what is an assignment of accounts receivable

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Assignment of Accounts Receivable: Meaning, Considerations

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and behavioral finance. Adam received his master's in economics from The New School for Social Research and his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in sociology. He is a CFA charterholder as well as holding FINRA Series 7, 55 & 63 licenses. He currently researches and teaches economic sociology and the social studies of finance at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

Charlene Rhinehart is a CPA , CFE, chair of an Illinois CPA Society committee, and has a degree in accounting and finance from DePaul University.

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What Is Assignment of Accounts Receivable?

Assignment of accounts receivable is a lending agreement whereby the borrower assigns accounts receivable to the lending institution. In exchange for this assignment of accounts receivable, the borrower receives a loan for a percentage, which could be as high as 100%, of the accounts receivable.

The borrower pays interest, a service charge on the loan, and the assigned receivables serve as collateral. If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the agreement allows the lender to collect the assigned receivables.

Key Takeaways

• Assignment of accounts receivable is a method of debt financing whereby the lender takes over the borrowing company's receivables.
• This form of alternative financing is often seen as less desirable, as it can be quite costly to the borrower, with APRs as high as 100% annualized.
• Usually, new and rapidly growing firms or those that cannot find traditional financing elsewhere will seek this method.
• Accounts receivable are considered to be liquid assets.
• If a borrower doesn't repay their loan, the assignment of accounts agreement protects the lender.

Understanding Assignment of Accounts Receivable

With an assignment of accounts receivable, the borrower retains ownership of the assigned receivables and therefore retains the risk that some accounts receivable will not be repaid. In this case, the lending institution may demand payment directly from the borrower. This arrangement is called an "assignment of accounts receivable with recourse." Assignment of accounts receivable should not be confused with pledging or with accounts receivable financing .

An assignment of accounts receivable has been typically more expensive than other forms of borrowing. Often, companies that use it are unable to obtain less costly options. Sometimes it is used by companies that are growing rapidly or otherwise have too little cash on hand to fund their operations.

New startups in Fintech, like C2FO, are addressing this segment of the supply chain finance by creating marketplaces for account receivables. Liduidx is another Fintech company providing solutions through digitization of this process and connecting funding providers.

Financiers may be willing to structure accounts receivable financing agreements in different ways with various potential provisions.​

Special Considerations

Accounts receivable (AR, or simply "receivables") refer to a firm's outstanding balances of invoices billed to customers that haven't been paid yet. Accounts receivables are reported on a company’s balance sheet as an asset, usually a current asset with invoice payments due within one year.

Accounts receivable are considered to be a relatively liquid asset . As such, these funds due are of potential value for lenders and financiers. Some companies may see their accounts receivable as a burden since they are expected to be paid but require collections and cannot be converted to cash immediately. As such, accounts receivable assignment may be attractive to certain firms.

The process of assignment of accounts receivable, along with other forms of financing, is often known as factoring, and the companies that focus on it may be called factoring companies. Factoring companies will usually focus substantially on the business of accounts receivable financing, but factoring, in general, a product of any financier.

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The Difference Between Assignment of Receivables & Factoring of Receivables

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You can raise cash fast by assigning your business accounts receivables or factoring your receivables. Assigning and factoring accounts receivables are popular because they provide off-balance sheet financing. The transaction normally does not appear in your financial statements and your customers may never know their accounts were assigned or factored. However, the differences between assigning and factoring receivables can impact your future cash flows and profits.

How Receivables Assignment Works

Assigning your accounts receivables means that you use them as collateral for a secured loan. The financial institution, such as a bank or loan company, analyzes the accounts receivable aging report. For each invoice that qualifies, you will likely receive 70 to 90 percent of the outstanding balance in cash, according to All Business . Depending on the lender, you may have to assign all your receivables or specific receivables to secure the loan. Once you have repaid the loan, you can use the accounts as collateral for a new loan.

Assignment Strengths and Weaknesses

Using your receivables as collateral lets you retain ownership of the accounts as long as you make your payments on time, says Accounting Coach. Since the lender deals directly with you, your customers never know that you have borrowed against their outstanding accounts. However, lenders charge high fees and interest on an assignment of accounts receivable loan. A loan made with recourse means that you still are responsible for repaying the loan if your customer defaults on their payments. You will lose ownership of your accounts if you do not repay the loan per the agreement terms.

How Factoring Receivables Works

When you factor your accounts receivable, you sell them to a financial institution or a company that specializes in purchasing accounts receivables. The factor analyzes your accounts receivable aging report to see which accounts meet their purchase criteria. Some factors will not purchase receivables that are delinquent 45 days or longer. Factors pay anywhere from 65 percent to 90 percent of an invoice’s value. Once you factor an account, the factor takes ownership of the invoices.

Factoring Strengths and Weaknesses

Factoring your accounts receivables gives you instant cash and puts the burden of collecting payment from slow or non-paying customers on the factor. If you sell the accounts without recourse, the factor cannot look to you for payment should your former customers default on the payments. On the other hand, factoring your receivables could result in your losing customers if they assume you sold their accounts because of financial problems. In addition, factoring receivables is expensive. Factors charge high fees and may retain recourse rights while paying you a fraction of your receivables' full value.

• All Business: The Difference Between Factoring and Accounts Receivable Financing

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Understanding Accounts Receivable (Definition and Examples)

Nick Zaryzcki

Reviewed by

Janet Berry-Johnson, CPA

May 1, 2024

This article is Tax Professional approved

Most small businesses sell to their customers on credit. That is, they deliver the goods and services immediately, send an invoice, then get paid a few weeks later. Businesses keep track of all the money their customers owe them using an account in their books called accounts receivable.

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Here we’ll go over how accounts receivable works, how it’s different from accounts payable , and how properly managing your accounts receivable can get you paid faster.

What is accounts receivable?

Accounts receivable is any amount of money your customers owe you for goods or services they purchased from you in the past. This money is typically collected after a few weeks and is recorded as an asset on your company’s balance sheet. You use accounts receivable as part of accrual basis accounting.

Why is accounts receivable important?

Having lots of customers is great. But if some of them pay late or not at all, they might be hurting your business. Late payments from customers are one of the top reasons why companies get into cash flow or liquidity problems.

When you have a system to manage your working capital , you can stay ahead of issues like these. Calculating your business’s accounts receivable turnover ratio is one of the best ways to keep track of late payments and make sure they aren’t getting out of hand.

How are accounts receivable classified and where do I find my AR balance?

You can find your accounts receivable balance under the ‘current assets’ section on your balance sheet or general ledger . Accounts receivable are classified as an asset because they provide value to your company. (In this case, in the form of a future cash payment.)

Your general ledger will show your total accounts receivable balance, but to dig into outstanding payments by individual customers, you’ll usually need to refer to the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger.

Does accounts receivable count as revenue?

Accounts receivable is an asset account, not a revenue account. However, under accrual accounting , you record revenue at the same time that you record an account receivable.

Let’s say you send your friend Keith’s business, Keith’s Furniture Inc., an invoice for $500 in exchange for a logo you designed for them. You’d make the following entry in your books the moment you invoice Keith’s Furniture:

(If you want to understand why we’re making two entries to record one transaction here, check out our guide to double-entry accounting .)

But remember: under cash basis accounting , there are no accounts receivable. Under that system, a transaction doesn’t count as a sale until the money hits your bank account.

What is an accounts receivable aging schedule?

Keeping track of exactly who’s behind on which payments can get tricky if you have many different customers. Some businesses will create an accounts receivable aging schedule to solve this problem.

Here’s an example of an accounts receivable aging schedule for the fictional company XYZ Inc.

Accounts Receivable Aging Schedule

XYZ Inc., as of July 22, 2021

A quick glance at this schedule can tell us who’s on track to pay within 30 days, who’s behind schedule, and who’s really behind.

For example, you can immediately see that Keith’s Furniture Inc. is having problems paying its bills on time. You might want to give them a call and talk to them about getting their payments back on track.

What’s the difference between accounts receivable and accounts payable?

Though lenders and investors consider both of these metrics when assessing the financial health of your business, they’re not the same.

Accounts receivable are an asset account, representing money that your customers owe you.

Accounts payable on the other hand are a liability account, representing money that you owe another business.

Let’s say you send your friend Keith’s business, Keith’s Furniture Inc., an invoice for $500 in exchange for a logo you designed for them.

When Keith gets your invoice, he’ll record it as an accounts payable in his general ledger, because it’s money he has to pay someone else.

You (or your bookkeeper) record it as an account receivable on your end, because it represents money you will receive from someone else.

What is the “allowance for uncollectible accounts” account?

If you do business long enough, you’ll eventually come across clients who pay late, or not at all. When a client doesn’t pay and we can’t collect their receivables, we call that a bad debt .

Businesses that have been around for a while will often estimate their total bad debts ahead of time to make sure the accounts receivable shown on their financial statements aren’t unrealistically high. They’ll do this by setting up something called an “allowance for uncollectible accounts.”

Let’s say your total sales for the year are expected to be $120,000, and you’ve found that in a typical year, you won’t collect 5% of accounts receivable.

To estimate your bad debts for the year, you could multiply total sales by 5% ($120,000 * 0.05). You’d then credit the resulting amount ($6,000) to “allowance for uncollectible accounts,” and debit “ bad debt expense ” by the same amount:

What is the accounts receivable turnover ratio?

The accounts receivable turnover ratio is a simple financial calculation that shows you how fast your customers are at paying their bills.

We calculate it by dividing total net sales by average accounts receivable.

Let’s use a fictional company XYZ Inc.’s 2021 financials as an example.

Let’s say that at the beginning of 2021 (Jan 1), XYZ Inc. had total accounts receivable of $2,500. Let’s also say that at the end of 2021 (Dec 31) its total accounts receivable was $1,500. It also had total net sales of exactly $60,000 for 2021.

To get the average accounts receivable for XYZ Inc. for that year, we add the beginning and ending accounts receivable amounts and divide them by two:

$2,500 + $1,500 / 2 = $2,000

To calculate the accounts receivable turnover ratio, we then divide net sales ($60,000) by average accounts receivable ($2,000):

$60,000 / $2,000 = 30

This means XYZ Inc. has an accounts receivable turnover ratio of 30. The higher this ratio is, the faster your customers are paying you.

Thirty is a really good accounts receivable turnover ratio. For comparison, in the fourth quarter of 2021 Apple Inc. had a turnover ratio of 13.2.

To calculate the average sales credit period—the average time that it takes for your customers to pay you—we divide 52 (the number of weeks in one year) by the accounts receivable turnover ratio (30):

52 weeks / 30 = 1.73 weeks

This means that in 2021, it took XYZ Inc.’s customers an average of 1.73 weeks to pay their bills. Pretty good!

What can I do to make people pay faster?

Following up on late customer payments can be stressful and time-consuming, but tackling the problem early can save you loads of trouble down the road. Here’s how you can encourage customers to pay you on time.

Develop a crystal-clear credit policy

Instead of getting more flexible with your customers, which can be tempting when you’re starved for cash, develop crystal-clear guidelines for when you can and cannot extend credit to your customers. Then don’t hesitate to enforce them, even if it means turning down a few people in the short term.

Vet new customers, ask for up-front deposits on large orders, and institute interest charges for payments that come in after the due date. When a new customer signs up and sees these payment terms, they’ll understand from the get-go you’re serious about getting paid.

Give customers more ways to pay

If you only offer limited payment options, customers may be more inclined to drag their feet when the invoice due date rolls around. There are fees associated with accepting credit card payments, but allowing customers to pay using their credit cards is usually win-win: you’ll get paid faster and they can rack up points.

Offer a financial incentive

One way to get people to pay you sooner is to make it worth their while. Offering them a discount for paying their invoices early—2% off if you pay within 15 days, for example—can get you paid faster and decrease your customer’s costs. If you don’t already charge a late fee for past due payments, it may be time to consider adding one.

Call them and schedule regular reminders

Simply getting on the phone with a client and reminding them about unpaid invoices can often be enough to get them to pay. Sending email reminders at regular intervals—say, after 15, 30, 45, and 60 days—can also help jog your customers’ memory.

What if they don’t pay?

Let’s say you’ve done all of the above and those outstanding invoices remain unpaid. What now?

Cut off late-paying customers

Many companies will stop delivering services or goods to a customer if they have bills that are more than 120, 90, or even 60 days due. Cutting a customer off in this way can signal that you’re serious about getting paid.

Convert their account receivable into a long-term note

If you have a good relationship with the late-paying customer, you might consider converting their account receivable into a long-term note. In this situation, you replace the account receivable on your books with a loan that is due in more than 12 months and which you charge the customer interest for.

Hire a collection agency

If you can’t contact your customer and are convinced you’ve done everything you can to collect, you can hire someone else to do it for you.

Before deciding whether or not to hire a collector, contact the customer and give them one last chance to make their payment. Collection agencies often take a huge cut of the collectible amount—sometimes as much as 50 percent—and are usually only worth hiring to recover large unpaid bills. Coming to some kind of agreement with the customer is almost always the less time-consuming, less expensive option.

When an account receivable becomes bad debt

When it’s clear that an account receivable won’t get paid, we have to write it off as a bad debt expense.

For example, let’s say that after a few months of waiting, calling him on his cellphone, and talking to his family members, it becomes clear that Keith has disappeared and isn’t going to pay that $500 invoice you sent him.

In this case, you’d debit “allowance for uncollectible accounts” for $500 to decrease it by $500.

Remember that the allowance for uncollectible accounts is just an estimate of how much you won’t collect from your customers. Once it becomes clear that a specific customer won’t pay, there’s no longer any ambiguity about who won’t pay.

Once you’re done adjusting uncollectible accounts, you’d then credit “accounts receivable—Keith’s Furniture Inc.” by $500, also decreasing it by $500. Because we’ve decided that the invoice you sent Keith is uncollectible, he no longer owes you that $500.

So the resulting journal entry would be:

What if they end up paying me after all?

Let’s say a few more months pass, and a mysterious envelope with no return address appears in your mailbox. It’s a cheque from Keith’s Furniture Inc. for $500—he ended up paying you after all!

To record this transaction, you’d first debit “accounts receivable—Keith’s Furniture Inc.” by $500 again to get the receivable back on your books, and then credit revenue by $500.

Finally, to record the cash payment, you’d debit your “cash” account by $500, and credit “accounts receivable—Keith’s Furniture Inc.” by $500 again to close it out once and for all.

Accounts receivable as a standard for GAAP & IFRS

According to the industry standard rules for accounting, Generally Accepted Accounting Practices (GAAP), the accounts receivable balance should equal net realizable value, which is the amount of cash a business expects to collect from customers. Therefore, this balance would not include bad debt.

According to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), which are used in Canada, the European Union, most of South American, Australia, and many other countries around the world, your accounts receivable would apply to any funds you expect to collect from customers within one year (current debt, in other words).

When to call something ‘bad debt’

If the costs of collecting the debt start approaching the total value of the debt itself, it might be time to start thinking about writing the debt off as bad debt—that is, debt that is no longer of value to you. Bad debt can also result from a customer going bankrupt and being financially incapable of paying back their debts.

The IRS says that bad debts include “loans to clients and suppliers,” “credit sales to customers,” and “business loan guarantees,” and that a business "deducts its bad debts, in full or in part, from gross income when figuring its taxable income .”

The IRS’s Business Expenses guide provides detailed information about which kinds of bad debt you can write off on your taxes.

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Home > Accounts Receivable > Assignment of Accounts Receivable Journal Entries

Assignment of Accounts Receivable Journal Entries

The assignment of accounts receivable journal entries below act as a quick reference, and set out the most commonly encountered situations when dealing with the double entry posting of accounts receivable assignment.

The assignment of accounts receivable journal entries are based on the following information:

• Accounts receivable 50,000 on 45 days terms
• Assignment fee of 1% (500)
• Initial advance of 80% (40,000)
• Cash received from customers 6,000
• Interest on advances at 9%, outstanding on average for 40 days (40,000 x 9% x 40 / 365 = 395)

About the Author

Chartered accountant Michael Brown is the founder and CEO of Double Entry Bookkeeping. He has worked as an accountant and consultant for more than 25 years and has built financial models for all types of industries. He has been the CFO or controller of both small and medium sized companies and has run small businesses of his own. He has been a manager and an auditor with Deloitte, a big 4 accountancy firm, and holds a degree from Loughborough University.

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Assignment of accounts receivable is an agreement in which a business assigns its accounts receivable to a financing company in return for a loan. It is a way to finance cash flows for a business that otherwise finds it difficult to secure a loan, because the assigned receivables serve as collateral for the loan received.

By assignment of accounts receivable, the lender i.e. the financing company has the right to collect the receivables if the borrowing company i.e. actual owner of the receivables, fails to repay the loan in time. The financing company also receives finance charges / interest and service charges.

It is important to note that the receivables are not actually sold under an assignment agreement. If the ownership of the receivables is actually transferred, the agreement would be for sale / factoring of accounts receivable . Usually, the borrowing company would itself collect the assigned receivables and remit the loan amount as per agreement. It is only when the borrower fails to pay as per agreement, that the lender gets a right to collect the assigned receivables on its own.

The assignment of accounts receivable may be general or specific. A general assignment of accounts receivable entitles the lender to proceed to collect any accounts receivable of the borrowing company whereas in case of specific assignment of accounts receivable, the lender is only entitled to collect the accounts receivable specifically assigned to the lender.

The following example shows how to record transactions related to assignment of accounts receivable via journal entries:

On March 1, 20X6, Company A borrowed $50,000 from a bank and signed a 12% one month note payable. The bank charged 1% initial fee. Company A assigned $73,000 of its accounts receivable to the bank as a security. During March 20X6, the company collected $70,000 of the assigned accounts receivable and paid the principle and interest on note payable to the bank on April 1. $3,000 of the sales were returned by the customers.

Record the necessary journal entries by Company A.

Journal Entries on March 1

Initial fee = 0.01 × 50,000 = 500

Cash received = 50,000 – 500 = 49,500

The accounts receivable don't actually change ownership. But they may be to transferred to another account as shown the following journal entry. The impact on the balance sheet is only related to presentation, so this journal entry may not actually be passed. Usually, the fact that accounts receivable have been assigned, is stated in the notes to the financial statements.

Journal Entries on April 1

Interest expense = 50,000 × 12%/12 = 500

by Irfanullah Jan, ACCA and last modified on Oct 29, 2020

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Assignment of Accounts Receivable – Trap for the Unwary

By  Steven A. Jacobson

Most businesses are familiar with the mechanics of an assignment of accounts receivable. A party seeking capital assigns its accounts receivable to a financing or factoring company that advances that party a stipulated percentage of the face amount of the receivables.

The factoring company, in turn, sends a notice of assignment of accounts receivable to the party obligated to pay the factoring company’s assignee, i.e. the account debtor. While fairly straightforward, this three-party arrangement has one potential trap for account debtors.

Most account debtors know that once they receive a notice of assignment of accounts receivable, they are obligated to commence payments to the factoring company. Continued payments to the assignee do not relieve the account debtor from its obligation to pay the factoring company.

It is not uncommon for a notice of assignment of accounts receivable to contain seemingly innocuous and boilerplate language along the following lines:

Please make the proper notations on your ledger and acknowledge this letter and that invoices are not subject to any claims or defenses you may have against the assignee.

Typically, the notice of assignment of accounts receivable is directed to an accounting department and is signed, acknowledged and returned to the factoring company without consideration of the waiver of defenses languages.

Even though a party may have a valid defense to payment to its assignee, it still must pay the face amount of the receivable to the factoring company if it has signed a waiver. In many cases, this will result in a party paying twice – once to the factoring company and once to have, for example, shoddy workmanship repaired or defective goods replaced. Despite the harsh result caused by an oftentimes inadvertent waiver agreement, the Uniform Commercial Code validates these provisions with limited exceptions. Accordingly, some procedures should be put in place to require a review of any notice of assignment of accounts receivable to make sure that an account debtor preserves its rights and defenses.

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Accounts Receivable (AR) Explained

Accounts receivable are cash amounts that clients owe your company. The goods or services have been delivered and the invoice sent. Now, it’s just a matter of time before you receive payment for a job well done.

If you’ve vetted your customers well and delivered the invoice properly, the money due will flow in as agreed with little or no further action on your part until it’s time to record payments. However, no matter how efficiently you managed the process of extending credit, you may find yourself mired in collection activities. Late payments or non-payments from customers can cause cash flow problems and lead to difficulty obtaining loans and courting investors. That’s why you need to master the AR process.

Video: AP vs. AR

What is Accounts Receivable?

Accounts receivable (AR) represent the amount of money that customers owe your company for products or services that have been delivered. AR are listed on the balance sheet as current assets and also refer to invoices that clients owe for items or work performed for them on credit.

Key Takeaways

• Accounts receivable are a current asset on the balance sheet.
• Accounts receivable represent money a company has invoiced for goods or services that have been delivered but not yet paid for.
• Accounts receivable are the flip side of accounts payable, which is money that a company owes to another business for products or services received.

Accounts Receivable Explained

Most businesses provide goods or services before they invoice their clients. The money owed in such a case is called an account receivable. The funds due are recorded as a current asset to offer insight into the financial condition of the company. In accrual-based accounting, AR represents value to the company, even though the money has not come into the company’s possession yet. Accrual-basis accounting recognizes income when it is earned rather than waiting for receipt of payment, as in cash-basis accounting.

Generally speaking, when both parties honor the terms of the transaction, the AR translates into bankable cash. If there is a delay in a reciveable accounts conversion into payment on the customer side of the transaction, the value of the AR may deteriorate.

While invoices are sometimes lost or misdirected, financial instability, up to and including pre-bankruptcy conditions, is a large reason for customer late payments or defaults—and some companies simply have inefficient process for paying their invoices. This can lead to expensive collection activities and is also why some “pay later” transactions may require credit checks and other risk-mitigation efforts ahead of delivery of goods and services. Payment delays and AR value deterioration typically continue if collection activities are not promptly executed.

Accounts Payable versus Accounts Receivable

Accounts payable and accounts receivable are two sides of the same coin: Accounts payable represent money that a company owes to a supplier for goods or services purchased. Accounts receivable, in contrast, represent money coming in as payment for goods or services delivered with payment terms. AP is considered a liability, and AR is an asset.

For example, if a company orders 50 reams of paper and receives a bill for $300, it would record that expenditure under accounts payable. The office supply company would record the $300 under accounts receivable because it is money the business will receive.

For a company to weather some missed or late payments, it needs a healthy ratio of AR to AP. Typically, a 1:1 AR/AP ratio means that you have just enough money coming in from accounts receivable to cover your expenses. A 1:1 ratio is a risky cash flow scenario because if a client does not pay as agreed, you can’t cover your own bills. This can initiate a spiral of increasing expenses due to late fees or an inability to operate because you can’t pay employees. A healthy business typically has an AR/AP ratio closer to 2:1. At 3:1, there is usually room for savings or reinvestment into the company.

Types of Accounts Receivable

Subcategories of accounts receivable can be divided by specific client accounts or to distinguish between types of goods and services. Some businesses also choose to split accounts receivable based on whether the promise to pay was an oral or written agreement. Accounts receivable are part of a larger group of receivables that also include notes receivable and other receivables such as rent receivables, loans, term deposits and more. There are many types of receivables to account for a vast array of industries and circumstances.

• Notes receivable are are amounts your customer owes after signing a formal promissory notes to acknowledge the debt.
• Companies in housing or commercial real estate track rent receivables, which are amounts owed by tenants, typically on a monthly basis.
• Any loans to employees or other businesses result in loan receivables.
• If anyone owes your business interest as part of a payment plan, your accountant would record that amount as an interest receivable.

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Accounts Receivable Payment Terms

Accounts receivable payment terms refer to the date by which the customer agrees to remit payment. The most common payment term is net30, which means the customer agrees to pay the full amount of the invoice within 30 days. The typical range for payment terms is a few days to up to a full year. As customers, some large businesses will insist on net60 or even net90 terms.

Longer payment terms can put a small supplier in a tight spot if it is depending on that money to pay for overhead and other expenses. Cash flow management—control over how much money is coming or going—is one of the most significant factors in the success or failure of a company.

Why Is Accounts Receivable Important?

Since AR plays such an important role in cash flow management, maintaining an accurate record of accounts receivable is vital for understanding the liquidity of a company as well as its overall financial condition. Credit issuers and potential investors look closely at accounts receivable for financing decisions.

Accounts receivable financing is an arrangement that offers funding based on a portion of accounts receivable. Sloppy AR records could result in difficulty securing accounts receivable financing or a loss of confidence from potential investors.

Accounts Receivable (AR) Benefits

In accrual-based accounting, recording accounts receivable is critical to maintaining an accurate picture of a company’s assets on its balance sheet. Poor invoicing practices and AR records could lead to misunderstandings about your company’s cash position, which, in turn, could pose problems in paying expenses, misallocation of funds, audits, and difficulty securing financing or investors.

Accounts Receivable Workflow

To create a workflow for accounts receivable, a business must generate and send a bill to the customer. Depending on whether the client makes a timely payment, the company may apply discounts or fees as applicable.

After payment is received, it is recorded as a deposit. If payment is not received, the company may send another invoice to reflect the new balance with late fees.

If the client still does not pay, the business must determine whether the client can or will pay to decide whether to write off the sale or apply additional fees and invoice again. Late fees of 1% to 1.5% are standard. Legal limits for the maximum amount of fees and interest that may be charged vary between states. If you stay below 10% of the balance due per year, you are unlikely to run afoul of the law.

How to Record Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are listed as a current asset on the balance sheet and included on the income statement as a sale or revenue—just the same as goods or services that were paid for immediately. Some accounting software will automatically compute accounts receivable as the user creates client invoices.

Funds that have been earned but not collected are accruals, so accounts receivable are recorded in accrual accounting. In cash accounting, the transaction would not be recorded until the client paid.

Accounts Receivable Examples

If Bob’s Plumbing Service visited a client’s office to repair a leak and invoiced the client for that service, Bob’s accountant would record the amount owed as an account receivable on Bob’s balance sheet.

As another example, Susie’s Catering Service delivers 100 box lunches to a recurring monthly company luncheon. Each month, Susie’s company records the total due under accounts receivable after she delivers the goods to her client.

What is the Accounts Receivable Process?

Essentially, the accounts receivable process begins with a purchase agreement where terms are set between a client and the company providing goods or services. Then, an invoice is issued, and the account receivable is recorded.

When the account is paid as agreed, it is recorded as a deposit and is no longer a receivable. If the account is not paid according to the terms of the agreement, the company begins a collections process.

Steps in The Accounts Receivable Process

• Deliver goods or services to your client.
• Invoice the customer.
• Record the invoiced amount as an account receivable.
• If the client pays as agreed, record the payment as a deposit. The account is no longer receivable.
• If the customer fails to pay, issue another invoice with any penalties as agreed at the time of delivery.

What is the Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio?

The accounts receivable turnover ratio is the net credit sales for a given period divided by the average accounts receivable. The AR turnover ratio is used to determine a company’s efficacy at extending and collecting on credit with its clients. A high turnover ratio indicates that a business is more conservative in extending credit or more aggressive in collections.

This ratio can be used in conjunction with an allowance account or an allowance for doubtful accounts, which reflects the percentage of accounts receivable expected to be paid, to estimate future cash flow. An allowance account or an allowance for doubtful accounts is a contra asset; that is, it reduces the value of an asset in the general ledger to represent the cash the business expects to collect.

Where the AR/AP ratio demonstrates a company’s sales, the accounts receivable turnover ratio represents the efficiency of collections. With a healthy AR/AP ratio, your business is earning enough to cover expenses—even when clients default or pay late. A higher AR turnover ratio indicates that your business is doing a good job of collecting on invoices.

In essence, accounts receivable are a record of money your customers owe your business for the work or products you have already delivered. Poor record keeping in accounts receivable could lead to problems in audits and bad business decisions due to misunderstandings about cash flow. However, with good invoicing and accounting practices, you will have a clear understanding of your company’s financial health to guide your business strategy, secure financing, or inform potential investors.

Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio: Definition, Formula & Examples

The accounts receivable turnover ratio is one metric to watch closely as it measures how effectively a company is handling collections. If money is not coming in from…

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What is the Assignment of Accounts Receivable?

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Assignment of accounts receivable.

Assignment of accounts receivable is a financing arrangement in which a company uses its accounts receivable as collateral to obtain a loan or financing from a financial institution or a lender. In this arrangement, the company “assigns” or transfers the rights to collect payments from the outstanding accounts receivable to the lender.

The lender then provides the company with a percentage of the assigned accounts receivable value as a loan, while retaining a portion as collateral or to cover potential defaults. The company is still responsible for collecting payments from its customers. When the customers make payments, the company forwards the collected amount to the lender, who applies the payment to the outstanding loan balance.

The assignment of accounts receivable is a common financing option for businesses with cash flow constraints or those that need immediate funding for working capital requirements or other short-term financial needs.

Example of the Assignment of Accounts Receivable

Let’s consider a fictional company, ABC Corp., that manufactures and sells electronics. ABC Corp. has $200,000 worth of outstanding accounts receivable, but it needs immediate cash to purchase raw materials and pay its employees.

ABC Corp. approaches XYZ Bank to obtain financing using its accounts receivable as collateral. XYZ Bank agrees to provide a loan of 85% of the total accounts receivable value, which amounts to $170,000 (85% of $200,000).

In this arrangement, ABC Corp. assigns the accounts receivable to XYZ Bank, and XYZ Bank provides the company with $170,000 in financing. ABC Corp. remains responsible for collecting payments from its customers.

As customers of ABC Corp. pay their invoices, the company forwards the collected payments to XYZ Bank. XYZ Bank then applies these payments to reduce the outstanding loan balance. Once all the outstanding invoices are collected and the loan balance is paid off, the assignment of accounts receivable is considered complete.

This arrangement allows ABC Corp. to obtain the immediate cash it needs to continue its business operations, while XYZ Bank takes on the risk associated with the accounts receivable collection process.

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Receivables Finance And The Assignment Of Receivables

Tfg legal trade finance hub, receivables finance and the assignment of receivables.

A receivable represents money that is owed to a company and is expected to be paid in the future. Receivables finance, also known as accounts receivable financing, is a form of asset-based financing where a company leverages its outstanding receivables as collateral to secure short-term loans and obtain financing.

In case of default, the lender has a right to collect associated receivables from the company’s debtors. In brief, it is the process by which a company raises cash against its own book’s debts.

The company actually receives an amount equal to a reduced value of the pledged receivables, the age of the receivables impacting the amount of financing received. The company can get up to 90% of the amount of its receivables advanced.

This form of financing assists companies in unlocking funds that would otherwise remain tied up in accounts receivable, providing them with access to capital that is not immediately realised from outstanding debts.

FIG. 1: Accounts receivable financing operates by leveraging a company’s receivables to obtain financing.  Source: https://fhcadvisory.com/images/account-receivable-financing.jpg

Restrictions on the assignment of receivables – New legislation

Invoice  discounting  products under which a company assigns its receivables have been used by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to raise capital. However, such products depend on the related receivables to be assignable at first.

Businesses have faced provisions that ban or restrict the assignment of receivables in commercial contracts by imposing a condition or other restrictions, which prevents them from being able to use their receivables to raise funds.

In 2015, the UK Government enacted the Small Business, Enterprise and Employment Act (SBEEA) by which raising finance on receivables is facilitated. Pursuant to this Act, regulations can be made to invalidate restrictions on the assignment of receivables in certain types of contract.

In other words, in certain circumstances, clauses which prevent assignment of a receivable in a contract between businesses is unenforceable. Especially, in its section 1(1), the Act provides that the authorised authority can, by regulations “make provision for the purpose of securing that any non-assignment of receivables term of a relevant contract:

• has no effect;
• has no effect in relation to persons of a prescribed description;
• has effect in relation to persons of a prescribed description only for such purposes as may be prescribed.”

The underlying aim is to enable SMEs to use their receivables as financing to raise capital, through the possibility of assigning such receivables to another entity.

The aforementioned regulations, which allow invalidations of such restrictions on the assignment of receivables, are contained in the Business Contract Terms (Assignment of Receivables) Regulations 2018, which will apply to any term in a contract entered into force on or after 31 December 2018.

By virtue of its section 2(1) “Subject to regulations 3 and 4, a term in a contract has no effect to the extent that it prohibits or imposes a condition, or other restriction, on the assignment of a receivable arising under that contract or any other contract between the same parties.”

Such regulations apply to contracts for the supply of goods, services or intangible assets under which the supplier is entitled to be paid money. However, there are several exclusions to this rule.

In section 3, an exception exists where the supplier is a large enterprise or a special purpose vehicle (SPV). In section 4, there are listed exclusions for various contracts such as “for, or entered into in connection with, prescribed financial services”, contracts “where one or more of the parties to the contract is acting for purposes which are outside a trade, business or profession” or contracts “where none of the parties to the contract has entered into it in the course of carrying on a business in the United Kingdom”. Also, specific exclusions relate to contracts in energy, land, share purchase and business purchase.

Effects of the 2018 Regulations

As mentioned above, any contract terms that prevent, set conditions for, or place restrictions on transferring a receivable are considered invalid and cannot be legally enforced.

In light of this, the assignment of the right to be paid under a contract for the supply of goods (receivables) cannot be restricted or prohibited. However, parties are not prevented from restricting other contracts rights.

Non-assignment clauses can have varying forms. Such clauses are covered by the regulations when terms prevent the assignee from determining the validity or value of the receivable or their ability to enforce it.

Overall, these legislations have had an important impact for businesses involved in the financing of receivables, by facilitating such processes for SMEs.

Digital platforms and fintech solutions: The assignment of receivables has been significantly impacted by the digitisation of financial services. Fintech platforms and online marketplaces have been developed to make the financing and assignment of receivables easier.

These platforms employ tech to assess debtor creditworthiness and provide efficient investor and seller matching, including data analytics and artificial intelligence. They provide businesses more autonomy, transparency, and access to a wider range of possible investors.

Securitisation is an essential part of receivables financing. Asset-backed securities (ABS), a type of financial instrument made up of receivables, are then sold to investors.

Businesses are able to turn their receivables into fast cash by transferring the credit risk and cash flow rights to investors. Investors gain from diversification and potentially greater yields through securitisation, while businesses profit from increased liquidity and risk-reduction capabilities.

References:

https://www.tradefinanceglobal.com/finance-products/accounts-receivables-finance/  – 28/10/2018

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/26/section/1/enacted  – 28/10/2018

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2018/9780111171080  – 28/10/2018

https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap117.pdf  – Accessed 14/06/2023

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/asset-backedsecurity.asp  – Accessed 14/06/2023

https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2008/09/pdf/basics.pdf  – Accessed 14/06/2023

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Assignment of Accounts Receivable

The financial accounting term assignment of accounts receivable refers to the process whereby a company borrows cash from a lender, and uses the receivable as collateral on the loan. When accounts receivable is assigned, the terms of the agreement should be noted in the company's financial statements.

Explanation

In the normal course of business, customers are constantly making purchases on credit and remitting payments. Transferring receivables to another party allows companies to reduce the sales to cash revenue cycle time. Also known as pledging, assignment of accounts receivable is one of two ways companies dispose of receivables, the other being factoring.

The assignment process involves an agreement with a lending institution, and the creation of a promissory note that pledges a portion of the company's accounts receivable as collateral on the loan. If the company does not fulfill its obligation under the agreement, the lender has a right to collect the receivables. There are two ways this can be accomplished:

General Assignment : a portion of, or all, receivables owned by the company are pledged as collateral. The only transaction recorded by the company is a credit to cash and a debit to notes payable. If material, the terms of the agreement should also appear in the notes to the company's financial statements.

Specific Assignment : the lender and borrower enter into an agreement that identifies specific accounts to be used as collateral. The two parties will also outline who will attempt to collect the receivable, and whether or not the debtor will be notified.

In the case of specific assignment, if the company and lender agree the lending institution will collect the receivables, the debtor will be instructed to remit payment directly to the lender.

The journal entries for general assignments are fairly straightforward. In the example below, Company A records the receipt of a $100,000 loan collateralized using accounts receivable, and the creation of notes payable for $100,000.

In specific assignments, the entries are more complex since the receivable includes accounts that are explicitly identified. In this case, Company A has pledged $200,000 of accounts in exchange for a loan of $100,000.

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Moneyzine Editor

Pledging Accounts Receivable

Written by True Tamplin, BSc, CEPF®

Reviewed by subject matter experts.

Updated on January 30, 2024

Fact Checked

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Table of Contents

Definition and explanation.

Pledging accounts receivable is essentially the same as using any asset as collateral for a loan. Cash is obtained from a lender by promising to repay.

If the loan is not repaid, the collateral will be converted to cash, and the cash will be used to retire the debt.

The receivables can be either an identified set of notes and accounts or a general group in which new ones can be added and old ones retired.

The collection of a pledged receivable has no impact on the loan balance.

The pledging agreement usually calls for the substitution of another receivable for the one collected.

As an example, suppose that Sample Company borrows $80,000 on 31 December 2023, and agrees to pay back $81,600 on 1 April 2024.

Further, it pledges $100,000 of trade receivables for the loan. The company would make three journal entries as follows:

The last two entries can be combined, but they are shown separately here to facilitate a comparison of pledging with the other approaches.

The only financial statement disclosures provided for pledged receivables are notes or parenthetical comments.

A similar notation is provided for the notes payable .

Assignor Collects

As an alternative to pledging, the company may decide to assign its receivables to a lending institution.

Under this arrangement, the original holder essentially transfers title to the third party but agrees to collect the receivables and pay the cash to the factor .

Suppose that Sample Company obtains $80,000 cash on 31 December 2023 by assigning $100,000 of its trade receivables.

The company agrees to place the collections in a special restricted checking account from which it will repay the original $80 000 plus a $2,400 finance charge on April 1, 2024.

These journal entries would be made as follows:

To record partial collection of the assigned accounts :

To accrue the finance charge:

To reclassify the uncollected accounts and unrestricted cash:

The disclosures that would be provided on various balance sheet dates are shown in the following example, under the simplifying assumption that no other activity took place.

Notice that the payable to the factor is contra to the assigned accounts. Any restricted cash balance is, in turn, contra to the payable account.

Most arrangements of this type call for more frequent payments than the example shows.

The net result of the assignment is that Sample Company obtained $80,000 by giving up $82,400 of receivables.

Pledging Accounts Receivable FAQs

What is pledging accounts receivable.

Pledging Accounts Receivable means that a business gives up some of its rights to an asset in order to borrow money. For example, you could pledge your car title as collateral for a loan. If the loan isn't repaid, the lender can take possession of your car.

What are the journal entries for pledging accounts receivable?

There are no Special Journal entries required when you pledge your Accounts Receivable as collateral for a loan. The lender still has to approve giving up your Accounts Receivable before making the loan.

How are accounts receivable journal entries prepared?

Accounts Receivable are money owed to a company by their customers for products they've already received. Accounts are recorded in the balance sheet as assets.

What are the journal entries for assigning Accounts Receivable as collateral for a loan?

The entry to record assignment of Accounts Receivable as collateral would be a credit to cash, and a debit to assign Accounts Receivable. The cash account is debited because the company gave up the assigned receivables. The assign Accounts Receivable account is credited because they still owe this money to their customers.

What are the main financial statements in an assignment of accounts receivable?

The three main Financial Statements in an assignment of Accounts Receivable are the income statement, balance sheet, and Cash Flow statement. The income statement and Cash Flow statements would report the repayments on the receivables.

About the Author

True Tamplin, BSc, CEPF®

True Tamplin is a published author, public speaker, CEO of UpDigital, and founder of Finance Strategists.

True is a Certified Educator in Personal Finance (CEPF®), author of The Handy Financial Ratios Guide , a member of the Society for Advancing Business Editing and Writing, contributes to his financial education site, Finance Strategists, and has spoken to various financial communities such as the CFA Institute, as well as university students like his Alma mater, Biola University , where he received a bachelor of science in business and data analytics.

To learn more about True, visit his personal website or view his author profiles on Amazon , Nasdaq and Forbes .

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Notice of Assignment of Accounts Receivable Under the PPSA: What Every Factor Should Know

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INTRODUCTION

Factoring is the legal relationship between a financial institution (the “Factor”) and a business (the “Client”) selling goods or providing services to a trade customer (the “Customer”), pursuant to which the Factor purchases the accounts receivable owing to the Client by its Customer. The Courts in Ontario have determined that a factoring agreement creates a security interest and, as such, is subject to the provisions of the Ontario Personal Property Security Act R.S.O. 1990 c.P.10 (the “PPSA”). This means, among other things, that the Factor must register a financing statement against the Client under the PPSA claiming a security interest in the Client’s accounts receivable. A factoring agreement may be on a notification or a non-notification basis.

A factoring agreement on a notification basis requires that the Client’s Customer be notified regarding the purchase of the accounts receivable by the Factor and the assignment of the accounts receivable by the Client to the Factor. One purpose of notifying the Customer is to require the Customer to make payment on the accounts receivable directly to the Factor, instead of to the Client.

A notice of assignment is governed by Section 40(2) of the PPSA, which states that an account debtor (i.e., the Customer) may pay the assignor (i.e., the Client) until the Customer receives notice, reasonably identifying the relevant rights, that the accounts receivable have been assigned. If requested by the Customer, the Factor is required, within a reasonable period of time, to furnish proof of the assignment and, if the Factor fails to do so, the Customer may pay the Client.

What constitutes adequate notice of an assignment of accounts receivable? The PPSA does not set out a statutory form of notice of assignment. In RPG Receivables Purchase Group Inc. v. Krones Machinery Co. Limited , 2010 ONSC 2372, C. W. Hourigan J. of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice was required to review a notification of assignment and to determine whether it was adequate. The Court’s decision is an important guide to the essential elements that should be included in the notice of assignment.

The facts were as follows:

1. On July 14, 2005, RPG Receivables Purchase Group Inc. (“RPG”) entered into a factoring agreement with its client Kennedy Automation Limited (“Kennedy”), pursuant to which RPG agreed to purchase certain of Kennedy’s accounts receivable, including accounts receivable due from its customer Krones Machinery Co. Limited (“Krones”).

2. On July 14, 2005, Kennedy faxed a notification of assignment to Krones, which read as follows:

“NOTIFICATION OF ASSIGNMENT

In order to grow and serve you better, we have retained the services of RPG Receivables Purchase Group Inc. to accelerate and stabilize our cash flow. Through their accounts receivable program, RPG has purchased and we have assigned to them all of our right, title and interest in all currently outstanding as well as all future accounts receivable from your company.

We request that all payments be made payable and mailed directly to:

RPG Receivables Purchase Group Inc. (“RPG”)

Suite 300, 221 Lakeshore Road East

Oakville, ON L6J 1H7

Tel (905) 338-8777 (800) 837-0265

Fax (905) 842-0242

This notice of assignment and payment instructions will remain in full force and effect until RPG advises you otherwise in writing. Please note that their receipt of payment is the only valid discharge of the debt and that RPG’s interest has been registered under the Personal Property Security Act of the Province of Ontario.

Although this notification is effective upon receipt by you, in order to complete RPG’s records, we would appreciate your acknowledgement of this notification and your confirmation that:

• the invoices on the attached statement are for goods and/ or services completed to your satisfaction (please note any exceptions or simply provide a listing from your accounts payable); and
• that payments will be scheduled in accordance with the invoice terms and that your accounts payable records have been modified to ensure payment of the full invoice amounts directly to RPG or you will notify RPG of any disputes or potential chargebacks in a timely manner.

Please fax and mail the signed copy of this letter to RPG Receivables Purchase Group Inc., who shall be entitled to rely upon your notification and confirmation as a separate agreement made between you and them. Thanks for your help and cooperation. We look forward to serving you in the future.”

3. On August 5, 2006, Krones executed the notification of assignment and returned the executed copy to RPG.

4. In 2007, Kennedy entered into agreements with Krones for the supply of services and materials to Krones in relation to various projects including projects in Etobicoke, Edmonton, and Moncton.

5. Before Kennedy submitted its invoices to Krones, Kennedy provided the invoices to RPG and RPG stamped each invoice as follows:

“NOTICE OF ASSIGNMENT All payments hereunder have been assigned and are to be made directly to:

RPG RECEIVABLES PURCHASE GROUP INC.

221 Lakeshore Road East, Suite 300

Any offsets or claims should be reported to:

(905) 338-8777 Ontario

(800) 837-0265

Fax (905) 842-0242”

6. Krones paid 13 of the 16 invoices issued by Kennedy. RPG did not receive any notice from Krones regarding any disputes, off-sets, chargebacks or claims arising out of the Edmonton or Etobicoke projects.

7. At or about the time that the three unpaid invoices were rendered, Kennedy began to experience difficulty in paying its subcontractors on the Moncton project.

8. When the Moncton project ran into difficulty, Krones stopped making payments on the Edmonton and Etobicoke invoices in a timely fashion.

9. RPG commenced an action against Krones in respect of the unpaid invoices for the Moncton project that RPG had factored.

10. Krones also commenced an action for damages against Kennedy relating to the Moncton project.

11. Krones denied liability in respect of the unpaid invoices on the grounds that it had a right to set- off due to alleged overpayments, chargebacks, and damages relating to the Moncton project. It also raised issues with respect to the validity of the assignment of the invoices by Kennedy to RPG and the validity of the invoices.

12. The Court decided in favour of RPG and granted it summary judgment in the amount of $183,172.61, plus interest, for payment of the three outstanding invoices.

THE DEFENCE OF SET-OFF

The primary defence of Krones was that it had a valid defence of set- off. In reviewing this defence, the Court referred to the legal principle of “mutuality”. In order to establish a valid claim of legal set-off, there must be mutuality which requires that the debts be between the same parties and that the debts be in the same right. The Court stated that this mutuality is lost where the debt has been assigned to another party (i.e., the Factor), unless the rights to set-off have accrued between the debtor (i.e., the Customer) and the original creditor (i.e., the Client) prior to receipt of the notice of assignment by the debtor. At the time that the accounts receivable owing by Krones to Kennedy were assigned to RPG, no right of set- off had accrued in respect of the alleged overpayments, chargebacks, and damages relating to the Moncton property. Therefore, Krones had no legal right to set-off, because the mutuality required for this defence was lost when the accounts receivable were assigned by Kennedy to RPG.

The Court also reviewed the purchase order for the Moncton project to see whether it contained a contractual right of set-off. The Court rejected this claim by Krones and found that there was no contractual right of set-off.

Finally, the Court considered the issue of equitable set-off and concluded that it was not available to Krones.

OTHER DEFENCES

In its other defences, Krones took issue with the validity of the invoices and the validity of the assignment by Kennedy to RPG. Krones argued that the notification of the assignment was limited to the invoice attached to the notification of assignment. The Court rejected this argument for three reasons:

1. This argument ignored the clear statement in the notice of assignment that “RPG has purchased and we have assigned to them all of our right, title and interest in all currently outstanding as well all future accounts receivable from your company”.

2. Each of the disputed invoices contained a stamped notification of assignment; and

3. Krones paid RPG directly for 13 of the 16 invoices. The Court also rejected a number of other arguments raised by Krones in its defence relating to the validity of the invoices.

CONCLUSIONS

In a notification factoring arrangement, a Factor needs to protect its interest in the purchased accounts receivable by giving written notice of the assignment to the Client’s Customer. According to Section 40(2) of the PPSA, the Customer may continue to pay the Client until the Customer receives notice that the accounts receivable have been assigned to the Factor. However, the PPSA does not set out a statutory form of notice, nor does the PPSA deal with any right of set- off that the Customer may claim with respect to the purchased accounts receivable. In general, a Factor can only “step into the shoes” of his Client and assert the same right that his Client has against the Customer. This means that, if the Customer has any right to claim a set-off against the accounts receivable owing to the Client, then the Factor is required to accept the reduction in payment as a result of any legitimate claim asserted by the Customer.

In order to protect its interest in the purchased accounts receivable, the Factor should send a notice of assignment, which when signed by the Customer, should accomplish the following purposes:

1. it should require the Customer to make payment on the purchased invoices directly to the Factor, instead of to the Client;

2. it should request the Customer to verify the accuracy of the purchased invoices;

3. it should eliminate the Customer’s right to claim any set-off or reduction in the amount payable on the accounts receivable in respect of the Client’s obligations arising after the delivery of the notice; and

4. It should create an enforceable direct contract between the Factor and the Customer.

Since the notification of assignment in the RPG case has been given the “judicial seal of approval”, it is recommended that this form be used by a Factor in Ontario. It is also recommended that the Factor follow the procedure referred to in the RPG case pursuant to which the Customer is requested to acknowledge and confirm the terms of the notification of assignment and return a signed copy to the Factor.

The Court in RPG also referred to the “stamped notification of assignment” on each of the disputed invoices as one of the reasons for rejecting the Customer’s defences. For this reason, it is recommended that this form of stamp also be used by a Factor in Ontario on each factored invoice before the invoice is submitted to the Customer.

If a Factor follows the above procedures, then the Factor should be able to collect from the Customer on the invoice, regardless of what issues arise between the Client and the Customer subsequent to the delivery of the notice of assignment. If the Customer refuses to acknowledge and sign the notice of assignment, then the Factor will have limited recourse against the Customer and will have to make a business decision regarding the risk involved in funding the invoice. Even if the Customer acknowledges and signs the notice of assignment, the Factor will still have to be on the alert for any future disputes between the Client and the Customer. For example, the form of notification used in the RPG case requires the Customer to notify the Factor of “any disputes or potential chargebacks” and the stamp on the invoices in this case requires the Customer to report “any offsets or claims”. If the Customer notifies the Factor about any such disputes, chargebacks, offsets, or claims, then the Factor will also have to evaluate the funding of the invoice.

A properly drafted notice of assignment will put the Factor in a stronger position to resist any reduction in payment claimed by the Customer. As a practical matter, however, the Factor should also try to confirm with the Customer prior to funding an invoice that there are no disputes between the Customer and the Client. This extra step could avoid the time and expense of litigation over the purchased accounts receivable.

Jeffrey Alpert

• T. 416 777 5418
• E. [email protected]

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