♦ If you do not pursue a doctoral degree and you are at UR for a part of your PhD research:

1. Confirmation of supervision from your doctorial supervisor in Regensburg. Be in close contact with your supervisor and your faculty and follow their instructions.

2. Enrollment as student at the Registrar's Office (Studierendenkanzlei). This allows you to receive a student ID card and student status.

Please note: The enrollment as a student at the Registrar's Office is generally not compulsory unless you have certain conditions which require your enrollment!

For step 1 you must follow the instructions of your supervisor and faculty.

For step 2 the Welcome Center can support you.

Further Information regarding acceptance at the faculty and enrollment:

• UR International Office

Teaching and Research at the UR

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Application and Admission

In this section you will find all relevant information for your application and admission to the doctoral studies at the University of Ulm. In principle, a doctorate in all subjects offered at the University of Ulm is possible.

Specifications of Doctoral Degrees at Ulm University

The faculties and the International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine of Ulm University award the following academic doctoral degrees: 

Faculty of Engineering, Computer Science and Psychology

• Dr. phil. (doctor philosophiae/Doctor of Philosophy)
• Dr. Ing. (Doktor-Ingenieur/Doctor of Engineering)
• Dr. rer. nat. (doctor rerum naturalium/Doctor of Natural Sciences)

Faculty of Mathematics and Economics

• Dr. rer. pol. (doctor rerum politicarum/Doctor of Economics and Social Sciences)

Faculty of Natural Sciences

Faculty of Medicine

• Dr. med. (doctor medicinae/Doctor of Medicine)
• Dr. med. dent. (doctor medicinae dentariae/Doctor of Dentistry)
• Dr. biol. hum. (doctor biologiae hominis/Doctor of Human Biology)

International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine

• Dr. rer. nat. (doctor rerum naturalium/Doctor of Natural Sciences)  

Preconditions for Application

Doctoral applicants are required to have completed an academic qualification which is equivalent to the German Master’s Degree or Magister degree. Moreover, the final grade awarded must be at least “good” (2, 0) or the student has to belong to the best 10% of his or her study year. Under certain circumstances it is possible to apply for a doctorate with an excellent Bachelor’s degree.Please check the doctoral regulations (Promotionsordnungen) of the respective faculty for more information.

There are no formal language requirements, however, the language of research is English. Nonetheless, being able to speak German would facilitate the communication with your peers at your host department and beyond.  

Application Procedure

The application procedure of your doctorate depends on whether you choose an individual doctoral program or a structured doctoral program.  

Applying for An Individual Doctorate

An individual doctorate is the classical model of a doctoral program at German Universities (research-only).  Pursuing an individual doctorate means that you have to find an academic advisor (traditionally called “Doktorvater” or ”Doktormutter” ), who is willing to supervise your dissertation. In order to do so, you first have to thoroughly research your options on the university’s departmental websites, where you can look for a professor who does research in an area close to yours.

The departments are assigned to the four faculties of Ulm University:

Medical Faculty

In the next step, you should make contact with potential supervisors to explore research options in more depth. Although professors receive many letters from potential candidates, most of them are not appropriate.

Hints on how you can set up a successful letter to a potential supervisor

• Use a formal letter style
• Explain your competence in the given field (e. g. Master thesis)
• Elaborate why the research of the professor is of your interest
• Try  to find a wider topic of your interest which is covered by the research of the professor
• Indicate that you are willing to apply for a DAAD scholarship

Once you are in contact with the professor, he/she will ask you to prepare a deepened exposé about a frame topic and to discuss existing studies and/or publications. This process will lead to a more defined research topic. At this point it is time to think about applying for a scholarship. In rare cases, the supervisor can offer a position which is a formal employment contract. The supervisor will issue an informal invitation letter for a doctorate.

In the next step, the faculty concerned has to approve the doctorate (see Admission Requirements below). For the actual application process your prospective supervisor then needs to fill out an acceptance letter, on which he/she confirms that he/she will supervise your dissertation until its completion. Hereafter, you also need to be accepted as a doctoral student by the Admissions Office. For the specific requirements and regulations of your faculty, please consult the respective doctoral degree regulation .

Applications are accepted throughout the whole year. There are no application deadlines to be met.

Applying for A Structured Doctoral Program

Doctoral candidates within a structured doctoral program usually have to participate in a structured program of courses and workshops. Generally, applicants have to pass through a multistage application procedure or apply directly to calls for application. Once accepted, doctoral students are usually supervised by a Thesis Advisory Committee.

Since 2005, the International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine at Ulm University offers the possibility to apply for a structured PhD program. Please click here for further information.

The Graduate School Electrochemical Energy Storage addresses PhD students from the field of battery research within the Post Lithium Storage Cluster of Excellence (POLiS).

Admission Requirements for Doctoral Students

After having received the acceptance letter from your supervisor at Ulm University, you are required to submit the following documents along with the request of admission to the responsible doctoral office :

• degree certificate
• official transcript of records

Please note that all documents must be submitted as certified translations in English or German as well. Please check the request of admission form for other documents, which may be necessary for processing your application. The reques tfor admission form can be found on the homepages of the respective doctoral offices.

The acceptance as a doctoral student is carried out by the doctoral committee of the respective faculty. After having received a signed confirmation of your acceptance as a doctoral student by the doctoral committee you can enrol at the Registrar's Office once you are in Ulm.

Research Funding

PhD students are exempted from study fees for non-EU students.

Scholarships

If you are accepted as a doctoral candidate at Ulm University and you have very good final grades and references, you can apply for a scholarship. Please note that an application for a scholarship can be a time-consuming process. It can take as long as ten months from application to acceptance.

The largest awarder of scholarships, especially for international doctoral candidates, is the DAAD (the German Academic Exchange Service). Besides the DAAD, there is also a large number of smaller foundations and scholarship programs that award scholarships to gifted international doctoral candidates. A first overview of common scholarship donors can be found on this website . To find detailed information, please visit the search tool provided by the DAAD or the EURAXESS Germany funding database .

Employment as a Research Associate

Research facilities at Ulm University regularly offer paid PhD positions as research associates. Please check the departmental websites for job offers and specific requirements or contact your supervisor.

Doing a PhD in Germany

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• Universities

PhD Candidates

Are you a master’s graduate looking to take the next step in your academic career? Follow your passion for research and science by pursuing a PhD in Bavaria at one of our excellent universities.

Are Doctoral Studies Right for Me?

In general, the formal requirement for a PhD in Germany is a master’s degree. A PhD here usually takes between two and five years to complete, depending on the discipline and funding. A significant advantage of doing your PhD in Bavaria is that tuition is free.

Choosing Your Area of Interest

Completing a doctorate means immersing yourself in research, so it’s a good idea to choose a topic that will hold your interest for several years. A PhD is your chance to show that you are able to carry out a complex project that contributes novel ideas to your field of research.

Which research group or chair offers the best conditions for your project? Take the time to gather information about research opportunities available. Find your peers in our database or explore our Research Panorama  for an overview of the exciting research that is going on in the region. The better the fit between your area of interest or specialization and a professor’s area of expertise, the better your chances of being taken on as a doctoral candidate.

Structured PhD Programs vs. Individual Doctorates

If you are considering a PhD in Germany, you will need to decide between a structured doctoral program and an individual doctorate. Most doctoral candidates in Germany pursue independent research under the supervision of a professor. However, there is a growing trend among universities to offer structured programs, which are managed by a team of supervisors.

Alongside the research project, candidates of structured programs are expected to attend seminars and lectures. Another important component of these programs is learning soft skills such as project management or academic writing. You are provided manifold opportunities to discuss your research project with other PhD candidates. Candidates on the individual track generally work more on their own. They can, however, receive similar support by becoming members of one of the university’s graduate schools .

If you enjoy teamwork and appreciate regular feedback from your peers, you might consider the structured option. If you thrive on independent study and can organize your work effectively on your own, then individual doctoral research might be best for you.

Picking a Research Question

If you decide to pursue an individual doctorate, you will be free to define your own research topic, which you will finalize with your supervisor. In a structured doctoral program, your research proposal will have to fit in with an existing program outline. If you decide to join a research group or structured program, you should think carefully about how your own ideas and experience might fit in with the aims of the current project or program.

Sometimes, research groups advertise open PhD positions  on their websites. Here, the supervisor will usually decide on the research question you will tackle during your PhD. You will often collaborate with other doctoral candidates within the research project.

Getting Ready for a PhD in Bavaria

Doctoral programs in Bavaria will differ according to your subject area and the university. To help get you started, here is some general information about where and how to find a supervisor, and about the application process.

Who Can Confer a Doctorate?

Only research universities can award doctoral degrees. If you decide that a non-university research institution or a university of applied sciences would be a better fit for your PhD, you will need to find an additional supervisor at one of the research universities. Your supervisor at the non-university research institution or university of applied sciences will be able to help you find a suitable joint supervisor.

Finding a Supervisor or PhD Program in Bavaria

Once you have decided on the type of doctoral studies you plan to pursue, the search for a supervisor or degree program begins. Your supervisor will be your key point of contact for all your research-related questions and will oversee the development of your project over the next few years.

In order to find a supervisor for an individual doctorate, you can start a subject-specific search in our database of Bavarian research institutions . Our database of structured PhD programs can help you get started if you are interested in a structured path. If you are able to meet a potential supervisor either at a conference, summer school , or during a short visit, use the opportunity to talk to them in person about your plans. You could also keep an eye on open PhD positions .

The Application Process

Reaching out to a supervisor.

The first and most important step in the application process is establishing contact with a potential supervisor. This needs to happen before any other official steps are taken – particularly, before you formally apply to register as a doctoral candidate and to have your degrees recognized. The university ultimately decides on degree recognition , but your supervisor will also have a good idea of whether your degrees will be recognized. They can then advise you on when and where to start the formal process to register as a doctoral candidate.

When contacting a supervisor, we recommend submitting: 

• a statement of purpose or cover letter in which you show how your experience and research interests relate to your supervisor’s field of study or the chair’s research focus
• copies of academic degrees, including transcripts
• a brief explanation of how you plan to finance your project and whether or not you have secured third-party funding
• a short project description explaining the relevance of your project to the research field and outlining your proposed methods and schedule (if applying for an individual doctorate)

When a supervisor has agreed to accept you as a doctoral candidate, they will provide you with a written confirmation of supervision. At some universities, you will also draw up a supervision agreement together. You will need this confirmation for your visa application .

Your supervisor will walk you through the first steps of the formal application process and advise you on who to contact, either within the faculty, at the Welcome Center, or at the International Office. The relevant contact person will help you through the rest of the application process. You can now prepare for your move to Germany and start working on your project.

Applying to register as a doctoral candidate

This very formal part of the application can be started more easily once you have arrived in Germany and while working on your project.

You will apply directly to the department or graduate school, since they set the regulations and ultimately confer your doctorate. Although the exact requirements might differ from university to university, and even between departments, the following documents should be submitted with your application:

• a signed confirmation of supervision or supervision agreement
• certified copies of previous academic degrees and transcripts (including official translations, if the documents are not in English or German. These should be prepared before your departure.)
• proof of language proficiency (if required)
• any other documents specified on the respective university website

Your official application will be reviewed by the board of examiners of the respective department or graduate program. This is also usually when degree recognition takes place. If your application is successful, you will receive an official letter of acceptance from the university admitting you as a doctoral candidate. In some cases, the board might stipulate additional courses you need to complete in parallel with your research.

For structured programs , the formal application process is largely the same but you will apply directly to the program. For some programs, a supervisor will be assigned to you based on the research interests listed in your application. On the doctoral program website, you will find all the necessary information relating to application deadlines, where and how to submit your application, the documents required, and whether you will need to submit a project description or apply for a particular research area in the program.

Enrolling to be a student

Whether you are required to enroll as a student depends on your chosen university. Since doctoral candidates are officially considered researchers and not students, enrollment is often voluntary. However, many candidates do choose to enroll. As students, they have access to all university services and facilities for up to three years and they can enjoy benefits such as a semester ticket and reduced entrance fees for museums. You will only need to pay a small semester fee to enroll.

If you choose to enroll, you can only do so after you have been registered as a doctoral candidate. Find out from your Welcome Center about which documents you need to submit.

Registering for your final examination

At most universities, you will likely register once the majority of your research is complete. When you apply for the final exam, you will submit your thesis along with any other documents stipulated by your university. You and your supervisor will decide on the best time for you to submit. You do not need to be enrolled at the time of the examination.

5 Ways to Get Started

• Apply for a structured PhD program: PhD Programs in English 2023 (PDF: 360 KB)
• Search our database for a supervisor working in your field!
• Keep an eye on current job advertisements !
• Take part in a summer school:  Summer Schools 2023 (PDF: 300 KB)
• Come for a short research stay:  Visiting Researchers

It All Started with a Research Stay

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Doing a PhD in Bavaria

Your PhD in Bavaria will provide you with the tools to succeed in your academic career. Close supervision and access to a variety of resources will allow you to develop and refine your research. You will also gain professional experience and develop your academic profile through special activities such as conferences and teaching. 

Supervision

When you do a doctorate at a Bavarian university, you will benefit from your supervisor’s support and guidance. If you are in a structured program, you will also profit from opportunities to present your research and get feedback at events such as colloquia, seminars, and conferences.

Setting clear goals and expectations is important for any project, but especially for doctoral research projects. Structured programs will likely have formal guidelines, a set curriculum, and a suggested timeline for your progress.

For individual doctoral studies, you might draft a supervision agreement with your supervisor, which includes a research timeline, work responsibilities (including teaching), and any activities such as publishing papers, or participating in research stays abroad.

Gaining Professional Experience

In Bavaria, you will be able to take advantage of opportunities to expand your professional profile and excel in your career as a researcher. Publishing, editing journals, and organizing conferences are important tasks in academia. Structured doctoral programs often integrate these activities into their curricula to ensure that doctoral candidates get the experience they need to be competitive on the job market. If you are pursuing an individual doctorate, your university’s graduate schools and centers provide similar opportunities.

Teaching is not always a requirement for doctoral candidates. Usually, only doctoral candidates who are employed  by a department are expected to teach, with an average teaching load of five contact hours per week. If you are interested in gaining experience as a university instructor, speak with your supervisor or program coordinator about what options are available. You might be able to teach in English or German . 

Completing Your Doctoral Degree

In order to obtain a doctorate in Bavaria, you need to complete a doctoral thesis, or dissertation, that meets the approval of your supervisor and any other members of your doctoral committee as outlined in your program. Traditionally, the thesis is a monograph that presents your original research. However, there are programs that allow you to submit a cumulative dissertation, which consists of several articles that have been published in reputable journals. Once you have completed your thesis, you will take an oral exam, in which you usually have to defend your dissertation.

The final step of the process is publishing your dissertation. Only then are you allowed to use the well-deserved title of “Doktor.” Your exact title in Germany is based on your discipline. For instance, in the natural sciences you will often take the title of Dr. rer. nat.; in the social sciences, Dr. rer. pol.; and in the humanities, Dr. phil.

Graduate Schools and Graduate Centers

Support for PhD Students

In recent years, German universities have created graduate schools. These provide a structure for doctoral students that encourages them to collaborate, exchange ideas, and share their experiences.

Graduate schools offer an additional curriculum with research workshops, colloquia, and other training opportunities. They often provide financial support for research stays abroad and for travel to conferences. Participation in these courses can form part of your supervision agreement.

At the department or faculty level, you will also find subject-specific doctoral schools. Some of them have their own budgets and can provide more ample funding for their members.

PhD Funding and Employment Models

Bavaria is invested in research, and you will find plenty of sources of postgraduate funding here. There are different types of funding available for doctoral candidates. During your PhD in Bavaria, you do not need to pay tuition fees.

Scholarships, Fellowships, and Jobs

Scholarships/fellowships for phd candidates.

A scholarship or fellowship from a third party will cover your doctoral research. Thanks to this support, you can fully concentrate on your research project.

Employment as a Research Associate

You are employed by a university either full- or part-time. You divide your time between work responsibilities (teaching, research-related duties for a departmental project, etc.) and your own research. If your position is funded by another body, such as a research funding agency or company, the focus and duration of your employment are defined by the project proposal or agreement with the company.

Employment outside the Research University

You are employed by a non-university research institution or an industry partner. Your specific agreement with your employer will outline your responsibilities and duties, but making progress on your doctorate should be part of the employment arrangement.

Find out more about scholarships and fellowships , job opportunities , and teaching .

Postgraduate Funding and Where to Find It

For specific information about scholarships, fellowships, and jobs for PhD candidates, visit our Funding and Finances section. If you are curious about the salaries of research associates, or how social security and health care factor into your monthly net income, visit our page on Salary and Social Security.

A Doctorate from a University of Applied Sciences?

New partnerships between universities of applied sciences and research universities aim to support doctoral candidates who wish to pursue application-oriented research.

Since research universities alone are allowed to award doctoral degrees, you will need to make use of strategic partnerships. Once you have found a potential supervisor at a Bavarian university of applied sciences, they can help you find a joint supervisor at a research university. You will be registered at the research university as a doctoral candidate, but you will be employed by the university of applied sciences and financed by third-party funds.

BayWISS - Bavarian Academic Forum

Through the Bavarian Academic Forum (BayWISS), Bavaria has introduced thematically grouped platforms, the "BayWISS Joint Academic Partnerships". These platforms help connect doctoral candidates who are working in related areas and offer professional development opportunities across the spectrum of applied science fields. Contact the supervisor of a specific university of applied sciences for details about specific doctoral opportunities or contact the team of BayWISS for further information.

Life after Your PhD in Bavaria

A doctorate is a stepping-stone to the next phase of your professional career, whether you continue in academia or decide to pursue a career elsewhere. In fact, your goals and priorities will likely shift and clarify over the course of your project. Here is a glimpse of some of the postdoc, start-up and other employment opportunities you will have later in your career in Bavaria.

Postdoctoral Research

If you are pursuing the path of becoming a professor, the next step will be a postdoc position. You should start exploring postdoc opportunities at least a year before you plan to complete your doctorate.

Beyond Academia

Your doctorate will open up many career options. In Bavaria, PhD graduates are in high demand for jobs in business and industry. Perhaps your doctorate has facilitated professional contacts in industry , where a job is already waiting for you. If you are interested in continuing scientific research, you might also consider other careers outside of the university , such as positions at non-university research institutes.

Preparing for professorship at a UAS

If you decide to follow a career in industry but are also interested in teaching, a professorship at a university of applied sciences might be an attractive option for you. To become a professor there, you need to have completed a doctorate and have at least five years’ professional experience working in your field, three of which must have been gained outside the university.

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• TUM Graduate School
• Technical University of Munich

Doctorate at the Technical University of Munich

Doctoral candidates at TUM work on challenging academic questions , and are supported by prominent researchers. TUM Graduate School encourages an environment in which academic knowledge and professional qualification are perfectly interwoven. On the following pages, you will find all the information you need about doing a doctorate ​​​​​​​ at TUM.

Doctoral Candidates

Supervisors

About TUM Graduate School

30.04.2024 Call for applications - Hermann Eiselen Science Award

21.04.2024 Call for applications - Schmidt Science Fellows 2025 cohort

12.04.2024 Call for Abstracts - TUM Sustainability Day

07.04.2024 Call for Applications - Google PhD Fellowship 2024

Courses & Events

16.05.2024 Fireside chat: Global science, global career

15.04.2024 Call for applications - TUM-UNESP Doctoral Summer/Winter School in São Paulo state and Munich

22.01.2024 MDSI Cloud Computing Week

16.01.2024 Special Kick-Off Seminar on 16 January 2024

How to apply for a PhD program?

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• Avicenna Studienwerk: Nurtures Muslim scholars, bridging academia and faith.
• Cusanuswerk: Fosters Catholic doctoral candidates, nurturing knowledge in harmony with faith.
• Ernst Ludwig Ehrlich Studienwerk: Cultivates Jewish scholars, celebrating cultural and academic growth.
• Evangelische Studienwerk Villigst: Empowers Evangelical students, intertwining spirituality and learning.
• Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung: Backs socially committed students, enhancing diversity in academia.
• Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom: Supports Evangelical scholars, fostering intellectual exploration.
• Hans Böckler Foundation: Advances social science scholars, promoting societal progress.
• Hanns Seidel Foundation: Nurtures political and civic engagement, shaping visionary leaders.
• Heinrich Böll Foundation: Champions green ideas, supporting environmental and social advocacy.
• Konrad Adenauer Stiftung: Empowers future leaders, instilling democratic values.
• Rosa Luxemburg Foundation: Uplifts progressive thinkers, fostering critical discourse.
• German Business Foundation: Catalyzes business-oriented research, fueling innovation.

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Structured Doctoral Programs

Each of our structured doctoral programs offers a comprehensive and cross-disciplinary curriculum designed to help you realize your full potential and prepare for a successful career. The programs include innovative, personalized advising with regular progress checks, as well as extensive opportunities to broaden your research network and connect with peers in your field.

The University of Bonn offers a wide range of funding opportunities, which have been summarized for you on this page, divided into the following categories:

Bonn International Graduate Schools (BIGS)

Phd programs within our cluster of excellence.

• Structured Doctoral Programs by Discipline 

Third-Party Funded Programs

Doctoral education at the highest level: BIGS enable doctoral studies in outstanding research contexts with attractive international collaborations and a qualification program tailored to the needs of graduate students.

Located at the Hausdorff Center for Mathematics and supported by Germany’s Excellence Initiative, BIGS-M  is home to all of the University’s doctoral candidates in mathematics and contributes to Bonn’s excellent international reputation in the field.

BGSE offers a structured program that is tailored to the needs of doctoral candidates, including an internationally recognized research network.

Supported by Germany’s Excellence Initiative and jointly administered by the renowned Physics Institutes at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne, BCGS  offers doctoral studies through an integrated honors program.

Home to an international community of talented biomedical scientists, BIGS DrugS 6 6 is the hub for doctoral candidates from pharma research institutes within the University’s Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences and Faculty of Medicine.

BIGS-OAS offers a wide range of courses within a research context, focused on the cultures and societies of Asia and Asia Minor.

BIGS Neuroscience provides a top-level, internationally competitive program in this rapidly growing field.

BIGS CPS's interdisciplinary approach combines medical, agricultural and pharmaceutical research.

BIGS Chemistry 10 doctoral candidates enjoy an exceptional and ambitious program covering all fields of chemistry.

This three-year doctoral program  is offered in conjunction with the University’s ImmunoSensation Cluster, which is funded by Germany’s Excellence Initiative.

Part of the University of Bonn’s Center for Development Research, BIGS-DR   trains students for an international career in development cooperation, policy or research through a combination of academic study and intensive tutorship.

The BIGS Land and Food combines the research at the agricultural Faculty with an interdisciplinary study program.

Clusters of Excellence stand for international and interdisciplinary elite research and offer young scientists excellent funding and career conditions. The University of Bonn currently has six clusters of excellence, more than any other university in Germany, and thus opens up a broad spectrum of possible research topics to doctoral candidates. Here you will find an overview of the university's clusters of excellence.

PhD Programs within our Excellence Cluster

The goal of the Hausdorff Center of Mathmatics is to identify and address mathematical challenges of the 21st century, to advance groundbreaking fundamental mathematical research worldwide, and to develop the mathematical methods and tools required by science and society.

Part of the Hausdorff Center is also a graduate school: The Bonn International Graduate School of Mathematics (BIGS-M) hosts all doctoral students of mathematics and contributes to the outstanding international reputation of the university in this field. The duration of the program is usually 3 years, and the doctorate (Dr. rer nat.) can be earned as a degree.

More information: https://www.bigs-math.uni-bonn.de/de/studies/ 14 15 15

ImmunoSensation2 aims to continue the success story of the existing ImmunoSensation cluster. While the emphasis so far has been on fundamental research in particular of the innate immune system, now the mechanisms of immune intelligence are to be uncovered, i.e. the question of how the body succeeds in adapting immune responses to specific situations and then remembers this in order to be optimally prepared for similar challenges in the future. The cluster's graduate school, the Bonn International Graduate School Immunosciences and Infection offers a structured, three-year doctoral program.

You can find further information about this program here: 

https://www.immunosensation.de/opportunities/young-scientists

Until today, dependency studies has almost exclusively dealt with slavery on the American continent or in antiquity. The Cluster of Excellence "Bonn Center for Dependency and Slavery Studies (BCDSS)" aims to broaden this perspective in terms of content, space and time. Within the framework of the cluster, a structured doctoral program with a duration of 4 years is offered.

Further information can be found at:  https://www.dependency.uni-bonn.de/en 15 16

Over the last few decades, computer hardware has become smaller and smaller, but their technology remains more or less the same. Slowly, this development is reaching its limits.Thus, we need new technologies that satisfy our growing hunger for even more powerful hardware.

Quantum physics could be a solution.

Together with the University of Cologne and the RWTH Aachen, Bonn researchers want to work on making this new technology usable. To achieve this, quantum bits or even qubits - the quantum counterpart to our previous bits - quantum communication channels that build networks and error correction methods have to be explored from the ground up. As part of the Excellence Initiative, the Bonn-Cologne Graduate School of Physics and Astronomy (BCGS) offers a doctoral program with an integrated honors program.

Further information can be found at:  http://www.gradschool.physics.uni-bonn.de/. 4 4

The ECONtribute researches the functioning of markets as well as reasons for their failure. In doing so, the cluster goes beyond traditional analyses by systematically combining model-based theoretical approaches and behavioral explanatory models while incorporating legal and political frameworks. Within the cluster, the Bonn Graduate School of Economics (BGSE) offers doctoral students a tailored structured doctoral program that includes an internationally recognized research network.

Further information can be found at:  https://www.bgse.uni-bonn.de. 3 3

Increasing agricultural production despite limited land while reducing the ecological footprint of agriculture - this is one of the challenges of our time. For this reason, the University of Bonn and Forschungszentrum Jülich are jointly developing methods and new technologies to observe, analyze, better understand and more specifically treat plants. The cluster's graduate school, the Theodor Brinkmann Graduate School, offers an interdisciplinary study program to master's students and doctoral candidates at the Faculty of Agriculture.

More information: https://www.phenorob.de/ .

The Third-Party Funded Programs at the University of Bonn offer structured doctoral studies on selected research topics. They enable close networking among doctoral students conducting research on related topics.

Bonn International Graduate School of Mathematics (BIGS-M) 2 17 18 18 Located at the Hausdorff Center for Mathematics, BIGS-M provides an umbrella for all Bonn PhD students in mathematics. Thus, the BIGS-M contributes to the excellent national and international reputation of mathematics at Bonn.

Bonn International Graduate School Immunosciences and Infection The BIGS Immunosciences and Infection is a structured 3-year PhD program in conjunction with the ImmunoSensation Cluster/Bonn. The ImmunoSensation Cluster is part of the Excellence Strategy.

DFG Research Training Group "Gegenwart/Literatur. Geschichte, Theorie und Praxeologie eines Verhältnisses" (GRK 2291) [only in German]

The Research Training group supported by the DFG  aims at the exploration and analysis of the constitutive dimensions of the concept of contemporary literature.  

DFG international Research Training Group "Myeloid antigen presenting cells and the induction of adaptive immunity" GRK (2168) 19 19 19 19 The DFG-funded project is a cooperation of the University of Bonn and the University of Melbourne. The principal research focus is the intersection between innate and adaptive immunity in the context of infection.

DFG Research Training Group  "The Macroeconomics of Inequality"  ( GRK 2281) 20 20 20 20 The research program focuses on the macroeconomic aspects of inequality, an aspect of first-order importance for society. 

DFG Research Training Group "Template-designed Organic Electronics (TIDE)" (GRK 2591) 21 21 21 The Graduate Program 'Template-Designed Optoelectronic Devices' (TIDE) aims to provide comprehensive doctoral education in the field of Organic Electronics (OE) to meet the requirements of highly qualified and multidisciplinary professionals. 

DFG Research Training Group "Tools and Drugs of the Future - Innovative Methods and New Modalities in Medicinal Chemistry" (GRK 2873)

The goal of the RTG " Tools and Drugs of the Future" is to modernize medicinal chemistry and train a new generation of medicinal chemists and researchers at the interface with interconnected disciplines. In addition, the projects are intended to contribute to the development of new drug substances.

Integrated Research Training Group at the DFG Collaborative Research Centre "Synaptic Micronetworks in Health and Disease" (SFB 1089) 22 22 27 27 Located at the newly inaugurated SFB 1089 on neuronal networks, the Integrated Research Training Group offers a structured graduate program for all doctoral researchers at the Centre.

Integrated Research Training Group at theDFG Collaborative Research Centre "Future Rural Africa" (SFB/TR 228) The integrated research group is investigating the relationship between land use change and shaping the future in rural africa in a total of 14 subprojects.

Integrated Research Training Group at the DFG Collaborative Research Centre "Open System Control of Atomic and Photonic Matter" (SFB/TR 185) 24 The collaborative research centre Oscar will explore the physics of open systems.

Integrated Research Training Group at the DFG Collaborative Research Centre "Aortic Diseases" (SFB/TR 259) 25 The aim of this research initiative is to better understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of resident and non-resident cells in aortic diseases.

Integrated Research Training Group at the DFG Collaborative Research Centre "Regional Climate Change: Disentangling the Role of Land Use and Water Management" (SFB 1502) The SFB combines the strengths of the University of Bonn and its project partners to answer one of the most difficult questions in understanding climate change.

Integrated Research Training Group at the DFG Collaborative Research Centre "Brown and Beige Fat - Organ Crosstalk, Signaling and Energetics (BATenergy)" (SFB/TRR 333) The CRC investigates metabolism/diabetes and focusses on brown adipose tissue. 

One Health and Urban Transformation

The NRW Forschungskolleg One Health and Urban Transforming is a transdisciplinary graduate school that aims to find interventions to achieve optimal health for humans, animals, plants and the environment with a special focus on developments in NRW, Saõ Paulo, Accra and Ahmedabad.

International Max Planck Research School Moduli Spaces 27 27 In cooperation with the University of Bonn, the renowned Bonn Max-Planck-Institute for Mathematics offers a PhD program with a special focus on the study of moduli.

International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics 28 28 In cooperation between the Max-Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy and the Universities of Bonn and of Cologne, the Research School facilitates 3 years of PhD studies with a curriculum tailored to the individual student.

International Max Planck Research School for Brain and Behavior 29 The IMPRS for Brain & Behavior is a cooperation between the Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior - caesar, the University of Bonn and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) in Bonn

International Max Planck Research School - Recharge IMPRS-RECHARGE focuses on interdisciplinary research between chemistry and physics with an emphasis on catalytic mechanisms, physical-chemical analysis and energy topics. Scientific challenges shall be looked at from different angles. Furthermore the combination of theory and practice is a vital aim of the IMPRS-RECHARGE.

Marie Curie Innovative Training Network "Macro and Microplastic in Agricultural Soil Systems“ (SOPLAS) The SOPLAS project will assemble a multidisciplinary team to study the nexus of plastic–agriculture–soil. It will also train a new generation of leading experts. The project aims to identify the plastic cycle within agricultural soil systems and support the development of environmental policies related to mitigating the impact of plastics. The findings will advance our knowledge about the sustainable use of plastics in European agriculture.

Marie Curie Innovative Training Network "Early Stage Researchers EDUCational Program on Factor VIII Immunogenicity“ (EDUC8 ) 32 37 The EDUC8 program is a multidisciplinary training program with exposure of the enrolled ESRs to a core common educational package and development of individual PhD researchprojects dedicated to decreasing the societal burden associated with the development of anti-FVIII antibodies in Europe.

Marie Curie Innovative Training Network "Research and Training in Early Life Nutrition to Prevent Disease" (GROWTH)

GROWTH is an Innovative Training Network that aims to train young business-oriented researchers in developing pathological insights, biomarker diagnostics and personalized nutritional interventions for intestinal failure in neonates and preterm infants.

Tools4Teams - "Research Training to Design and Implement Tools Supporting Safe Teamwork in Healthcare"

The Tools4Teams research project will prepare the next generation of teamwork experts to contribute new insights and smart technologies for safe and effective care. Tools4Teams brings together expertise from social and technical sciences, human-centered design, education, and clinical specialties.

Trinational Graduate College "Mass and Integration in Antique Societies" [in German/French] Supported by the Deutsch-Französische Hochschule since 2011, the tri-national Graduate School in Ancient History offers curriculum events in Bonn, Berne, and Strasbourg.

Structured Doctoral Programs by Discipline

Find the right structured doctoral program at the University of Bonn in your discipline here:

• Cross-Disciplinary Options
• Medicine and Life Sciences
• Mathematics and Natural Sciences
• Agriculture

Faculties at the University of Bonn work together to design interdisciplinary programs that combine key perspectives and offer unique insights.

Cross-Disciplinary Programs

Bonn International Graduate School for Development Research (BIGS-DR) 42 Unique in Europe, BIGS-DR links perspectives from the Faculties of Philosophy, Agriculture, and Law and Economics – with an international focus.

Bonn International Graduate School of Neuroscience (BIGS Neuroscience) 8 8 A collaboration between the University’s Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, as well as external partners, BIGS Neuroscience offers a medical program alongside five research areas in medicine.

SciMed Doctoral College 43 42 The Doctoral College offers scientific training for students in medicine and dental medicine, leading to a dual Dr. med. and Dr. med. dent. degree.

Researchers at the University of Bonn explore a wide variety of issues in economics, including game theory, applied microeconomics, monetary and international macroeconomics, contract theory, labor economics and finance.

Economics Programs

Bonn Graduate School of Economics (BGSE) BGSE offers a structured program that is tailored to the needs of doctoral candidates, including an internationally recognized research network.

DFG Research Training Group "Die Macroeconomics of Inequality" (GRK 2281) The research program focuses on the macroeconomic aspects of inequality, an aspect of first-order importance for society. 

Law Programs

Graduate School of Law and Political Science Department of Law The Graduate School of the Faculty of Law and Political Science was founded in the summer semester of 2018 and supports the doctoral students in preparing their doctoral studies.

The University of Bonn’s Faculty of Medicine offers doctoral programs in medical biochemistry, neurosciences and pharmacology. With the exception of the SciMed Doctoral College, all programs are administered in cooperation with the University’s Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences.

Cross-Disciplinary Program

SciMed Doctoral College The Doctoral College offers scientific training for students in medicine and dental medicine, leading to a dual Dr. med. and Dr. med. dent. degree.

Neuroscience

Bonn International Graduate School of Neuroscience (BIGS Neuroscience) BIGS Neuroscience provides a top-level, internationally competitive program in this rapidly growing field.

Synaptic Micronetworks in Health and Disease (SFB 1089) Supported by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft – DFG) collaborative research centers, this integrated research training group works to identify fundamental rules that govern neuronal behavior at the network level and translate network dynamics to mammalian and human behavior.

International Max Planck Research School for Brain and Behavior A joint venture of the University of Bonn, the Max-Planck-associated Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, the Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, and Florida Atlantic University, this graduate school offers a complete doctoral and research program in the neurosciences.

Marie Curie Initial Training Network "modelling and pRedicting Human decision-making Using Measures of subconscious Brain processes through mixed reality interfaces and biOmetric signals" (RHUMBO) RHUMBO proposes using measures of subconscious brain processes through the use of mixed reality technologies (MRT) and advanced biometric signals processing as a new paradigm to improve the knowledge that implicit brain processes have in human decision-making.

Pharma Research

Bonn International Graduate School of Drug Sciences (BIGS DrugS) Home to an international community of talented biomedical scientists, BIGS DrugS is the hub for doctoral candidates from pharma research institutes within the University’s Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences and Faculty of Medicine.

Pharmacology of 7TM-Receptors and Downstream Signaling Pathways (GRK 1873) Supported by DFG, this group combines expertise in the areas of pharmacology and pharmacy.

Bonn International Graduate School of Immunosciences and Infection

This three-year doctoral program is offered in conjunction with the University's ImmunoSensation Cluster , which is funded by Germany’s Excellence Initiative.

DFG Research Training Group "Myeloid antigen presenting cells and the induction of adaptive immunity" GRK (2168) The DFG-funded project is a cooperation of the University of Bonn and the University of Melbourne.

At the University of Bonn’s Faculty of Arts, you’ll find a highly international environment with students and researchers in a wide range of fields.

German Studies, Comparative Literature and Culture 

Structured Doctoral Program in German Studies (SPP) [website in German] Taught in German, the SPP supports doctoral candidates’ initiatives within the Institute for German, Comparative Literature and Cultural Studies.

German-Italian Doctoral College [website in German] Taught in German, this three-year grant program provides structured doctoral studies for researchers in German and Italian, with time in both Bonn and Florence.

History and Ancient History 

Mass and Integration in Antique Societies [website in German and French] Supported by Franco-German University and taught in German and French, this trinational doctoral program includes study in Bonn; Berne, Switzerland; and Strasbourg, France.

Oriental and Asian Studies Bonn

International Graduate School of Oriental and Asian Studies (BIGS-OAS) BIGS-OAS offers a wide range of courses within a research context, focused on the cultures and societies of Asia and Asia Minor.

Romance Studies

Italian Studies [website in German and Italian] Offered in cooperation with the Universities of Florence and Paris-Sorbonne IV, this trinational doctoral program is taught in German and Italian.

Structured DPhil program at the Faculty of Arts The program supports qualified doctoral candidates from all disciplines in their doctoral projects. It provides the opportunity for networking, interdisciplinary exchange in diverse social sciences and humanities subjects, progress monitoring and financial support for travel, workshops or research funding as part of the doctorate.

European Founding Myths in Literature, Arts and Music [website in German, French and Italian] This trinational program is jointly organized by the Universities of Bonn, Florence and Paris-Sorbonne IV and taught in German, French and Italian.

Bonn International Graduate School for Development Research (BIGS-DR) Part of the University of Bonn’s Center for Development Research, BIGS-DR trains students for an international career in development cooperation, policy or research through a combination of academic study and intensive tutorship.

The University’s Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences offers numerous externally funded doctoral programs in areas including mathematics and informatics, physics, biology, pharmacology and molecular biomedicine.

Programs in neuroscience, pharma research, immunoscience, and infection and molecular biomedicine are offered in cooperation with the Faculty of Medicine.

Mathematics

Bonn International Graduate School of Mathematics (BIGS-M) 2 2 Located at the Hausdorff Center for Mathematics, BIGS-M is home to all of the University’s doctoral candidates in mathematics and contributes to Bonn’s excellent international reputation in the field.

International Max Planck Research School on Moduli Spaces 53 53 This program includes courses, seminars and activities focused on the geometric spaces whose points represent fixed algebro-geometric objects (or isomorphism classes of such objects).

Physics und Astronomy

Bonn-Cologne Graduate School of Physics and Astronomy (BCGS) 4 4 Supported by Germany’s Excellence Initiative and jointly administered by the renowned Physics Institutes at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne, BCGS offers doctoral studies through an integrated honors program.

International Max Planck Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics 55 55 This program offers a broad spectrum of topics in observational and theoretical galactic and extragalactic astrophysics, observational and theoretical cosmology, and fundamental physics – using astronomical tools and instrumentation.

Leibniz Graduate School on Genomic Biodiversity Research Based at Bonn’s Alexander Koenig Research Museum, this school is focused primarily on insect genome evolution.

Bonn International Graduate School of Chemistry (BIGS Chemistry) 57 57 BIGS Chemistry offers an internationally competitive doctoral program and opportunities to perform cutting-edge research.

Neurosciences

Bonn International Graduate School of Neuroscience (BIGS Neuroscience) 8 8 BIGS Neuroscience provides a top-level, internationally competitive program in this rapidly growing field.

Synaptic Micronetworks in Health and Disease (SFB 1089) 22 22 Supported by DFG collaborative research centers, this integrated research training group works to identify fundamental rules that govern neuronal behavior at the network level and translate network dynamics to mammalian and human behavior.

International Max Planck Research School for Brain and Behavior 29 29 The IMPRS for Brain & Behavior is a cooperation between the Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior - caesar, the University of Bonn and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) in Bonn.

Bonn International Graduate School of Drug Sciences (BIGS DrugS) 6 6 Home to an international community of talented biomedical scientists, BIGS DrugS is the hub for doctoral candidates from pharma research institutes within the University’s Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences and Faculty of Medicine.

Pharmacology of 7TM-Receptors and Downstream Signaling Pathways (GRK 1873) 18 18 Supported by DFG, this group combines expertise in the areas of pharmacology and pharmacy.

BIGS Immunoscience and Infection A structured, three-year doctoral program, IITB is offered in conjunction with the ImmunoSensation Cluster at the University of Bonn.

Doctoral candidates in the field of agriculture may choose to study through the Faculty of Agriculture’s Theodor Brinkmann Graduate School or earn their degree through the University of Bonn’s Center for Development Research.

Agriculture Programs

Bonn International Graduate School for Land and Food (BIGS Land and Food)  Founded in 2008, the Brinkmann School is home to master's and doctoral candidates in the Faculty of Agriculture, combining research with an interdisciplinary study program.

Bonn International Graduate School for Development Research (BIGS-DR) 12 Part of the University of Bonn’s Center for Development Research 59 , BIGS-DR trains researchers for an international career in development cooperation, policy or research through a combination of academic study and intensive tutorship.

Dr. Robert Radu

[email protected]

+49 228 73-60222

Poppelsdorfer Allee 47

Office Hours

Questions about the structured doctorate? Register for the (virtual) office hours and get advice:

• Tuesday 2.00 p.m. - 4.00 p.m.

Additional Qualification: Doctorate plus

Expand your skills with our training program Doctorate plus.

Learn about the numerous funding opportunities and grants for doctoral students.

Events and Opportunities

Find out what's new and see upcoming events.

• Guide to positions
• Study in Germany
• PhD in Germany
• Postdoc in Germany
• Professor in Germany
• HAW Professorship in Germany
• Thematic guide
• Working in Germany
• Working in Austria
• Working in Switzerland
• Higher education in Germany
• Job profiles
• Service range
• Graduate schools
• Guide overview

Doctorate salaries What does a doctoral candidate earn in Germany?

A doctoral degree will certainly only help you to become rich in an idealistic sense. The first contract for a PhD position should have a term of at least one year - after which, graduates are rewarded with their first salary increase.

What determines the salary of doctoral candidates in Germany?

Which pay band applies to doctoral students in germany, what is the salary of doctorate students in germany, what are levels of experience and how do i gain relevant professional experience during my phd degree in germany, does changing to another research project or institute in germany have an impact on postgraduates' experience level, if doctoral candidates go abroad, become temporarily unemployed or receive a scholarship, what effect does this have on their experience level, what additional salary benefits are there for postgraduates in germany.

Most doctoral candidates are appointed at a university or non-university research institution through a third-party centre or funding centre. These are all civil service institutions, so the salary for employed doctoral candidates is either based on the collective agreement for civil service (TVoeD) or the collective agreement for the civil service in the individual federal states (TV-L). Hesse, which is not a member of the collective agreement community of the federal states, has its own TV-H collective agreement. Other ways to finance your own PhD as a junior scientist include a PhD scholarship, an industrial PhD programme at a research institute in the private sector or an extra-occupational PhD. Even in the case of an industrial PhD programme, postgraduates are usually paid on the basis of a collective agreement. For example, if you are completing your PhD while working for a car manufacturer, the company collective agreement that IG Metall has concluded with the company will apply.

In the case of the TVoeD, TV-L and TV-H, employees are paid according to their professional qualifications and the demands of their job. There are 15 pay bands in this area. Postgraduates are paid in accordance with pay band 13. PhD positions with a classification in pay band 14 are the absolute exception. Advanced postdocs are usually only promoted to a higher pay band if the they take on additional research responsibility. PhD status is no guarantee of promotion to the next pay band.

The collective bargaining agreements between employers and unions are regularly renegotiated. These negotiations aim to improve working conditions and increasing the monthly gross salary of all civil servants. This means that even postgraduates can look forward to a slightly higher salary. As postgraduates rarely fill a full-time position, their actual gross salary needs to be adjusted on the basis of their working hours.

There are newcomers and old hands in every profession. For researchers with a PhD in science, this breadth of experience is taken into account in the experience levels, which each come with a significant salary increase, as is the case for all employees of the civil service. All three collective agreements for civil servants provide for six levels of experience. The time spent at each stage, the stage duration, increases by one year at each stage. According to this scheme, graduates are entry-level applicants. Accordingly, postgraduates start at experience level 1 with the lowest salary. In their first postgraduate position, it is essential that PhD graduates ensure that the contractual term is at least 12 months and that they will be employed for a full year with no interruptions. Employment contracts of less than one year do not qualify as relevant professional experience according to civil service regulations.

When starting in a new position, you are therefore allocated back at Experience level 1 – without taking the progress you have already made into account. This applies even if the change of contract is seamless and remains within the same facility. Experience level 1 must be fully completed in a single employment contract to qualify for Experience level 2. However, once these twelve months have been served, shorter contractual terms then apply as relevant professional experience. Students who are awarded their doctorate within the allocated six years and are employed as a research associate at the same time can therefore also achieve Experience level 4 with a considerable salary when they graduate. It is not important whether you have a full-time position while completing your doctorate or, as is the case for most PhD positions, have a part-time job (50%–75% position).

Employment contracts of less than one year do not qualify as relevant professional experience according to civil service regulations. When starting in a new position, you are therefore allocated back at Experience level 1 – without taking the progress you have already made into account. This applies even if the change of contract is seamless and remains within the same facility. Experience level 1 must be fully completed in a single employment contract to qualify for Experience level 2. However, once these twelve months have been served, shorter contractual terms then apply as relevant professional experience. Students who are awarded their doctorate within the allocated six years and are employed as a research associate at the same time can therefore also achieve Experience level 4 with a considerable salary when they graduate. It is not important whether you have a full-time position while completing your doctorate or, as is the case for most PhD positions, have a part-time job (50%–75% position).

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Many doctoral candidates are employed in third-party funded projects are required to move from job to job to secure their income. Graduates who have been employed for at least a year with one single employment contract and has therefore gained the required professional experience is in fact in a secure position in terms of their experience level. After this point, shorter contractual terms then apply as relevant professional experience. Even switching between different employers, states and collective agreements is no longer a problem, and the duration of each stage remains the same for doctoral candidates and other researchers from now on. However, they must submit an application to their new employer. In the case of a difficult candidate situation, institutions can even accommodate their future employees to some extent, for example by classifying them into the next experience level earlier than usual. However, in such cases, postgraduate must also have completed their first twelve months without interruption. Employees who change from one collective agreement to another as a postgraduate should inquire in advance whether this will have any detrimental effects on their salary. The collective agreements also stipulate a range of very different salaries within Pay band 13.

Many doctoral students want to spend a period of time abroad, as this is required in many scientific professions. Others are awarded a scholarship and finance themselves or take a break from their doctorate if they are offered a good job in the private sector. Some things should be kept in mind with regard to the experience level: Employment contracts at foreign universities and research institutions are generally recognised automatically. However, more caution should be taken with scholarships, even if the scholarship is affiliated with an institute and the same work is performed as employed researchers. This time may be included in the duration spent at each stage, but this is not necessarily always the case. After all, this time is considered "beneficial" rather than a "detrimental interruption". The latter is the case, for example, when a doctorate student enters the private sector for several years to continue their doctorate studies there. Only professional experience gained with a public employer is considered relevant. If such an interruption lasts more than three years, the employee may even be punished when returning to public service by downgrading them to a lower experience level. On the other hand, this does not apply to postgraduates on maternity leave or paid leave. This is also true of incapacity for work up to a maximum of 39 weeks. Time spent at the particular stage is still counted in such cases. Parental leave, however, is considered to be an interruption and is not counted for transition to the next experience level.

Postgraduates who hold a PhD position at a research institution receive and annual special payment, like all other employees in the civil service. This varies depending on the collective agreement and tariff area (East or West), but ranges between 33 and 60% of the average gross salary. Postgraduates who already have children and are paid on the basis of the TV-H, which is only valid in Hessen, will also benefit from a child supplement. The collective agreements also allow for additional compensation for services rendered, such as special services associated with the acquisition of third-party funds. However, there is no standard practice among the federal states and the various institutions.

Research Assistant/Doctoral Student (f/m/d) - Chair of Logistics and Services Management

Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter (m/w/d) mit Promotionsziel im Bereich technische Mikrobiologie

Research Assistant/Doctoral Student (f/m/d) - Institute of Management Accounting and Control (IMC)

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• Scholarships

Doctoral scholarships

Academic support.

The Studienstiftung's academic support includes summer academies, research groups, language courses, workshops and supervision by local tutors.

Financial support

The Studienstiftung offers generous financial support for Ph.D. students. Additional funds are provided for research and travel abroad.

Application

Highly qualified and socially committed PhD students may, together with their supervisors, submit an application for support for their doctoral studies.

Frequently Asked Questions

Here you can find answers to frequently asked questions about requirements, application and funding concerning the Studienstiftung’s doctoral scholarships.

PhD, Postdoc, and Professor Salaries in Germany

Germany is one of the leading countries for research and a hub for innovation. The country’s high quality of life combined with lower cost of living make it an attractive destination for international researchers. Are you contemplating a move to Germany? Here is a breakdown of the most common German academic jobs and their salaries. All salary statistics in this article are in Euros per month and are pre-tax.

Doctorate Degree

In Germany applicants must apply for a preset doctoral project that is usually tied to a professor’s own research. Students do not do any coursework; they start working on their project immediately. They are also required to take on some teaching responsibilities. The time it takes to earn a doctorate depends on the field, but three to five years is typical.

The salaries of PhD students are based on the federal wage agreement ( Tarifvertrag der Länder or TV-L). There are several pay scales ( Entgeltgruppe ) within the TV-L but PhD students are usually paid at the TV-L E13 level. Within this level, there are three factors that determine the student’s actual salary. The first is the pay grade ( Stufe ) which is based on the number of years of experience you have. Most PhD students start at Stufe 1 and progress through the grades as they gain years of seniority. The next factor is the working hours (50%, 67%, 75%, or 100%) and the final factor which federal state the university is in. You can find the salary calculators for each state here . For example, the salary range for a 100% PhD student is €4,053-€5,701 per month while the range for a 67% PhD student is €2,729-€3,820 per month.

Postdoctoral Researcher/Fellow

After earning their doctorate, researchers go on to a postdoc. A postdoc is a continuation of the researcher’s training that allows them to further specialize in a particular field and learn new skills and techniques. It may require them to take on teaching responsibilities. German postdocs typically last two to four years.

Like all non-tenured academic positions in Germany, postdoc salaries are fairly rigid. They are based on the same TV-L federal wage agreement as PhD salaries. The salaries are determined the same way too, taking into account pay scale, pay grade, working hours, and state. You can find the salary calculators for each state here . Postdocs are paid at the E13 or (less commonly) E14 level , with the exact starting pay grade depending on how their years of experience (bachelor's, Master’s, and PhD) are counted. The salary range for a 100% E13 postdoc is €4,053-€5,701 per month and the salary range for a 100% E14 postdoc is €4,419-€6,076 per month.

Juniorprofessur/Juniordozent

Junior professors positions offer early career academics the opportunity to research, supervision, administration, and teaching experience on equal terms to other university instructors. Junior professorships are usually for three to four years and can be extended for a total of six years. It is often a temporary position, however, certain universities offer a tenure-track option. Germany has recently signed an agreement to create 1,000 tenure-track junior professorships by 2032.

Junior professors, like all German professors, are paid according to the W- Besoldung salary table . This scale dictates base salaries according to which state the university is in. Unlike the PhD and postdoc pay scale, there are no pay grades within this scale. A W1 professor will make minimum €4,713-€5,301 per month.

Professur (W2)

To become a professor, an academic needs to have completed the Habilitation, have a positive evaluation as a junior professor, or have led their own junior research group. W2 professors are considered independent researchers and generally have permanent positions. Internal promotion to these positions is not encouraged in Germany. With the exceptions of junior professors, academics cannot be appointed a professor at the university they did their Habilitation.

The base salary for a W2 professor is €5,365-€6,676 per month depending on which state the university is in. In Bund, Bayern, Hessen, and Sachsen there are multiple pay grades within the W2 band meaning the professor’s salary will increase in five or seven years in the position. Salaries can also be increased by family allowances, retention payments, and performance bonuses. As professors are civil servants with high job security, they do not typically pay the same social insurance contributions as other employees.

Professur (W3)

A W3 professor is the highest German academic position that usually involves responsibility of a chair or for an institute. The requirements to become a full professor are very demanding and as a consequence, there is often a minimum age requirement for this sort of professorship. Professors in Germany are public servants and as such have permanent positions at their universities.

The base salary for a W3 professor is €5,343-€7,578 per month depending on which state the university is in. In Bund, Bayern, Hessen, and Sachsen there are multiple pay grades within the W3 band meaning the professor’s salary will increase in five or seven years in the position. Salaries can also be increased by family allowances, retention payments, and performance bonuses. As professors are civil servants with high job security, they do not typically pay the same social insurance contributions as other employees.

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