the form of a presentation

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8 Types of Presentations You Should Know [+Examples & Tips]

By Krystle Wong , Aug 11, 2023

From persuasive pitches that influence opinions to instructional demonstrations that teach skills, the different types of presentations serve a unique purpose, tailored to specific objectives and audiences.

Presentations that are tailored to its objectives and audiences are more engaging and memorable. They capture attention, maintain interest and leave a lasting impression. 

Don’t worry if you’re no designer —  Whether you need data-driven visuals, persuasive graphics or engaging design elements, Venngage can empower you to craft presentations that stand out and effectively convey your message.

Venngage’s intuitive drag-and-drop interface, extensive presentation template library and customizable design options make it a valuable tool for creating slides that align with your specific goals and target audience. 

Click to jump ahead:

8 Different types of presentations every presenter must know

How do i choose the right type of presentation for my topic or audience, types of presentation faq, 5 steps to create a presentation with venngage .

When it comes to presentations, versatility is the name of the game. Having a variety of presentation styles up your sleeve can make a world of difference in keeping your audience engaged. Here are 8 essential presentation types that every presenter should be well-acquainted with:

1. Informative presentation

Ever sat through a presentation that left you feeling enlightened? That’s the power of an informative presentation. 

This presentation style is all about sharing knowledge and shedding light on a particular topic. Whether you’re diving into the depths of quantum physics or explaining the intricacies of the latest social media trends, informative presentations aim to increase the audience’s understanding.

When delivering an informative presentation, simplify complex topics with clear visuals and relatable examples. Organize your content logically, starting with the basics and gradually delving deeper and always remember to keep jargon to a minimum and encourage questions for clarity.

Academic presentations and research presentations are great examples of informative presentations. An effective academic presentation involves having clear structure, credible evidence, engaging delivery and supporting visuals. Provide context to emphasize the topic’s significance, practice to perfect timing, and be ready to address anticipated questions. 

2. Persuasive presentation

If you’ve ever been swayed by a passionate speaker armed with compelling arguments, you’ve experienced a persuasive presentation . 

This type of presentation is like a verbal tug-of-war, aiming to convince the audience to see things from a specific perspective. Expect to encounter solid evidence, logical reasoning and a dash of emotional appeal.

With persuasive presentations, it’s important to know your audience inside out and tailor your message to their interests and concerns. Craft a compelling narrative with a strong opening, a solid argument and a memorable closing. Additionally, use visuals strategically to enhance your points.

Examples of persuasive presentations include presentations for environmental conservations, policy change, social issues and more. Here are some engaging presentation templates you can use to get started with: 

3. Demonstration or how-to presentation

A Demonstration or How-To Presentation is a type of presentation where the speaker showcases a process, technique, or procedure step by step, providing the audience with clear instructions on how to replicate the demonstrated action. 

A demonstrative presentation is particularly useful when teaching practical skills or showing how something is done in a hands-on manner.

These presentations are commonly used in various settings, including educational workshops, training sessions, cooking classes, DIY tutorials, technology demonstrations and more. Designing creative slides for your how-to presentations can heighten engagement and foster better information retention. 

Speakers can also consider breaking down the process into manageable steps, using visual aids, props and sometimes even live demonstrations to illustrate each step. The key is to provide clear and concise instructions, engage the audience with interactive elements and address any questions that may arise during the presentation.

4. Training or instructional presentation

Training presentations are geared towards imparting practical skills, procedures or concepts — think of this as the more focused cousin of the demonstration presentation. 

Whether you’re teaching a group of new employees the ins and outs of a software or enlightening budding chefs on the art of soufflé-making, training presentations are all about turning novices into experts.

To maximize the impact of your training or instructional presentation, break down complex concepts into digestible segments. Consider using real-life examples to illustrate each point and create a connection. 

You can also create an interactive presentation by incorporating elements like quizzes or group activities to reinforce understanding.

5. Sales presentation

Sales presentations are one of the many types of business presentations and the bread and butter of businesses looking to woo potential clients or customers. With a sprinkle of charm and a dash of persuasion, these presentations showcase products, services or ideas with one end goal in mind: sealing the deal.

A successful sales presentation often has key characteristics such as a clear value proposition, strong storytelling, confidence and a compelling call to action. Hence, when presenting to your clients or stakeholders, focus on benefits rather than just features. 

Anticipate and address potential objections before they arise and use storytelling to showcase how your offering solves a specific problem for your audience. Utilizing visual aids is also a great way to make your points stand out and stay memorable.

A sales presentation can be used to promote service offerings, product launches or even consultancy proposals that outline the expertise and industry experience of a business. Here are some template examples you can use for your next sales presentation:

6. Pitch presentation

Pitch presentations are your ticket to garnering the interest and support of potential investors, partners or stakeholders. Think of your pitch deck as your chance to paint a vivid picture of your business idea or proposal and secure the resources you need to bring it to life. 

Business presentations aside, individuals can also create a portfolio presentation to showcase their skills, experience and achievements to potential clients, employers or investors. 

Craft a concise and compelling narrative. Clearly define the problem your idea solves and how it stands out in the market. Anticipate questions and practice your answers. Project confidence and passion for your idea.

7. Motivational or inspirational presentation

Feeling the need for a morale boost? That’s where motivational presentations step in. These talks are designed to uplift and inspire, often featuring personal anecdotes, heartwarming stories and a generous serving of encouragement.

Form a connection with your audience by sharing personal stories that resonate with your message. Use a storytelling style with relatable anecdotes and powerful metaphors to create an emotional connection. Keep the energy high and wrap up your inspirational presentations with a clear call to action.

Inspirational talks and leadership presentations aside, a motivational or inspirational presentation can also be a simple presentation aimed at boosting confidence, a motivational speech focused on embracing change and more.

8. Status or progress report presentation

Projects and businesses are like living organisms, constantly evolving and changing. Status or progress report presentations keep everyone in the loop by providing updates on achievements, challenges and future plans. It’s like a GPS for your team, ensuring everyone stays on track.

Be transparent about achievements, challenges and future plans. Utilize infographics, charts and diagrams to present your data visually and simplify information. By visually representing data, it becomes easier to identify trends, make predictions and strategize based on evidence.

Now that you’ve learned about the different types of presentation methods and how to use them, you’re on the right track to creating a good presentation that can boost your confidence and enhance your presentation skills . 

Selecting the most suitable presentation style is akin to choosing the right outfit for an occasion – it greatly influences how your message is perceived. Here’s a more detailed guide to help you make that crucial decision:

1. Define your objectives

Begin by clarifying your presentation’s goals. Are you aiming to educate, persuade, motivate, train or perhaps sell a concept? Your objectives will guide you to the most suitable presentation type. 

For instance, if you’re aiming to inform, an informative presentation would be a natural fit. On the other hand, a persuasive presentation suits the goal of swaying opinions.

2. Know your audience

Regardless if you’re giving an in-person or a virtual presentation — delve into the characteristics of your audience. Consider factors like their expertise level, familiarity with the topic, interests and expectations. 

If your audience consists of professionals in your field, a more technical presentation might be suitable. However, if your audience is diverse and includes newcomers, an approachable and engaging style might work better.

3. Analyze your content

Reflect on the content you intend to present. Is it data-heavy, rich in personal stories or focused on practical skills? Different presentation styles serve different content types. 

For data-driven content, an informative or instructional presentation might work best. For emotional stories, a motivational presentation could be a compelling choice.

4. Consider time constraints

Evaluate the time you have at your disposal. If your presentation needs to be concise due to time limitations, opt for a presentation style that allows you to convey your key points effectively within the available timeframe. A pitch presentation, for example, often requires delivering impactful information within a short span.

5. Leverage visuals

Visual aids are powerful tools in presentations. Consider whether your content would benefit from visual representation. If your PowerPoint presentations involve step-by-step instructions or demonstrations, a how-to presentation with clear visuals would be advantageous. Conversely, if your content is more conceptual, a motivational presentation could rely more on spoken words.

6. Align with the setting

Take the presentation environment into account. Are you presenting in a formal business setting, a casual workshop or a conference? Your setting can influence the level of formality and interactivity in your presentation. For instance, a demonstration presentation might be ideal for a hands-on workshop, while a persuasive presentation is great for conferences.

7. Gauge audience interaction

Determine the level of audience engagement you want. Interactive presentations work well for training sessions, workshops and small group settings, while informative or persuasive presentations might be more one-sided.

8. Flexibility

Stay open to adjusting your presentation style on the fly. Sometimes, unexpected factors might require a change of presentation style. Be prepared to adjust on the spot if audience engagement or reactions indicate that a different approach would be more effective.

Remember that there is no one-size-fits-all approach, and the best type of presentation may vary depending on the specific situation and your unique communication goals. By carefully considering these factors, you can choose the most effective presentation type to successfully engage and communicate with your audience.

To save time, use a presentation software or check out these presentation design and presentation background guides to create a presentation that stands out.    

What are some effective ways to begin and end a presentation?

Capture your audience’s attention from the start of your presentation by using a surprising statistic, a compelling story or a thought-provoking question related to your topic. 

To conclude your presentation , summarize your main points, reinforce your key message and leave a lasting impression with a powerful call to action or a memorable quote that resonates with your presentation’s theme.

How can I make my presentation more engaging and interactive?

To create an engaging and interactive presentation for your audience, incorporate visual elements such as images, graphs and videos to illustrate your points visually. Share relatable anecdotes or real-life examples to create a connection with your audience. 

You can also integrate interactive elements like live polls, open-ended questions or small group discussions to encourage participation and keep your audience actively engaged throughout your presentation.

Which types of presentations require special markings

Some presentation types require special markings such as how sales presentations require persuasive techniques like emphasizing benefits, addressing objections and using compelling visuals to showcase products or services. 

Demonstrations and how-to presentations on the other hand require clear markings for each step, ensuring the audience can follow along seamlessly. 

That aside, pitch presentations require highlighting unique selling points, market potential and the competitive edge of your idea, making it stand out to potential investors or partners.

Need some inspiration on how to make a presentation that will captivate an audience? Here are 120+ presentation ideas to help you get started. 

Creating a stunning and impactful presentation with Venngage is a breeze. Whether you’re crafting a business pitch, a training presentation or any other type of presentation, follow these five steps to create a professional presentation that stands out:

• Sign up and log in to Venngage to access the editor.
• Choose a presentation template that matches your topic or style.
• Customize content, colors, fonts, and background to personalize your presentation.
• Add images, icons, and charts to enhancevisual style and clarity.
• Save, export, and share your presentation as PDF or PNG files, or use Venngage’s Presentation Mode for online showcasing.

In the realm of presentations, understanding the different types of presentation formats is like having a versatile set of tools that empower you to craft compelling narratives for every occasion.

Remember, the key to a successful presentation lies not only in the content you deliver but also in the way you connect with your audience. Whether you’re informing, persuading or entertaining, tailoring your approach to the specific type of presentation you’re delivering can make all the difference.

Presentations are a powerful tool, and with practice and dedication (and a little help from Venngage), you’ll find yourself becoming a presentation pro in no time. Now, let’s get started and customize your next presentation!

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How to Structure your Presentation, with Examples

August 3, 2018 - Dom Barnard

For many people the thought of delivering a presentation is a daunting task and brings about a  great deal of nerves . However, if you take some time to understand how effective presentations are structured and then apply this structure to your own presentation, you’ll appear much more confident and relaxed.

Here is our complete guide for structuring your presentation, with examples at the end of the article to demonstrate these points.

Why is structuring a presentation so important?

If you’ve ever sat through a great presentation, you’ll have left feeling either inspired or informed on a given topic. This isn’t because the speaker was the most knowledgeable or motivating person in the world. Instead, it’s because they know how to structure presentations – they have crafted their message in a logical and simple way that has allowed the audience can keep up with them and take away key messages.

Research has supported this, with studies showing that audiences retain structured information  40% more accurately  than unstructured information.

In fact, not only is structuring a presentation important for the benefit of the audience’s understanding, it’s also important for you as the speaker. A good structure helps you remain calm, stay on topic, and avoid any awkward silences.

What will affect your presentation structure?

Generally speaking, there is a natural flow that any decent presentation will follow which we will go into shortly. However, you should be aware that all presentation structures will be different in their own unique way and this will be due to a number of factors, including:

• Whether you need to deliver any demonstrations
• How  knowledgeable the audience  already is on the given subject
• How much interaction you want from the audience
• Any time constraints there are for your talk
• What setting you are in
• Your ability to use any kinds of visual assistance

Before choosing the presentation’s structure answer these questions first:

• What is your presentation’s aim?
• Who are the audience?
• What are the main points your audience should remember afterwards?

When reading the points below, think critically about what things may cause your presentation structure to be slightly different. You can add in certain elements and add more focus to certain moments if that works better for your speech.

What is the typical presentation structure?

This is the usual flow of a presentation, which covers all the vital sections and is a good starting point for yours. It allows your audience to easily follow along and sets out a solid structure you can add your content to.

1. Greet the audience and introduce yourself

Before you start delivering your talk, introduce yourself to the audience and clarify who you are and your relevant expertise. This does not need to be long or incredibly detailed, but will help build an immediate relationship between you and the audience. It gives you the chance to briefly clarify your expertise and why you are worth listening to. This will help establish your ethos so the audience will trust you more and think you’re credible.

Read our tips on  How to Start a Presentation Effectively

2. Introduction

In the introduction you need to explain the subject and purpose of your presentation whilst gaining the audience’s interest and confidence. It’s sometimes helpful to think of your introduction as funnel-shaped to help filter down your topic:

• Introduce your general topic
• Explain your topic area
• State the issues/challenges in this area you will be exploring
• State your presentation’s purpose – this is the basis of your presentation so ensure that you provide a statement explaining how the topic will be treated, for example, “I will argue that…” or maybe you will “compare”, “analyse”, “evaluate”, “describe” etc.
• Provide a statement of what you’re hoping the outcome of the presentation will be, for example, “I’m hoping this will be provide you with…”
• Show a preview of the organisation of your presentation

In this section also explain:

• The length of the talk.
• Signal whether you want audience interaction – some presenters prefer the audience to ask questions throughout whereas others allocate a specific section for this.
• If it applies, inform the audience whether to take notes or whether you will be providing handouts.

The way you structure your introduction can depend on the amount of time you have been given to present: a  sales pitch  may consist of a quick presentation so you may begin with your conclusion and then provide the evidence. Conversely, a speaker presenting their idea for change in the world would be better suited to start with the evidence and then conclude what this means for the audience.

Keep in mind that the main aim of the introduction is to grab the audience’s attention and connect with them.

3. The main body of your talk

The main body of your talk needs to meet the promises you made in the introduction. Depending on the nature of your presentation, clearly segment the different topics you will be discussing, and then work your way through them one at a time – it’s important for everything to be organised logically for the audience to fully understand. There are many different ways to organise your main points, such as, by priority, theme, chronologically etc.

• Main points should be addressed one by one with supporting evidence and examples.
• Before moving on to the next point you should provide a mini-summary.
• Links should be clearly stated between ideas and you must make it clear when you’re moving onto the next point.
• Allow time for people to take relevant notes and stick to the topics you have prepared beforehand rather than straying too far off topic.

When planning your presentation write a list of main points you want to make and ask yourself “What I am telling the audience? What should they understand from this?” refining your answers this way will help you produce clear messages.

4. Conclusion

In presentations the conclusion is frequently underdeveloped and lacks purpose which is a shame as it’s the best place to reinforce your messages. Typically, your presentation has a specific goal – that could be to convert a number of the audience members into customers, lead to a certain number of enquiries to make people knowledgeable on specific key points, or to motivate them towards a shared goal.

Regardless of what that goal is, be sure to summarise your main points and their implications. This clarifies the overall purpose of your talk and reinforces your reason for being there.

Follow these steps:

• Signal that it’s nearly the end of your presentation, for example, “As we wrap up/as we wind down the talk…”
• Restate the topic and purpose of your presentation – “In this speech I wanted to compare…”
• Summarise the main points, including their implications and conclusions
• Indicate what is next/a call to action/a thought-provoking takeaway
• Move on to the last section

5. Thank the audience and invite questions

Conclude your talk by thanking the audience for their time and invite them to  ask any questions  they may have. As mentioned earlier, personal circumstances will affect the structure of your presentation.

Many presenters prefer to make the Q&A session the key part of their talk and try to speed through the main body of the presentation. This is totally fine, but it is still best to focus on delivering some sort of initial presentation to set the tone and topics for discussion in the Q&A.

Other common presentation structures

The above was a description of a basic presentation, here are some more specific presentation layouts:

Demonstration

Use the demonstration structure when you have something useful to show. This is usually used when you want to show how a product works. Steve Jobs frequently used this technique in his presentations.

• Explain why the product is valuable.
• Describe why the product is necessary.
• Explain what problems it can solve for the audience.
• Demonstrate the product  to support what you’ve been saying.
• Make suggestions of other things it can do to make the audience curious.

Problem-solution

This structure is particularly useful in persuading the audience.

• Briefly frame the issue.
• Go into the issue in detail showing why it ‘s such a problem. Use logos and pathos for this – the logical and emotional appeals.
• Provide the solution and explain why this would also help the audience.
• Call to action – something you want the audience to do which is straightforward and pertinent to the solution.

Storytelling

As well as incorporating  stories in your presentation , you can organise your whole presentation as a story. There are lots of different type of story structures you can use – a popular choice is the monomyth – the hero’s journey. In a monomyth, a hero goes on a difficult journey or takes on a challenge – they move from the familiar into the unknown. After facing obstacles and ultimately succeeding the hero returns home, transformed and with newfound wisdom.

Storytelling for Business Success  webinar , where well-know storyteller Javier Bernad shares strategies for crafting compelling narratives.

Another popular choice for using a story to structure your presentation is in media ras (in the middle of thing). In this type of story you launch right into the action by providing a snippet/teaser of what’s happening and then you start explaining the events that led to that event. This is engaging because you’re starting your story at the most exciting part which will make the audience curious – they’ll want to know how you got there.

• Great storytelling: Examples from Alibaba Founder, Jack Ma

Remaining method

The remaining method structure is good for situations where you’re presenting your perspective on a controversial topic which has split people’s opinions.

• Go into the issue in detail showing why it’s such a problem – use logos and pathos.
• Rebut your opponents’ solutions  – explain why their solutions could be useful because the audience will see this as fair and will therefore think you’re trustworthy, and then explain why you think these solutions are not valid.
• After you’ve presented all the alternatives provide your solution, the remaining solution. This is very persuasive because it looks like the winning idea, especially with the audience believing that you’re fair and trustworthy.

Transitions

When delivering presentations it’s important for your words and ideas to flow so your audience can understand how everything links together and why it’s all relevant. This can be done  using speech transitions  which are words and phrases that allow you to smoothly move from one point to another so that your speech flows and your presentation is unified.

Transitions can be one word, a phrase or a full sentence – there are many different forms, here are some examples:

Moving from the introduction to the first point

Signify to the audience that you will now begin discussing the first main point:

• Now that you’re aware of the overview, let’s begin with…
• First, let’s begin with…
• I will first cover…
• My first point covers…
• To get started, let’s look at…

Shifting between similar points

Move from one point to a similar one:

• In the same way…
• Likewise…
• Equally…
• This is similar to…
• Similarly…

Internal summaries

Internal summarising consists of summarising before moving on to the next point. You must inform the audience:

• What part of the presentation you covered – “In the first part of this speech we’ve covered…”
• What the key points were – “Precisely how…”
• How this links in with the overall presentation – “So that’s the context…”
• What you’re moving on to – “Now I’d like to move on to the second part of presentation which looks at…”

Physical movement

You can move your body and your standing location when you transition to another point. The audience find it easier to follow your presentation and movement will increase their interest.

A common technique for incorporating movement into your presentation is to:

• Start your introduction by standing in the centre of the stage.
• For your first point you stand on the left side of the stage.
• You discuss your second point from the centre again.
• You stand on the right side of the stage for your third point.
• The conclusion occurs in the centre.

Key slides for your presentation

Slides are a useful tool for most presentations: they can greatly assist in the delivery of your message and help the audience follow along with what you are saying. Key slides include:

• An intro slide outlining your ideas
• A  summary slide  with core points to remember
• High quality image slides to supplement what you are saying

There are some presenters who choose not to use slides at all, though this is more of a rarity. Slides can be a powerful tool if used properly, but the problem is that many fail to do just that. Here are some golden rules to follow when using slides in a presentation:

• Don’t over fill them  – your slides are there to assist your speech, rather than be the focal point. They should have as little information as possible, to avoid distracting people from your talk.
• A picture says a thousand words  – instead of filling a slide with text, instead, focus on one or two images or diagrams to help support and explain the point you are discussing at that time.
• Make them readable  – depending on the size of your audience, some may not be able to see small text or images, so make everything large enough to fill the space.
• Don’t rush through slides  – give the audience enough time to digest each slide.

Guy Kawasaki, an entrepreneur and author, suggests that slideshows should follow a  10-20-30 rule :

• There should be a maximum of 10 slides – people rarely remember more than one concept afterwards so there’s no point overwhelming them with unnecessary information.
• The presentation should last no longer than 20 minutes as this will leave time for questions and discussion.
• The font size should be a minimum of 30pt because the audience reads faster than you talk so less information on the slides means that there is less chance of the audience being distracted.

Here are some additional resources for slide design:

• 7 design tips for effective, beautiful PowerPoint presentations
• 11 design tips for beautiful presentations
• 10 tips on how to make slides that communicate your idea

Group Presentations

Group presentations are structured in the same way as presentations with one speaker but usually require more rehearsal and practices.  Clean transitioning between speakers  is very important in producing a presentation that flows well. One way of doing this consists of:

• Briefly recap on what you covered in your section: “So that was a brief introduction on what health anxiety is and how it can affect somebody”
• Introduce the next speaker in the team and explain what they will discuss: “Now Elnaz will talk about the prevalence of health anxiety.”
• Then end by looking at the next speaker, gesturing towards them and saying their name: “Elnaz”.
• The next speaker should acknowledge this with a quick: “Thank you Joe.”

From this example you can see how the different sections of the presentations link which makes it easier for the audience to follow and remain engaged.

Example of great presentation structure and delivery

Having examples of great presentations will help inspire your own structures, here are a few such examples, each unique and inspiring in their own way.

How Google Works – by Eric Schmidt

This presentation by ex-Google CEO  Eric Schmidt  demonstrates some of the most important lessons he and his team have learnt with regards to working with some of the most talented individuals they hired. The simplistic yet cohesive style of all of the slides is something to be appreciated. They are relatively straightforward, yet add power and clarity to the narrative of the presentation.

Start with why – by Simon Sinek

Since being released in 2009, this presentation has been viewed almost four million times all around the world. The message itself is very powerful, however, it’s not an idea that hasn’t been heard before. What makes this presentation so powerful is the simple message he is getting across, and the straightforward and understandable manner in which he delivers it. Also note that he doesn’t use any slides, just a whiteboard where he creates a simple diagram of his opinion.

The Wisdom of a Third Grade Dropout – by Rick Rigsby

Here’s an example of a presentation given by a relatively unknown individual looking to inspire the next generation of graduates. Rick’s presentation is unique in many ways compared to the two above. Notably, he uses no visual prompts and includes a great deal of humour.

However, what is similar is the structure he uses. He first introduces his message that the wisest man he knew was a third-grade dropout. He then proceeds to deliver his main body of argument, and in the end, concludes with his message. This powerful speech keeps the viewer engaged throughout, through a mixture of heart-warming sentiment, powerful life advice and engaging humour.

As you can see from the examples above, and as it has been expressed throughout, a great presentation structure means analysing the core message of your presentation. Decide on a key message you want to impart the audience with, and then craft an engaging way of delivering it.

By preparing a solid structure, and  practising your talk  beforehand, you can walk into the presentation with confidence and deliver a meaningful message to an interested audience.

It’s important for a presentation to be well-structured so it can have the most impact on your audience. An unstructured presentation can be difficult to follow and even frustrating to listen to. The heart of your speech are your main points supported by evidence and your transitions should assist the movement between points and clarify how everything is linked.

Research suggests that the audience remember the first and last things you say so your introduction and conclusion are vital for reinforcing your points. Essentially, ensure you spend the time structuring your presentation and addressing all of the sections.

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What is a Presentation?

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The formal presentation of information is divided into two broad categories: Presentation Skills and Personal Presentation .

These two aspects are interwoven and can be described as the preparation, presentation and practice of verbal and non-verbal communication. 

This article describes what a presentation is and defines some of the key terms associated with presentation skills.

Many people feel terrified when asked to make their first public talk.  Some of these initial fears can be reduced by good preparation that also lays the groundwork for making an effective presentation.

A Presentation Is...

A presentation is a means of communication that can be adapted to various speaking situations, such as talking to a group, addressing a meeting or briefing a team.

A presentation can also be used as a broad term that encompasses other ‘speaking engagements’ such as making a speech at a wedding, or getting a point across in a video conference.

To be effective, step-by-step preparation and the method and means of presenting the information should be carefully considered. 

A presentation requires you to get a message across to the listeners and will often contain a ' persuasive ' element. It may, for example, be a talk about the positive work of your organisation, what you could offer an employer, or why you should receive additional funding for a project.

The Key Elements of a Presentation

Making a presentation is a way of communicating your thoughts and ideas to an audience and many of our articles on communication are also relevant here, see: What is Communication? for more.

Consider the following key components of a presentation:

Ask yourself the following questions to develop a full understanding of the context of the presentation.

When and where will you deliver your presentation?

There is a world of difference between a small room with natural light and an informal setting, and a huge lecture room, lit with stage lights. The two require quite different presentations, and different techniques.

Will it be in a setting you are familiar with, or somewhere new?

If somewhere new, it would be worth trying to visit it in advance, or at least arriving early, to familiarise yourself with the room.

Will the presentation be within a formal or less formal setting?

A work setting will, more or less by definition, be more formal, but there are also various degrees of formality within that.

Will the presentation be to a small group or a large crowd?

Are you already familiar with the audience?

With a new audience, you will have to build rapport quickly and effectively, to get them on your side.

What equipment and technology will be available to you, and what will you be expected to use?

In particular, you will need to ask about microphones and whether you will be expected to stand in one place, or move around.

What is the audience expecting to learn from you and your presentation?

Check how you will be ‘billed’ to give you clues as to what information needs to be included in your presentation.

All these aspects will change the presentation. For more on this, see our page on Deciding the Presentation Method .

The role of the presenter is to communicate with the audience and control the presentation.

Remember, though, that this may also include handing over the control to your audience, especially if you want some kind of interaction.

You may wish to have a look at our page on Facilitation Skills for more.

The audience receives the presenter’s message(s).

However, this reception will be filtered through and affected by such things as the listener’s own experience, knowledge and personal sense of values.

See our page: Barriers to Effective Communication to learn why communication can fail.

The message or messages are delivered by the presenter to the audience.

The message is delivered not just by the spoken word ( verbal communication ) but can be augmented by techniques such as voice projection, body language, gestures, eye contact ( non-verbal communication ), and visual aids.

The message will also be affected by the audience’s expectations. For example, if you have been billed as speaking on one particular topic, and you choose to speak on another, the audience is unlikely to take your message on board even if you present very well . They will judge your presentation a failure, because you have not met their expectations.

The audience’s reaction and therefore the success of the presentation will largely depend upon whether you, as presenter, effectively communicated your message, and whether it met their expectations.

As a presenter, you don’t control the audience’s expectations. What you can do is find out what they have been told about you by the conference organisers, and what they are expecting to hear. Only if you know that can you be confident of delivering something that will meet expectations.

See our page: Effective Speaking for more information.

How will the presentation be delivered?

Presentations are usually delivered direct to an audience.  However, there may be occasions where they are delivered from a distance over the Internet using video conferencing systems, such as Skype.

It is also important to remember that if your talk is recorded and posted on the internet, then people may be able to access it for several years. This will mean that your contemporaneous references should be kept to a minimum.

Impediments

Many factors can influence the effectiveness of how your message is communicated to the audience.

For example background noise or other distractions, an overly warm or cool room, or the time of day and state of audience alertness can all influence your audience’s level of concentration.

As presenter, you have to be prepared to cope with any such problems and try to keep your audience focussed on your message.   

Our page: Barriers to Communication explains these factors in more depth.

Continue to read through our Presentation Skills articles for an overview of how to prepare and structure a presentation, and how to manage notes and/or illustrations at any speaking event.

Continue to: Preparing for a Presentation Deciding the Presentation Method

See also: Writing Your Presentation | Working with Visual Aids Coping with Presentation Nerves | Dealing with Questions Learn Better Presentation Skills with TED Talks

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10 Types of Presentations: From Elegant to Persuasive

Shahid shahmiri.

Presentations are a crucial part of any business, and understanding different types of presentations can significantly enhance how well your ideas are received, whether you’re presenting to colleagues or the board of directors.

Having a great presentation on hand doesn’t just help you do better work—it can also help you get more work. 

However, there’s no one-size-fits-all approach to creating effective presentations . In this guide, we’ll cover some basic types of presentations and give some examples for each one so that you can create engaging content for the needs of your audience at any given moment.

Elegant Presentations

Elegant presentations are more than just a pretty picture. They’re visually appealing and aesthetically pleasing, but they also have substance. A good creative presentation will catch the eye, draw you in and compel you to learn more about what it has to offer.

Elegant presentations use design principles like simplicity (less is more), balance and harmony to create an overall aesthetic that feels clean and crisp yet still engaging. 

They integrate multimedia elements like video clips or soundtracks into their designs seamlessly so that these elements don’t distract from but rather enhance the overall experience of viewing them.

Learn more about the elegant presentations here: https://www.customshow.com/elegant-presentations/

Persuasive Presentations

The art of persuasion is one of the most powerful tools you can have in your presentation toolkit.

The first step to persuading an audience is finding out what motivates them, and then appealing directly to those motivations. 

Persuasive presentations are designed to influence the audience’s beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors, often encouraging them to take a specific action or adopt a new perspective. Here are a few examples:

Community Project Funding: A community leader pitching to local authorities and stakeholders to secure funding for a neighborhood improvement project, using persuasive arguments about community benefits and long-term positive impacts.

Technology Adoption: An IT professional advocating for the adoption of new software within their company, highlighting efficiency gains and competitive advantages to persuade management and colleagues.

Educational Reform: An educator or school administrator presenting to a school board or parent-teacher association, advocating for curriculum changes or new teaching methodologies, using success stories and research findings to persuade the audience of their effectiveness.

Read more on Persuasive Presentations here: https://www.customshow.com/persuasive-presentations/

Sales Presentations

Sales presentations have a unique passion for persuasion, aiming to convert enthusiasm into tangible business outcomes. 

In the sports industry, a sales presentation might involve a sports marketing team presenting a sponsorship proposal to potential corporate partners. 

This type of presentation would typically showcase demographic data on fan bases, engagement statistics, and success stories of previous sponsorships, all aimed at illustrating the potential return on investment for the sponsor. 

In the media & entertainment sector, sales presentations often revolve around pitching new projects or content distribution deals. 

For example, a production company might present a new series concept to streaming platforms or networks. Such a presentation would not only highlight the creative aspects of the project, like the storyline and talent involved, but also market analysis, projected viewership, and alignment with the platform’s brand and audience demographics.

Read more on effective sales presentation tips and ideas: https://www.customshow.com/effective-sales-presentation-tips-ideas/

Informative Presentations

Informative presentations are foundational in the realm of public speaking, designed primarily to educate and enlighten the audience on a specific topic. 

These presentations are factual, and clear, and often rely on data and research to convey the information accurately. The key is to present the material in an organized manner, typically following a logical structure that starts with an introduction, followed by the body where the main information is presented, and concludes with a summary or conclusion. 

It’s crucial to keep the language clear and straightforward, avoiding jargon that could confuse the audience, and focus on the relevancy and applicability of the information presented.

Examples of informative presentations include a company’s annual report delivered to employees, a lecture on recent scientific findings, or a workshop explaining new software features. 

In each of these instances, the primary goal is to impart knowledge or share information rather than to persuade or inspire action. 

For instance, in an academic setting, a professor might give an informative presentation on the historical impacts of a significant event, focusing on presenting the facts and findings. 

In a business context, a financial analyst might deliver an informative presentation on market trends, providing detailed analysis and statistics to inform strategic decisions. 

The success of these presentations is measured not by the immediate action of the audience but by their enhanced understanding and knowledge of the topic.

Read more on informative presentations here: https://www.customshow.com/informative-presentations/

Instructional Presentations

Instructional presentations are a cornerstone in educational and training courses , aimed at teaching or instructing the audience on a specific process, concept, or skill. 

The primary focus of these presentations is to facilitate learning and understanding. A successful instructional presentation breaks down complex information into digestible, manageable parts, often using a step-by-step approach. 

The presenter acts as a guide, leading the audience through the material with clarity and precision. It’s crucial to engage the audience, ensuring they are not just passive recipients of information but active participants in the learning process. 

This engagement can be achieved through interactive elements, practical demonstrations, and question-and-answer sessions.

For example, in a corporate training session, an expert might deliver an instructional presentation on using a new software tool, walking employees through each feature with live demonstrations and hands-on exercises. 

In an academic context, a professor might give an instructional presentation on a scientific method, using detailed slides, real-world examples, and interactive experiments to enhance understanding. 

Another example could be a fitness trainer conducting an instructional presentation on proper exercise techniques, incorporating demonstrations, and encouraging audience participation to ensure correct form and understanding. 

Each of these scenarios underscores the instructional presentation’s goal: not just to present information, but to foster learning and practical application.

Read more on the four states of Instructional Presentations

Inspirational Presentations

Inspirational presentations help motivate, uplift, and spark positive change in audiences. These presentations often hinge on the power of storytelling, using personal narratives, success stories, and emotional appeals to connect deeply with the audience. 

In sports, for instance, a motivational speech by a renowned athlete can be profoundly impactful. They might share their journey of overcoming adversity, setbacks, and injuries to achieve success, thereby inspiring budding athletes to persevere and strive for excellence. 

The narrative usually highlights themes of resilience, dedication, and the power of a positive mindset, resonating with individuals in both sports and other life areas.

In the media and entertainment industry, inspirational presentations often take the form of keynote speeches at award shows or industry conferences. 

A celebrated filmmaker or actor might share insights about their creative journey, discussing the challenges of the creative process and the importance of artistic integrity and innovation.

These speeches can inspire artists and professionals in the industry to pursue their passions relentlessly and think outside the box. Another example can be a TED Talk by a media mogul discussing the evolution of digital media and its power to enact social change, encouraging listeners to harness media platforms for advocacy and global connectivity. 

In both sports and entertainment, the crux of inspirational presentations lies in stirring emotional responses and motivating audiences toward personal and professional growth.

Read more on Inspirational Presentations: https://www.customshow.com/inspiring-presentations/

Technical Presentations

A technical presentation is a “how-to” demonstration that uses visuals and demonstrations to explain how something works. 

It’s an effective way of communicating complex information to diverse audiences, from internal employees who need to know how the company’s new accounting software works, to potential investors who want details on your latest innovation in robotics technology.

Technical presentations often require significant preparation time because they require you to navigate the intricacies of your topic while making it understandable for others who may not have as much background knowledge as you do. 

A good approach is starting with research: identify key points in your topic area, then organize them into sections based on their relationship with one another (e.g., first we’ll talk about X; then we’ll move on to Y). 

Make sure each section includes some visual aids like graphs or charts if possible, these will help simplify complex information so everyone can follow along easily!

Read more on the technical presentations here: https://www.customshow.com/technical-presentations/

Team and Stakeholder Presentations

A team or stakeholder presentation is a great way to share your ideas with colleagues who are working on similar projects, but it can be challenging to get people excited about new initiatives. 

When you’re presenting in front of your team members, it’s important to consider their interests and needs before diving into the details. 

If you want them on board with your plan, they must understand why this project matters for them, not just for the company as a whole.

Read more on 15 Styles of Presentations: Where do you fit in 2024?

Interactive Presentations

Interactive presentations have revolutionized the way information is shared and received, moving beyond traditional one-way communication to a more engaging, two-way dialogue. 

The essence of these presentations lies in their ability to actively involve the audience, turning passive listeners into active participants. 

This engagement is achieved through various means such as real-time polls, Q&A sessions, interactive quizzes, and even augmented reality experiences. 

For instance, in a corporate setting, a manager might use an interactive presentation during a team meeting to gather instant feedback on proposed initiatives using live polling. This not only gauges the team’s opinion but also fosters a sense of involvement and collaboration.

Learn more on interactive presentations here: https://www.customshow.com/interactive-presentation-software-7-great-ideas-great-companies/

Problem-Solution Presentations

Problem-solution presentations are a strategic approach often used to address specific challenges or issues within an organization or in a client-focused setting. 

The structure of these presentations typically involves first identifying and analyzing a problem, and then proposing one or more solutions. 

This format is particularly effective in consulting scenarios, where a consultant might present to a client company facing operational inefficiencies. 

The presentation would detail the identified issues, perhaps through data analysis or market research, and then propose tailored solutions, such as new technologies or process improvements.

In the tech industry, problem-solving presentations are frequently used to pitch new software or tools. A tech company might present to a potential client the challenges of data management and security, and then introduce their software as a solution that enhances data security and efficiency. 

Suggested tools and software for various presentation needs.

In the world of presentations, having the right tool can make all the difference. Whether you’re delivering a sales pitch, an educational lecture, or an inspirational talk, there’s a software solution that can elevate your presentation. 

Here are some of the top tools and software, each suited for different types of presentation needs:

CustomShow: CustomShow stands out for its business-centric approach, focusing on brand-specific presentation needs. It’s ideal for companies looking to maintain brand consistency across all presentations. With its rich multimedia integration and robust analytics, CustomShow is particularly for sales and marketing presentations that need to leave a lasting impact.

Prezi: Known for its non-linear presentation style, Prezi is great for creating dynamic presentation and visually engaging presentations. Its zooming user interface offers a unique way to capture your audience’s attention, making it suitable for persuasive and instructional presentations.

PowerPoint: A classic in the presentation software realm, Microsoft PowerPoint is versatile and user-friendly. It’s a reliable choice for almost any presentation type, from business and educational to inspirational talks, thanks to its wide range of templates and customization options.

Google Slides: For those who value collaboration, Google Slides is a go-to. Being cloud-based, it allows multiple users to work on a presentation simultaneously, making it perfect for team projects and presentations that require frequent updates.

Keynote: For Mac users, Apple’s Keynote is best for its sleek templates and smooth animations. It’s ideal for elegant presentations where design and aesthetics are key.

Read more on: What do you Need to Think About Before Designing the Presentation?

We hope that you now have a better understanding of the different types of presentations and the tools that are available to help you create them. Take a look at how CustomShow could help in your B2B sales situations .

Read more on : When Creating a Presentation Based on Lots of Data, What Principle Should You Bear in Mind? Read more on : What is the Best Way to Deliver Presentations with Authenticity ?

Ready for a demo?

Let us show you how customshow does so much more than powerpoint & google slides for your business presentations..

Home Blog Education Presentation Skills 101: A Guide to Presentation Success

Presentation Skills 101: A Guide to Presentation Success

Getting the perfect presentation design is just a step toward a successful presentation. For the experienced user, building presentation skills is the answer to elevating the power of your message and showing expertise on any subject. Still, one can ask: is it the same set of skills, or are they dependable on the type of presentation?

In this article, we will introduce the different types of presentations accompanied by the skillset required to master them. The purpose, as always, is to retain the audience’s interest for a long-lasting and convincing message.

Table of Contents

The Importance of Presentation Skills

Persuasive presentations, instructional presentations, informative presentations, inspirational presentations, basic presentation skills, what are the main difficulties when giving a presentation, recommendations to improve your presentation skills, closing statement.

Effective communication is the answer to reaching business and academic goals. The scenarios in which we can be required to deliver a presentation are as diverse as one can imagine. Still, some core concepts apply to all presentations.

 We define presentation skills as a compendium of soft skills that directly affect your presentation performance and contribute to creating a great presentation. These are not qualities acquired by birth but skills you ought to train and master to delve into professional environments.

You may ask: is it really that evident when a presenter is not prepared? Here are some common signs people can experience during presentations:

• Evasive body language: Not making eye contact with the audience, arms closed tightly to the body, hands in pockets all the time.
• Lack of interest in the presenter’s voice: dull tone, not putting an effort to articulate the topics.
• Doubting when asked to answer a question
• Irksome mood

The list can go on about common presenter mistakes , and most certainly, it will affect the performance of any presented data if the lack of interest by the presenter is blatantly obvious.  Another element to consider is anxiety, and according to research by the National Institute of Mental Health, 73% of the population in the USA is affected by glossophobia , which is the fear of public speaking, judgment, or negative evaluation by other people.

Therefore, presentation skills training is essential for any business professional who wants to achieve effective communication . It will remove the anxiety from presentation performance and help users effectively deliver their message and connect with the audience.

Archetypes of presentations

Persuasive presentations aim to convince the audience – often in short periods – to acquire a product or service, adhere to a cause, or invest in a company. For business entrepreneurs or politicians, persuasive presentations are their tool for the trade.

Unless you aim to be perceived as an imposter, a proper persuasive presentation has the elements of facts, empathy, and logic, balanced under a well-crafted narrative. The central pillar of these presentations is to identify the single factor that gathered your audience: it could be a market need, a social cause, or a revolutionary concept for today’s society. It has to be something with enough power to gather critiques – both good and bad.

That single factor has to be backed up by facts. Research that builds your hypothesis on how to solve that problem. A deep understanding of the target audience’s needs , concerns, and social position regarding the solution your means can offer. When those elements are in place, building a pitch becomes an easy task. 

Graphics can help you introduce information in a compelling format, lowering the need for lengthy presentations. Good presentation skills for persuasive presentations go by the hand of filtering relevant data and creating the visual cues that resonate with what your audience demands.

One powerful example of a persuasive presentation is the technique known as the elevator pitch . You must introduce your idea or product convincingly to the audience in a timeframe between 30 seconds and less than 2 minutes. You have to expose:

• What do you do 
• What’s the problem to solve
• Why is your solution different from others 
• Why should the audience care about your expertise

For that very purpose, using engaging graphics with contrasting colors elevates the potential power of your message. It speaks professionalism, care for details, and out-of-the-box thinking. Knowing how to end a presentation is also critical, as your CTAs should be placed with care.

Therefore, let’s resume the requirements of persuasive presentations in terms of good presentation skills:

• Identifying problems and needs
• Elaborating “the hook” (the element that grabs the audience’s attention)
• Knowing how to “tie” your audience (introducing a piece of information related to the hook that causes an emotional impact)
• Broad knowledge of body language and hand gestures to quickly convey your message
• Being prepared to argue a defense of your point of view
• Handling rejection
• Having a proactive attitude to convert opportunities into new projects
• Using humor, surprise, or personal anecdotes as elements to sympathize with the audience
• Having confidence
• Be able to summarize facts and information in visually appealing ways

You can learn more about persuasive presentation techniques by clicking here .

In the case of instructional presentations, we ought to differentiate two distinctive types:

• Lecture Presentations : Presentations being held at universities or any other educative institution. Those presentations cover, topic by topic, and the contents of a syllabus and are created by the team of teachers in charge of the course.
• Training Presentations : These presentations take place during in-company training sessions and usually comprise a good amount of content that is resumed into easy-to-take solutions. They are aimed to coach employees over certain topics relevant to their work performance. The 70-20-10 Model is frequently used to address these training situations.

Lecture presentations appeal to the gradual introduction of complex concepts, following a structure set in the course’s syllabus. These presentations often have a similar aesthetic as a group of professors or researchers created to share their knowledge about a topic. Personal experience does tell that course presentations often rely on factual data, adequately documented, and on the theoretical side.

An example of a presentation that lies under this concept is a Syllabus Presentation, used by the teaching team to introduce the subject to new students, evaluation methods, concepts to be learned, and expectations to pass the course.

On the other hand, training presentations are slide decks designed to meet an organization’s specific needs in the formal education of their personnel. Commonly known as “continuous education,” plenty of companies invest resources in coaching their employees to achieve higher performance results. These presentations have the trademark of being concise since their idea is to introduce the concepts that shall be applied in practice sessions. 

Ideally, the training presentations are introduced with little text and easy-to-recognize visual cues. Since the idea is to summarize as much as possible, these are visually appealing for the audience. They must be dynamic enough to allow the presenter to convey the message.

Those key takeaways remind employees when they revisit their learning resources and allow them to ruminate on questions that fellow workers raise. 

To sum up this point, building presentation skills for instructional presentations requires:

• Ability to put complex concepts into simpler words
• Patience and a constant learning mindset
• Voice training to deliver lengthy speeches without being too dense
• Ability to summarize points and note the key takeaways
• Empathizing with the audience to understand their challenges in the learning process

The informative presentations take place in business situations, such as when to present project reports from different departments to the management. Another potential usage of these presentations is in SCRUM or other Agile methodologies, when a sprint is completed, to discuss the advance of the project with the Product Owner.

As they are presentations heavily dependent on data insights, it’s common to see the usage of infographics and charts to express usually dense data in simpler terms and easy to remember. 

Informative presentations don’t just fall into the business category. Ph.D. Dissertation and Thesis presentations are topics that belong to the informative presentations category as they condense countless research hours into manageable reports for the academic jury. 

Since these informational presentations can be perceived as lengthy and data-filled, it is important to learn the following professional presentation skills:

• Attention to detail
• Be able to explain complex information in simpler terms
• Creative thinking
• Powerful diction
• Working on pauses and transitions
• Pacing the presentation, so not too much information is divulged per slide

The leading inspirational platform, TEDx, comes to mind when talking about inspirational presentations. This presentation format has the peculiarity of maximizing the engagement with the audience to divulge a message, and due to that, it has specific requirements any presenter must meet.

This presentation format usually involves a speaker on a stage, either sitting or better standing, in which the presenter engages with the audience with a storytelling format about a life experience, a job done that provided a remarkable improvement for society, etc.

Empathizing with the audience is the key ingredient for these inspirational presentations. Still, creativity is what shapes the outcome of your performance as people are constantly looking for different experiences – not the same recipe rephrased with personal touches. The human factor is what matters here, way above data and research. What has your experience to offer to others? How can it motivate another human being to pursue a similar path or discover their true calling?

To achieve success in terms of communication skills presentation, these inspirational presentations have the following requirements:

• Focus on the audience (engage, consider their interests, and make them a part of your story)
• Putting ego aside
• Creative communication skills
• Storytelling skills
• Body language knowledge to apply the correct gestures to accompany your story
• Voice training
• Using powerful words

After discussing the different kinds of presentations we can come across at any stage of our lives, a group of presentation skills is standard in any type of presentation. See below what makes a good presentation and which skills you must count on to succeed as a presenter.

Punctuality

Punctuality is a crucial aspect of giving an effective presentation. Nothing says more about respect for your audience and the organization you represent than delivering the presentation on time . Arriving last minute puts pressure on the tech team behind audiovisuals, as they don’t have enough preparation to test microphones, stage lights, and projector settings, which can lead to a less powerful presentation Even when discussing presentations hosted in small rooms for a reduced audience, testing the equipment becomes essential for an effective presentation.

A solution for this is to arrive at least 30 minutes early. Ideally, one hour is a sweet spot since the AV crew has time to check the gear and requirements for your presentation. Another benefit of this, for example, in inspirational presentations, is measuring the previous presenter’s impact on the audience. This gives insights about how to resonate with the public, and their interest, and how to accommodate your presentation for maximum impact.

Body Language

Our bodies can make emotions transparent for others, even when we are unaware of such a fact. Proper training for body language skills reduces performance anxiety, giving the audience a sense of expertise about the presented topic. 

Give your presentation and the audience the respect they deserve by watching over these potential mistakes:

• Turning your back to the audience for extended periods : It’s okay to do so when introducing an important piece of information or explaining a graph, but it is considered rude to give your back to the audience constantly.
• Fidgeting : We are all nervous in the presence of strangers, even more, if we are the center of attention for that moment. Instead of playing with your hair or making weird hand gestures, take a deep breath to center yourself before the presentation and remember that everything you could do to prepare is already done. Trust your instincts and give your best.
• Intense eye contact : Have you watched a video where the presenter stared at the camera the entire time? That’s the feeling you transmit to spectators through intense eye contact. It’s a practice often used by politicians to persuade.
• Swearing : This is a no-brainer. Even when you see influencers swearing on camera or in podcasts or live presentations, it is considered an informal and lousy practice for business and academic situations. If you have a habit to break when it comes to this point, find the humor in these situations and replace your swear words with funny alternatives (if the presentation allows for it). 

Voice Tone plays a crucial role in delivering effective presentations and knowing how to give a good presentation. Your voice is a powerful tool for exposing your ideas and feelings . Your voice can articulate the message you are telling, briefing the audience if you feel excited about what you are sharing or, in contrast, if you feel the presentation is a burden you ought to complete.

Remember, passion is a primary ingredient in convincing people. Therefore, transmitting such passion with a vibrant voice may help gather potential business partners’ interest.  

But what if you feel sick prior to the presentation? If, by chance, your throat is sore minutes before setting foot on the stage, try this: when introducing yourself, mention that you are feeling a bit under the weather. This resonates with the audience to pay more attention to your efforts. In case you don’t feel comfortable about that, ask the organizers for a cup of tea, as it will settle your throat and relax your nerves.

Tech Skills

Believe it or not, people still feel challenged by technology these days. Maybe that’s the reason why presentation giants like Tony Robbins opt not to use PowerPoint presentations . The reality is that there are plenty of elements involved in a presentation that can go wrong from the tech side:

• A PDF not opening
• Saving your presentation in a too-recent PowerPoint version
• A computer not booting up
• Mac laptops and their never-ending compatibility nightmare
• Not knowing how to change between slides
• Not knowing how to use a laser pointer
• Internet not working
• Audio not working

We can come up with a pretty long list of potential tech pitfalls, and yet more than half of them fall in presenters not being knowledgeable about technology.

If computers aren’t your thing, let the organization know about this beforehand. There is always a crew member available to help presenters switch between slides or configure the presentation for streaming. This takes the pressure off your shoulders, allowing you to concentrate on the content to present. Remember, even Bill Gates can get a BSOD during a presentation .

Presentations, while valuable for conveying information and ideas, can be daunting for many individuals. Here are some common difficulties people encounter when giving presentations:

Public Speaking Anxiety

Glossophobia, the fear of public speaking, affects a significant portion of the population. This anxiety can lead to nervousness, trembling, and forgetfulness during a presentation.

Lack of Confidence

Many presenters struggle with self-doubt, fearing that they may not be knowledgeable or skilled enough to engage their audience effectively.

Content Organization

Organizing information in a coherent and engaging manner can be challenging. Presenters often grapple with how to structure their content to make it easily digestible for the audience. Artificial Intelligence can help us significantly reduce the content arrangement time when you work with tools like our AI Presentation Maker (made for presenters by experts in presentation design). 

Audience Engagement

Keeping the audience’s attention and interest throughout the presentation can be difficult. Distractions, disengaged attendees, or lack of interaction can pose challenges.

Technical Issues

Technology glitches, such as malfunctioning equipment, incompatible file formats, or poor internet connectivity, can disrupt presentations and increase stress.

Time Management

Striking the right balance between providing enough information and staying within time limits is a common challenge. Going over or under the allotted time can affect the effectiveness of the presentation.

Handling Questions and Challenges

Responding to unexpected questions, criticism, or challenges from the audience can be difficult, especially when presenters are unprepared or lack confidence in their subject matter.

Visual Aids and Technology

Creating and effectively using visual aids like slides or multimedia can be a struggle for some presenters. Technical competence is essential in this aspect.

Language and Articulation

Poor language skills or unclear articulation can hinder effective communication. Presenters may worry about stumbling over words or failing to convey their message clearly.

Maintaining appropriate and confident body language can be challenging. Avoiding nervous habits, maintaining eye contact, and using gestures effectively requires practice.

Overcoming Impersonal Delivery

In virtual presentations, maintaining a personal connection with the audience can be difficult. The absence of face-to-face interaction can make it challenging to engage and read the audience.

Cultural and Diversity Awareness

Presenting to diverse audiences requires sensitivity to cultural differences and varying levels of familiarity with the topic.

In this section, we gathered some tips on how to improve presentation skills that can certainly make an impact if applied to your presentation skills. We believe these skills can be cultivated to transform into habits for your work routine.

Tip #1: Build a narrative

One memorable way to guarantee presentation success is by writing a story of all the points you desire to cover. This statement is based on the logic behind storytelling and its power to connect with people .

Don’t waste time memorizing slides or reading your presentation to the audience. It feels unnatural, and any question that diverts from the topic in discussion certainly puts you in jeopardy or, worse, exposes you as a fraud in the eyes of the audience. And before you ask, it is really evident when a presenter has a memorized speech. 

Build and rehearse the presentation as if telling a story to a group of interested people. Lower the language barrier by avoiding complex terms that maybe even you aren’t fully aware of their meaning. Consider the ramifications of that story, what it could lead to, and which are the opportunities to explore. Then, visualize yourself giving the presentation in a natural way.

Applying this technique makes the presentation feel like second nature to you. It broadens the spectrum in which you can show expertise over a topic or even build the basis for new interesting points of view about the project.

Tip #2: Don’t talk for more than 3 minutes per slide

It is a common practice of presenters to bombard the audience with facts and information whilst retaining the same slide on the screen. Why can this happen? It could be because the presenter condensed the talk into very few slides and preferred to talk. The reality is that your spectators won’t retain the information you are giving unless you give visual cues to help that process. 

Opt to prepare more slides and pace your speech to match the topics shown on each slide. Don’t spend more than 3 minutes per slide unless you have to introduce a complex piece of data. Use visual cues to direct the spectators about what you talk about, and summarize the principal concepts discussed at the end of each section.

Tip #3: Practice meditation daily

Anxiety is the number one enemy of professional presenters. It slowly builds without you being aware of your doubts and can hinder your performance in multiple ways: making you feel paralyzed, fidgeting, making you forget language skills or concepts, affecting your health, etc.

Meditation is an ancient practice taken from Buddhist teachings that train your mind to be here in the present. We often see the concepts of meditation and mindfulness as synonyms, whereas you should be aware that meditation is a practice that sets the blocks to reach a state of mindfulness. For presenters, being in the here and now is essential to retain focus, but meditation techniques also teach us to control our breathing and be in touch with our body signals when stress builds up. 

The customary practice of meditation has an impact on imagination and creativity but also helps to build patience – a skill much needed for connecting with your audience in instructional presentations.

Having the proper set of presentation skills can be quite subjective. It goes beyond presentation tips and deepens into how flexible we can be in our ability to communicate ideas.

Different presentations and different audiences shape the outcome of our efforts. Therefore, having a basic understanding of how to connect, raise awareness, and empathize with people can be key ingredients for your career as a presenter. A word of advice: success doesn’t happen overnight. It takes dedication and patience to build communication skills . Don’t condition your work to believe you will be ready “someday”; it’s best to practice and experience failure as part of the learning process.

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6 Different Types of Presentations

Presentations should be as unique as your business and the information you’re trying to present. However, there are certain types of presentations that are common across industries and teams. Before you worry about which slides to include or how to organize your information, you’ll need to determine which type of presentation is best for your audience. 

To figure this out, ask yourself: Are you entertaining or informing? Are you speaking to colleagues, investors, or potential customers? Asking these questions will help you choose the type of presentation that supports you best. Beautiful.ai is here to make this even easier with a description of different types of presentations to help you choose.

Informative Presentations

An informative presentation is educational, concise, and to the point. While other presentations may entertain or inspire, the main goal of an informative presentation is to share information.

A good example of an informative presentation is a human resources benefits presentation. Human resources needs to explain what benefits employees receive, how benefits work, which important dates employees need to remember, where employees can find more information, and so on. 

An HR benefits presentation for new hires (or any informational presentation) should be short, straightforward, and easy to understand so that new employees will remember the information they’re given. 

Instructive Presentations

A presentation that teaches something is similar to an informative presentation, but it goes beyond sharing facts. It also instructs the audience on a specific topic. People attend or view an instructive presentation with the intention to learn, and they leave with a better understanding of the topic of the presentation.

There are many examples of instructive presentations. Workshops, training sessions, or webinars teach audiences a new skill or procedure by offering specific information or instructions. Explaining new policies to a company is another type of instructive presentation. For example, an HR benefits presentation for new employees may be informative, but a presentation for existing employees about policy changes might lean more towards instructive, especially if employees have to take action or need to ask questions.     

Persuasive Presentations

Many presentations hope to sell something or persuade the audience to take certain actions. Persuasive presentations often present a problem and explain their solution using data. Examples of persuasive presentations include business pitches or sales proposals.

For example, a startup company looking for initial funding may need a startup pitch deck or a Series A presentation to convince investors to back their idea. A startup pitch deck would explain a problem in the market, how their startup will solve that problem, and how they’ll monetize their business. A Series A presentation can help a startup secure more rounds of funding to grow their company and pursue further goals.

Motivational Presentations

One of the most prominent examples of inspiring presentations? TEDTalks. Many motivational speakers use TEDTalks to inspire people to think or change their behavior. 

Motivational presentations in the business world may not be as dramatic or life-changing as a TEDTalk, but they still aim to generate interest or gain an audience’s approval. A company overview presentation is a good example of a motivational presentation. It may present the information of a company — how it was founded, who is leading it, what the company does — but more importantly, it tells the company’s story. 

A company overview presentation connects with the audience. A manager may use it to boost morale at a team meeting. Or an executive may present a company overview to convince potential customers or investors to work with them. Or, an HR rep may use it to make new hires feel welcome and excited to join the company.

Decision-making Presentations

Need to make a decision within the company? A presentation that shares a problem, solution options, and their outcomes can help speed along the process. Decision making presentations might be found in business meetings, government meetings, or all-hands meetings.

For example, let’s say a company wants to improve engagement on their social media channels. There are many ways they might achieve their goal, including hosting giveaways, dedicating more resources to creating Facebook posts or Instagram stories, and researching their audience or competitors to see how they can improve. A marketing campaign plan template for a presentation would keep details of the problem, different options, and possible outcomes organized in one place. It would inform and guide everyone involved in the meeting, helping them make informed decisions on how to move forward.

Progress Presentations

Imagine our hypothetical company decided on a marketing strategy to meet their goals. Now that they have a campaign in place, they need to report on the progress of said campaign. This sixth presentation type shares status updates, progress towards deadlines, collected data so far, any obstacles popping up, and tasks that need to be added or adjusted.

A team stand up presentation is a great example of this type of presentation. Team stand up presentations usually include an agenda, talking points, deliverable updates, discussion topics, and time for questions at the end. This presentation keeps everyone organized and focused, ensuring that everyone is still on the same page and working towards the same end goal.

Whichever Presentation Type You Choose, Create it With Beautiful.ai

Now that you know which presentation type is right for your project, it’s time to create a beautiful and effective presentation. With Beautiful.ai , you don’t need to set aside hours of time to build your presentation, nor do you need design expertise to do it. Use one of our many presentation templates that can be customized for your needs in minutes. No matter what type of presentation you create, Beautiful.ai can help you do it.

Beautiful.AI Team

Beautiful is an AI-powered presentation tool that makes it fast and easy for anyone to build clean, modern and professionally designed slides that they can be proud of.

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What It Takes to Give a Great Presentation

• Carmine Gallo

Five tips to set yourself apart.

Never underestimate the power of great communication. It can help you land the job of your dreams, attract investors to back your idea, or elevate your stature within your organization. But while there are plenty of good speakers in the world, you can set yourself apart out by being the person who can deliver something great over and over. Here are a few tips for business professionals who want to move from being good speakers to great ones: be concise (the fewer words, the better); never use bullet points (photos and images paired together are more memorable); don’t underestimate the power of your voice (raise and lower it for emphasis); give your audience something extra (unexpected moments will grab their attention); rehearse (the best speakers are the best because they practice — a lot).

I was sitting across the table from a Silicon Valley CEO who had pioneered a technology that touches many of our lives — the flash memory that stores data on smartphones, digital cameras, and computers. He was a frequent guest on CNBC and had been delivering business presentations for at least 20 years before we met. And yet, the CEO wanted to sharpen his public speaking skills.

• Carmine Gallo is a Harvard University instructor, keynote speaker, and author of 10 books translated into 40 languages. Gallo is the author of The Bezos Blueprint: Communication Secrets of the World’s Greatest Salesman  (St. Martin’s Press).

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Different types of presentations

Get your team on prezi – watch this on demand video.

Meghan Ryan July 29, 2022

Before you start building a presentation, you need a good structure. Ask yourself the purpose of your presentation – why are you getting in front of your audience? Are you trying to convince them to care about an issue and take action? Who are you speaking to – colleagues, customers, or investors? Asking yourself these questions will help you start to determine the type of presentation and structure it accordingly. Read on to discover different types of presentations and how to structure them.

Persuasive presentations

What is a persuasive presentation.

A persuasive presentation is one that tries to convince the audience to accept a certain position and to take action. It uses facts, logic, and emotion to help the audience understand the impact of a certain situation and see it from a different perspective.

How to make a persuasive presentation

• Start your presentation off strong and make the first 30 seconds of your presentation count. This presentation type needs a good hook that draws the audience in and starts getting them invested in the topic.
• Introduce the problem that needs to be solved and compare it with your solution.
• Build a narrative around your solution. Use evidence, back up your ideas with statistics and findings, and use emotion to pull your audience through the narrative. You should be building to a strong conclusion at this point.
• End with a summary of your points and relate them back to the actions that your audience takes.

This type of presentation requires confidence. Show that you feel passionate about your topic and believe in your solution to your audience. They need to feel trust in you to follow your ideas. Rehearse your presentation, but not to the point that you have every single line memorized. You want to sound authentic, not as though you’re rattling off facts and figures.

Persuasive presentation examples

Some of the most common types of persuasive presentations are product or business pitches, but there are so many more out there. Seeing how someone persuades their audience might give you some inspiration, so here we’ve compiled a few of our favorite examples of this type of presentation.

Watch this product pitch by Thriftplan, a workspace-saving solution helping companies retain their talent and employees manage their long-term savings.

This presentation on deforestation shows the effects that deforestation has had on the planet and introduces ways to become a “tree hugger” and combat it:

Learn more about what goes into an effective persuasive speech by reading our article on the topic.

Informative presentations

What is an informative presentation.

An informative presentation is a type of presentation that is just there to provide information. Unlike a persuasive presentation, you’re not necessarily delivering it to get your audience to take action or change their minds. This type of presentation is often analytical. It may just “report the facts,” but you might also want to include some analysis of the information.

How to make an informative presentation

• This type of presentation needs to be about a specific topic, so research your topic thoroughly. Whether that means gathering data from your team or colleagues, or going to the library or interviewing experts, you’ll want to take every step you can in order to seem like an expert in front of your audience.
• Consider your crowd and write this presentation type for them. If your audience knows a lot about your topic, you can skip some of the background information, like when you deliver a report to your team. A teacher will want to go into much more detail if they’re preparing a lesson plan, though.
• Write a thesis statement and organize the presentation around that. This will help you structure all the data and information that you’re discussing, rather than just doing a data dump.
• End on a call to action. This type of presentation is of course different from a persuasive presentation, but it’s good practice to give your audience something to do with the information you just presented.

Informative presentation examples

You have likely come across this type of presentation often throughout your workday. Here’s one by Devin Banerjee describing parental leave policies in the financial sector.

Motivational presentations

What is a motivational presentation.

Motivational speaking might be one of the most enviable types of presentations for people. Motivational presentations can turn a mere story into an inspiring tale. Very similar to a persuasive presentation, a good motivational presentation will convince you to do something, rather than just waiting for it to happen. It has a clear purpose, often pulling from a personal story written for a specific audience, and inspires the audience to make a change in their lives.

How to make a motivational presentation

• Know your purpose. This is important for any type of presentation, but none more so than for this presentation type. You need to know the purpose of your presentation and build upon a singular message.
• Understand your audience and write your content for them.
• Start your presentation with a strong hook, like a question, a personal story, or a compelling statistic.
• Include a personal narrative or a story that your audience can closely relate to. This helps them understand the core message of your presentation and feel more compelled to take action at the end.
• Conclude your presentation with a call to action. Your audience is motivated to make a change, so they need an outlet to do so.

Motivational presentation examples

There are so many motivational presentations out there, and many of them live here on Prezi. Look at this presentation on climate change, which compels you to take action and combat climate change on your own.

Instructive presentations

What is an instructive presentation.

An instructive presentation provides specific directions to accomplish a task. It might be a little longer than most types of presentations because you’ll need to discuss it step by step. In the end, your audience should walk away from this type of presentation more informed and with a new skill.

How to make an instructive presentation

• Determine exactly what you want your audience to learn at the end of your presentation. This type of presentation goes beyond just sharing facts. People want to learn how to do something, so make sure you have a clear idea of what that is.
• Map out the steps. Be clear about all ideas and information that is packed into your presentation.
• Have an understanding of your audience’s level of knowledge. Are they an informed audience or fresh to the topic you’re presenting? This type of presentation will be different depending on the audience you’re with.
• Use visuals and examples throughout your presentation so people new to the topic can more easily follow along.

Instructive presentation examples

Teacher Nucleo Vega teaches how to play and understand eighth-note subdivisions in his instructional video:

For even more examples of instructional presentations, read our article on the best instructional videos on Prezi.

Training presentation

What is a training presentation .

A training presentation is like a lesson that uses pictures and talking to teach something. People use it to help others learn about a specific topic or how to follow a certain process. It’s like a teacher’s tool to share information, show examples, and make sure everyone understands. You might see these types of presentations in school, at work, or in workshops to help people get better at something or understand new subjects. 

How to make a training presentation

• Start by clarifying the main goal of your presentation. Are you teaching a new skill, explaining a process, or sharing important information? Understanding your purpose will help you structure your content effectively.
• Consider who your audience is and what they already know about the topic. Tailor your presentation to their knowledge level, interests, and needs. This will make your training more relevant and engaging.
• Structure your presentation logically with a clear beginning, middle, and end. Use headings, subheadings, or an outline to create a coherent flow of information. Make sure your key points are easy to follow.
• Use visuals like images, charts, and diagrams to complement your text. Visuals help explain concepts and make your presentation more visually appealing. However, keep visuals simple and uncluttered to avoid overwhelming your audience.

Discover more insights and tips on online training and Prezi’s impact.

Training presentation examples

This Prezi on effective onboarding for PMs is a great example of a training presentation. It goes into detail about onboarding methods. This would be useful training material for product managers or their supervisors looking to provide instructional advice when taking on a new role. 

Status update presentation

What is a status update presentation .

A status update presentation typically includes information about what has been done, what is currently being worked on, and any challenges or issues that need attention. It’s a way for a team or organization to communicate openly about the state of their projects and ensure everyone is on the same page. These types of presentations are often given in meetings to keep stakeholders informed and make decisions based on the project’s progress.

How to make a status update presentation

• Clearly communicate the specific timeframe covered in your status update, whether it’s a weekly, monthly, or project milestone report. This ensures your audience understands the context and timeline of the information presented.
• Identify and focus on the most relevant Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for your project, such as completion rates, milestone achievements, or budget status. These metrics should succinctly convey the essential aspects of your project’s progress.
• Employ charts, graphs, or visuals to illustrate progress effectively. Visual representations, like Gantt charts depicting project timelines and task dependencies, aid in conveying complex information clearly and concisely.
• Proactively address potential risks or challenges that may impact the project’s timeline or goals. Clearly communicate any issues and provide mitigation strategies to demonstrate transparency and preparedness in managing project uncertainties.
• Clearly outline the next steps for the project and assign responsibilities. Summarize key action items, including upcoming milestones, tasks, and deadlines, to make it easy for your audience to understand what requires attention or action in the upcoming period.

Example of a status update presentation

The structure of this Prezi provides a comprehensive year plan. It includes dynamic segments that offer a creative outlet for setting goals. The presentation covers setting goals, tracking progress, and getting started with your plans, which also makes a great base structure for a well-rounded status update presentation.

Pitch presentation

What’s a pitch presentation .

A pitch presentation is like a quick talk where someone explains their business idea, product, or service to persuade others to get on board. It shows why the idea is good, who it helps, and how it can succeed. People often use these types of presentations when they want support, financial investments, or to team up with others. They share key details about the problem their idea solves, who it’s for, and why it’s a great opportunity. The goal is to grab the audience’s interest and convince them it’s worth backing or investing in. You often see these types of presentations in startups or when someone is trying to get support for a new project.

How to make a pitch presentation

• Start with a strong intro to grab attention. Clearly state the problem your idea solves, keeping it brief and impactful.
• Explain the problem your idea tackles and introduce your solution. Keep it straightforward, emphasizing how your idea provides a solution.
• Present info about the market opportunity, including target audience, market size, and relevant trends. Use data to show that there’s a real need for your solution.
• Highlight your idea’s Unique Selling Proposition (USP). Clearly state the benefits your solution offers, focusing on what makes it stand out.
• End with a clear call to action. Summarize key points and provide a way for your audience to follow up or get involved.

Remember, keep it simple, engaging, and tailored to your audience’s interests and needs. Discover more tips on how to create a successful pitch presentation and investor pitch deck .

Pitch presentation examples

The Elevator Pitch Prezi is a good example of a pitch presentation. The presentation starts by stating the problem and then providing a solution, ending with a call to action – which is great for persuading potential investors. Discover more good sales pitch examples in this article.

Crisis communication presentation 

What’s a crisis communication presentation .

A crisis communication presentation is like a talk that happens when there’s a serious issue or emergency. It’s a way to share important information and updates with people who need to know—like employees, stakeholders, or the public. In these types of presentations, you’d cover what the crisis is, what steps are being taken to deal with it, and what the next moves are. It’s about keeping everyone informed and on the same page during challenging times. The goal is to be transparent, provide clarity on the situation, and let people know what’s being done to handle the crisis. It’s a crucial tool in managing and addressing unexpected and difficult situations.

How to create a crisis communication presentation

• Identify the nature of the crisis and tailor your message to the concerns of your specific audience.
• Your presentation should address what happened, its impact, ongoing resolution efforts, and preventive measures for the future. Keep the language simple and direct.
• Demonstrate understanding and empathy for those affected. Maintain transparency about the situation, including uncertainties, and commit to providing updates.
• Anticipate and prepare for potential questions, including difficult ones, to maintain control of the message.
• Support your message with helpful visuals like charts or timelines. Practice delivering your presentation confidently, with attention to non-verbal cues like body language.

By combining these elements, you can create a sense of trust with your audience and convince them you’re handling the situation effectively. Remember, honesty is key when it comes to these types of presentations. 

Prezi for all types of presentations

Prezi is a presentation platform that stands out for its dynamic features, making it ideal for various presentations. Its unique zooming user interface allows presenters to create visually engaging presentations, moving easily between ideas and topics.

The versatility of Prezi enables presenters to convey various moods and emotions effectively. Whether you’re delivering a corporate report, an educational lesson, or a personal story, Prezi’s array of templates and design options can be tailored to fit lots of different types of presentations. This flexibility means that your presentation aligns perfectly with your content, from serious and formal to playful and informal.

Moreover, different types of presentations require different presentation styles. Learn about presentation styles and explore what suits best for you and your presentation type by watching the following video.

Prezi Video

Prezi Video adds another layer of engagement by allowing you to present live alongside your content virtually. This feature is particularly useful in today’s hybrid work environments, as it fosters a more personal connection with your audience. With Prezi Video, you can interact with your visuals in real-time, creating a more immersive experience across all types of presentations. This blend of visual storytelling and live presentation helps to keep the audience engaged and improves the overall impact of your message.

Prezi’s AI text editing tool

Creating Prezi presentations just got even easier! With Prezi’s AI text editing tool , you can easily create all types of presentations in less time. This feature helps you shorten, expand, highlight, and summarize content to help you communicate your ideas better. It simplifies the process by offering relevant suggestions, making it easier to create cohesive presentations. 

Prezi with all its accessible features makes it easy to create content for any industry, from different types of business presentations to classroom and learning environments, Prezi’s versatility makes it a great platform for all. 

Final thoughts on different types of presentations

There are a lot of types of presentations out there, but they’re only effective if you understand the structure of each and utilize the structure to your advantage. Find more examples of presentations in our presentation gallery , or check out Prezi to start creating your own presentation today.

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• Top Presentations

The 6 types of presentation (and why you need them)

Hrideep barot.

• Presentation , Public Speaking

We all have been exposed to different types of presentations right from school years.

Group presentations, lectures by teachers and professors, seminars, webinars or online presentations, e-learning, e-conferences, etc., are all different types of presentations that we come across in our daily lives.

But each of them work for different settings.

In this article, we will take a look at 6 such types of presentations and when and why you need them.

1. Informative Presentations

This is the most common type of presentation, be it in an educational setting or business or corporate setting.

The aim of an informative presentation is to give detailed information about a product, concept, or idea to a specific kind of audience.

They are often analytical or require a rational analysis of the data presented.

Training sessions or one-day workshops are good examples where this kind of presentation is used.

Here is an example of an informative presentation on public speaking and presentations.

Now, there are different situations where you can use informative presentations.

a) Reporting

Although a report is a written explanation of an event, it can also be verbal.

A perfect place to use informative presentations is news reporting , as it requires the presenter to present information systematically.

b) Briefing

This involves explaining both positive and negative aspects of a particular topic in a few words.

It is providing information quickly and effectively about an issue to influence decisions or to come to solutions.

Hence, the decision-making bodies of an organization can make use of this kind of presentation to save time and effectively come to conclusions.

c) Research

Informative presentations are often used to present research findings to a specific audience , as it involves reporting the findings and briefing it to the audience.

Hence, almost everywhere where research takes place, be it in an educational context or occupational , can make use of this kind of presentation.

Tips for giving informative presentations

• As there would be a lot of technical information and statistics, focus on the main points or agenda first and if you have more time, you can add them at the end
• Keep your presentation simple and clear . Avoid complex sentence structures and graphics
• Tell the outline of your presentation briefly in the introduction for a better flow
• Make sure that your presentation does not stretch for too long. 10-15 minutes is what your audience can concentrate on
• Restate your keyphrase at the end and briefly summarize all the important points of your presentation

Speech topics for an informative presentation

• Cropping techniques
• Organic Farming
• Corporate Farming
• Hydroponics
• Sustainable Agriculture, etc
• Climate change
• Environmental issues
• Eco-friendly ways of management
• Eco-politics
• Eco-feminism, etc
• Gender studies
• Gender and education
• Religious studies
• History of education
• Philosophy of education, etc
• Ethnic cultures
• Indigenous cultures
• Multiculturalism
• Popular culture
• Cultural trends, etc
• Business administration
• Business ethics
• Business models
• Promotion and marketing communications
• Finance, etc

2. Persuasive presentations

Persuasion is the art of motivating or convincing someone to act or make a change in their actions or thoughts.

If you are planning to give a persuasive presentation, and are looking for how to give a persuasive speech, check out our article on A Comprehensive Guide to Writing a Persuasive Speech to gain in-depth knowledge about the art of giving persuasive presentations.

Persuasive presentations are also widely used form after informative presentations.

There are various circumstances where persuasive presentations can be used.

a) Policy-making

Government bodies make use of persuasion almost every time, be it the legislative or decision-making bodies, executive bodies, or even courts.

Even election campaigns involve using persuasive presentations as an instrument of their pre-determined goals of swaying the citizens.

For that matter, any executive or management body of an organization can make use of these kinds of presentations.

b) Value judgment

This kind involves answering the question “why” and supplementing it with possible benefits.

Most Ted talks and YouTube videos try to persuade the audience and fall into the persuasive presentation category.

Even religious heads use this as a means of persuading their believers to follow their belief system.

Deciding on a procedure or telling an audience the correct procedure of doing something is another situation.

An example of a persuasive presentation

Bailey parnell: is social media hurting your mental health.

This TED talk by Bailey Parnell is a good example of a persuasive presentation.

She starts strong by asking rhetorical questions that set the mood for her further points.

We can also see how the speaker is genuinely concerned regarding the issue, engaging the audience till the end.

Tips for giving a persuasive presentation

• Start your presentation with a relevant quote or statistics about your topic to establish credibility
• Tell personal anecdotes and examples wherever necessary to develop an emotional connection with your audience
• Deliver your presentation with passion and genuine interest to motivate your audience to think
• Answer the question “why” for better understanding and clarity in your presentation
• State your viewpoint clearly and clarify doubts if your audience seems to have any

Speech topics for persuasive presentations

• Is animal testing ethical?
• Should cosmetic surgery be banned?
• Can the death penalty be the only solution to the rising crime rates?
• Should the legal age be 18?
• Should immigration laws be revised?
• Why you should never add your parents on Facebook
• Guys are more interested in gossip than girls
• It is your major duty to annoy your parents
• You are not enjoying student life if you are not procrastinating
• Endless memes can be made on my life, etc
• Is taming wild and exotic animals ethical?
• The importance of emotional support animals
• Why are bunnies the perfect pet?
• Why do animals make the best companions?
• Why there is a need for patients to have emotional support animals, etc
• How and why there is a need to do business analysis before opening your business?
• Why small businesses are successful and more profitable?
• Why do sales and customer service departments need to be paid more?
• Why does the HR department need to be polite and understanding?
• Why should you not do business with a family member?
• How charity is a means of converting black money to white?
• Why is detaining people on the suspicion of terrorism justified?
• Should euthanasia be made legal?
• Should violent crime offenders be sentenced to death?
• Should foreigners be allowed to buy a property?

3. Demonstrative presentations

This involves demonstrating a process or the functioning of a product in a step-by-step fashion.

So, a master class on communication skills or making a product model is an example of a demonstrative presentation.

Usually, the audience is an active part of such presentations and these can work in any context where you want the audience to learn a new skill.

a) Instructions

This involves giving guidelines or steps of a process or work .

Teaching how to make a car model step-by-step is a good example where you can use this kind of informative presentation to guide your audience.

Another instance can be at the workplace , to train the employees or introduce them to a new product at work.

This type also works with demonstrating recipes and cooking workshops.

An example of demonstrative presentation

The easy guide on making just about any smoothie.

In this recipe demonstration, he tells his audience how many ingredients are involved and briefs them about the outline of his presentation at the start of his speech.

He also shows all steps in real-time so that the audience have a better understanding of the process and keeps them engaged.

Tips to give a demonstrative presentation

• Introduce your product and its function to your audience before telling them how to go about with the steps
• Explain the steps with diagrams or show them in real-time along with the audience
• Give equal time to every person in the audience for clearing doubts, if any
• Keep your introduction short. Not more than 5 minutes
• Discuss options or variations that the audience can try at the end of the presentation

Speech topics for demonstrative presentations

• How to administer CPR
• How to wrap a gift professionally
• How to budget your monthly income
• How to choose a car insurance
• How to restore a piece of antique furniture

4. Inspirational presentations

As the name suggests, this type of presentation involves inspiring others!

The main aim of an inspirational presentation is to motivate or move your audience and is also known as a motivational presentation.

Using techniques like storytelling, narrating personal anecdotes , or even humor work wonders as your audience develops an emotional connection to the message.

This TED talk by Luvvie Ajayi Jones is humorous but a lot more inspirational. Check it out!

Tips for giving an inspirational presentation

• Start with a question that will leave the audience thinking. Pause for some time and then begin with your presentation
• Develop a sense of connection by narrating personal incidents and experiences to grow empathy
• Have some main points that you want to emphasize on
• Make use of humor ! It instantly builds a connection with the listener
• Non-verbal elements like paralanguage, body language, speech modulations, tone, etc., makes a huge difference

Speech topics for an inspirational presentation

• Importance of diversity and inclusion
• Building mental resilience
• Need for change management
• Valuing small victories in life
• How procrastinating is your enemy

5. Business presentations

In the corporate world, presentations are the go-to solution to do anything: planning or strategizing, articulating company goals, screening candidates, status reports , and many more.

Let us take a dive into the different types of business presentations.

a) Sales presentation

Also known as sales pitches , sales presentations involve providing information about a product or a service to sell it.

It has a pre-defined strategy of initiating and closing the sales deal.

This can be done in person or nowadays, on the phone, or via e-communication .

b) Training sessions

Often employees have on-the-job training sessions that are aimed to increase the knowledge and skills of the employees.

This kind can also involve the audience to participate , like in demonstrative presentations.

c) Meetings

Meetings can be called for for different reasons and can be of different forms as well.

Conferences ( both video and in-person), board meetings, informal team meetings, daily reporting, etc., are all various contexts of meeting in a business setting.

d) E- presentations

E- presentations existed before the COVID pandemic as well but were used seldom.

But, with the ongoing pandemic, e-presentations or remote presentations have replaced all other types of presentations and will be with us for a while longer.

However, on the brighter side, it is an eco-friendly alternative to normal face-to-face kind of a set-up, and it also saves transportation and other costs !

e) Seminars

Seminars are widely used in the health sector , usually involving a panel of speakers on a topic. The audience is anywhere between 10 to 100.

It ends with a question and answers session , and the audience gets to take handouts with them.

f) One-on-one or 1:1

Interviews are usually one-on-one and involve presenting your achievements and capabilities to your prospective employer.

Apart from interviews, 1:1 meetings are also used in sales and marketing to crack a business deal.

Tips for giving business presentations

• Include key phrases and other important details on your slides and make them bold
• Avoid casual slangs and informal tone of speech
• If you are giving a sales presentation, explain your product or service in simple and clear words , and list the reasons why it is beneficial for your potential clients
• Make sure to be on time ! Delaying your audience will work against you and leave a bad impression on you and your company
• Know your material or content thoroughly to answer the questions asked by your audience

Speech topics for business presentations

• Implementing an Agile Project
• Introduction to data modeling
• Introduction to UML(Unified Modeling Language)
• Social Media strategies for a successful business
• Business writing for managers

6. Powerpoint presentations

PowerPoint presentations or PPTs are the most effective ones among all types of presentations simply because they are convenient and easy to understand .

They are available in different formats and are suitable to use in practically any type of presentation and context, be it business, educational, or for informal purposes.

There are various types of PowerPoint presentations that you can use depending on the context.

a) PPTs for general audience

• For general audiences, avoid using jargon terms

If you feel that you need to use them, provide the audience some background information about the field or topic being covered

• Avoid using more than 8 words per line, as anything more than that becomes difficult to remember
• Use bullets or a numbered list for better retention
• Try not to read from your PPT
• Give handouts or record your presentation in case anyone wants it

b) PPTs for teaching

• In this case, the PowerPoint is content-based
• Make sure that the words on the slides are visible
• Use bigger font and avoid fancy fonts
• Add relevant pictures and graphics to keep your audience engaged
• You can also add documentaries or relevant videos to aid in understanding

c) Repurpose PPTs

• This involves reinventing an earlier ppt or combining 1 or more than 1 PowerPoints
• Giving new touches to an earlier PPT or changing the format
• You can take any slide of your PPT and upload it on social media for growing your brand or business
• You can even convert your PPT into mp4 , i.e, video format
• You can even add voice and save the mp4 format, and you have a good marketing plan!

d) PechaKucha

• This type of PowerPoint presentation comes from the Japanese word PechaKucha meaning sound of a conversation or chit-chat
• This involves changing slides every 20 seconds
• There can be a maximum of 20 slides , which means your presentation lasts for only 6 minutes and 40 seconds
• The PPT mostly has graphics and fewer words
• This type of presentation is best suited for telling a story or a personal anecdote

e) Multimedia presentations

• This is the best kind of PPT to engage your audience
• It contains texts along with pictures, videos, infographics, music, illustrations, GIFs , and many more
• Add higher resolution images and videos , or even a 360-degree snapshot if you are in the sales and marketing industry
• Adding infographics such as charts and graphs makes the process of understanding easier and saves time
• Music in a PPT helps your audience to be relaxed, at the same time making them alert and engaged

Types of slides in a presentation

PowerPoint presentation slides are broadly classified into 3 categories: Text, Visual, and Mixed slides.

1. Text slides

As the name suggests, this category of slides involve words or texts.

You can format the text as plain sentences or pointers.

You may even arrange them all in a single slide or one line per slide.

The slide seen below is an example where every point is mentioned in a single slide.

2. Visual slides

This type of slide has visual elements such as images or videos , and are better known as conceptual slides since they are a better option than text slide to explain a particular concept.

You can use them at the start of the presentation to better visualize and grasp the meaning of the presentation.

The slide right below is a good example of a visual slide.

3. Mixed slides

Mixed slides combine the texts and visuals to give a comprehensive understanding of any concept or a speech.

Graphs and charts are the best examples of mixed slides.

Mixed slides have an advantage over the other slides; they keep your audience engaged, listening and participating more actively!

Types of Oral presentations

So far we came across 6 types of presentations, and they all share one common feature. They are all one of the types of oral presentations.

Oral presentations involve the use of verbal and non-verbal elements to deliver a speech to a particular or general audience.

All the types we discussed fall into these 4 broad categories:

1. Extemporaneous presentations

This type of presentation involves making short pointers or key phrases to aid while speaking.

You do not memorize, but organize the points and structure the speech way in advance.

Hence, on the day of your presentation, by just looking at the key points , you expand on them and move to the next point.

2. Impromptu presentations

Impromptu presentations are spoken without any preparation . It can be nerve-wracking for many, and hence not many are in favor of it.

There is a valid reason for their fear, as you have to make your speech as you say it!

However, those who are experts in their fields and are called upon to share a few words can easily give this type of presentation.

3. Manuscript presentations

The other extreme of the spectrum is manuscript presentations.

Here you have a script and you speak from it, word by word.

News anchors and show announcers usually engage in this type, since there are a lot of specific details that cannot be said wrong, and also, time constraints.

Usually, a prompter is used, from which the speaker speaks to their audience.

Nowadays, there are teleprompters , that are heavily used in the entertainment and media industry.

It is a digital screen that displays the contents, and the speaker speaks from it.

4. Memorized presentations

This type does not have any notes or cues , but you memorize or rote learn the whole speech.

School and some presentations at the workplace involve using this kind of presentation.

In most cases, we recommend not to memorise your speech in most cases. We’ve made a video on the same and how it could lead to you potentially blanking out on stage. Highly recommend you view this quick vid before choosing memorisation as a presentation path:

But, if you do choose it for whatever reason, since you are free from notes, you are free to focus on other aspects, such as body language and gestures.

Types of presentation styles

There are various presenting styles, but they do not work for all types of presentations.

Let us get familiar with them, and know which style works with which type.

a) The storyteller

This style of presentation involves the speaker narrating stories and engaging the audience emotionally .

This technique works best with persuasive and inspirational types of presentation.

So, how to tell a story in a presentation?

• Understand and know your audience : Knowing your audience will help you with how you will frame your story, at the same time gauging the relevance of your narrative
• Know your message : Be clear with what you want to convey through your story or how you are connecting the story with your actual presentation
• Try narrative a real-life story : Inspiring presenters often take their own stories or the stories of people whom they know as a supplement to their presentation. When the audience listens to your real-life examples, they become genuinely interested in your story
• Add visual aids : Using visual aids such as pictures, videos, multimedia, etc., increases the memory retention and engagement of your audience
• Use the “you” attitude : Tell the story keeping your audience in mind because ultimately they are going to be the receivers and hence, the story should be relevant and should include their point of view as well

Want more storytelling tactics? Mystery, characterisation and the final takeaway are some more key elements of a good story for your next presentation. We’ve gone deeper into this topic in this video if you would like to know more:

b) The Visual style

Most of us are visual learners, making visual information easy to understand and retain.

Visual aids like graphics, images, diagrams, key pointers or phrases , etc., are very useful when giving any type of presentation.

Some tips of presenting with visual style:

• Include only important pointers in your PowerPoint presentation and highlight or bold them
• Try including visuals that complement what you are saying and use them as a supplementary tool to aid in understanding your audience
• If you are giving a business presentation and want to include visuals, instead of plain texts, include graphics and charts to make information simpler to present and understand
• Avoid overly complex visuals as it will confuse the audience more
• Avoid using more than 6 lines per slide

c) Analytic style

If you have data records or statistical information to be presented, an analytic style will be more helpful.

It works best for Informative and Business types of presentations.

Tips to deliver in analytic style:

• Give handouts so that the audience is on track with your presentation and the information will be easier to comprehend
• Focus and speak on selected data as too much data statistics can be overwhelming for the audience
• You can make use of humor and personal anecdotes to keep the presentation interesting and engaging
• If you have too much data and are worried that you will not be able to explain it in the time frame given, avoid writing content of more than 2000 words

Quick tip: In case you have a PDF to present and want to edit the data points, there are multiple software programs that you can use to allow you to easily do this. Check out this list of the Best Free Recording Software Programs to know more.

d) The Connector

The connector style of presentation involves the speaker establishing a connection with the audience by pointing out similarities between them and the listeners.

This style works well with Sales and marketing presentations.

How to give a presentation using connector style?

• Have a Q & A round with the audience at the end of your presentation for clarifying any doubts and avoiding miscommunication
• Use audience polls at the start of your presentation to know your audience and tailor your speech accordingly
• Make use of body language and gestures for delivering your presentation effectively. If you are confused or want to know more about the aspects of how to use body and gestures, check out our article on To walk or stand still: How should you present when on stage?
• Ask questions to your audience at regular intervals for a better audience engagement
• Make use of multimedia sources to keep your audience engaged and entertained

Which type of presentation is best?

Although all the presentation types have their own bonuses and are suitable for certain circumstances, some are universal and can be used with a little bit of modification almost everywhere!

These are persuasive presentations!

You can use them in various settings; from political, business to educational.

Just remember to choose the right topic for the right audience, and a style that you think is the most suitable and you are good to go!

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To conclude

We saw 6 types of presentation and understood it in detail.

We also gained some tips on how to make our presentation more engaging and also came across things to avoid as well.

We then explored the types of slides that you can use, and also the types of presenting orally.

We also gave you some tips and a few topic ideas that you can incorporate in your next speech!

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Business Jargons

A Business Encyclopedia

Presentation

Definition : A presentation is a form of communication in which the speaker conveys information to the audience. In an organization presentations are used in various scenarios like talking to a group, addressing a meeting, demonstrating or introducing a new product, or briefing a team. It involves presenting a particular subject or issue or new ideas/thoughts to a group of people.

It is considered as the most effective form of communication because of two main reasons:

• Use of non-verbal cues.
• Facilitates instant feedback.

Business Presentations are a tool to influence people toward an intended thought or action.

Parts of Presentation

• Introduction : It is meant to make the listeners ready to receive the message and draw their interest. For that, the speaker can narrate some story or a humorous piece of joke, an interesting fact, a question, stating a problem, and so forth. They can also use some surprising statistics.
• Body : It is the essence of the presentation. It requires the sequencing of facts in a logical order. This is the part where the speaker explains the topic and relevant information. It has to be critically arranged, as the audience must be able to grasp what the speaker presents.
• Conclusion : It needs to be short and precise. It should sum up or outline the key points that you have presented. It could also contain what the audience should have gained out of the presentation.

Purpose of Presentation

• To inform : Organizations can use presentations to inform the audience about new schemes, products or proposals. The aim is to inform the new entrant about the policies and procedures of the organization.
• To persuade : Presentations are also given to persuade the audience to take the intended action.
• To build goodwill : They can also help in building a good reputation

Factors Affecting Presentation

Audience Analysis

Communication environment, personal appearance, use of visuals, opening and closing presentation, organization of presentation, language and words, voice quality, body language, answering questions, a word from business jargons.

Presentation is a mode of conveying information to a selected group of people live. An ideal presentation is one that identifies and matches the needs, interests and understanding level of the audience. It also represents the facts, and figures in the form of tables, charts, and graphs and uses multiple colours.

Related terms:

• Verbal Communication
• Visual Communication
• Non-Verbal Communication
• Communication
• 7 C’s of Communication

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Presentation

• Written By Gregg Rosenzweig
• Updated: November 8, 2023

We’re here to help you choose the most appropriate content types to fulfill your content strategy. In this series, we’re breaking down the most popular content types to their most basic fundamentals — simple definitions, clarity on formats, and plenty of examples — so you can start with a solid foundation.

What is a Presentation?

A communication device that relays a topic to an audience in the form of a slide show, demonstration, lecture, or speech, where words and pictures complement each other.

Why should you think of presentations as content?

The beauty of content creation is that almost anything can become a compelling piece of content . Just depends on the creativity used to convert it and the story that brings it to life.

The long and short of it

Although the length of a presentation in terms of time can depend on the overall approach (Are you talking a lot? Are you referring to the screen in detail or not?), consider the number of informational content slides when tallying the overall presentation length. For instance, don’t include title slides in your tally when conveying length to a content creator.

A general guide to presentation length:

• Short Form (5 content slides)
• Standard Form (10 content slides)
• Long Form (20+ content slides)

Popular use cases for presentations…

Let’s consider TED Talks for a minute: one of the best examples (bar none) of how words, pictures, and a narrative can make people care about something they otherwise might not.

These “talks” pre-date podcasts and blend a compelling use of language and imagery in presentation format to spread ideas in unique ways.

TED Talks have been viewed a billion-plus times worldwide (and counting) and are worth considering when it comes to how you might use video-presentation content to connect with your customers in creative, cool, new ways.

Business types:

Any company that has a pitch deck, executive summary , sales presentation, or any kind of internal document that can be repurposed into external-facing content pieces — without pain.

Presentation Examples – Short Form

Presentation Examples – Standard Form

Presentation Examples – Long Form

Understanding Content Quality in Examples

Our team has rated content type examples in three degrees of quality ( Good, Better, Best ) to help you better gauge resources needed for your content plan. In general, the degrees of content quality correspond to our three content levels ( General, Qualified, Expert ) based on the criteria below. Please consider there are multiple variables that could determine the cost, completion time, or content level for any content piece with a perceived degree of quality.

Impress your clients, co-workers, and leadership team with exceptional content for your next presentation, product demonstration, and more. If you need help getting your message across in a succinct, attention-grabbing, and persuasive way, talk to one of our content specialists today.

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• Open access
• Published: 25 March 2024

Automated content analysis as a tool to compare content in sexual selection research with examples of sexual selection in evolutionary biology textbooks: implications for teaching the nature of science

• J. Kasi Jackson 1 ,
• Linda Fuselier 2 &
• Perri Eason 2  

Evolution: Education and Outreach volume  17 , Article number:  3 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

71 Accesses

Metrics details

 We used college-level evolution textbooks to examine the presentation of sexual selection research—a field with ongoing debates related to sex, sexuality and gender identity. Many classic sexual selection concepts have been criticized for androcentrism and other forms of gender-sex bias, specifically for de-emphasizing the female role in reproductive behaviors and over-reliance on gender-sex binaries. These classic concepts are fundamentally captured in the idea that animal reproductive-related behaviors can be grouped in sex roles (e.g. competitive males and selective females). Recently developed alternative concepts provide a more nuanced understanding of the flexibility of sexual and reproductive-related behaviors, stemming in part from growing attention to a broader range of female behavior. To assess whether students are receiving content reflecting these insights, we measured the congruence between textbook content and the scientific literature, using insects as a case study because of the importance of this group in the development of sexual selection theory, its prevalence in current sexual selection research, and the number of insect examples included in textbooks. We first coded textbook content for sexual selection concepts. We used automated content analysis to analyze a database of citations, keywords and abstracts in sexual selection research published between 1990 and 2014, inclusive of the period covered by the textbooks.

The textbooks and research literatures prioritized the same taxa (e.g., fruit flies) and sex roles as embodied in classic sexual selection theory. Both the research literature and some textbooks acknowledge androcentrism and other forms of gender-sex bias in classic sexual selection paradigms, especially competitive male and selective female sex roles. Yet, while the research literature included alternative models, textbooks neglected these alternatives, even when researchers had studied both classic and alternative views in the same insect.

Conclusions

 We recommend using this kind of analysis of textbook content to engage students in a conversation around the social factors that impact knowledge construction, a key part of the epistemological understanding they need for a robust grasp of the Nature of Science and of evolutionary theory.

Attempts to promote students’ understanding of the socio-scientific nature of knowledge construction, while maintaining their trust in the endeavor of science, are often framed within the context of the Nature of Science (NOS). Gender-sex and race are powerful societal, cultural, historical and biological phenomena. They are understood within complex knowledge frameworks that are challenging to capture in scientific knowledge systems. This is because those systems are often reliant on reductionist, binary-categorical, and essentialist models, which originated within racist, sexist and heteronormative frameworks (Longino 2013 ; Schiebinger 2004 ). To address this history, NOS integrates an understanding of how knowledge is shaped within simultaneously social (having to do with the interactions among scientists and within research communities) and rational (having to do with how scientists and research communities engage with their object of study) contexts. This social/rational context includes the scientific discipline and its theories and methodologies, as well as its members’ and research communities’ place within the larger society, and its attendant histories. This is manifest in the following three principles: (1) “Scientific knowledge is open to revision in light of new evidence (e.g. Scientific argumentation is a mode of logical discourse used to clarify the strength of relationships between ideas and evidence that may result in revision of an explanation);” (2) “Science is a way of knowing (e.g. Scientists’ backgrounds, theoretical commitments, and fields of endeavor influence the nature of their findings);” and (3) “Science is a human endeavor (e.g. Science knowledge has a history that includes the refinement of, and changes to, theories, ideas, and beliefs over time)” (National Research Council 2013 ). An understanding of NOS is a key ingredient in student acceptance of evolution. Specifically, students have higher acceptance of evolution when they appreciate the diversity of scientific methodologies and the nature of theory building and testing, even when controlling for interest and background in science (Lombrozo et al. 2008 ).

Understanding these NOS principles provides a foundation to challenge how science—combined with racism, sexism, heteronormativity and homophobia—maintains power differentials along presumed lines of difference. For example, eugenics—now deemed racist and sexist, among many other problems—was the mainstream and dominant research paradigm during the birth of modern evolutionary science. Scientists working within this framework were following scientific principles as they understood them, most often grounded in a positivist framework emphasizing reductionism and control. This served to maintain the status of the dominant groups, even though not all scientists at this time had this as their explicit goal (Gould 1996 ; Graves 2019 ; Subramaniam 2014 ).

Thus, teaching students about ongoing efforts to use evolutionary theory and other science either to justify or to challenge racial and other stratifications in society requires more than pointing out bias and misapplication of scientific methodologies– it must also incorporate how scientific knowledge production is intertwined with histories of racialized and gendered difference. This is especially important given the translation of scientific knowledge about human racial, sex and gender difference to the public, including biology students. For example, both interactionist and reductionist studies of hormones, sexuality and aggression have explanatory power and receive significant attention in the research community. Yet, the reductionist studies, implying that biology determines difference, have gained more coverage by the media, as well as some textbooks (Ray King et al. 2021 ). This supports an oversimplified societal narrative about hormones (biology) determining behavior that is not aligned with current scientific research (Longino 2013 ).

Although acknowledgement of the problematic history of evolutionary biology is becoming increasingly mainstream, strategies to move forward are lacking. In their absence, there has been increasing pushback and efforts to eliminate critical thinking about these issues, in large part either by banning the teaching of content that represents the current scientific consensus—especially in the area of gender-sex—or by curtailing critical frameworks that question systemic oppressions, eg critical race theory, gender studies and other critical frameworks (Rufo 2023a , 2023b ; Wallis-Wells 2021 ). The pushback against critical analyses of racism and sexism rests (1) on shifting the focus to individual identity and (2) using presumed negative impacts on these individuals, especially those from socially dominant groups, to rally support for these bans (Rufo 2023c , 2023d ; Wallis-Wells 2021 ). Thus, engaging in knowledge construction, or epistemological, frameworks that move beyond individual experience is critical.

Critical Contextual Empiricism (CCE) addresses this by framing knowledge as a communal rather than an individual pursuit (Longino 2002 ). Thus, NOS benefits from guideposts, like CCE, for navigating the social/rational processes that are included in the NOS principles, such as discourse, backgrounds, theoretical commitments, fields and histories. One CCE tenet is the argument that scientific research practices are strongest when scientific research communities are composed of more diverse groups—as long as those groups establish equitable frameworks to share and critique knowledge (Longino 2002 ). Underlying this approach is the understanding that rather than being about the identity of the individuals doing science, what is significant is their positionality, i.e. where those individuals reside in a complex matrix of identity categories and whether those with membership in these identity categories can access the power of knowledge production (Collins 2019 ). The objectivity associated with science has been privileged and historically assigned to those whose identities claim the most social, economic, and political power, leading to research outcomes supporting this division of power (Haraway 1988 ; Harding 1986 ).

CCE, coupled with the NOS principles, makes visible for students the ways in which knowledge is constructed by providing concrete examples of how scientific knowledge responds to critique. One way to capture this is to consider textbooks as a site of knowledge production, given that (1) the success of textbooks rests in their adoption by the community, and (2) they play a key role in introducing new members of the community to disciplinary norms (Bazzul 2014 ). Here we present a case study on sexual selection research on insects, which investigates how textbook content aligns with changes in research related to gender-sex, an area with changing paradigms drawn in part from larger societal and scientific discourses.

Textbooks as the Site of NOS engagement

Biology, as a research field, has begun addressing racism, sexism and heteronormativity in two ways—by attending to plasticity, variation and context when studying organisms and by acknowledging the socially constructed nature of race, gender-sex and sexuality as knowledge systems (Ah-King 2022 ; Eliot 2010 ; Fausto-Sterling 2012 ; Hyde et al. 2019 ; Lett et al. 2022 ; Montañez 2017 ; Roughgarden 2013 ; Zambrana and Williams 2022 ). Researchers have also begun to scrutinize how science textbooks address and can impact social issues related to race, gender-sex, and sexuality and gender identity (Vojíř and Rusek 2019 ).

Unfortunately, many changes in research paradigms to address racism, sexism and heteronormativity are not being transferred to the textbooks, where, outside of brief acknowledgements of past problems, textbooks often follow a strategy of avoidance (Bazzul and Sykes 2011 ; Bickford 2022 ; Donovan 2015 ). Although most include disclaimers about biology being destiny and allude to the fact that science does not provide a framework for ethical decision-making (a part of NOS), textbooks largely fail to present information to help students robustly think about race and gender-sex from a biological perspective. For example, content analyses focused on gender and sexuality found that scientific textbooks contained heteronormative assumptions (Ah-King 2013b ; Bazzul and Sykes 2011 ; Bickford 2022 ; Røthing 2017 ), gender-biased language and assumptions (Ah-King 2013b ), and gender-biased or sexist imagery (Elgar 2004 ; Good and Woodzicka 2010 ; Parker et al. 2017 ; Rosa and Gomes da Silva 2020 ; Spaulding and Fuselier 2023 ; Fuselier et al. 2018 ). In the case of race, although books are careful to challenge the idea that race is a biological construct and include evolutionary information to the contrary, they fail to challenge racism, often supported by pseudoscience, directly (Bickford 2022 ; Donovan 2015 ). For example, through a content analysis of 153 biology books (86 textbooks, 44 curricular supplements, and 23 trade books), Bickford ( 2022 ) found that although these books covered evolutionary content accurately, they did not present scientific evidence that would refute white supremacy or cis-heteronormativity. For example, Bickford ( 2022 ) found that the books often presented the lack of the validity of race as a biological construct but failed to attend to its significant role as a societal construct or to the use of science to justify racialized oppression (eg. eugenics). Overall, students lack exposure to the historical debates within biology that have led to changes in how researchers conceive of race, sex and gender as constructs in their work (reviewed in Donovan and Nehm 2020 ).

This selective or missing coverage can lead to an increase in student assumptions around biological essentialism associated with race, gender, sexuality, and gender identity. A failure to challenge social constructs of race, often grounded in pseudoscience, leads to increases in racism—even when students are then provided information intended to interrogate racialized disparities. Several studies have suggested that when biology textbooks give examples of outcomes such as diseases that are more common in one race than in others—as an attempt to address health disparities—students may develop or strengthen a belief in racial essentialism and extrapolate into other areas with racial disparities, including educational attainment (reviewed in Donovan 2015 ). To address this, Willinsky ( 2020 ) provides an overview of mixed messages about race—critiquing the falsity of race as a biological variable, while separately presenting content that uses racial groupings as a variable—in high school biology textbooks that, he argues, also reflects the how race as a concept appears in current research on race within biology. He argues that educators should integrate a historical understanding of biology’s contributions to racialized research, especially eugenics, and use the contradictory messaging present within textbooks to demonstrate the complexities of conducting research on systemic racism and racialized outcomes in health and other biological fields (Willinsky 2020 ).

Similar findings hold for beliefs about gender and sex difference. Donovan et al. ( 2019a ) investigated the impact when 8th-10th grade students read selections from biology textbooks on the students’ belief in a neurogenetic basis for sex differences in humans and interest in science. They compared a passage refuting neurogenetic sex differences with two passages endorsing neurogenetic differences—one in humans and one in plants. Students self-identifying as girls who read the endorsing passages, whether in plants or humans, were more likely to believe in sex differences grounded in neurogenetics; girls in these treatments also indicated less interest in science. A further examination of student writing after reading the passages indicated that students tended to use both sex and gender language in all treatments, with some evidence that they were distinguishing between the concepts to refute essentialism in the refutational text treatment (Stuhlsatz et al. 2020 ). Recognizing that biology textbooks also conflate biological sex differences with gendered social outcomes, the authors recommend an approach emphasizing the complex histories of science research on both sex and gender, accompanied by training for teachers on how to address this content with their students. Our study aims to provide such a resource in the case of sexual selection.

Sexual selection and changing paradigms

One area in which scientific research and other scholarly work have begun to address at least some gender-biased assumptions is sexual selection research (Ah-King 2022 ; Ah-King and Ahnesjö, 2013 ). In our previous work, we found that although some evolutionary biology textbooks acknowledge the critique of gender bias in scientific research, their presentation of sexual selection research in text, and especially in images, retains an emphasis on the work that has been critiqued for said gender-sex bias (Fuselier et al. 2016 , 2018 ). This also occurs in animal behavior textbooks, which devote more space to sexual selection (Spaulding and Fuselier 2023 ).

Although sexual selection is typically covered in evolution courses, little research has been done to ascertain how it is taught and how students understand it (Ziadie and Andrews 2018 ). Sexual selection research originated as a study of extreme differences between males and females, e.g. strong sexual size dimorphisms or other traits that occur or are highly exaggerated in only one sex, such as the classic example of the peacock’s ornamental tail. The classic view of sexual selection emphasizes stable binary sex roles with males competing, either by fighting with other males or by displaying to females who may choose the males as mates based on their displays or dominance over other males. The roles may be reversed, with female competition for mates, given changes in the environment, such as restricted nesting sites, resulting in more female animals ready to mate than have access to resources needed for mating —but this phenomena was seen to support the existence of the binary itself (Ah-King and Ahnesjö, 2013 ; Trivers 1976 ).

Feminist critiques of androcentric bias in sexual selection theory began soon after its publication (Blackwell 1875 ; Hamlin 2015 ), and work critiquing androcentric bias and offering solutions has been ongoing in the field ever since (reviewed in Jackson 2001a , b , 2014 ). After the 2000’s, the frequency of such research in mainstream animal behavior and evolution journals has increased (reviewed in Fuselier et al. 2016 ). The field has been critiqued most often for importing assumptions about human sex roles into the study of non-human organisms (e.g. Hrdy 1986 ). Additional ongoing areas of concern include acknowledging the context-specific nature of sexual behavior and mating patterns (Gowaty 2013 ; Kokko and Johnstone 2002 ), though the extent of the challenge to traditional notions of sexual selection is a subject for debate (see for example the exchange between Ah-King 2013a ; Kokko et al. 2013 ). Researchers in sexual selection have acknowledged the lack of studies of female organisms (Clutton-Brock 2009 ) and have highlighted not only sexual selection on females but also several alternative behaviors that expand the classic understanding of sexual selection, such as male mate choice, female ornaments, male parental care, female-female competition and flexible sex roles (reviewed in Fuselier et al. 2016 ).

College-level evolutionary biology textbooks present primarily classic sexual selection binary sex-role theory, although some textbooks do present some examples of alternatives to classic roles, most commonly extra-pair copulations and polyandry—situations in which female animals mate with multiple males (Fuselier et al. 2016 ). Yet, the images included in the textbooks display a more conservative representation of classically understood sex roles than the content covered in the writing (Fuselier et al. 2018 ). It is unclear how the content presented in textbooks reflects the scientific literature. One challenge to research in this area is the difficulty of synthesizing the vast amounts of information available in the literature for comparison with the textbooks, a necessity for making recommendations for how to modify content or examining how the instructor frames what the books do—or, more importantly, fail to do. Here we explore the efficacy of automated content analysis (ACA) as a tool to assess the alignment of textbook content with the scientific literature.

Automated content analysis (ACA) essentially turns text into data, using sets of algorithms to construct models that allow researchers to determine the concepts on which authors focus, as well as the relationships among those concepts. ACA has been used recently to assess and identify trends and shifts in ecology and evolutionary biology (Nunez-Mir et al 2016 ; McCallen et al. 2019 ). Essentially, ACA programs based on machine-learning (ML) identify words or word combinations that are commonly associated with one another in text by determining how frequently they co-occur in small blocks of text (3–4 lines) versus how frequently they occur elsewhere. Leximancer does not use a training set like other artificial intelligence programs might; more information about algorithms used in the program is reviewed in Smith and Humphreys ( 2006 ). Through machine learning, ACA identifies and quantifies the associations of terms to develop a thesaurus and create “concepts” and groups of concepts related to the same theme. The frequency of and relationships among concepts and themes can be calculated, assessed, and visualized. The power of this type of analysis is the large amount of literature (or text) that can be assessed in a relatively short time. ACA is thus an excellent tool for comparing the content of textbooks to the topics emphasized within the literature on a given subject. It can reveal how researchers address particular topics both currently and over time, as well as gaps or lags in textbooks’ coverage of a field.

We used insects as a proof of concept for the ML-based ACA technique because our prior research demonstrated that a wider range of sexual selection roles was presented in this taxon than in any other group used in the textbooks (Fuselier et al. 2016 ). After completing analysis of the peer-reviewed articles, we then compared all the concepts that were studied in insects to the concepts that textbooks used these insects to exemplify. We also examined whether the insects used to represent specific behaviors in textbooks reflected the insect taxa in which these behaviors were most studied in the peer-reviewed articles. We addressed the following specific research questions:

What sexual selection behaviors are studied in insect taxa in peer-reviewed literature?

Do the insect taxa described in textbook discussions of sexual selection match the insect taxa studied in peer-reviewed articles in the sexual selection literature?

How does the range of sexual selection behaviors covered in textbooks compare to the range of behaviors discussed in peer-reviewed articles?

We used four recent evolutionary biology textbooks (Table  1 ) published between 2012 and 2013 that in 2016 represented over 95% of the market share of college-level evolution textbooks in the United States. The textbooks were the same used in our prior research (Fuselier et al. 2016 , 2018 ).

We created an inventory of all insects used as examples in textbook sections devoted to sexual selection topics. The examples were classified as fitting into one of two understandings of sexual selection: classic (e.g., male-male competition, female choice) or expanded (e.g., competition among females, reproductive constraints among males, or mate choice as a mutual process).

Literature search and dataset

To construct a literature database, we used the Zoological Record collection within Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics) to identify proceedings, peer-reviewed journal articles, books and book chapters focused on sexual selection in insects. We focused on the Zoological Record because this database is the oldest database focused on animal science and is known for its focus on zoology and animal biology. It covers international journals on behavior, with an emphasis on knowledge pertinent to the study of non-human animals in the wild; it thus contains the literature most relevant to our study (Zoological Record​ on Web of Science 2024 ). Its organization by taxonomy also mirrors our study’s emphasis on taxonomic differences, and thus its structure was particularly amenable to the ways that we needed to sort the literature to answer our research questions. We limited our search to the years 1990–2014, dates for which we were able to access abstracts for the papers. This period marks a significant time frame for a renewal of interest in sexual selection, and an associated feminist critique of androcentric bias. Given that the latest publication date of our selected books was 2013, it also included the literature most likely to be covered in the books and thus ensured that the records were those most pertinent to our research questions.

We constructed our search using Boolean operators, identifying papers with topics including both ‘sexual selection’ and ‘insect’ or its variants (e.g., insects, Insecta). After reviewing the literature, we realized that this search also included research in which the insect was not the focus of the study, e.g., studies on sexual selection in flowers mediated by insect pollinators, and studies of the impacts of sexual selection on bird traits in which the traits were signaling resistance to an insect parasite. To remove these studies, we added a supertaxon search term to search separately for papers in which the supertaxon was or was not Insecta. Most studies identified by this revised search were those with the supertaxon Insecta, and all of these (n = 1581) focused on sexual selection in insects. In a smaller set of studies (n = 105), the supertaxon was not Insecta. We reviewed these manually and removed 52 publications that did not focus on sexual selection in insects. The remaining 53 papers, which did cover sexual selection in insects, were often reviews or comparative studies in which sexual selection in an insect was being compared to sexual selection in another taxon, e.g., studies comparing nuptial gifts in spiders (Arachnida) versus crickets (Insecta). These papers were included in our final dataset of 1634 papers.

We then imported the full records (including full citations, abstracts, automatic tags, and other metadata) into a database. We manually reviewed the 1634 records to sort them into our final taxonomic groupings. This resulted in nine groups, which included seven insect orders, the genus Drosophila (fruit flies), and an ‘other’ group that included all taxa that were the focus of fewer than 20 studies each. We separated Drosophila from its parent taxon Diptera (flies) because of the large number of studies on Drosophila ; there were more studies on Drosophila than on any other group (Table  2 ). We then exported these to Microsoft Excel © for automated content analysis.

• Automated content analysis

We analyzed spreadsheets containing article titles, abstracts and manual search terms for the nine groups of insect taxa using Leximancer, a machine-learning-based program for automated content analysis (Leximancer 2019 ). To identify the most commonly studied topics in sexual selection in insects among the 1634 papers, we used an “overall” analysis of concepts in which we allowed the program to find concepts and build a thesaurus from automatically generated terms. For a second, “profiled” analysis we added “user-defined concepts” specifically related to alternatives to classic sex roles such as polyandry, mutual mate choice, alliances, etc. To verify that user-defined concepts aligned with the meaning in the text, an investigator checked the meaning in the text with the excerpts identified by the program. For example, using the compound term “female + competition” when searching for papers that addressed competition among females for mates, text excerpts that contained the two words in a sentence but did not refer to female competition were excluded (e.g., “competition experiments…showed males mated with more females”). We modified the compound concepts (e.g., “female + competition + NOT male”) and re-ran analyses until we minimized the occurrence of inaccurate matches with the text. We used measures (produced by Leximancer ® ) of the frequency and strength of association to identify what topics were most commonly studied among which taxa; we used prominence values to quantify the relationship between taxa and topic. Prominence is a combination of strength and frequency within a taxon, and prominence values > 1 indicate that the association happens more often than expected by chance.

1) What sexual selection behaviors are studied in insect taxa in peer-reviewed literature?

Overall analysis

The overall analysis identified 64 commonly occurring concepts (see Table  3 and Appendix A). The concept ‘male’ was the most commonly encountered concept in the dataset, and thus was more common than ‘female.’ Examination of the concepts most frequently co-occurring with the five top concepts revealed that research on sexual selection in insects has emphasized males over females and focused on post-copulatory selection, communication (e.g., calling), and biometrics, among other topics. All taxa had a high frequency of association with the concepts, meaning that given the taxon, we were highly likely to find papers that included the concept. But, given the concept, the strength of association with a particular taxon was low, indicating that all the commonly encountered concepts were studied in all taxa. Interestingly, the concept ‘female’ occurred most often in association with the concept ‘re-mating’ and, secondly, ‘choice.’ Re-mating was used in studies of conflict, which was one of the top associations with the term ‘sexual,’ indicating that there is a wealth of literature on sexual conflict and that it includes an examination of females re-mating, which is one of the expanded views of sexual selection because it emphasizes multiple mating by females.

Profiled analysis

In this analysis we removed very general concepts, (e.g., male, female, sexual, evolution, behavior, reproduction, and variation) that were studied in all taxa and included 16 user-defined concepts that emphasized alternatives to classic sexual selection. Removing general concepts provided the opportunity to examine more closely which insects were used to study expanded sexual selection. For example, the sheer number of studies on speciation in fruit flies impeded the program’s ability to detect associations of fruit flies with non-traditional concepts (e.g., condition-dependent mate choice).

Four of the nine taxonomic groups were strongly and frequently associated with particular expanded concepts (Table  4 ): beetles, fruit flies, butterflies/moths, and flies. Beetles and fruit flies were frequently associated with concepts related to sperm competition and conflict (sperm competition, male costs, sperm storage, conflict, polyandry, and multiple female mating). Fruit flies, beetles and crickets were associated with condition-dependent mate choice, male mate choice and female aggression. Finally, butterflies/moths were associated with female signals, mainly pheromones, and flies were associated with conflict.

Overall, expanded concepts were studied in many insect taxa, and all expanded concepts appeared prominently in two or more taxonomic groups. On average, for each concept (e.g., “female ornaments”) there were three taxa with significant prominence values. The most infrequently studied expanded concept was female reproductive success, which was only prominently associated with beetles and butterflies/moths. Beetles and fruit flies were central to the studies of expanded concepts of sexual selection. Although studies using fruit flies made up the largest proportion of papers we identified for our dataset, more expanded concepts (n = 10) were significantly prominent in beetles than in fruit flies (n = 8).

Comparison to textbooks

2) Do the insect taxa described in textbook discussions of sexual selection match the insect taxa studied in peer-reviewed articles in the sexual selection literature?

Overall, fruit flies, beetles and crickets/grasshoppers were the most commonly studied groups in the scientific literature (Table  5 ). All flies (Diptera) including fruit flies accounted for 31% of the experimental science studies. This matches well with the proportions of examples used across all textbooks combined for flies, which was also 31%. However, when we looked at individual textbooks, the proportion of examples that used fruit flies or flies ranged from 16 to 50%, with one textbook (Pearson, 33%) matching the distribution of taxa in the literature but the others with far greater or lower representation than expected based on the literature.

3) How does the range of sexual selection behaviors covered in textbooks compare to the range of behaviors discussed in peer-reviewed articles?

The profiled analysis showed that most of the alternatives to traditional sex roles were covered in two taxonomic groups—fruit flies and beetles. Therefore, if the textbooks are covering these alternatives, we would expect to see at least one of these taxa discussed in all textbooks. At least one of the two taxa did appear in all books: fruit flies appeared in all four textbooks, and beetles appeared in three of the four. However, we found that although beetles, fruit flies and flies were strongly and frequently associated with expanded examples in the literature, they were used primarily for classic examples in the textbooks. In the literature, butterflies and moths exemplified expanded sexual selection, specifically focused on female chemical signals; the books did not attend to these taxa or this topic. What did textbooks use fruit flies and beetles to exemplify? Fruit flies exemplified both classic concepts and one expanded sexual selection concept (sexual conflict) in all books. However, beetles were used only to exemplify classic sexual selection. Thus, although studies of expanded concepts in beetles are available in the literature, they are not typically used to exemplify these concepts in the textbooks.

A similar mismatch is found among the grasshoppers/crickets. Grasshoppers/crickets were often used to study expanded concepts in the literature and also occurred in all four textbooks (Tables 4 ,  5 ). However, the textbooks used them to exemplify mainly classic sex roles. Female-female interactions, signals, and aggression were prominent concepts among grasshoppers and crickets in the literature. Yet in textbooks, the expanded roles received only brief coverage—one, scent marking of males by females, was only listed in a table rather than as a detailed example in the text of the chapter. Another text used a cricket as an example of a flexible sex role, but this appeared only in the end-of-chapter questions.

The significance of our findings, in comparison to most current literature on textbooks, is that we have examined how textbooks track trends in the sexual selection research literature, responding to critiques of gendered and androcentric bias dating back to Darwin’s original writings about sexual selection (Hamlin 2015 ; Jackson 2001a ,  b ,  2014 ). Although we previously found that some textbooks acknowledge the importance of the critique of gendered and androcentric bias in their discussion of sexual selection research (Fuselier et al. 2016 ), their selected images reinforce a traditional view of classic sexual selection theory (Fuselier et al. 2018 ). In this study we find that they also do not engage with its implications when they present the content of sexual selection to their student audience.

Our work concerns the decision-making processes that affect the presentation of knowledge, using the textbooks as a case study and CCE as a framework. Key to this approach is our main finding that in general, the textbooks do not provide a thorough representation of how research in the field of evolution, specifically in sexual selection, has shifted. Our analysis of 1634 unique research papers on sexual selection in insect taxa revealed that although most studies produced work that aligned with the classic paradigm, there were many examples that expanded upon this paradigm; polyandry and other concepts related to female multiple matings were common, as was male mate choice. Additionally, relative to the textbooks, the peer-reviewed research literature reported a greater number of alternatives to classic sex roles occurring in more and different taxa.

Several insect taxa that were included in the textbooks have been used to study alternative concepts; however, instead of reflecting this diversity, the textbooks used those taxa to illustrate classic concepts of sexual selection and excluded the expanded concepts. Thus, we see more attention being paid to alternatives to classic concepts in research articles than in textbooks. One reason for this discrepancy might be due to the taxa that are used to exemplify the concepts. We found some support for this idea in that some taxa in which the alternatives were most frequently studied were not included in textbooks. But this is not the full story because even when textbook authors included taxa that were most strongly associated with alternative concepts, they still focused on the classic concepts instead of addressing the alternatives. This indicates that textbooks maintain a bias toward classic concepts over those that expand the understanding of sexual selection beyond stereotypical sex roles. For example, in the research literature on insect sexual selection, female remating is a common concept, and ‘remating’ has an association with ‘female’ that is even stronger than the association of ‘female’ with ‘choice.’ However, well-studied charismatic insects that would illustrate the benefits of mating multiply for females are not included in textbooks. One example is the honeybee ( Apis mellifera ), a species in which a queen mates with twelve males on average (Tarpy et al. 2004 ); experimental data showed that queens with more than one mate are more attractive to workers, which may give queens longer tenure and thus higher success (Richard et al. 2007 ).

This is significant in the context of research indicating that reading passages in textbooks that reinforce biological bases of difference, whether about humans or not, can lead to more student endorsement of a biological basis behind racial and gendered stratification in society (Donovan et al. 2019b ; Stuhlsatz et al. 2020 ). Thus, there is a critical need to expose students to the kinds of examples about variation in sexual behavior that we found in our review of the research literature on insects in sexual selection, whether through examples provided in the textbooks or in supplementary material to the textbook provided by the instructors. The provision of supplementary materials also offers the chance to engage directly with NOS principles, using the textbooks themselves as the place where scientific knowledge is being constructed. Our work is significant because our case study provides an example instructors can use to address this gap within the framework provided by CCE.

Recommendations for evolution education

Our recommendations align with those made by (Willinsky 2020 ). He found mixed messages both challenging and supporting genetic essentialism in a review of textbook content related to genetics and race. As a teaching strategy, he suggests that instructors directly discuss the variation in how textbooks discuss race and genetics, using this to exemplify the complexity of studying racialized biological outcomes within the historical racist context of science. We concur with his suggestion and position our work as a method to allow instructors to engage more critically with textbook content by exploring with students the social/rational process of scientific work—which necessitates a deeper dive into the formation of the research literature than is present in many textbook summations of scientific content. Our study provides strategies to strengthen the epistemological understandings that students need to ground a robust conception of NOS, by considering the communal, rather than individual, nature of knowledge construction (CCE) in the area of sex and gender difference—an area in which students, indeed all of us, are being bombarded with controversial information.

Students with a more robust understanding of the NOS, especially around the complexities of theory building and testing, understand that knowledge production involves gray areas of nuance and context (Cho et al. 2011 ). To use our work to encourage students to do this, an instructor could ask students to reflect on their views of textbooks. Rather than seeing them as all-knowing repositories that cannot be questioned, such a conversation would encourage what Bazzul ( 2014 ) describes as a reflexive process whereby students engage in ownership of the content of their fields by questioning and considering the nuances of information received. The point of this exercise is not to reinforce a simplistic understanding of the history of racism and sexism in science as a case of bias now corrected, but to have the students use the textbook as a place to think about how information is selected and shaped.

In this instance, our study would provide a strategy to consider knowledge production at the level of the community, with the community at play being the group of evolutionary biology texts, rather than any one individual book. The textbooks that we examined collectively provided coverage of insects that was more representative of the scientific literature than any individual book did. Although there was no single book whose examples of evolution in insects matched the diversity of insect taxa found in the literature, when the books were combined, their coverage came much closer to that diversity.

The use of multiple texts and resources (instead of reliance on one textbook as an authoritative source) has been used in several fields to improve students’ understanding. For example, in history, multiple texts have been used to guide college students to understand the importance of the availability of source material, which can for example be used to indicate which groups have been deemed worth preserving in the historical record and the accompanying writing of history; however, the researchers note that students require training to understand this, given that high school classes present history as a collection of facts to be memorized (Hynd 1999 ). In political science, researchers have identified a hidden curriculum within introductory textbooks that centers institutions and those who have the most power within them (mostly white men), and de-emphasizes or ignores the political contributions of those who have had to fight for equity by segregating coverage of movements for gender, sexual, and racial/ethnic equity into sections linked only to diversity and thus reinforcing the notion that those issues are outside the mainstream (Atchison 2017 ; Cassese and Bos 2013 ); the use of original source material and/or diverse sources from the field’s research literature could ameliorate this bias. Within mathematics, there has been a shift in the conception of how teachers use textbooks, with a new emphasis on teachers’ pedagogical design capacity or the ability of teachers to make decisions about how to use, adapt or add to content provided in textbooks grounded in their understanding of how to help their students learn (Matić, 2019 ). Overall, across a broad range of fields, there is growing recognition that students do not simply receive knowledge from textbooks, teachers or any other source; rather students integrate what they learn with their own frameworks, prior knowledge and goals. Projects that expose for students how textbook authors make choices in their presentation of topics thus offer a way to engage with student sense-making processes and enhance learning (Sikorski and Hammer 2017 ). Comparison across textbooks—making visible their differences as well and what they share—provides a strategy to address this.

Our finding that collectively the books did a better job than any one book in coverage of the field is key here. Instructors could share with their students how their specific class textbook covers topics in contrast to other books. This could lead to conversations about the selection of what to include and not to include and what mediates those decisions, including the authors’ positionalities—not just their identity put a multitude of associated factors based on how they move through the social world—of those doing the research or writing the books—an issue identified as critical to the construction of science by feminist scholars (reviewed in Intemann 2010 ).

Key to this conversation would be including how some of the textbooks’ authors offer overviews of the critique of androcentrism in their fields, framed by noting how those historically excluded from the research community—in the case of gender bias, normally women—corrected this bias by attending to the behavior of female animals (Fuselier et al. 2016 ). Although the discussion indicates the authors saw the value of the critique, it fails to account for the continuing emphasis on classic sexual selection theory, with its androcentric focus and gender binaries. This parallels the split presentation that other researchers found within textbooks—with mixed messaging about race, sex and gender—deconstructing bias in one place, while sharing examples that reinforce it in another passage (Bickford 2022 ; Donovan 2015 ; Willinsky 2020 ). A CCE framework opens the door for a nuanced conversation with students for the reasons behind this finding.

Bringing attention to the increased attention to female behaviors in the context of a discussion of historical and contemporary critiques of sexual selection models for androcentrism would provide a concrete example of the NOS principle that “Scientific knowledge is open to revision in light of new evidence.” This could be accomplished in part by making small shifts in the framing of some concepts and by augmenting textbook examples with examples from different taxa, such as more coleopterans, to represent a wider variety of concepts. In the research literature, Coleoptera and Drosophila were closely associated with concepts related to sperm competition and conflict (sperm competition, male costs, sperm storage, conflict, polyandry, multiple female mating), which require multiple matings among females. Reframing the presentation of sperm competition in textbooks to emphasize multiple mating by females—and the often-positive fitness consequences for females of multiple matings –would put textbooks in closer alignment with the research in this field. Having open discussions with students on the implications of centering sperm competition versus multiple mating or remating by females offers a chance to engage with the NOS principle that ‘Science is a way of knowing’ by having a discussion about the impacts of language choice on who is perceived as having or lacking agency in scientific research.

Further, some taxa used to exemplify classic sex roles, could also be used to show alternatives. A good example would be an orthopteran such as a katydid species that has flexible, condition-dependent sex roles. Although crickets, which are also orthopterans, were used in all textbooks, they were leveraged primarily to support classic sex roles. Again, a small change—adopting examples of orthopteran flexible sex roles in the main body of the chapter—would better align the books with the experimental science. In fact, research on multiple mating by females in orthopterans began in the nineties (Tregenza and Wedell 1998 ). In addition, a class discussion about the reasons why textbooks continue to center classic sex roles could engage students with the NOS principle that “Science is a human endeavor” and is thus subject to the decisions made by humans in terms of what to emphasize, de-emphasize or not to discuss.

Using ACA to track the progress of fields and how they are synthesized in textbooks

For researchers interested in extending this approach to other topics within and beyond sexual selection, we found that ACA is a promising tool for exploring how textbooks reflect the research being done in a particular field, especially which the field is undergoing change in how it approaches key concepts. Our work builds on prior attempts to assess textbook quality by comparing textbooks to the coverage of disciplinary research. For example, Bierema et al. ( 2017 ) used a combination of manual and automated content analysis to identify main topics covered in animal behavior textbooks. For automated analysis, these authors used a program that found terms in text. The difference between this and Leximancer is that Leximancer “learns” from the text and creates a thesaurus of related terms for a particular code. The investigator can then cull the inappropriate terms and ultimately “train” the program to match content with context. This is instructive because it permits researchers to see the relationships among terms and the “composition” of those terms, and then use measures of conditional probability and network analysis to quantify and visualize relationships.

The analysis by Bierema et al. ( 2017 ) determined the proportion of research articles’ abstracts that included four different central ideas in the field of animal behavior. That study used the frequency of occurrence of central ideas in this selection of journal articles, and then compared this to journal impact factor to estimate impact in the field. When they compared these results to textbooks, they found that the textbooks overall matched the literature from 28 journals in that there were similar patterns of proportions across the main topics covered. Using ACA allowed us to conduct a more detailed analysis that provided insights into the relationships among concepts. Also, our research question about taxa was specific enough that we could limit the dataset by taxa rather than by journal; this permitted a broader survey of many journals as opposed to choosing only a selection based on readership or other metrics. Instead of assessing which broad disciplinary topics are covered, we emphasize a focal area within evolutionary biology: sexual selection and the evolution of sex roles and reproductive behavior. This level of detail and nuance was significant for our topic because of our focus on a topic that arose from a critique of mainstream research. Further studies which were outside of the classic view of sexual selection appeared in taxon specific or subfield oriented journals decades before studies were published in mainstream journals (Jackson 2001a , b , 2014 ). Thus, our approach to using ACA is, therefore, appropriate when looking for emergent trends that may counter dominant narratives.

A cautionary note

There are important cautions to bear in mind for those wishing to apply the method of auto-content analysis. One of the biggest challenges is the optimization of search terms to ensure an accurate match between the concept-of-interest and the context in which it is used in the publication. For example, in this study, "multiple female matings" was used more often than “polyandry,” and thus the two terms had to be linked in the thesaurus we created. But then sentences containing the words “multiple,” “female,” and “mating” were considered to be “hits” even when the context of the sentence was not about polyandry (e.g., “…males mating with multiple females…”). Thus, validation, i.e. assessment to determine whether the program is correctly linking the concept to its appropriate context, is critical for an accurate analysis. Human knowledge is required for validation. In our case, the researchers have doctoral degrees in evolutionary biology, animal behavior and gender studies—a diverse group with deep knowledge of the scientific content, including its relation to social movements for gender equality. Additionally, we paid careful attention to the construction of the database, focusing on a collection of papers with a taxonomic focus and manually verifying that the included papers matched our criteria. The technique should be used in conjunction with other methodologies, including thematic coding of text and image analysis, as we have done in other publications (Fuselier et al. 2016 ; 2018 ).

We advocate for the textbooks in a novel way to integrate students understanding of NOS within the context of their study of content. Rather than presenting the textbook as an authoritative source of information, we suggest guiding students through a process of comparing it with the relevant research literature to understand decision making about what aspects of evolution are presented as ‘fact’ to students. This engages students with several tasks shown to be beneficial to the understanding of evolution—metacognitive vigilance (González Galli et al. 2020 ), appreciation of the Nature of Science, especially the tentative and provisional nature of science and the importance of multiple theories, understanding of epistemological beliefs–specifically that learning is changeable, not innate, and knowledge does not come from all-knowing sources– which provide the foundation for a robust understanding of both NOS and evolution (Cho et al. 2011 ).

Availability of data and materials

Data are available by request from the authors.

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Acknowledgements

Thanks to Briea St. Clair, Rayna Momen, Rachel Stoiko and Sarah Spaulding for their contributions to database construction and prior analyses.

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JKJ constructed the database of peer reviewed articles by taxon. LF conducted the Automated Content Analysis and interpreted the results. PE categorized the taxa used in the textbooks for examples. All authors contributed to writing the manuscript.

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Jackson, J.K., Fuselier, L. & Eason, P. Automated content analysis as a tool to compare content in sexual selection research with examples of sexual selection in evolutionary biology textbooks: implications for teaching the nature of science. Evo Edu Outreach 17 , 3 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12052-024-00198-w

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