global health essay topics

• Open access
• Published: 07 April 2020

What is global health? Key concepts and clarification of misperceptions

Report of the 2019 GHRP editorial meeting

• Xinguang Chen 1 , 2 ,
• Hao Li 1 , 3 ,
• Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno III 4 ,
• Abu S. Abdullah 5 , 6 ,
• Jiayan Huang 7 ,
• Charlotte Laurence 8 ,
• Xiaohui Liang 1 , 3 ,
• Zhenyu Ma 9 ,
• Zongfu Mao 1 , 3 ,
• Ran Ren 10 ,
• Shaolong Wu 11 ,
• Nan Wang 1 , 3 ,
• Peigang Wang 1 , 3 ,
• Tingting Wang 1 , 3 ,
• Hong Yan 3 &
• Yuliang Zou 3  

Global Health Research and Policy volume  5 , Article number:  14 ( 2020 ) Cite this article

54k Accesses

27 Citations

8 Altmetric

Metrics details

The call for “W orking Together to Build a Community of Shared Future for Mankind” requires us to improve people’s health across the globe, while global health development entails a satisfactory answer to a fundamental question: “What is global health?” To promote research, teaching, policymaking, and practice in global health, we summarize the main points on the definition of global health from the Editorial Board Meeting of Global Health Research and Policy, convened in July 2019 in Wuhan, China. The meeting functioned as a platform for free brainstorming, in-depth discussion, and post-meeting synthesizing. Through the meeting, we have reached a consensus that global health can be considered as a general guiding principle, an organizing framework for thinking and action, a new branch of sciences and specialized discipline in the large family of public health and medicine. The word “global” in global health can be subjective or objective, depending on the context and setting. In addition to dual-, multi-country and global, a project or a study conducted at a local area can be global if it (1) is framed with a global perspective, (2) intends to address an issue with global impact, and/or (3) seeks global solutions to an issue, such as frameworks, strategies, policies, laws, and regulations. In this regard, global health is eventually an extension of “international health” by borrowing related knowledge, theories, technologies and methodologies from public health and medicine. Although global health is a concept that will continue to evolve, our conceptualization through group effort provides, to date, a comprehensive understanding. This report helps to inform individuals in the global health community to advance global health science and practice, and recommend to take advantage of the Belt and Road Initiative proposed by China.

“Promoting Health For All” can be considered as the mission of global health for collective efforts to build “a Community of Shared Future for Mankind” first proposed by President Xi Jinping of China in 2013. The concept of global health continues to evolve along with the rapid development in global health research, education, policymaking, and practice. It has been promoted on various platforms for exchange, including conferences, workshops and academic journals. Within the Editorial Board of Global Health Research and Policy (GHRP), many members expressed their own points of view and often disagreed with each other with regard to the concept of global health. Substantial discrepancies in the definition of global health will not only affect the daily work of the Editorial Board of GHRP, but also impede the development of global health sciences.

To promote a better understanding of the term “ global health” , we convened a special session in the 2019 GHRP Editorial Board Meeting on the 7th of July at Wuhan University, China. The session started with a review of previous work on the concept of global health by researchers from different institutions across the globe, followed by free brainstorms, questions-answers and open discussion. Individual participants raised many questions and generously shared their thoughts and understanding of the term global health. The session was ended with a summary co-led by Dr. Xinguang Chen and Dr. Hao Li. Post-meeting efforts were thus organized to further synthesize the opinions and comments gathered during the meeting and post-meeting development through emails, telephone calls and in-person communications. With all these efforts together, concensus have been met on several key concepts and a number of confusions have been clarified regarding global health. In this editorial, we report the main results and conclusions.

A brief history

Our current understanding of the concept of global health is based on information in the literature in the past seven to eight decades. Global health as a scientific term first appeared in the literature in the 1940s [ 1 ]. It was subsequently used by the World Health Organization (WHO) as guidance and theoretical foundation [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Few scholars discussed the concept of global health until the 1990s, and the number of papers on this topic has risen rapidly in the subsequent decade [ 5 ] when global health was promoted under the Global Health Initiative - a global health plan signed by the U.S. President Barack Obama [ 6 ]. As a key part of the national strategy in economic globalization, security and international policies, global health in the United States has promoted collaborations across countries to deal with challenging medical and health issues through federal funding, development aids, capacity building, education, scientific research, policymaking and implementation.

Based on his experience working with Professor Zongfu Mao, the lead Editors-in-Chief, who established the Global Health Institute at Wuhan University in 2011 and launched the GHRP in 2016, Dr. Chen presented his own thoughts surrounding the definition of global health to the 2019 GHRP Editorial Board Meeting. Briefly, Dr. Chen defined global health with a three-dimensional perspective.

First, global health can be considered as a guiding principle, a branch of health sciences, and a specialized discipline within the broader arena of public health and medicine [ 5 ]. As many researchers posit, global health first serves as a guiding principle for people who would like to contribute to the health of all people across the globe [ 5 , 7 , 8 ].

Second, Dr. Chen’s conceptualization of global health is consistent with the opinions of many other scholars. Global health as a branch of sciences focuses primarily on the medical and health issues with global impact or can be effectively addressed through global solutions [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Therefore, the goal of global health science is to understand global medical and health issues and develop global solutions and implications [ 7 , 9 , 15 , 17 , 18 , 19 ].

Third, according to Dr. Chen, to develop global health as a branch of science in the fields of public health and medicine, a specialized discipline must be established, including educational institutions, research entities, and academic societies. Only with such infrastructure, can the professionals and students in the global health field receive academic training, conduct global health research, exchange and disseminate research findings, and promote global health practices [ 5 , 15 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].

Developmentally and historically, we have learned and will continue to learn global health from the WHO [ 1 , 4 , 24 , 25 ]. WHO’s projects are often ambitious, involving multiple countries, or even global in scope. Through research and action projects, the WHO has established a solid knowledge base, relevant theories, models, methodologies, valuable data, and lots of experiences that can be directly used in developing global health [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Typical examples include WHO’s efforts for global HIV/AIDS control [ 13 , 30 , 31 , 32 ], and the Primary Healthcare Programs to promote Health For All [ 33 , 34 ].

The definition of Global Health

From published studies in the international literature and our experiences in research, training, teaching and practice, our meeting reached a consensus-global health is a newly established branch of health sciences, growing out from medicine, public health and international health, with much input from the WHO. What makes global health different from them is that (1) global health deals with only medical and health issues with global impact [ 35 , 5 , 36 , 10 , 14 , 2 ] the main task of global health is to seek for global solutions to the issues with global health impact [ 7 , 18 , 37 ]; and (3) the ultimate goal is to use the power of academic research and science to promote health for all, and to improve health equity and reduce health disparities [ 7 , 14 , 15 , 18 , 38 ]. Therefore, global health targets populations in all countries and involves all sectors beyond medical and health systems, although global health research and practice can be conducted locally [ 39 ].

As a branch of medical and health sciences, global health has three fundamental tasks: (1) to master the spatio-temporal patterns of a medical and/or health issue across the globe to gain a better understanding of the issue and to assess its global impact [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]; (2) to investigate the determinants and influential factors associated with medical and health issues that are known to have global impact [ 15 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]; and (3) to establish evidence-based global solutions, including strategies, frameworks, governances, policies, regulations and laws [ 14 , 15 , 28 , 38 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ].

Like public health, medicine, and other branches of sciences, global health should have three basic functions : The first function is to generate new knowledge and theories about global health issues, influential factors, and develop global solutions. The second function is to distribute the knowledge through education, training, publication and other forms of knowledge sharing. The last function is to apply the global health knowledge, theories, and intervention strategies in practice to solve global health problems.

Understanding the word “global”

Confusion in understanding the term ‘global health’ has largely resulted from our understanding of the word “global”. There are few discrepancies when the word ‘global’ is used in other settings such as in geography. In there, the world global physically pertains to the Earth we live on, including all people and all countries in the world. However, discrepancies appear when the word “global” is combined with the word “health” to form the term “global health”. Following the word “global” literately, an institution, a research project, or an article can be considered as global only if it encompasses all people and all countries in the world. If we follow this understanding, few of the work we are doing now belong to global health; even the work by WHO are for member countries only, not for all people and all countries in the world. But most studies published in various global health journals, including those in our GHRP, are conducted at a local or international level. How could this global health happen?

The argument presented above leads to another conceptualization: Global health means health for a very large group of people in a very large geographic area such as the Western Pacific, Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America. Along with this line of understanding, an institution, a research project or an article involving multi-countries and places can be considered as global, including those conducted in countries involved in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) [ 26 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ]. They are considered as global because they meet our definitions of global health which focus on medical and health issues with global impact or look for global solutions to a medical or health issue [ 5 , 7 , 22 ].

One step further, the word ‘global’ can be considered as a concept of goal-setting in global health. Typical examples of this understanding are the goals established for a global health institution, for faculty specialized in global health, and for students who major or minor in global health. Although few of the global health institutions, scholars and students have conducted or are going to conduct research studies with a global sample or delivered interventions to all people in all countries, all of them share a common goal: Preventing diseases and promoting health for all people in the world. For example, preventing HIV transmission within Wuhan would not necessarily be a global health project; but the same project can be considered as global if it is guided by a global perspective, analyzed with methods with global link such as phylogenetic analysis [ 52 , 53 ], and the goal is to contribute to global implications to end HIV/AIDS epidemic.

The concept of global impact

Global impact is a key concept for global health. Different from other public health and medical disciplines, global health can address any issue that has a global impact on the health of human kind, including health system problems that have already affected or will affect a large number of people or countries across the globe. Three illustrative examples are (1) the SARS epidemic that occurred in several areas in Hong Kong could spread globally in a short period [ 11 ] to cause many medical and public health challenges [ 54 , 55 ]; (2) the global epidemic of HIV/AIDS [ 13 ]; and the novel coronavirus epidemic first broke out in December 2019 in Wuhan and quickly spread to many countries in the world [ 56 ].

Along with rapid and unevenly paced globalization, economic growth, and technological development, more and more medical and health issues with global impact emerge. Typical examples include growing health disparities, migration-related medical and health issues, issues related to internet abuse, the spread of sedentary lifestyles and lack of physical activity, obesity, increasing rates of substance abuse, depression, suicide and many other emerging mental health issues, and so on [ 10 , 23 , 36 , 42 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ]. GHRP is expecting to receive and publish more studies targeting these issues guided by a global health perspective and supports more researchers to look for global solutions to these issues.

The concept of global solution

Another concept parallel to global impact is global solution . What do we mean by global solutions? Different from the conventional understanding in public health and medicine, global health selectively targets issues with global impact. Such issues often can only be effectively solved at the macro level through cross-cultural, international, and/or even global collaboration and cooperation among different entities and stakeholders. Furthermore, as long as the problem is solved, it will benefit a large number of population. We term this type of interventions as a global solution. For example, the 90–90-90 strategy promoted by the WHO is a global solution to end the HIV/AIDS epidemic [ 61 , 62 ]; the measures used to end the SARS epidemic is a global solution [ 11 ]; and the ongoing measures to control influenza [ 63 , 64 ] and malaria [ 45 , 65 ], and the measures taken by China, WHO and many countries in the world to control the new coronaviral epidemic started in China are also great examples of global solutions [ 66 ].

Global solutions are also needed for many emerging health problems, including cardiovascular diseases, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, internet abuse, drug abuse, tobacco smoking, suicide, and other problems [ 29 , 44 ]. As described earlier, global solutions are not often a medical intervention or a procedure for individual patients but frameworks, policies, strategies, laws and regulations. Using social media to deliver interventions represents a promising approach in establishment of global solutions, given its power to penetrate physical barriers and can reach a large body of audience quickly.

Types of Global Health researches

One challenge to GHRP editors (and authors alike) is how to judge whether a research study is global? Based on the new definition of global health we proposed as described above, two types of studies are considered as global and will receive further reviews for publication consideration. Type I includes projects or studies that involve multiple countries with diverse backgrounds or cover a large diverse populations residing in a broad geographical area. Type II includes projects or studies guided by a global perspective, although they may use data from a local population or a local territory. Relative to Type I, we anticipate more Type II project and studies in the field of global health. Type I study is easy to assess, but caution is needed to assess if a project or a study is Type II. Therefore, we propose the following three points for consideration: (1) if the targeted issues are of global health impact, (2) if the research is attempted to understand an issue with a global perspective, and (3) if the research purpose is to seek for a global solution.

An illustrative example of Type I studies is the epidemic and control of SARS in Hong Kong [ 11 , 67 ]. Although started locally, SARS presents a global threat; while controlling the epidemic requires international and global collaboration, including measures to confine the infected and measures to block the transmission paths and measures to protect vulnerable populations, not simply the provisions of vaccines and medicines. HIV/AIDS presents another example of Type I project. The impact of HIV/AIDS is global. Any HIV/AIDS studies regardless of their scope will be global as long as it contributes to the global efforts to end the HIV/AIDS epidemic by 2030 [ 61 , 62 ]. Lastly, an investigation of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in a country, in Nepal for example, can be considered as global if the study is framed from a global perspective [ 44 ].

The discussion presented above suggests that in addition to scope, the purpose of a project or study can determine if it is global. A pharmaceutical company can target all people in the world to develop a new drug. The research would be considered as global if the purpose is to improve the medical and health conditions of the global population. However, it would not be considered as global if the purpose is purely to pursue profit. A research study on a medical or health problem among rural-to-urban migrants in China [ 57 , 58 , 60 ] can be considered as global if the researchers frame the study with a global perspective and include an objective to inform other countries in the world to deal with the same or similar issues.

Think globally and act locally

The catchphrase “think globally and act locally” presents another guiding principle for global health and can be used to help determine whether a medical or public health research project or a study is global. First, thinking globally and acting locally means to learn from each other in understanding and solving local health problems with the broadest perspective possible. Taking traffic accidents as an example, traffic accidents increase rapidly in many countries undergoing rapid economic growth [ 68 , 69 ]. There are two approaches to the problem: (1) locally focused approach: conducting research studies locally to identify influential factors and to seek for solutions based on local research findings; or (2) a globally focused approach: conducting the same research with a global perspective by learning from other countries with successful solutions to issues related traffic accidents [ 70 ].

Second, thinking globally and acting locally means adopting solutions that haven been proven effective in other comparable settings. It may greatly increase the efficiency to solve many global health issues if we approach these issues with a globally focused perspective. For example, vector-borne diseases are very prevalent among people living in many countries in Africa and Latin America, such as malaria, dengue, and chikungunya [ 45 , 71 , 72 ]. We would be able to control these epidemics by directly adopting the successful strategy of massive use of bed nets that has been proven to be effective and cost-saving [ 73 ]. Unfortunately, this strategy is included only as “simple alternative measures” in the so-called global vector-borne disease control in these countries, while most resources are channeled towards more advanced technologies and vaccinations [ 16 , 19 , 74 ].

Third, thinking globally and acting locally means learning from each other at different levels. At the individual level, people in high income countries can learn from those in low- and mid-income countries (LMICs) to be physically more active, such as playing Taiji, Yoga, etc.; while people in LMICs can learn from those in high income countries to improve their hygiene, life styles, personal health management, etc. At the population level, communities, organizations, governments, and countries can learn from each other in understanding their own medical and health problems and healthcare systems, and to seek solutions for these problems. For example, China can learn from the United States to deal with health issues of rural to urban migrants [ 75 ]; and the United States can learn from China to build three-tier health care systems to deliver primary care and prevention measures to improve health equality.

Lastly, thinking globally and acting locally means opportunities to conduct global health research and to be able to exchange research findings and experiences across the globe; even without traveling to another country. For example, international immigrants and international students present a unique opportunity for global health research in a local city [ 5 , 76 ]. To be global, literature search and review remains the most important approach for us to learn from each other besides conducting collaborative work with the like-minded researchers across countries; rapid development in big data and machine learning provide another powerful approach for global health research. Institutions and programs for global health provides a formal venue for such learning and exchange opportunities.

Reframing a local research study as global

The purpose of this article is to promote global health through research and publication. Anyone who reads this paper up to this point might already be able to have a clear idea on how to reframe his/her own research project or article to be of global nature. There is no doubt that a research project is global if it involves multiple countries with investigators of diverse backgrounds from different countries. However, if a research project targets a local population with investigators from only one or two local institutions, can such project be considered as global?

Our answer to this question is “yes” even if a research study is conducted locally, if the researcher (1) can demonstrate that the issue to be studied or being studied has a global impact, or (2) eventually looks for a global solution although supported with local data. For example, the study of increased traffic accidents in a city in Pakistan can be considered as global if the researchers frame the problem from a global perspective and/or adopt global solutions by learning from other countries. On the other hand, a statistical report of traffic accidents or an epidemiological investigation of factors related to the traffic accidents at the local level will not be considered as global. Studies conducted in a local hospital on drug resistance to antibiotics and associated cost are global if expected findings can inform other countries to prevent abuse of antibiotics [ 77 ]. Lastly, studies supported by international health programs can be packaged as global simply by broadening the vision from international to global.

Is Global Health a new bottle with old wine?

Another challenge question many scholars often ask is: “What new things can global health bring to public health and medicine?” The essence of this question is whether global health is simply a collection of existing medical and health problems packaged with a new title? From our previous discussion, many readers may already have their own answer to this question that this is not true. However, we would like to emphasize a few points. First, global health is not equal to public health, medicine or both, but a newly emerged sub-discipline within the public health-medicine arena. Global health is not for all medical and health problems but for the problems with global impact and with the purpose of seeking global solutions. In other words, global health focuses primarily on mega medical and health problems that transcend geographical, cultural, and national boundaries and seeks broad solutions, including frameworks, partnerships and cooperation, policies, laws and regulations that can be implemented through governments, social media, communities, and other large and broad reaching mechanisms.

Second, global health needs many visions, methods, strategies, approaches, and frameworks that are not conventionally used in public health and medicine [ 5 , 18 , 22 , 34 ]. They will enable global health researchers to locate and investigate those medical and health issues with global impact, gain new knowledge about them, develop new strategies to solve them, and train health workers to deliver the developed strategies. Consequently, geography, history, culture, sociology, governance, and laws that are optional for medicine and public health are essential for global health. Lastly, it is fundamental to have a global perspective for anyone in global health, but this could be optional for other medical and health scientists [ 40 , 41 ].

Global Health, international health, and public health

As previously discussed, global health has been linked to several other related disciplines, particularly public health, international health, and medicine [ 3 , 5 , 7 , 18 , 22 ]. To our understanding, global health can be considered as an application of medical and public health sciences together with other disciplines (1) in tackling those issues with global impact and (2) in the effort to seek global solutions. Thus, global health treats public health sciences and medicine as their foundations, and will selectively use theories, knowledge, techniques, therapeutics and prevention measures from public health, medicine, and other disciplines to understand and solve global health problems.

There are also clear boundaries between global health, public health and medicine with regard to the target population. Medicine targets patient populations, public health targets health populations in general, while global health targets the global population. We have to admit that there are obvious overlaps between global health, public health and medicine, particularly between global health and international health. It is worth noting that global health can be considered as an extension of international health with regard to the scope and purposes. International health focuses on the health of participating countries with intention to affect non-participating countries, while global health directly states that its goal is to promote health and prevent and treat diseases for all people in all countries across the globe. Thus, global health can be considered as developed from, and eventually replace international health.

Challenges and opportunities for China to contribute to Global Health

To pursue A Community with a Shared Future for Mankind , China’s BRI , currently involving more than 150 countries across the globe, creates a great opportunity for Chinese scholars to contribute to global health. China has a lot to learn from other countries in advancing its medical and health technologies and to optimize its own healthcare system, and to reduce health disparities among the 56 ethnic groups of its people. China can also gain knowledge from other countries to construct healthy lifestyles and avoid unhealthy behaviors as Chinese people become more affluent. Adequate materials and money may be able to promote physical health in China; but it will be challenging for Chinese people to avoid mental health problems currently highly prevalent in many rich and developed countries.

To develop global health, we cannot ignore the opportunities along with the BRI for Chinese scholars to share China’s lessons and successful experience with other countries. China has made a lot of achievements in public health and medicine before and after the Open Door Policy [ 49 , 78 ]. Typical examples include the ups and downs of the 3-Tier Healthcare Systems, the Policy of Prevention First, and the Policy of Putting Rural Health as the Priority, the Massive Patriotic Hygiene Movement with emphasis on simple technology and broad community participation, the Free Healthcare System for urban and the Cooperative Healthcare System for rural residents. There are many aspects of these initiatives that other countries can emulate including the implementation of public health programs covering a huge population base unprecedented in many other countries.

There are challenges for Chinese scholars to share China’s experiences with others as encountered in practice. First of all, China is politically very stable while many other countries have to change their national leadership periodically. Changes in leadership may result in changes in the delivery of evidence- based intervention programs/projects, although the changes may not be evidence-based but politically oriented. For example, the 3-Tier Healthcare System that worked in China [ 79 , 80 ] may not work in other countries and places without modifications to suit for the settings where there is a lack of local organizational systems. Culturally, promotion of common values among the public is unique in China, thus interventions that are effective among Chinese population may not work in countries and places where individualism dominates. For example, vaccination program as a global solution against infectious diseases showed great success in China, but not in the United States as indicated by the 2019 measles outbreak [ 81 ].

China can also learn from countries and international agencies such as the United Kingdom, the United States, the World Health Organization, and the United Nations to successfully and effectively provide assistance to LMICs. As China develops, it will increasingly take on the role of a donor country. Therefore, it is important for Chinese scholars to learn from all countries in the world and to work together for a Community of Shared Future for Mankind during the great course to develop global health.

Promotion of global health is an essential part of the Working Together  to Build a Community of Shared Future for Mankind. In this editorial, we summarized our discussions in the 2019 GHRP Editorial Board Meeting regarding the concept of global health. The goal is to enhance consensus among the board members as well as researchers, practitioners, educators and students in the global health community. We welcome comments, suggestions and critiques that may help further our understanding of the concept. We would like to keep the concept of global health open and let it evolve along with our research, teaching, policy and practice in global health.

Dunham GC. Today's global Frontiers in public health: I. a pattern for cooperative public health. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1945;35(2):89–95.

Article   CAS   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Kickbusch I. Health promotion: a global perspective. Can J Public Health. 1986;77(5):321–6.

CAS   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Kickbusch I. Global + local = glocal public health. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999;53(8):451–2.

Kickbusch I. Mapping the future of public health: action on global health. Can J Public Health. 2006;97(1):6–8.

Article   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Chen X. Understanding the development and perception of global health for more effective student education. Yale J Biol Med. 2014;87(3):231–40.

PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Bristol N. Obama's plans for US and global health. Lancet. 2008;372(9652):1797–8.

Article   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Koplan JP, Bond TC, Merson MH, Reddy KS, Rodriguez MH, Sewankambo NK, et al. Towards a common definition of global health. Lancet. 2009;373(9679):1993–5.

Peluso MJ, Encandela J, Hafler JP, Margolis CZ. Guiding principles for the development of global health education curricula in undergraduate medical education. Med Teach. 2012;34(8):653–8.

Brown TM, Cueto M, Fee E. The World Health Organization and the transition from international to global public health. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(1):62–72.

Friedrich MJ. Global obesity epidemic worsening. Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association. 2017;318(7):603.

Google Scholar  

Hung LS. The SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: what lessons have we learned? J R Soc Med. 2003;96(8):374–8.

Institute of Medicine (US), Board on International Health. America's vital interest in global health: protecting our people, enhancing our economy, and advancing our international interests. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press; 1997.

Katz IT, Ehrenkranz P, El-Sadr W. The global HIV epidemic what will it take to get to the finish line? Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association. 2018;319(11):1094–5.

Article   Google Scholar  

Kickbusch I. Global health diplomacy: how foreign policy can influence health. BMJ. 2011;342:d3154.

Ren R. The definition and characteristics of global health. Medicine & Philosophy. 2015;36(8A):1–3.

CAS   Google Scholar  

Strategies, The malERA Consultative Group on Integration. malERA: An updated research agenda for basic science and enabling technologies in malaria elimination and eradication. PLoS Med. 2017;14(11):e1002451.

Kickbusch I, Hein W, Silberschmidt G. Addressing global health governance challenges through a new mechanism: the proposal for a committee C of the world health assembly. J Law Med Ethics. 2010;38(3):550–63.

Merson MH, Black RE, Mills AJ. Global health: diseases, programs, systems and policies. Jones & Bartlett Learning, L.L.C: New York/Ontario/London; 2012.

The malERA Consultative Group on Integration Strategies. A research agenda for malaria eradication: cross-cutting issues for eradication. PLoS Med. 2011;8(1):e1000404.

Mao Z, Liu P, Xiang H. Reformation and renewal of the undergraduate education based on a global health perspective - an example of the College of Health at Wuhan University. Wuhan, China: Wuhan University Press; 2018.

Rowson M, Smith A, Hughes R, Johnson O, Maini A, Martin S, Yudkin JS, et al. The evolution of global health teaching in undergraduate medical curricula. Glob Health. 2012;8(1):35.

Rowson M, Willott C, Hughes R, Maini A, Martin S, Miranda JJ, Yudkin JS, et al. Conceptualising global health: theoretical issues and their relevance for teaching. Glob Health. 2012;8(1):36.

White SK. Public health at a crossroads: assessing teaching on economic globalization as a social determinant of health. Crit Public Health. 2012;22(3):281–95.

Khubchandani J, Simmons R. Going global: building a foundation for global health promotion research to practice. Health Promot Pract. 2012;13(3):293–7.

Kickbusch I, Silberschmidt G, Buss P. Global health diplomacy: the need for new perspectives, strategic approaches and skills in global health. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85(3):230–2.

Agaku IT, Ayo-Yusuf OA, Vardavas CI, Connolly G. Predictors and patterns of cigarette and smokeless tobacco use among adolescents in 32 countries, 2007-2011. J Adolesc Health. 2014;54(1):47–53.

Nikaj S, Chaloupka FJ. The effect of prices on cigarette use among youths in the global youth tobacco survey. Nicotine Tob Res. 2014;16(S1):S16–23.

World Health Organization. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization; 2003.

Rao S, Aslam SK, Zaheer S, Shafique K. Anti-smoking initiatives and current smoking among 19643 adolescents in South Asia: findings from the global youth tobacco survey. Harm Reduct J. 2014;11(1):8.

Harman S. 15 years of 'War on AIDS': what impact has the global HIV/AIDS response had on the political economy of Africa? Rev Afr Polit Econ. 2015;42(145):467–76.

Raguin G, Girard PM. Toward a global health approach: lessons from the HIV and Ebola epidemics. Glob Health. 2018;14(1):1–4.

Stover J, Bertozzi S, Gutierrez JP, Walker N, Stanecki KA, Greener R, Ghys PD, et al. The global impact of scaling up HIV/AIDS prevention programs in low- and middle-income countries. Science. 2006;311(5766):1474–6.

Article   CAS   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Amofah GK. Ghana. Selective versus comprehensive primary health care. Trop Dr. 1994;24(2):76–8.

Article   CAS   Google Scholar  

Magnussen L, Ehiri J, Jolly P. Comprehensive versus selective primary health care: lessons for global health policy. Health Aff (Millwood). 2004;23(3):167–76.

Brown H. WHO puts cancer on global health agenda. Lancet Oncol. 2004;5(11):644.

Degenhardt L, Stockings E, Patton G, Hall WD, Lynskey M. The increasing global health priority of substance use in young people. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(3):251–64.

Alonso PL, Brown G, Tanner M, Integratio, maIERA Consultative Grp. A Research Agenda for Malaria Eradication: Cross-Cutting Issues for Eradication. Plos Medicine. 2011;8(1):e1000399.

Stuckler D, McKee M. Five metaphors about global-health policy. Lancet. 2008;372(9633):95–7.

Beaglehole R, Bonita R. What is global health. Glob Health Action. 2010;3:5142.

Chen X, Chen DG. Statistical methods for global health and epidemiology. Basel, Switzerland: Springer; 2019.

Hao YT, Chen X. Research methods in global health (textbook). Beijing, China: People' Health Publication House; 2018.

Labonte R, Schrecker T. Globalization and social determinants of health: introduction and methodological background (part 1 of 3). Glob Health. 2007;3(1):5.

Labonte R, Schrecker T. Globalization and social determinants of health: the role of the global marketplace (part 2 of 3). Glob Health. 2007;3(1):6.

Aifah A, Iwelunmor J, Akwanalo C, Allison J, Amberbir A, Asante KP, Weber MB, et al. The Kathmandu declaration on global CVD/hypertension research and implementation science: a framework to advance implementation research for cardiovascular and other noncommunicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries. Glob Heart. 2019;14(2):103–7.

Feachem R, Sabot O. A new global malaria eradication strategy. Lancet. 2008;371(9624):1633–5.

Petersen PE. World health organization global policy for improvement of oral health--world health assembly 2007. Int Dent J. 2008;58(3):115–21.

Singh N. A new global malaria eradication strategy: implications for malaria research from an Indian perspective. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;103(12):1202–3.

Grimm S. China-Africa cooperation: promises, pratice and prospects. Journal of Contemporary China. 2014;23(90):993–1011.

Tang K, Li ZH, Li WK, Chen L. China's silk road and global health. Lancet. 2017;390(10112):2595–601.

Witvliet MI, Arah OA, Stronks K, Kunst AE. A global study on lone mothers: exploring the associations of self-assessed general health with motherhood types and gender inequality in 32 countries. Womens Health Issues. 2014;24(2):e177–85.

Zhu S, Zhu W, Qian W, He Y, Huang J. A China - Vietnam collaboration for public health care: a preliminary study. Glob Health Res Policy. 2019;4(1):23.

Rife BD, Mavian C, Chen X, Ciccozzi M, Salemi M, Min J, Prosperi MC. Phylodynamic applications in 21(st) century global infectious disease research. Glob Health Res Policy. 2017;2(1):13.

Zhou S, Cella E, Zhou W, Kong WH, Liu MQ, Liu PL, Chen X, et al. Population dynamics of hepatitis C virus subtypes in injecting drug users on methadone maintenance treatment in China associated with economic and health reform. J Viral Hepat. 2017;24(7):551–60.

Lee A, Abdullah AS. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: a challenge for public health practice in Hong Kong. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57(9):655–8.

Abdullah AS, Thomas GN, McGhee SM, Morisky DE. Impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) on travel and population mobility: implications for travel medicine practitioners. J Travel Med. 2004;11(2):107–11.

Li Q, Guan XH, Wu P, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020.

Chen XG, Yu B, Gong J, Wang PG, Elliott AL. Social capital associated with quality of life mediated by employment experiences: evidence from a random sample of rural-to-urban migrants in China. Soc Indic Res. 2018;139(1):327–46.

Guo Y, Chen XG, Gong J, Li F, Zhu CY, Yan YQ, Wang L. Association between spouse/child separation and migration-related stress among a random sample of rural-to-urban migrants in Wuhan China. Plos One. 2016;11(4):e0154252.

Article   PubMed   PubMed Central   CAS   Google Scholar  

Sinyor M, Tse R, Pirkis J. Global trends in suicide epidemiology. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2017;30(1):1–6.

Yu B, Chen XG, Elliott AL, Wang Y, Li F, Gong J. Social capital, migration stress, depression and sexual risk behaviors among rural-to-urban migrants in China: a moderated mediation modeling analysis. Anxiety Stress and Coping. 2019;32(4):362–75.

Jamieson D, Kellerman SE. The 90 90 90 strategy to end the HIV pandemic by 2030: can the supply chain handle it? J Int AIDS Soc. 2016;19(1):20917.

Lima VD, St-Jean M, Rozada I, Shoveller JA, Nosyk B, Hogg RS, Montaner JSG, et al. Progress towards the United Nations 90-90-90 and 95-95-95 targets: the experience in British Columbia. Canada J Int AIDS Soc. 2017;20(3):e25011.

Friede M, Palkonyay L, Alfonso C, Pervikov Y, Torelli G, Wood D, Kieny MP. WHO initiative to increase global and equitable access to influenza vaccine in the event of a pandemic: supporting developing country production capacity through technology transfer. Vaccine. 2011;29(S1):A2–7.

Palkonyay L, Fatima H. A decade of adaptation: regulatory contributions of the World Health Organization to the global action plan for influenza vaccines (2006-2016). Vaccine. 2016;34(45):5414–9.

McCoy D, Kembhavi G, Patel J, Luintel A. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's grant-making programme for global health. Lancet. 2009;373(9675):1645–53.

World Health Organization. Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Geneva, Switzerland; 2020.

Abdullah AS, Tomlinson B, Cockram CS, Thomas GN. Lessons from the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9(9):1042–5.

Ameratunga S, Hijar M, Norton R. Road-traffic injuries: confronting disparities to address a global-health problem. Lancet. 2006;367(9521):1533–40.

Naci H, Chisholm D, Baker TD. Distribution of road traffic deaths by road user group: a global comparison. Injury Prevention. 2009;15(1):55–9.

Kareem A. Review of global menace of road accidents with special reference to Malaysia- a social perspective. Malays J Med Sci. 2003;10(2):31–9.

Gubler DJ. The economic burden of dengue. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;86(5):743–4.

Wettstein ZS, Fleming M, Chang AY, Copenhaver DJ, Wateska AR, Bartsch SM, Kulkarni RP, et al. Total economic cost and burden of dengue in Nicaragua: 1996-2010. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;87(4):616–22.

Cheng H, Yang W, Kang W, Liu C. Large-scale spraying of bednets to control mosquito vectors and malaria in Sichuan. China Bull World Health Organ. 1995;73(3):321–8.

The malERA Consultative Group on Integration Strategies. A research agenda for malaria eradication: vector control. PLoS Med. 2011;8(1):e1000401.

Menzies NA, Hill AN, Cohen T, Salomon JA. The impact of migration on tuberculosis in the United States. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018;22(12):1392–403.

Liu Y, Chen XG, Li SY, Bin Y, Wang Y, Yan H. Path analysis of acculturative stress components and their relationship with depression among international students in China. Stress Health. 2016;32(5):524–32.

Li H, Liu XL, Cui D, Wang Q, Mao Z, Gang L, Sun J, et al. Estimating the direct medical economic disease burden of healthcare associated infections in Chinese public tertiary hospitals. 2017;29(5):440-450. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2017;29(5):440–50.

Blumenthal D, Hsiao W. Lessons from the East - China's rapidly evolving health care system. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(14):1281–5.

Chen Z. Launch of the health-care reform plan in China. Lancet. 2009;373(9672):1322–4.

Liu XZ, Wang JL. An introduction to China’s health care system. J Public Health Policy. 1991;12(1):104–16.

Patel M, Lee AD, Redd SB, Clemmons NS, McNall RJ, Cohn AC, Gastanaduy PA. Increase in measles cases - United States, January 1-April 26, 2019. Am J Transplant. 2019;19(7):2127–30.

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank those who had provided their comments for the improvement of the manuscript.

The work is funded by the journal development funds of Wuhan University.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

Xinguang Chen, Hao Li, Xiaohui Liang, Zongfu Mao, Nan Wang, Peigang Wang & Tingting Wang

Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Florida, USA

Xinguang Chen

School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

Hao Li, Xiaohui Liang, Zongfu Mao, Nan Wang, Peigang Wang, Tingting Wang, Hong Yan & Yuliang Zou

Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK

Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno III

Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China

Abu S. Abdullah

Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA

School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Jiayan Huang

Consultant in Global Health, London, UK

Charlotte Laurence

School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China

Global Health Research Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China

School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

Shaolong Wu

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Contributions

Chen XG wrote the manuscript. LI H organized the meeting, collecting the comments and editing the manuscript. Lucero-Prisno DE integrated all the comments together. Abdullah AS, Huang JY, Laurence C, Liang XH, Ma ZY, Ren R, Wu SL, Wang N, Wang PG and Wang Tt all participated in the discussion and comments of this manuscript. Laurence C and Liang XH both provided language editing. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hao Li .

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate.

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

The manuscript was sent to all the authors and they all agreed to submit it for publication.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Chen, X., Li, H., Lucero-Prisno, D.E. et al. What is global health? Key concepts and clarification of misperceptions. glob health res policy 5 , 14 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-020-00142-7

Download citation

Received : 15 February 2020

Accepted : 09 March 2020

Published : 07 April 2020

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-020-00142-7

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Global health
• Global impact
• Global solution
• Global health sciences
• Global health theory
• global health education
• Global health development

Global Health Research and Policy

ISSN: 2397-0642

• Submission enquiries: Access here and click Contact Us
• General enquiries: [email protected]

An official website of the United States government

Here’s how you know

Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( A locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

Global Health Research Topics

Subscribe to Fogarty's Global Health Matters newsletter , and weekly funding news for global health researchers .

The Fogarty International Center and its NIH partners invest in research on a variety of topics vital to global health. For each of these global health research topics, find an in-depth collection of news, resources and funding from Fogarty, the NIH, other U.S. government agencies, nongovernmental organizations and others.

• Chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)
• Climate change
• Deafness and other communication disorders
• Diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility
• Eye disease, vision health and blindness
• Global health security
• Household air pollution
• Implementation science
• Infectious diseases
• Coronaviruses
• Ebola virus disease
• Tuberculosis (TB)
• Maternal and child health
• Mentoring and mentorship training
• Mobile health (mHealth)
• Neurological and mental disorders and diseases
• Oral and dental health
• Trauma and injury
• Tobacco control
• Women’s leadership in global health research

Health Topic Information

• NIH Health Topics
• MedlinePlus Health Topics
• Diseases and Conditions from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Updated January 3, 2024

📕 Studying HQ

Exploring research topics on global health nursing: a comprehensive guide for nursing students, carla johnson.

• September 6, 2023
• Essay Topics and Ideas

Global health nursing is an evolving and crucial field that extends the principles of nursing care beyond borders, cultures, and socio-economic disparities. For nursing students, delving into global health nursing opens up a world of opportunities to make a significant impact on healthcare worldwide. This article aims to provide nursing students with valuable research topics on global health nursing, including PICOT questions, evidence-based practice (EBP) project ideas, nursing capstone project ideas, research paper topics, and research questions to inspire their academic and professional journey in this field.

What You'll Learn

Global Health Nursing: An Overview

Global health nursing is a specialized area of nursing practice that focuses on promoting health equity and addressing healthcare disparities on a global scale. It involves providing care, conducting research, and implementing interventions that improve the health outcomes of individuals and communities in resource-limited settings, as well as in underserved populations within high-income countries.

PICOT Questions in Global Health Nursing

• P: Children in low-income countries with limited access to clean water and sanitation facilities; I: Implementation of hygiene education programs; C: Absence of hygiene education programs; O: Reduction in waterborne diseases; T: 12 months. In resource-limited settings, can the implementation of hygiene education programs significantly reduce the incidence of waterborne diseases among children over a 12-month period?
• P: Pregnant women in rural communities with limited access to prenatal care; I: Introduction of mobile prenatal clinics; C: Traditional prenatal care models; O: Improvement in maternal and neonatal health outcomes; T: 24 months. In underserved rural areas, does the implementation of mobile prenatal clinics improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes compared to traditional prenatal care models over a 24-month period?
• P: Elderly patients in long-term care facilities; I: Integration of telemedicine for routine health assessments; C: Conventional in-person healthcare services; O: Enhanced access to healthcare and reduction in hospitalizations; T: 6 months. Among elderly patients in long-term care facilities, does the integration of telemedicine for routine health assessments enhance access to healthcare and reduce hospitalizations when compared to conventional in-person healthcare services over a 6-month period?
• P: HIV-positive adolescents in urban slums; I: Implementation of peer-led educational programs; C: Absence of peer-led educational programs; O: Improvement in HIV treatment adherence rates; T: 12 months. In urban slums, can the implementation of peer-led educational programs significantly improve HIV treatment adherence rates among HIV-positive adolescents over a 12-month period?
• P: Communities in disaster-prone regions; I: Development of disaster preparedness initiatives; C: Lack of disaster preparedness initiatives; O: Reduction in disaster-related morbidity and mortality; T: 36 months. Do disaster preparedness initiatives in disaster-prone regions significantly reduce disaster-related morbidity and mortality over a 36-month period compared to areas without such initiatives?
• P: Refugees with limited access to mental health services; I: Implementation of culturally sensitive counseling programs; C: Standard mental health services ; O: Improvement in mental health outcomes; T: 18 months. Among refugees with limited access to mental health services, does implementing culturally sensitive counseling programs lead to improved mental health outcomes compared to standard mental health services over an 18-month period?
• P: Indigenous communities with high rates of preventable diseases; I: Introduction of community health worker programs; C: Absence of community health worker programs; O: Reduction in preventable disease incidence; T: 24 months. In indigenous communities with high rates of preventable diseases, can the introduction of community health worker programs lead to a significant reduction in preventable disease incidence over a 24-month period compared to communities without such programs?
• P: Low-income pregnant women with limited access to antenatal car e; I: Implementation of transportation support for clinic visits; C: No transportation support; O: Increased utilization of antenatal care services; T: 9 months. Among low-income pregnant women with limited access to antenatal care, does the implementation of transportation support for clinic visits lead to increased utilization of antenatal care services over a 9-month period compared to those without transportation support?
• P: Patients in a post-disaster relief camp; I: Deployment of rapid response medical teams; C: Delayed medical response; O: Reduction in post-disaster mortality; T: 3 months. In post-disaster relief camps, does the deployment of rapid response medical teams lead to a significant reduction in post-disaster mortality over a 3-month period compared to delayed medical response?
• P: Adolescent girls in remote areas with limited access to education; I: Implementation of mobile education initiatives; C: Traditional in-person education; O: Improvement in educational attainment; T: 12 months. Among adolescent girls in remote areas with limited access to education, does implementing mobile education initiatives lead to improved educational attainment compared to traditional in-person education over a 12-month period?

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) Project Ideas on Global Health Nursing

• Assessing the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns in preventing infectious diseases in underserved communities.
• Implementing telehealth programs to improve access to mental health services in remote areas.
• Evaluating the impact of community health worker interventions on maternal and child health outcomes.
• Investigating the barriers to HIV testing and treatment adherence among vulnerable populations.
• Assessing the effectiveness of health education programs in reducing non-communicable diseases in low-resource settings.
• Examining the role of nurses in disaster preparedness and response efforts.
• Developing culturally competent training programs for healthcare providers working with diverse populations.
• Investigating the factors influencing healthcare-seeking behaviors among refugees.
• Evaluating the impact of mobile clinics on healthcare access in rural communities.
• Assessing the quality of healthcare services in refugee camps.

Nursing Capstone Project Ideas on Global Health Nursing

• Designing a global health nursing curriculum for nursing schools.
• Developing a disaster preparedness plan for a vulnerable community.
• Creating a telemedicine program for a remote healthcare facility.
• Implementing a hygiene education program in a low-income school.
• Evaluating the impact of a community health worker initiative on health outcomes.
• Developing a cultural competency training module for healthcare providers.
• Designing a maternal and child health intervention for an underserved population.
• Conducting a needs assessment for healthcare services in a refugee camp.
• Developing a healthcare access program for rural communities .
• Creating a mental health support program for adolescent refugees.

Nursing Research Topics on Global Health Nursing

• The role of global health nursing in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.
• Challenges and opportunities in providing nursing care in humanitarian settings.
• Cultural competence and its significance in global health nursing practice.
• The impact of climate change on global health nursing.
• Nursing workforce migration and its effects on healthcare in resource-limited countries.
• Ethics and ethical dilemmas in global health nursing.
• The role of technology in improving healthcare access in underserved areas.
• Maternal and child health disparities in low-income countries.
• Non-communicable diseases and their burden in low-resource settings.
• Mental health stigma in diverse cultural contexts.

Nursing Research Questions on Global Health Nursing

• How does cultural competence among nurses affect healthcare outcomes in global health settings?
• What are the key challenges faced by nurses working in disaster relief operations?
• How can telehealth interventions improve healthcare access in underserved communities?
• What factors contribute to the successful implementation of community health worker programs in low-resource settings?
• What are the ethical considerations when providing nursing care in humanitarian crises?
• How does climate change impact the health of vulnerable populations in global health nursing?
• What are the barriers to healthcare-seeking behavior among refugees in host countries?
• How can technology be leveraged to enhance healthcare delivery in remote areas?
• What strategies can be employed to reduce maternal and child health disparities in low-income countries?
• What interventions are effective in reducing mental health stigma in culturally diverse contexts?

Essay Topic Ideas & Examples on Global Health Nursing

• Explore the diverse roles nurses play in addressing global health issues and discuss the challenges and rewards they encounter.
• Analyze healthcare disparities in underserved populations worldwide and propose strategies for reducing these disparities.
• Examine the significance of cultural competence in nursing practice and provide real-life examples of its impact on patient care.
• Discuss the ethical dilemmas nurses face in humanitarian crises and explore the decision-making processes involved.
• Evaluate the role of telehealth in global health nursing and its potential to expand healthcare access in remote areas.

Global health nursing is a dynamic and vital field that allows nursing students to make a meaningful difference in the lives of individuals and communities worldwide. As you embark on your journey in global health nursing, remember that your passion and dedication can contribute to reducing health disparities, improving healthcare access, and promoting health equity on a global scale. Whether you choose to pursue PICOT questions, EBP projects, capstone projects, research papers, or essays in this field, your efforts can bring about positive change. We encourage you to explore these topics and ideas to inspire your academic and professional endeavors. If you need assistance with your writing assignments, don’t hesitate to seek our writing services to support your success in global health nursing. Together, we can create a healthier world for all.

• Why is global health nursing important? Global health nursing is important because it addresses healthcare disparities, promotes health equity, and provides healthcare to underserved populations worldwide, contributing to better health outcomes for all.
• Why is global health important? Global health is crucial because it recognizes that health challenges transcend national borders, emphasizing the interconnectedness of health worldwide. It seeks to improve health globally and ensure that all individuals have access to healthcare and live healthy lives.
• What is the role of globalization in healthcare? Globalization in healthcare refers to the interconnectedness and interdependence of healthcare systems, professionals, and patients across borders. It facilitates the sharing of medical knowledge, technology, and resources, which can lead to improved healthcare access and outcomes.
• Which concept describes healthcare globalization? Healthcare globalization is often described as the process of healthcare systems, services, and practices becoming increasingly integrated and interconnected globally.

Start by filling this short order form order.studyinghq.com

And then follow the progressive flow. 

Having an issue, chat with us here

Cathy, CS. 

New Concept ? Let a subject expert write your paper for You​

Have a subject expert write for you now, have a subject expert finish your paper for you, edit my paper for me, have an expert write your dissertation's chapter, popular topics.

Business StudyingHq Essay Topics and Ideas How to Guides Samples

• Nursing Solutions
• Study Guides
• Free Study Database for Essays
• Privacy Policy
• Writing Service 
• Discounts / Offers 

Study Hub: 

• Studying Blog
• Topic Ideas 
• How to Guides
• Business Studying 
• Nursing Studying 
• Literature and English Studying

Writing Tools  

• Citation Generator
• Topic Generator
• Paraphrasing Tool
• Conclusion Maker
• Research Title Generator
• Thesis Statement Generator
• Summarizing Tool
• Terms and Conditions
• Confidentiality Policy
• Cookies Policy
• Refund and Revision Policy

Our samples and other types of content are meant for research and reference purposes only. We are strongly against plagiarism and academic dishonesty. 

Contact Us:

📧 [email protected]

📞 +15512677917

2012-2024 © studyinghq.com. All rights reserved

CDC Global Topics

The Global Health Center (GHC) works to protect Americans from dangerous and costly public health threats, including COVID-19, vaccine-preventable diseases, HIV, TB, and malaria—responding when and where health threats arise. Our focus is on not just the United States, because an outbreak anywhere is a risk everywhere. Some topics we cover include:

For more than 60 years, CDC has used its scientific expertise to help people throughout the world live healthier, safer, longer lives.

Global Public Health Data Innovation aims to provide government decision makers with more timely, accurate, and comprehensive public health data to better prevent, detect, and respond to public health threats.

Chagas disease is parasitic disease that affects about 6–7 million people, mostly in the Americas. It can be passed from mother to baby.

Violence is a barrier to reaching HIV epidemic control. GBV may block access to HIV services and adherence to HIV treatment, evidence shows.

Malaria kills more than 600,000 people around the world in 2021, mostly young children. It is a leading cause of preventable illness and death around the world.

Meningitis is an infection of the lining of the brain and spinal cord. Bacterial meningococcal meningitis threatens the lives of 450 million people across 26 countries in Africa’s meningitis belt.

World Humanitarian Day is an opportunity to recognize the contributions and sacrifices made by humanitarian workers around the world, including CDC responders.

Get CDC’s free global health newsletter each week! Enter your email address:

Exit Notification / Disclaimer Policy

• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website.
• Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website.
• You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link.
• CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website.

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List
• Clin Med (Lond)
• v.9(3); 2009 Jun

Global health: current issues, future trends and foreign policy

Daniela kirwan.

Ealing Hospital, London

Introduction

With increasing global connectivity, the impact of an event travels across today's world with the speed of a broadband internet connection. The relevance of national borders is dwindling, and people and determinants of health flow freely in every direction. It is no longer possible to address healthcare in the UK without taking a global view.

This timely conference followed a series of publications including Lord Crisp's Global health partnerships and Sir Liam Donaldson's Health is global: proposals for a government-wide strategy. 1 , 2 The ambitious programme drew together a range of key players in global health who addressed many challenges facing those working in the field, and proposed positive measures to take old and new collaborations forward.

The conference was energetic and facilitated networking and sharing of ideas between politicians, policy makers and clinicians. The eminence of the speakers and enthusiasm of the delegates highlighted the abundance of expertise, political will, and sheer number of healthcare professionals with an interest in global health.

The changing context: epidemiology and public health challenges

Although changes in health indicators have been favourable overall, distribution of gains has been unequal. Despite a global decline in population numbers and density, there is rapid growth in areas of Asia, and severe exceptions in life expectancy improvements exist; for example, the HIV/AIDS pandemic has contributed to the reversal of previous advances in Zimbabwe, where life expectancy at birth is currently only 40.9 years. 3

The dramatic changes in global food prices, with rice prices reaching an unprecedented $1,000/ton on the week of the conference in April 2008, have brought food provision to the forefront of public health concern. The effect is felt the most in areas least able to cope with the problem. In sub-Saharan Africa, a consequential rise in child undernutrition is anticipated, and although unlikely to face starvation, South-East Asian countries will suffer severe economic difficulties following reduced rice exportation. As gross domestic product (GDP) falls mortality rises, and the long-term impact on this region must not be underestimated. 4

Increasing population densities have led to increased contact between humans and livestock, facilitating the evolution and transmission of zoonotic infections. Furthermore, the exponential increase in travel over the last four generations has huge implications for infectious diseases. Over 4.5 billion individual air journeys are made every year, and each has the potential to carry disease. The global aviation network map indicates that the largest and most interesting change is occurring over China; the problems of a rural Chinese village have become the problems of the world.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 alerted the world to the inadequate international notification mechanisms. This zoonotic infection began in a rural Chinese province, spread swiftly to Hong Kong, and within a week had infected 8,000 people worldwide. Analysts found that there had been a series of delays in reporting the outbreak, allowing it to gain a foothold. The International Health Regulations (IHR) mechanism for disease notification dated back to 1969 and focused on the main infectious threats of the time: cholera, plague, and yellow fever. SARS led to the realisation that a new, more relevant, formal network for alerting and communicating between countries was needed.

The World Health Assembly passed a resolution in 2005 to ‘prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease’, and to do this ‘in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks, and which avoid unnecessary interface with international traffic and trade’. The new regulations affirmed each country's duty to participate in global surveillance. National IHR focal points must now notify all potential international public health emergencies and respond to requests for verification of reports within 24 hours, and disclose suspected risks in other areas.

During the SARS response, the World Health Organization (WHO) used a pre-existing laboratory network with impressive results: within six weeks, the pathogen had been isolated and its genome sequenced. This was an astounding response, but did not lead to the termination of the epidemic, which thankfully burnt out by itself. We were lucky. WHO has now developed an Integrated Capacity Development for Laboratory Specialists, with a vision of the earliest possible detection of epidemic threats through a network of effective diagnostic laboratories. A training programme based on world regions aims to support areas with a poor laboratory network, in order to achieve a sustainable improvement in laboratory infrastructure.

Despite these recent efforts, however, current pandemic plans remain somewhat lacking in detail. In the context of increased travel, new epidemics require increasingly sophisticated information capture, yet potential powerful statistical tools are largely underutilised in medicine. This is the focus of research at Imperial College London using mobile telephones to track population movements. This is expected to give accurate predictions on progression of epidemics, and inform on timescales and the effectiveness of key interventions, such as closing borders. Perhaps the most significant infective threat today is the influenza A virus. Unlike SARS, infection is often asymptomatic leading to late detection, and viral shedding occurs too early within its lifecycle for quarantine to be effective.

Conference programme

▪ current priorities in global health.

Keynote talk – Global health: epidemiology and public health challenges Professor Sir Roy Anderson FRS, Chair in Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Rector Elect, Imperial College London

▪ RESPONDING TO GLOBAL HEALTH CHALLENGES: COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

The International Health Regulations and global alerting

Professor Peter Borriello, Director, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency

3 by 5 success or failure? Professor Brian Gazzard, Research

Director, HIV/GUM Unit, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London

The rise of MDR and XDR-TB and the collision with HIV

Dr Paul Nunn, Coordinator, TB/HIV and Drug Resistance, World Health Organization

▪ RESPONDING TO GLOBAL HEALTH CHALLENGES: CHRONIC DISEASES

The global epidemic of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease Dr Shanthi Mendis, Senior Adviser, Cardiovascular Disease, World Health Organization

Opium, tobacco, and alcohol: the evolving legitimacy of international action Professor Martin McKee CBE, Professor of European Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

Guest lecture – Health security: foreign policy and global health The Rt Hon Lord Malloch-Brown, Minister for Africa, Asia and the UN

▪ GLOBALISATION AND HEALTH: CHALLENGES

Intellectual property, access to medicines and health tourism Professor Rifat Atun, Director, Centre for Health Management, Imperial College London

Challenges for health systems: migration, permits and visas

Professor James Buchan, Health Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh

Conflict: public health challenges Dr Mary Black, International Adviser, Royal College of Physicians Climate change: public health challenges Dr Maria Neira, Director, Department of Public Health and Environment, World Health Organization

▪ GLOBALISATION AND HEALTH: THE UK RESPONSE

The UK's Global Health Strategy Dr Nick Banatvala, Head of Global Health, Department of Health The Prime Minister's Global Health Partnership Initiative Louisiana Lush, Department for International Development

Improving health systems: a plan of action for practical collaboration at every level Carolyn Miller, Chief Executive, Merlin

▪ HEALTH LINKS BETWEEN THE UK AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Dr Andrew Purkis OBE, Chief Executive, Tropical Health and Education Trust

Dr Douglas Lungu, Director, Daeyang Luke Hospital, Malawi and Tropical Health and Education Trust Health Links Coordinator in Malawi

The sixth Millennium Development Goal pledges to ‘combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases’. Tropical diseases have historically been neglected, despite affecting large numbers of people and being relatively cheap to treat. Professor Sir Roy Anderson asserted that $250 million per year spent on these ‘other diseases’ could significantly reduce their impact. International policy makers are increasingly realising the huge health benefits of intervention in this area.

In 2006 the Global Network for Neglected Tropical Diseases was formed and implemented provision of a rapid impact package, a basket of drugs including three anthelmintics and the antibacterial azithromycin to treat seven neglected diseases. 5 Benefits are evident: an immediate increase in child growth rate and educational attainment.

Despite devotion of much attention and resources to HIV, the pandemic continues to affect individuals and families and is profoundly undermining the struggle of heavily burdened states towards development. A number of preventative measures have proved disappointingly ineffective, including microbicides and vaccines, both found to increase the risk of infection. Neither is there convincing evidence of an effect of the promotion of the ABC policy (Abstinence, Be faithful, use a Condom).

Effective preventative measures do exist. There is strong evidence supporting male circumcision, including a Kenyan randomised controlled trial that showed a cumulative HIV incidence of 2.1% in circumcised men compared to 4.2% in controls, or a protective effect of 60%. 6 Despite this, male circumcision is little used. In March 2007, experts from WHO and UNAIDS recommended that male circumcision now be recognised as an additional important intervention to reduce the risk of heterosexually acquired HIV infection in men, as part of a comprehensive package. 7 Further research is needed in this field: the effect of circumcision on sexual behaviour, its effect on women, or its effect on men who have sex with men is not yet understood.

The best way to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic is undoubtedly through treatment. The ‘3 by 5’ initiative was a pledge to provide 3 million people with antiretroviral therapy by 2005. The coverage achieved was 1.3 million, falling markedly short of the target. 8 Furthermore, provision has been skewed towards the wealthier regions of the world, with sub-Saharan Africa shouldering 76% of the total unmet need among adults in 2005. 9 However, some countries have made a dramatic effort and achieved good results, including Botswana which achieved 85% coverage.

At the 2005 UN World Summit, world leaders pledged to strive for universal access to antiretrovirals by 2010, and countries and organisations are scaling up their efforts to this end. However, the lack of country-specific targets and WHO workers on the ground remain barriers. The biggest challenge is patient adherence to medication, but behavioural change is difficult to achieve and does not respond well to education or scientific trial conditions.

With HIV, individual countries make the difference between success and failure. Brazil, Thailand, and Uganda particularly can be held up as success stories. In order to support national efforts, the international community needs to foster empowerment rather than paternalism, facilitate rather than direct, promote true ‘equal value’ commitment rather than imposition of Western values, and ensure sustainability of all policy and provision.

The decline in tuberculosis (TB) in Britain in the last two centuries led to a degree of complacency. However, TB is not yet beaten, and indeed we are seeing increasing rates of multi-drug resistant (MDR) TB and a worrying surge in extensively-drug resistant (XDR) TB. This not only affects the developing world but also increasingly the UK as a result of globalisation. The enormity of this problem must not be underestimated. Drug resistance arises by selection of naturally occurring mutations through sub-lethal concentrations of drugs. This occurs due to failure of health systems, health policies, drug manufacturers, prescribers, patient adherence, or a combination.

WHO estimates that in 2006 there were 9.15 million new cases of TB, including approximately 489,000 cases of MDR-TB, 40,000 of XDR-TB, 700,000 of HIV-associated TB, and 1.65 million deaths. MDR-TB is increasing in new cases, particularly in the former Soviet Union, implying active circulation within communities. XDR-TB had been confirmed in 46 countries by February 2008. As both infections deplete CD4+ immune cells, HIV and TB co-infection speeds progression of both diseases. HIV prevalence in new TB cases is worst in areas where HIV is prevalent, such as sub-Saharan Africa, and where HIV is rising the fastest, such as the former Soviet Union.

In 2006 the Lancet reported a study in Tugela Ferry, South Africa. 10 Of 544 culture positive TB patients, 221 had MDR-TB and 53 XDR-TB. Twenty-six of the XDR-TB patients had not been previously treated, and all 44 who were tested for HIV were positive. Of the 53 XDR-TB patients, 52 were dead within an average of 25 days of testing. These shocking findings were confined to one location with unique characteristics, but the conditions that gave rise to this are found elsewhere, and increasing linkage is being seen between HIV and TB resistance, particularly in the former Soviet Union.

What has been achieved so far? Since the implementation of the DOTS strategy in 1995 there has been a global rate of 61% case detection and 84.7% treatment success, not far from the targets of 70% and 85% respectively. Between 1995 and 2006, 31.8 million TB cases were notified and treated under DOTS. But only 12,000 MDR-TB patients receive quality-assured treatment every year, just 2.4% of the global need.

National and international leadership and coordination, and partnerships with community activists and patients, are essential. Resistant strains are much more complex, difficult to manage, and expensive to treat. HIV co-infection is likely to be causing small outbreaks, which go unnoticed in Africa and unreported in Eastern Europe, with very high fatality.

More effective basic TB management and expansion of management of MDR- and XDR-TB are needed. Infection control measures are dire in most health facilities in the developing world, and must be improved. There is a need to strengthen laboratory services to detect cases more effectively, and expand surveillance of resistant strains. The front cover of the Lancet reported in 2006 that ‘failure to act now to contain the threat posed by XDR-TB will have devastating consequences for patients with TB, particularly those co-infected with HIV/AIDS’; this applies now as it did then.

Non-communicable diseases

Shifting demographics and development are resulting in an alarming increase in morbidity and mortality from non-communicable disease, particularly cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. This growing burden is an impediment to poverty alleviation and economic growth and impacts unfairly on families and individuals.

WHO has projected that the numbers of overweight and obese adults will almost double from 2005 to 2015. Thirty per cent of global mortality is attributable to cardiovascular diseases, amounting to 17 million deaths per year. Three quarters of this burden falls on low- and middle-income countries, and this proportion is rising.

Progression of non-communicable diseases is insidious. Symptomatic disease forms only the tip of the iceberg, with risk factors lurking unrecognised beneath. These include obesity, physical inactivity, poor diet, tobacco use, and poverty, and are driven by globalisation, urbanisation, and ageing. Addressing these risk factors that affect over two billion people requires a twofold approach: population strategies, such as tobacco and salt regulation, and strategies targeting high-risk groups.

Low- and middle-income countries face a complex scenario with limited resources and competing health priorities. The main challenges are providing cost-effective and affordable services and tackling determinants of unhealthy behaviours outside medicine. Opportunities to improve non-communicable disease control arise from increasing global connectivity and lessons learnt from intersectoral collaboration. Services must be balanced with available resources to safeguard equity and social justice. Leadership by the Department of Health (DH) is vital to address health in all government policies, and support of other stakeholders and capacity strengthening through effective partnerships are key to success.

The WHO Global Strategy on Non-communicable Diseases is directed at reducing premature mortality and improving quality of life. 11 The Action Plan for the Global Strategy aims to consolidate this further, also taking into account strategies on tobacco control, alcohol, diet and physical activity. The global burden of non-communicable diseases continues to grow, and tackling it constitutes one of the major challenges for development in the 21st century.

National economies undeniably benefit from international trade. However, economic performance is an extremely narrow measure of progress. Indeed, there are examples where fast, uncontrolled economic growth has led to ill-health, such as the phenomenal rises in diabetes. Moreover, international trade laws do not differentiate the exchange of beneficial ‘goods’, including fruit, vegetables, or essential drugs, from harmful ‘bads’, such as weapons, alcohol, and tobacco. Previously, trade in harmful products, notably opium and tobacco, has been used by powerful countries as an instrument of economic development at the expense of others.

There has, however, been an encouraging reversal in roles and policy. In May 2003 WHO enacted the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). This prohibits tobacco advertising and empowers governments to resist pressure from international tobacco companies. Alcohol has provided a similar challenge. Liberal European Union (EU) regulations have resulted in lower alcohol prices that have caused a steep rise in consumption and deaths from alcohol-related causes. Europe's governments have finally recognised the need to act on alcohol, and the European Commission has brought forward proposals to balance international market considerations with those of health.

These measures represent the beginning of a shift from protection to persecution of trade in substances damaging to health. In a globalised world it is entirely legitimate to put in place systems that will maximise the benefits and minimise the harm from international trade. This has already been done with narcotics and promising steps regarding tobacco and alcohol have also been made, but there is still a long way to go.

Foreign policy

Health has always been a foreign policy issue, and was secured firmly on the global agenda by Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland in a 1999 speech. 12 Health is a valuable diplomatic tool that can improve international relations. This issue appeals not just to philosophy and altruism but to Britain's own interests: global health is a modern security issue. Bad health ultimately means sick politics. It causes social disorder, loss of markets and inability to integrate into the global economy, and international hostility. By protecting nations against health threats governments can promote internal and global stability.

As it largely affects adults of working age, disease severely hinders economic growth. WHO estimated that a minimum health budget of $34 per person per year would save eight million lives and $360 billion; although these figures have been widely disputed, the orders of magnitude remain broadly correct. The majority of the ill-health burden can be eased relatively cheaply, and such interventions could significantly alleviate the global economic crisis.

Lord Malloch-Brown, Minister for Africa, Asia and the UN, proposed four key actions. Firstly, prioritisation of cheap interventions that bring rapid improvements in health. The Alma Ata declaration of 1978 underlined the importance of simple public health interventions in improving standards of health in developing countries. Subsequent successful policies have included promotion of rehydration salts and immunisation programmes. Sadly, 30 years on, this message requires reiteration.

Secondly, effective international cooperation is vital. In order to improve collaboration between international agencies, donors, and poor countries, the UK government launched the International Health Partnership (IHP) in 2007. 13 The IHP intends to direct support to the priorities identified in the national health plans of poor countries. There is little international confidence in the quality of many governmental health plans, and the IHP focuses on strengthening health systems, planning and accountability at a national level. The drive to ‘campaign vertically and spend horizontally’ aims to attract investment towards national, rather than vertical, programmes.

External aid for health has increased enormously, from an estimated $6–17 billion between 2000 and 2006. Much of this is delivered via complex and fragmented aid architecture and absorbed by administrative costs. Over 100 global health initiatives exist and resources are delivered through elaborate supply chains. The result is limited reach and effectiveness of aid. Health workers often complain that they spend more time dealing with donors than running their health services; administration consumes 27% of Zimbabwe's entire health budget. Key within the IHP is the need to ensure a light bureaucratic burden.

Thirdly, the imbalance in global health spending that persists, despite huge mobilisation of resources, must be addressed. This is not just the responsibility of government but also the private sector and civil society, and further integration between these sectors is imperative. Eyes are opening to opportunities in markets in Africa and elsewhere.

Migration of skilled health workers presents the fourth challenge. There is a worldwide shortage of four million health workers. Additionally there has been an increase in mobility of skilled workers as part of the general trend of globalisation, with net movements away from developing countries. This process is dynamic, varying by country and over time, and is affected by changes in policies and labour markets nationally and internationally. This is a complex issue with many actors and no quick solution.

Challenges include providing efficient and ethical recruitment, and equal opportunities in destination countries. Source countries face skills shortages (for example, 75% of Zimbabwe's qualified doctors have emigrated) and increased workload and impaired morale in workers left behind. However, migration offers opportunities through remittances, improved pay and career prospects for migrants, and a solution to skills shortages in receiving countries. It is possible to shift the overall impact towards such positive effects through international policy. Destination countries should aim for self-sufficiency, and a coordinated approach to harm reduction in recruitment activities.

One of the drivers behind health worker migration has been an increase in active recruitment. The NHS's success is heavily dependent on overseas expertise. The UK produced a code of conduct in its recruitment policies in 2001 to minimise the impact on the developing world, and the Department for International Development (DfID) invests heavily to recruit and retain healthcare workers in poor countries. In his 2007 report on Global Health Partnerships, Lord Crisp recommended that the UK should support international efforts to manage migration and mitigate the effects of its policies on developing countries. He placed the NHS in a global context and argued for an NHS framework for international development. An interministerial group was subsequently set up to further develop policy in this area.

WHO is currently developing a global code to be finalised at the 2009 World Health Assembly. This represents a groundswell towards a pan-national approach. The developed world will not be able to maintain future levels of healthcare workers without engaging globally. It needs to ensure that this does not happen in a market-driven way, but accept that there are policies that may influence, regulate and minimise harm.

Globalisation and health: challenges

Unpopular international laws regulating intellectual property rights and access to medicines have been challenged with some success. This has mainly applied to anti-retroviral medications for HIV/AIDS. The main breakthrough came in 2005 with the amendment of the World Trade Organization agreement TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights). This allowed developing countries to import generic drugs more cheaply. Patients with HIV can now be treated for only $100/year.

In 2006, compulsory licensing was granted in Thailand for clopidogrel for use in ischaemic heart disease. This shifted the emphasis from communicable to noncommunicable diseases for the first time. This raises difficult questions of boundaries: which countries are poor enough, and which diseases pose enough of a threat?

Health tourism comprises less than 5% of the global healthcare market, but this is growing at 6% per year. Thailand received 1 million medical tourists in 2003 and 1.26 million in 2005, amounting to $8.6 billion dollars of income. Drivers include rising international demand, increased information availability, emergence of international accreditation, and growing acceptability. The EU is ‘fully committed’ to cross-border healthcare and emphasises free movement of individuals, goods, services and capital. Yet there are few studies looking at the impact of health tourism on global health and health systems in developing and developed countries. The international community needs to look further into the implications of this rapidly growing industry and prepare itself accordingly.

Conflict is big money. Globally, $1.2 trillion is spent on armaments every year, and the United Nation's total budget is less than 2% of global military expenditure. Mortality and morbidity from conflict is immense and, with better military hospitals, more disabled soldiers are returning home. The effects are, as usual, felt most in poorer countries, where the quality of rehabilitation and equipment, such as prostheses, is much worse.

Nations in conflict have some of the worst health indicators, and violence places pressure on health systems that consistently fail to reach their full potential. 14 It causes displacement of large populations into overcrowded temporary settlements. This leads to increased exposure to disease vectors and inadequate sanitation and safe water. Longer-term effects include poor nutrition, disruption of health infrastructure, staffing difficulties, and chronic lack of investment into health and public facilities. The cycle of destruction and rebuilding of healthcare facilities is demoralising, and accurate data collection is near-impossible.

The vicious spiral of violent conflict and poor health affects us all. Healthcare workers cannot remain neutral and must engage in these issues. They have an important role in mitigating the effects of conflict through advocacy, promoting human rights, and tackling global health challenges.

Likewise, the impact of a changing climate on health is felt by everyone, from victims of a Burmese cyclone to Shropshire families affected by flooding. Warnings from the scientific community have fallen largely on deaf ears. Recently, however, there has been accelerating political interest, with a rush of recent international commitments and targets.

There is strengthening evidence that human activity is causing changing patterns of rainfall, increasing natural disasters, and a global temperature rise. There is a clear association between climate change and deaths; the 2003 heat wave in Western Europe saw an estimated excess of over 70,000 deaths as a direct result. Furthermore, floods, droughts and storms cause vulnerability of populations to vector-borne infections and exposure to toxic substances. On a more far-reaching scale, they cause mental health effects, destroy health services, affect food production, and increase water scarcity. The poorest populations are the least responsible, but most vulnerable.

The health sector has a responsibility to lead by example. International public health workers can use evidence to raise awareness, and put health at the heart of climate change debate. Public health systems must be strengthened to cope with this additional burden, surveillance and response improved, and sustainability within the health sector achieved. WHO has good initiatives in place including guidance on reducing levels of emissions. The importance of research must not be overlooked. Evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions is necessary to ensure we are engaging in the right direction. Climate change certainly presents a great challenge but there are some opportunities for engagement.

Globalisation and health: the UK response

Sir Liam Donaldson's 2007 report recognised that:

…if the UK is to protect the health of its population, harness the benefits of globalisation and maximise its contribution to international health and development, it needs to have a clear, coherent and coordinated approach to the many issues that influence global health. 2

The strategy aims to encourage coherence and consistency in government policy that affects global health, and provide a mechanism for holding the government to account. It incorporates the many existing government documents with relevance to health and is an evolving process of public debate and consultation. 15 – 19 The strategy emphasises the links between health and foreign policy and identifies areas for action. These include: global health security, systems for delivering health, international health architecture, the links between health and trade, and the importance of investment in research and new technology. There is ongoing debate regarding how best to deliver healthcare. Strengthening of health systems, tackling the global workforce crisis, and cost-effectiveness are aspirations that are easy to utter but incredibly complex to deliver. The DH has acknowledged a need to clarify and, where necessary, strengthen the role and responsibilities of different agencies in the UK if the effectiveness of partnerships are to be maximised.

In response to the Crisp Report, the DH has laid out financial and political support for plans to improve the ease with which health professionals are able to contribute to global health. 20 A UK International Health Links Centre will facilitate developing and maintaining links between institutions in the UK and abroad. Additionally, it will promote and disseminate best practice, and maintain a database of UK organisations willing to act as a resource for overseas countries. £1.25 million per year has been set aside for this scheme, which will be independently evaluated in order to ensure wise investment. In addition, there is a public sector pension's pilot of £13 million over three years to support individuals choosing to work in global health.

Long-term partnerships between UK institutions and developing countries can strengthen basic health services and medical education. It is on this basis that the Tropical Health and Education Trust (THET) was founded in 1988. Fundamental principles of good health links are sustainability and responsiveness to priorities identified by the overseas partner.

Dr Douglas Lungu, Director of Daeyang Luke Hospital, Malawi, gave an inspiring account of his experiences as part of a Links project. He described the difficulties that he had previously encountered with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), including hidden costs that can often make simple interventions unfeasible, and the benefits that have arisen in his hospital since forming a link. Unlike most NGOs, health links are a lifeline of stable support that is long term and shielded from political shocks. Links not only provide finances, support, and education, but also friendship and lasting relationships. Benefits extend both ways leading to mutual inspiration and development.

British organisations, such as Merlin, are widely respected overseas and have contributed significantly to health service provision in developing countries. The contribution from independent NGOs can be increased in value by working in partnership with each other. However, intersectoral collaboration can be problematic. Different actors may have competing policy processes and priorities. It is often difficult to find supportive staff and there is little continuity. Engaging parties involved at different levels is challenging, and it is important to cater for the multiplicity of players and adopt a practical and flexible approach. The paucity of reliable data on global health subjects is another problem. Ultimately, research and its implementation will change practice, and such research merits encouragement and funding.

The UK has historically made a valuable contribution to global health. However, this is currently threatened by inflexibility and uncertainties in postgraduate training that have resulted in a climate of fear, real and perceived, that a sabbatical can be detrimental to careers in the NHS. The recent changes in medical training provide an opportunity for a strong and coherent structure that fully supports motivated health professionals to fulfil their aspirations to contribute to global health. Although postgraduate deaneries make provisions for ‘out of programme experience’, this process lacks guidelines, transparency, and an appeal structure, leading to inconsistency across regions. This presents a significant barrier to individuals wishing to undertake training or research overseas. There is a disappointing dissuasion of non-conventional careers, including those incorporating global health. The DH needs to ensure that this is rectified.

The boundaries between domestic and foreign agendas are becoming ever more blurred, and health concerns mix increasingly with high politics. It must be recognised that global problems cannot be solved without global solutions. Health can improve global security and enhance human rights, development and trade.

The attendance at this and other similar events, quantity of publications on global health-related topics, and uptake of the growing number of courses on international health indicate the rising recognition of the importance of the issues discussed above. The numerous recent documents relating to global health demonstrate an unprecedented level of political will from the government. Key players must ensure that this enthusiasm translates into commitment and tangible results.

The Royal College of Physicians (RCP) must use its influence to ensure that global health remains prominent on the international policy making agenda. It has an important role in engaging other bodies, such as the deaneries and DH, and advocating inclusion of global health in undergraduate and postgraduate training. This interesting time of evolving training structures within the NHS offers an opportunity for defining the UK's role in global health.

The RCP would like to invite readers to contribute to this ongoing debate. Please send your comments to: Dr Michael Pelly, Associate Director for Global Health or Matthew Foster, Head of International Affairs, at ku.ca.nodnolpcr@lanoitanretni

World Studies Extended Essay: Global Themes

• Introduction
• Getting Started
• Global Themes
• Interdisciplinary Research
• What Makes Up a "Discipline"?
• Evaluating the Insights of Academic Disciplines
• Multiple Forms of Integration
• Evaluating Your Essay
• Common Stumbling Blocks
• Examples of Globally Conscious Students

World Studies Global Themes

Conflict, peace, and security Culture, language, and identity Environmental and/or economic sustainability Equality and inequality Health and development Science, technology and society

Conflict, peace, and security

Culture, language, and identity, environmental and/or economic sustainability, equality and inequality, health and development, science, technology and society, wsee documents.

WSEE Subject Guide and worksheets

• IB EE Subject Guide - World Studies, 2018
• Making Meaningful Connections Use this worksheet to help you think about your research plans: the concepts or methods your will be using, the global topic you're focusing on, and the academic disciplines you will be using.

RRS (Researcher's Reflection Space)

• Sample Prompts for the WSEE RRS What should you write in your RRS? Use these questions and prompts to help you think through the various stages of the research for your WSEE: your initial ideas, your thoughts and reflections during the process, and your conclusions.
• RRS Example B - World Studies

RPPF (Researcher's Planning and Progress Form) examples:

• RPPF Example 5 - World Studies
• RPPF Example 7 - World Studies

IB Extended Essay Guide & Timeline

Check the Extended Essay guide for specific guidance on completing the various steps in the research and writing process of the EE, and  these documents:

Quick Links

NoodleTools Links

The librarian is always happy to help you!

• << Previous: Getting Started
• Next: Interdisciplinary Study >>
• Last Updated: Sep 19, 2022 9:16 AM
• URL: https://libguides.westsoundacademy.org/wsee

This Earth Day we consider the impact of climate change on human health

The health outcomes of climate change are highlighted this Earth Day. Image:  Unsplash/Guillaume de Germain

.chakra .wef-1c7l3mo{-webkit-transition:all 0.15s ease-out;transition:all 0.15s ease-out;cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:none;color:inherit;}.chakra .wef-1c7l3mo:hover,.chakra .wef-1c7l3mo[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.chakra .wef-1c7l3mo:focus,.chakra .wef-1c7l3mo[data-focus]{box-shadow:0 0 0 3px rgba(168,203,251,0.5);} Shyam Bishen

Annika green.

.chakra .wef-9dduvl{margin-top:16px;margin-bottom:16px;line-height:1.388;font-size:1.25rem;}@media screen and (min-width:56.5rem){.chakra .wef-9dduvl{font-size:1.125rem;}} Explore and monitor how .chakra .wef-15eoq1r{margin-top:16px;margin-bottom:16px;line-height:1.388;font-size:1.25rem;color:#F7DB5E;}@media screen and (min-width:56.5rem){.chakra .wef-15eoq1r{font-size:1.125rem;}} Future of the Environment is affecting economies, industries and global issues

.chakra .wef-1nk5u5d{margin-top:16px;margin-bottom:16px;line-height:1.388;color:#2846F8;font-size:1.25rem;}@media screen and (min-width:56.5rem){.chakra .wef-1nk5u5d{font-size:1.125rem;}} Get involved with our crowdsourced digital platform to deliver impact at scale

Stay up to date:, extreme weather events.

• Earth Day takes place every year on 22 April when we are encouraged to come together to work on solutions to give our planet a healthier future.
• Climate change is one of the biggest challenges to the health of our planet, which also impacts human health worldwide.
• By taking action to mitigate climate change, we can safeguard the well-being of current and future generations and preserve the beauty and diversity of life on Earth.

By 2050, climate change will place immense strain on global healthcare systems, causing 14.5 million deaths and $12.5 trillion in economic losses. This was the warning from the Quantifying the impact of climate change on human health report published in January 2024 by the World Economic Forum in collaboration with Oliver Wyman,

As we celebrate Earth Day , it's essential to reflect on the beauty of our planet and on the challenges it faces, particularly concerning climate change. The environmental effects of climate change are widely discussed, but its impact on human health is significant and often overlooked.

Here, we delve into the profound effects climate change has on our well-being and explore why addressing these issues is crucial for the health of planet Earth and all of its inhabitants. There are five key issues related to climate change that are already impacting human health.

1. Extreme weather events

Climate change intensifies extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, heatwaves, floods and droughts. Forty million people in Africa are living in severe drought conditions and droughts are on the rise in more temperate climes too. Almost 40% of the lower 48 states in the United States and 17% of the European population are facing drought, threatening food and water security.

These extreme weather events can have devastating consequences on human health, leading to injuries, displacement and even loss of life. Increased heatwaves, for example, can exacerbate heat-related illnesses and strain healthcare systems. Heat waves also come with a huge economic toll. It is estimated that $7.1 trillion of productivity could be lost by 2050 as a result of heat waves.

2. Air pollution

The burning of fossil fuels and other human activities contribute to air pollution, which is exacerbated by climate change. Wildfires increasingly are making the news headlines because they cause immense destruction of property and loss of life and livestock, but they also aggravate air pollution. Poor air quality is linked to respiratory diseases, such as asthma, bronchitis and lung cancer. Additionally, pollutants, such as particulate matter and ozone, can worsen cardiovascular health, leading to heart attacks and strokes. Air pollution could lead to 6 to 9 million premature deaths per year by 2060.

The Global Health and Strategic Outlook 2023 highlighted that there will be an estimated shortage of 10 million healthcare workers worldwide by 2030.

The World Economic Forum’s Centre for Health and Healthcare works with governments and businesses to build more resilient, efficient and equitable healthcare systems that embrace new technologies.

Learn more about our impact:

• Global vaccine delivery: Our contribution to COVAX resulted in the delivery of over 1 billion COVID-19 vaccines and our efforts in launching Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, has helped save more than 13 million lives over the past 20 years .
• Davos Alzheimer's Collaborative: Through this collaborative initiative, we are working to accelerate progress in the discovery, testing and delivery of interventions for Alzheimer's – building a cohort of 1 million people living with the disease who provide real-world data to researchers worldwide.
• Mental health policy: In partnership with Deloitte, we developed a comprehensive toolkit to assist lawmakers in crafting effective policies related to technology for mental health .
• Global Coalition for Value in Healthcare: We are fostering a sustainable and equitable healthcare industry by launching innovative healthcare hubs to address ineffective spending on global health . In the Netherlands, for example, it has provided care for more than 3,000 patients with type 1 diabetes and enrolled 69 healthcare providers who supported 50,000 mothers in Sub-Saharan Africa.
• UHC2030 Private Sector Constituency : This collaboration with 30 diverse stakeholders plays a crucial role in advocating for universal health coverage and emphasizing the private sector's potential to contribute to achieving this ambitious goal.

Want to know more about our centre’s impact or get involved? Contact us .

3. Vector-borne diseases

Climate change affects the distribution and behaviour of disease-carrying vectors, such as mosquitoes and ticks. Warmer temperatures and altered precipitation patterns create favourable conditions for the spread of vector-borne diseases, like malaria, dengue fever, Lyme disease and Zika virus, to moderate and previously less affected climate zones, such as Europe and the United States.

These diseases pose significant threats to public health, especially in vulnerable communities with limited access to healthcare. By 2050, an additional 500 million people may be at risk of exposure to vector-borne diseases.

Have you read?

Earth day: what is it, when is it and why is it important, equitable healthcare is the industry's north star. here's how ai can get us there, 4. food and water insecurity.

Changes in climate patterns disrupt agricultural systems, leading to decreased crop yields, food shortages and compromised food safety. In Sub-Saharan Africa, southern Asia and Central America, around 80 million people will be at risk of hunger by 2050.

Moreover, extreme weather events can contaminate water sources, contributing to waterborne diseases, such as cholera and dysentery. Food and water insecurity not only jeopardize physical health but also contribute to malnutrition and widening socio-economic disparities.

5. Mental health impacts

Climate change-induced disasters and environmental degradation can take a toll on mental health too. The loss of homes, livelihoods and communities due to natural disasters can cause psychological distress, anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Additionally, the uncertainty and existential threat posed by climate change can lead to eco-anxiety and feelings of helplessness.

If climate change continues to impact human health across these five vectors, it is predicted that the total cumulative healthcare system costs to provide treatment for diseases caused by climate change could reach over $1.1 trillion by 2050 . North and Central America are expected to have to cover nearly half the cost of this because of higher hospitalization and treatment costs in these regions. And, with climate-related disasters disproportionately impacting Asia, it will also have to shoulder a lot of this financial and medical burden

Addressing the health impacts of climate change requires urgent action at individual, community and global levels. Transitioning to renewable energy sources, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting sustainable agriculture and investing in resilient healthcare infrastructure are crucial steps in mitigating these challenges. Furthermore, prioritizing adaptation strategies and enhancing public health preparedness can help communities withstand and recover from climate-related disasters.

This Earth Day, let's recognize the intrinsic connection between planetary health and human health. By taking decisive action to mitigate climate change and protect our environment, we safeguard the well-being of current and future generations and preserve the beauty and diversity of life on Earth. Together, we can build a healthier, more sustainable future for all.

Healthy and resilient societies

The World Economic Forum has been active in climate action for over a decade, including initiatives such as the Alliance for Clean Air , the Alliance of CEO Climate Leaders and the Forum's work towards nature-positive industry sector transition, amongst others.

These workstreams and activities have focused on climate change mitigation and transition towards net-zero conditions. However, it is recognized that historically, there has been a critical underinvestment in the health implications of climate change, with only 0.5% of multilateral climate funding allocated towards the protection or improvement of human health.

The launch of the Forum’s Climate and Health Initiative at the start of 2023, ahead of the first COP meeting with a dedicated health day, was designed to address this lack of focus on health.

The Initiative’s mission is to help build a healthier and more resilient society to the health impacts of climate change through multistakeholder and cross-sector collaboration and systems transformation. The initiative aims to achieve this through three strategic pillars:

1. Advocacy and visibility

Convene and amplify voices to advance a unified global approach by building a multisector community of thought leaders to deliver a high-impact outreach and engagement campaign.

2. Evidence gathering to catalyze action

Map the research and data on the impact of climate change on health, with a focus on identifying the most critical gaps in understanding and how partners can address these gaps in knowledge.

3. Resilience and preparedness

Identify and accelerate evidence-based approaches to mitigating the health impacts of climate change across sectors. Unlock finances and incentivize climate and health investment.

Don't miss any update on this topic

Create a free account and access your personalized content collection with our latest publications and analyses.

License and Republishing

World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License, and in accordance with our Terms of Use.

The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum.

Related topics:

The agenda .chakra .wef-n7bacu{margin-top:16px;margin-bottom:16px;line-height:1.388;font-weight:400;} weekly.

A weekly update of the most important issues driving the global agenda

.chakra .wef-1dtnjt5{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;} More on Health and Healthcare Systems .chakra .wef-17xejub{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;justify-self:stretch;-webkit-align-self:stretch;-ms-flex-item-align:stretch;align-self:stretch;} .chakra .wef-nr1rr4{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;white-space:normal;vertical-align:middle;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:0.75rem;border-radius:0.25rem;font-weight:700;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;line-height:1.2;-webkit-letter-spacing:1.25px;-moz-letter-spacing:1.25px;-ms-letter-spacing:1.25px;letter-spacing:1.25px;background:none;padding:0px;color:#B3B3B3;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;}@media screen and (min-width:37.5rem){.chakra .wef-nr1rr4{font-size:0.875rem;}}@media screen and (min-width:56.5rem){.chakra .wef-nr1rr4{font-size:1rem;}} See all

Bird flu spread a ‘great concern’, plus other top health stories

Shyam Bishen

April 24, 2024

Scientists have invented a method to break down 'forever chemicals' in our drinking water. Here’s how

Johnny Wood

April 17, 2024

Young people are becoming unhappier, a new report finds

Promoting healthy habit formation is key to improving public health. Here's why

Adrian Gore

April 15, 2024

What's 'biophilic design' and how can it benefit neurodivergent people?

Fatemeh Aminpour, Ilan Katz and Jennifer Skattebol

Why stemming the rise of antibiotic resistance will be an historic achievement

Carel du Marchie Sarvaas

April 11, 2024

• Undergraduate
• High School
• Architecture
• American History
• Asian History
• Antique Literature
• American Literature
• Asian Literature
• Classic English Literature
• World Literature
• Creative Writing
• Linguistics
• Criminal Justice
• Legal Issues
• Anthropology
• Archaeology
• Political Science
• World Affairs
• African-American Studies
• East European Studies
• Latin-American Studies
• Native-American Studies
• West European Studies
• Family and Consumer Science
• Social Issues
• Women and Gender Studies
• Social Work
• Natural Sciences
• Pharmacology
• Earth science
• Agriculture
• Agricultural Studies
• Computer Science
• IT Management
• Mathematics
• Investments
• Engineering and Technology
• Engineering
• Aeronautics
• Medicine and Health
• Alternative Medicine
• Communications and Media
• Advertising
• Communication Strategies
• Public Relations
• Educational Theories
• Teacher's Career
• Chicago/Turabian
• Company Analysis
• Education Theories
• Shakespeare
• Canadian Studies
• Food Safety
• Relation of Global Warming and Extreme Weather Condition
• Movie Review
• Admission Essay
• Annotated Bibliography
• Application Essay
• Article Critique
• Article Review
• Article Writing
• Book Review
• Business Plan
• Business Proposal
• Capstone Project
• Cover Letter
• Creative Essay
• Dissertation
• Dissertation - Abstract
• Dissertation - Conclusion
• Dissertation - Discussion
• Dissertation - Hypothesis
• Dissertation - Introduction
• Dissertation - Literature
• Dissertation - Methodology
• Dissertation - Results
• GCSE Coursework
• Grant Proposal
• Marketing Plan
• Multiple Choice Quiz
• Personal Statement
• Power Point Presentation
• Power Point Presentation With Speaker Notes
• Questionnaire
• Reaction Paper

Research Paper

• Research Proposal
• SWOT analysis
• Thesis Paper
• Online Quiz
• Literature Review
• Movie Analysis
• Statistics problem
• Math Problem
• All papers examples
• How It Works
• Money Back Policy
• Terms of Use
• Privacy Policy
• We Are Hiring

Global Health Care, Essay Example

Pages: 3

Words: 917

Hire a Writer for Custom Essay

Use 10% Off Discount: "custom10" in 1 Click 👇

You are free to use it as an inspiration or a source for your own work.

Introduction

Global health care is a challenging phenomenon that supports the development of new perspectives and approaches to solving global health concerns, including nutrition, infectious disease, cancer, and chronic illness. It is important to address global health as a driving force in international healthcare expenditures because it represents an opportunity for clinicians throughout the world to collaborate and to address global health concerns to achieve favorable outcomes. Global healthcare in the modern era includes the utilization of technology to support different population groups and to address different challenges as related to global health problems that impact millions of people in different ways. These challenges demonstrate the importance of large-scale efforts to eradicate disease, to prevent illness, and to manage disease effectively through comprehensive strategies that encourage communication and collaboration across boundaries.

Global health care incorporates a number of critical factors into play so that people throughout the world are given a chance to live and to lead a higher quality of life. The World Health Organization (WHO) is of particular relevance because this organization supports global health initiatives and large-scale impact projects throughout the world (Sundewall et.al, 2009). The WHO recognizes the importance of developing strategies to address global health concerns by pooling resources in order to ensure that many population groups are positively impacted by these initiatives (Sundewall et.al, 2009). The WHO also collaborates with government bodies throughout the world to address specific concerns that are relevant to different population groups, such as infectious diseases, many of which ravage populations in a significant manner (Fineberg and Hunter, 2013). In this context, it is observed that global health has a significant impact on populations and their ability to thrive, given the high mortality rates of some diseases in less developed nations (Fineberg and Hunter, 2013). Therefore, it is expected that there will be additional frameworks in place to accommodate the needs of populations and the resources that are required to achieve favorable outcomes (Fineberg and Hunter, 2013).

In addition to the WHO, there are many other international organizations that support global health and disease in different ways. For example, The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) supports large-scale global health efforts to support the world’s children (imva.org, 2013). UNICEF works in conjunction with many governments and other sources of funding in order to accomplish its objectives related to child health and wellbeing (imva.org, 2013). UNICEF spends significant funds on many focus areas, including the preservation of child health, nutrition, emergency support, and sanitation in conjunction with local water supplies (imva.org, 2013). In addition, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provides support in many areas, including a primary focus on healthcare in developing nations (imva.org, 2013).

Leininger’s Culture Care Theory is essential in satisfying the objectives of global health because it supports an understanding of the issues related to cultural diversity and how they impact healthcare practices throughout the world (Current Nursing, 2012). This theory embodies many of the differences that exist in modern healthcare practices and supports a greater understanding of the issues that are most relevant on a global scale (Current Nursing, 2012). This theory is applicable because it represents a call to action to consider cultural differences when providing care and treatment to different population groups, but not at the expense of the quality of care that is provided (Current Nursing, 2012). In many countries, the provision of care is largely dependent on cultural diversity and customs, which is essential to a thriving healthcare system; however, diversity must also incorporate the concept of providing maximum care for an individual in need of treatment (Current Nursing, 2012).

Professional nursing is highly relevant to global health because nurses address some of the most critical challenges in providing care and expanding access to treatment for millions of people throughout the world. However, it is also important for nurses working with global health initiatives to recognize the importance of these directives and to consider ways to improve quality of care without compromising principles or other factors in the process. These efforts will ensure that nurses maximize their knowledge and understanding of global health and its scope in order to achieve positive outcomes for people in desperate need of healthcare services throughout the world. Nurses must collaborate with small and large-scale organizations regarding global health issues so that population needs are targeted and are specific. These efforts will ensure that patients are treated in areas where healthcare access is severely limited.

Global health represents a significant set of challenges for clinicians throughout the world. It is important to recognize these concerns and to take the steps that are necessary to provide patients with the best possible outcomes to achieve optimal health. The scope of global health concerns is significant; therefore, it is important to address these concerns and to take the steps that are necessary to collaborate and promote initiatives to fight global health problems. When these objectives are achieved using the knowledge and expertise of nurses, it is likely that there will be many opportunities to treat patients and to educate them regarding positive health. With the assistance of large global organizations, nurses play an important role in shaping outcomes for women throughout the world.

Current Nursing (2012). Transcultural nursing. Retrieved from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/transcultural_nursing.html

Fineberg, H.V., and Hunter, D. J. (2013). A global view of health – an unfolding series. T he New England Journal of Medicine, 368(1), 78-79.

Imva.org (2013). Bilateral agencies. Retrieved from http://www.imva.org/Pages/orgfrm.htm

Sundewall, J., Chansa, C., Tomson, G., Forsberg, B.C., and Mudenda, D. (2009). Global health initiatives and country health systems. The Lancet, 374, 1237.

Stuck with your Essay?

Get in touch with one of our experts for instant help!

Helping People: Compassion, Essay Example

Why Is There a Need to Breastfeed, Research Paper Example

Time is precious

don’t waste it!

Plagiarism-free guarantee

Privacy guarantee

Secure checkout

Money back guarantee

Related Essay Samples & Examples

Voting as a civic responsibility, essay example.

Pages: 1

Words: 287

Utilitarianism and Its Applications, Essay Example

Words: 356

The Age-Related Changes of the Older Person, Essay Example

Pages: 2

Words: 448

The Problems ESOL Teachers Face, Essay Example

Pages: 8

Words: 2293

Should English Be the Primary Language? Essay Example

Pages: 4

Words: 999

The Term “Social Construction of Reality”, Essay Example

Words: 371

115 Global Issues Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best global issues topic ideas & essay examples, ✍️ global issues essay topics for college, 📌 good essay topics on global issues, 💡 interesting topics to write about global issues, ❓ global issues questions.

• Water Scarcity as a Global Issue: Causes and Solutions Common causes of water scarcity include overpopulation e in regions that have limited water resources, global warming, destruction of water catchment areas by human activities, and pollution of water sources.
• Gender Inequality as a Global Issue This essay will examine some of the causes that affect the gap in the treatment of men and women, and its ramifications, particularly regarding developing countries. We will write a custom essay specifically for you by our professional experts 808 writers online Learn More
• Illiteracy as a Global Issue The cost and access to opportunities to gain an education is also a major cause of illiteracy in the developed economies, where members of the lower class are subjected to high costs of living; thus, […]
• Tuberculosis as a Global Health Issue Over the years, the bacteria strain that causes tuberculosis has developed a lot of resistance mainly as a result of a lack of compliance to treatment on the part of the patient.
• Reflection on Global Issues: Globalization of the Environment The global conflicts, managing the post-pandemic world, and the need to navigate the social injustices to ensure equality for all are among the most pressing ones.
• Anthropology in Solving Global Social Issues Artists were moving in the same direction, which excluded the possibility to understand and assess other examples of the art of other nations.
• The Great Global Warming Swindle: Different Views on the Issue According to the film, the main aim of the scientific organizations is to get funding for the research of this problem and attract additional attention to global warming, while in reality, the climate is changing […]
• Global Health Issue in the “Mother Teresa” Movie The movie is devoted to her immense donation to the universal HIV/AIDS struggle in India, but along with the help to HIV infected people, she made the greatest ever contribution to the matters of peace […]
• Global Issues: Addressing an Aging Population An important issue that is currently facing the world community is aging due to the increasing number of older people. Migration leaves the countries in which people are moving with a significant number of older […]
• Global Health Issue of Malaria It can be explained due to the higher density of the population in those areas and the low socioeconomic status of most people.
• Global Health Issues Affecting International Community The HIV and tuberculosis pandemics have caused and will continue to present considerable challenges to emerging nations’ public health care systems, especially in the hardest-hit nations.
• Global Inequality Issues in Modern Society It was evident during the times of colonization when foreign entities tried to impose their sociopolitical and economic institutions on the developing nations.
• Global Issues, Climate Justice, and Human Overpopulation On the one hand, globalization has many positive aspects: the mutual enrichment of the world community, the exchange of best practices, and the availability of goods.
• Sustainability as an Urgent Global Issue Therefore, this shows the importance of integrating technology with other multidisciplinary teams to achieve quick and sustainable designs that can help in solving the urgent global issue.
• Global Issues, Common Good, and Individualism In such a case, the cohesion and commitment of each individual to shared goals and interests seem to solve the mentioned problems.
• Global Issues: Politics, Economics, and Culture by R.Payne The next chapter 14 reveals the issue of cultural homogenization and hybridization due to globalization. From the perspective of the biblical worldview, it largely determines the principles of the world.
• Global Ecological Issues of Covid-19 Pandemic The reduction in carbon dioxide emissions is due to the removal of cars on the streets, which account for about 23% of total CO2 emissions.
• Environmental and Global Health Issues: Measles Measles is among the most contagious disease in the world and is highly frequent and densely distributed in poor developing nations of Africa and Asia.
• Solving Global Issues May Not Be as Easy as It Seems The main point of the essay is to demonstrate how the inaction of those with power and money in the face of human suffering is purely immoral.
• Global Health Issue: The Coronavirus Disease Families have suffered unparalleled grief, anxiety, and distress from the increasing fatality, massive job losses, lockdowns, and movement restrictions to curb the spread of the virus.
• WHO and Its Impact on Global Health Issues The issues which are the center of attention of the World Health Organization are: Women’s Health Health In Africa Eradication of communicable diseases Dr Margaret Chan, the Director-General of World Health Organization said;”I want my […]
• Examination of a Global Population Issue of Russia The country is one of the richest in the world. The country also has the largest forest cover in the world, and the largest fresh water lake.
• Global Health Concerns Overview Title Report 1. Japan nuke risks are minimal The World Health Organization has sent alerts to global health experts to travel to Japan to prevent health hazards caused by radiation. WHO reported the health risks arising from the incident is very low and the current radiation level has no great risk on public health. In […]
• Global Issues Action Plan in the U.S. While drawbacks are the possibility of losing power that other states can use to influence the United States and the lack of protection from emerging military organizations and countries, such as China and Iran, that […]
• Global Health Issue Analysis: HIV – A Relatively New Disease Rapid detection and treatment are crucial to limit the spread of HIV and limit the patient’s effects. As the frequency and intensity of symptoms vary from person to person, testing is the only clear way […]
• Race as a Global Issue in the 1920s The main intention of prohibiting immigrants from entering the country was to block the Germans whom the Americans saw as a threat to their country.
• Global Digital Divide as a Social Issue That is, if societies around the globe are able to bridge the gap between those who have and those who do not in relation to information technology, then the development problems would be minimized at […]
• Global Issue: WWF on Bio-Refineries NGO’s and private communities provide most of the funds, along with the government, for the development of these integrated bio-refineries. Integrated bio-refineries come with the promise of a better lifestyle and enhanced working conditions for […]
• Global Warming Issues Review and Environmental Sustainability Whether it is the melt down of Arctic ice, the damage of the Ozone layer, extra pollution in developing countries; all sums up to one thing in common and that is global warming.
• Modern Global Issues: Drinking Water Shortage The situation is closely linked with the lack of water, and the offered technology to cope with this problem. This is the only way to use naturally filtered and sprang water.
• How Has Globalization Impacted on Issues of Human Rights? William Adler closely examines the disrupted lives of the three women who occupy an assembly-line job as the job and its company moves from New Jersey to rural Mississippi and to Matamoros, Mexico, across the […]
• Malnutrition in Children as a Global Health Issue The peculiarity of this initiative is not to support children and control their feeding processes but prevent pediatric malnutrition even before a child is born.
• Adolescent Pregnancy as a Global Issue The wider the information system is, the more effective methods of solving problems related to the health of pregnant teens are.
• The Doha Round Effectiveness in Solving Global Issues Except for the Dispute Settlement Understanding actions, the attendees of the conference agreed that the outcome of all negotiations was to be done as a single undertaking.
• Cultural Competence in Action: Solutions to Global Health Issues In this paper, the analysis of several case studies about cultural competence will be discussed to clarify how to achieve positive results and reduce the wasting of resources. In the second case, certain attention is […]
• Polar Transformations as a Global Warming Issue Changes in vegetation due to global warming will be varying as the regions are covered with three main vegetation types: polar desert, boreal forest, and the tundra.
• Project Cost Management’s Global Issues and Challenges The results suggest the lack of identity for the profession on the global scale due to the lack of consensus regarding the common descriptor, the scarcity of common standards, terminology, and bodies of knowledge, and […]
• Project Cost Management: Global Issues and Challenges The information revealed by the author is likely to be beneficial for those individuals who are occupied in various fields but provide cost management services in the framework of the global construction industry.
• Natural Disasters and Global Social Issues The hurricane led to a major shift in the social arrangement of the populations in the worst affected areas. This led to a significant loss of jobs in the affected areas.
• Childhood Obesity in Developing Countries – A Global Health Issue Childhood Obesity and the Globe As mentioned earlier, according to the data of WHO, the number of obese children in the world today is more than 42 million, and the vast majority of them are […]
• Differing Views on Global Warming Issues It is crucial to bring on board the views of those who view global warming as a myth that need not to be addressed.
• Ethics-Related Global Workplace Issues Child labor also exposes the children to activities that are illegal. Forced labor is a form of slavery and should not be practiced anywhere in the world.
• Examination of a Global Population Issue Economic Issues The economy of South Africa is one of the fastest developing economies in the world. Being the only African country which is a member of the G-20, this country has been seen to […]
• Homelessness as a Global Social Issue In the US, homelessness is on the increase because of economic melt- down and foreclosures. Moreover, differences in perception of homelessness by liberal and conservative on homeless have increased homelessness in the US.
• Global Population Issues and Population in the UAE The natural resources will face exhaustion due to the great pressure of the population. Consequently, the governments of these countries will be forced to take measures to drive the fertility rates up to cover up […]
• Global Issues for Global Citizens: An Introduction to Key Development Challenges
• Are Gender Rights and Gender Discrimination Global Issues
• Global Issues Regarding the Container Shipping
• Analysis of the Global Issues in Business
• Global Issues, Local Solutions: Rethinking Wealth and Health
• Climate Change and Pollution Are Serious Global Issues
• Compounded Global Issues: Terrorism, Nuclear Proliferation, and Climate Change
• Global Issues: Obesity, Inactivity, and Water-Crisis
• Environment-Related Global Issues: Global and Regional Conventions
• How Global Issues Are Resolved With the Scopes of Many Disciplines
• Explaining the Global Issues of Environment and Health
• Global Crimes Cause Global Issues That Affect the National
• The Alarming and Troublesome Global Warming Issue
• Analyzing How Global Issues Affect Tourism
• The Link Between Global Issues and Change in Human Resource Management
• The Relations Between the Global Issues and Institutions
• Global Issues Surrounding the Millennium Development Goals
• Analyzing Human Trafficking as a Global Issue
• Global Warming: An Issue That Is Man-Made?
• Immigration and Migration Described as the Global Issues
• Analyzing Global Issues That Effect Everyone
• Environmental Issues: Chevron’s Contribution to Global Warming
• Global Issues We Are Facing Today
• Cigarette Smoking Relation to Global Issues of the Future
• Six Global Issues Associated With E-Commerce
• Global Issues: The Link Between Water Shortage and Child Mortality
• Analysis of the Innovation and Global Issues in Social Sciences
• The Relationships Between Internet, Computers, and Global Issues
• Global Issues Within the First Civilizations
• Legal and Global Issues Focused On Treating Undocumented Immigrants
• Analysis of the Poor News Coverage and Public Opinion on Global Issues
• Depicting Social and Global Issues and Trends in Adult Education
• The Global Issues Depicted in “Home”, a Documentary by Yann Arthus-Bertrand
• Teaching for Sustainable Development Through Ethical Global Issues Pedagogy
• Terrorism and the Military: Global Issues of Today
• The Concept, Content, and Nature of Contemporary Global Issues
• The Gay Marriage Debate: Contemporary Global Issues
• The Analysis of the Global Issues and Threats of Nuclear Weapons
• Overview of the Significant Global Issues of Nowadays
• The Part of the U.S. and India in Global Issues On Women
• Are Gender Rights and Gender Discrimination Global Issues?
• What Are the Global Issues in Business?
• Are Climate Change and Pollution Serious Global Issues?
• Are Terrorism and Nuclear Proliferation Global Issues?
• What Is the Role of Third World Countries in Global Environmental Issues?
• How Are Global Issues Solved With the Help of Many Disciplines?
• What Are the Social and Global Issues and Trends in Adult Education?
• What Institutions Can Solve Global Issues?
• What Are the Global Issues of Immigration and Migration?
• Do Global Issues Have Local Solutions?
• How Global Is the Issue of Obesity?
• What Are the Global Issues Related to Container Transportation?
• Is Child Mortality a Global Issue?
• What Are the Global Issues Associated With the Millennium Development Goals?
• What Were the Global Issues of the First Civilizations?
• What Global Issues Is Humanity Currently Facing?
• What Are the Global Issues Related to Human Resource Management?
• What Does Smoking Have to Do With Global Issues of the Future?
• How Do Global Issues Affect Individual States?
• What Is Public Opinion About Global Issues?
• What Are the Concepts, Meaning and Nature of Modern Global Issues?
• Gay Marriage: Is It a Modern Global Issue?
• What Are the US and India Global Issues Affecting Women?
• Global Issues: How to Fight Addiction to Video Games?
• What Are the Global Health Issues?
• Is Organized Crime a Global Issue in the World?
• How Can National Governments Solve the Global Issue of Climate Change?
• What Are Starbucks Global Issues?
• Why Is Global Cooperation Important to Address the Global Issues of Postharvest Losses?
• Is It Possible to Solve the Global Issue of PTSD?
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2024, February 26). 115 Global Issues Essay Topic Ideas & Examples. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/global-issues-essay-topics/

"115 Global Issues Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." IvyPanda , 26 Feb. 2024, ivypanda.com/essays/topic/global-issues-essay-topics/.

IvyPanda . (2024) '115 Global Issues Essay Topic Ideas & Examples'. 26 February.

IvyPanda . 2024. "115 Global Issues Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." February 26, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/global-issues-essay-topics/.

1. IvyPanda . "115 Global Issues Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." February 26, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/global-issues-essay-topics/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "115 Global Issues Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." February 26, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/global-issues-essay-topics/.

• Agriculture Essay Ideas
• Children’s Rights Research Ideas
• Animal Abuse Research Topics
• Cultural Relativism Questions
• Deforestation Research Ideas
• Cyber Security Topics
• Demography Paper Topics
• Environment Research Topics
• Gender Inequality Research Topics
• Human Rights Essay Ideas
• National Parks Research Topics
• Overpopulation Topics
• Nuclear Energy Essay Titles
• Poverty Essay Titles
• Racism Paper Topics

• Customer Reviews
• Extended Essays
• IB Internal Assessment
• Theory of Knowledge
• Literature Review
• Dissertations
• Essay Writing
• Research Writing
• Assignment Help
• Capstone Projects
• College Application
• Online Class

IB World Study Extended Essay: Global Themes And Topics

by  Antony W

January 14, 2023

This is a complete guide to the IB World Extended Essay.

In this post, you’ll learn what World Study Extended Essay is, the right disciplinary approach to take, example topics, as well as how to write the essay. Our goal in this guide is to equip you with the knowledge necessary to get full marks in your World Study Extended Essay.

What is IB World Study Extended Essay?

The IB World History Extended Essay requires you to conduct a detailed investigation into an issue of global significance. The essay must be 4,000 words long and meet all the IB Extended Essay requirements .

World Study Extended Essay requires you to focus on one or two contexts, and you have to examine with great depth.

Since the interdisciplinary investigation addresses complex issues such as migration, global health crisis, global financial crisis, and infringement on human rights, you need to bring together aspects of a number of disciplines to address your topic.

Instructions given by the IB Program requires that you use two subjects in your WSEE investigation. Given the flexibility of the subject, you don’t have to address the topic in full complexity . Instead, aim to demonstrate knowledge that’s new to you.

A comprehensive World Study Extended Essay should be:

• Integrative: It should bring together forms of communication, concepts, and methods from two or more subjects.
• Purposeful: Your World Study Essay should either connect different disciplines to solve real world problems or help to address more complex issues in a new way.
• Grounded: The Extended Essay should demonstrate a clear rooting in disciplinary knowledge and understanding.

The Right Approach to World Study Extended Essay

Pick a theme from the six global themes in World Study Extended Essay and then find a topic that fits a general research area.

Select two of the most suitable disciplines, such as Biology and Economics. You will need these to explore your research topic.

Develop possible research questions and identify possible sources of relevant data. Your goal here is to determine if there are enough sources that allow you to explore the research your research question.

IB Extended Essay Example Topics

The following are some examples of potential topics that you can cover in your World Study Extended Essay:

• Worldwide financial crisis
• Global health concerns
• Disaster rehabilitation and relief
• Energy migration
• Infringement on human right
• Disadvantaged groups
• Civil unrest and protest

Global Themes in Word Study Extended Essay

There are six global themes in World Study Extended Essay.

• Conflict, peace, and security
• Culture, language, and identity
• Environmental and/or economic sustainability
• Equality and inequality
• Health and development
• Science, technology and society

How to Write a World Study Extended Essay

Before you start writing a World Study Extended Essay, make sure the topic you intend to investigate and the arguments you’ll present are of global significance. Issues such as energy security, cultural exchange, racism, malnutrition, and globalization are some of the most interesting topics linked to the six global themes in WSEE.

Step 1:  Choose a Topic and Develop Your Research Question  

The topic you choose to explore should be an issue you are passionate about in the context of World Study Extended Essay.

It can also be about an interesting subject you’ve read lately or a topic you’re willing to investigate extensively.

Research the topic. Look through a variety of sources to find as many ideas and scope for your research as possible. Share your ideas with your EE supervisor, and don’t hesitate to ask them for advice.

Using the topic you’ve selected, develop a relevant research question for your investigation. Don’t worry if you don’t get the best research question right away. Look at your topic, write as many draft research questions as possible, and then pick one that makes the most sense.

Regardless of how many times you tweak your research question, it must reflect the contexts of what you’ll be investigating. So it helps to make sure your RQ is not only specific but also straight to the point.

Step 2: Choose 2 IB Subjects

Depending on the topic you choose to explore in your interdisciplinary investigation, your supervisor expects you to choose two IB subjects with a close correlation.

Say you choose to explore an issue on maternal malnutrition . In such a case, Biology and Economics would be the most suitable subjects to choose. Biology is a good fit because it’s a subject that allows you to explore nutrition and its impact on the development of the fetus. Economics, on the other hand, allows you to examine whether the lack of enough funding contributes to maternal malnutrition.

Look at the topic and the research question you selected in the first step and use them to select the most appropriate IB subjects. The subject you choose must be in the IB curriculum. Again, you can pick a topic from SL (Standard Level) or HL (Higher Level) in IB.

If you feel confused about what subjects would be suitable for your topic, don’t hesitate to consult your supervisor.

Step 3: Research the Topic

This is an important step in your World Study Extended Essay investigation. Because you’ll use the internet for your research, get information from reliable and trustworthy sources such as government websites, university repositories, research articles, and academic journals.

Look for relevant books from the local libraries for additional information. Many of these books have references in the bibliographies of many college and university papers, so they can be useful for your Extended Essay.

If your school allows, you can ask your supervisor to look into the sources you have selected and advice you whether they would be suitable for your interdisciplinary investigation.

Step 4: Write Your World Study Extended Essay

Writing your World Study Extended Essay shouldn’t be hard if you have done your research well.

Just like other types of Extended Essays , your WSEE should have an introduction, a body section, and a conclusion.

In the introduction, explain you chose to investigate the topic and state why you have a strong conviction that it’s the best topic to explore. State your research question, mention the scope of the essay in relation to the two subjects (picked in step 2), and explain how the subjects will help you answer the research question.

Follow this with an abstract. The word limit is 300, so you don’t have the space to include irrelevant information in the document. The information you include should be clear, concise, and direct to the point.

Write the body section of the essay well. Here, provide as much relevant information as possible to answer your research question. Write a strong conclusion, which should tie everything you have written in the body section.

About the author 

Antony W is a professional writer and coach at Help for Assessment. He spends countless hours every day researching and writing great content filled with expert advice on how to write engaging essays, research papers, and assignments.

104 Global Issues Essay Topics

Find a collection of global issues topics for students covering challenges of the entire world. This is a broad spectrum of problems, from environmental concerns and human rights to economic disparities and geopolitical conflicts. Have a look at these world issues to write about and encourage a dialogue on the shared responsibilities we all have.

🗺️ TOP 7 Global Issues Essay Topics

🏆 global issues topics for students, 🎓 interesting world issues to write about, 💡 simple global issues essay topics, ❓ more issues in the world to write about.

• Global Health Issues: Essay Example
• Global and Local Issues Affecting John Deere Firm
• Global Environmental Issue in the 21st Century
• Global and Local Issues Affecting John Deere
• Globalization and National Security Issues
• Aspects of Global Health Issues
• Artificial Intelligence and Global Societal Issues
• World Hunger and Food Distribution as Global Issue World hunger is a serious issue that affects the development of many countries, impairing the overall health of their populations and increasing child mortality.
• Global Issues of World Poverty: Reasons and Solutions The term ‘world poverty’ refers to poverty around the world and is not only limited to developing and under-developed nations.
• Global Warming and Other Ecology Issues The results of global warming will always remain a topic of controversy. Most scientists will always agree and disagree on the real effects of global warming on human life.
• The Global Water Crisis: Issues and Solutions The water crisis has now been associated with the reduction in food quantity besides the scarcity of safe drinking water.
• Sexual Health and Identity as Global Issues This paper discusses the origins and essential information about the issue of sexual health and identity, the population impacted by the issue, and society’s impact on the issue.
• Violence against Women: A Review of the Global Issue Millions of women continue to suffer from domestic abuse and discrimination. This paper explores the issue of global violence against women in its current state.
• Food and Water Security as Globalization Issues Globalization has several implications for the business environment, among which are the expanded access to resources, and the interdependence of international companies.
• COVID 19 as a Global Health Issue Today, the global community remains concerned about the state of healthcare as new diseases arise, and the treatment for the widespread illnesses remains undeveloped.
• Chinese Companies and Globalization Issues People are the driving force of a company; to unleash that force, the patrimonial approach should be changed to more liberal and liberating methods.
• Global Nursing Issues: Challenges, Strategies and Advocating for Health Care Every person is entitled to quality health support and care. Unfortunately, many underdeveloped nations find it hard to deliver quality health care to their citizens.
• The History of Climate Change and Global Warming Issue The paper states that the history of climate change and the solutions communities opted for are critical to tackling the current global warming issue.
• Global Societal Issue: Food and Water Security According to research, food and water security is a pertinent global problem in the current decade, with access to food and water becoming scarce in certain world regions.
• Global Issues in Healthcare: Cultural Competence and Patient Safety Within the framework of domestic issues’ impact on US HCM, the supporting systems are affected to the greatest extent.
• Articles about Global Issues: Reading Summary and Reflective Comments This paper presents reading summary and reflective comments on two articles: “Understanding international law” and “Global issues: Politics, economics, and culture”.
• Global LGBTQ Health and Health Issues Although there has been rapid progress in the inclusion of LGBTQ people, they continue to face many health disparities, hence their poor health outcomes across the world.
• Food Security: Global Health Issue Comparison The paper discusses three initiatives or approaches practiced by international organizations and offers three suggestions from the author on methods of improvement
• Outbreak Investigation: Global Issues Outbreaks may occur frequently but not every case is reported. The investigation is important because it helps to learn more about the cases to put appropriate prevention and control measures.
• Global Health Issues: On the Border Line The main purpose of this paper is to discuss how serving as a public health administrator at a border is a challenge for public health workers.
• Global Health Policy Issue: Africa There is global inequality in terms of health service delivery in Africa. The main problems that make health delivery a problem are poverty, illiteracy, and inequality.
• Global Issues, Advocacy & Caregiving for Patients in India This paper will examine the global issue, advocacy, and caregiving for people who have been infected and affected by HIV/AIDS in India.
• Vaccine Hesitancy as a Global Health Issue This work aims to describe the issue of vaccine hesitancy in the context of one of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) offered by the United Nations.
• Globalization and Related Environmental Issues Globalization supports the flow of raw materials, wastes, and pollutants from one region to another. The wave of industrialization does not care much about environmental issues.
• Global Human Rights Progress and the Role of National Cultural Value Systems This paper aims to investigate arguments in favor and against the claim that there has been progressing in developing global human rights over the last twenty years.
• Global Pandemic Issues: Prevention of Infection and Transmission of COVID-19 For the last seven months, the world has been dealing with the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
• Global Health Issues, Tuberculosis Tuberculosis is often latent and reveals itself when the immune system is weak. The TB incidence rates in Southeast Asia and Africa remain the highest in the world.
• Education With Regard to Globalization Issues Education is very important for representatives of the modern global community as would-be professionals and labor force.
• Global Warming: Issue Analysis Global warming is a term commonly used to describe the consequences of man- made pollutants overloading the naturally-occurring greenhouse gases causing an increase of the average global temperature.
• Global Warming as Not a New-Fangled Issue Analytical research and an explanatory research have been seen to be helpful in many ways in order to increase the awareness that an audience has about the issues as global warming.
• “Global Issues: Third Edition” by John L. Seitz The third edition of the book “Global issues” by Seitz is an introductory analysis of most of the factors that influence the environment, economy, and society.
• Terrorism as Global Issue and Preventive Laws Terrorism is one of the actions that should be punished the hardest because it takes innocent life each time, no matter the justification of it.
• Global Awareness of Environmental and Moral Issues Global awareness entails the aspect of making people, the society, have an understanding of various life issues that is based on knowledge of global perspectives.
• Global Issues Influencing Compensation in the US Compensation is a systematic approach of providing monetary value and other benefits to employees in exchange for their work and service.
• Compounded Global Issues: Terrorism, Nuclear Proliferation, and Climate Change
• The Global Issues Depicted in “Home”, a Documentary by Yann Arthus-Bertrand
• Global Issues, Local Solutions: Rethinking Wealth and Health Through the Lens of Social Enterprise
• Global Issues of the Present and Ways to Overcome Them
• Understanding Global Issues Is More Important Than Ever
• Environment-Related Global Issues: Global and Regional Conventions and the Role of the Third World
• Teaching for Sustainable Development Through Ethical Global Issues Pedagogy
• Global Crimes Cause Global Issues That Affect the National and International Justice System
• Legal and Global Issues Focused on Treating Undocumented Immigrants
• Global Issues: What We Can Do to Solve the Biggest Problems in the World
• Solving Major Global Issues by Founding a System on Ethical Principles in Simon Blackburn’s Book
• Climate Change and Tourism: Responding to Global Issues
• The Politics of Marriage and Gender: Global Issues in Local Contexts
• Global Issues for Global Citizens: An Introduction to Key Development Challenges
• The Overpopulation of the Earth as a Global Issue: Are There Humane Ways to Prevent It?
• Critical Global Issues: What Are the World’s Biggest Problems and How Can We Help?
• The Secret to Solving Global Issues? Fewer Secrets, More Collaboration
• Global Issues and Challenges Beyond Ottawa: The Way Forward
• Top Ten Global Economic Issues: An Assessment of Global Risks and Priorities
• Science and Technology Cooperation on Global Issues
• Climate Change and Pollution: Serious Global Issues
• The Concept, Content, and Nature of Contemporary Global Issues
• Global Issues of Environment and Health
• Top 20 Current Global Issues That Need to Be Addressed
• How Cigarette Smoking Relates to Global Issues of the Future
• The Gay Marriage Debate: Contemporary Global Issues
• Lack of Fresh Water Is Becoming a Global Issue of Increasing Importance
• Global Issues and Change in Human Resource Management
• Poor News Coverage and Public Opinion on Global Issues
• Global Issues Surrounding the Millennium Development Goals
• Social and Global Issues and Trends in Adult Education
• Global Issues Within the First Civilizations
• Are Caste Systems a Global or a Local Issue?
• S. and India Global Issues Pertaining to Women
• How Global Issues Impact Individual States
• Global Issues in Finance and Accounting
• Environmental Problems Are Becoming a Global Issue
• Three Reasons Why You Should Care About Global Issues
• Global Issues: Violence and Peace in the Modern Age
• Canada’s Efforts to Address Global Issues
• What Global Issues Are Most Threatening?
• Are Gender Rights and Gender Discrimination Global Issues?
• Why Is It Important to Be Aware of the Global Issues in Society?
• How Do Global Issues Affect the Whole World?
• What Are the Top Global Issues in the World?
• Why Is Poverty a Global Issue?
• How Do Global Issues Impact Undeveloped Countries?
• What Is the Biggest Global Issue Today?
• Why Is Understanding Global Issues Important?
• How Do Global Issues Affect Communication?
• What Is an Important Global Issue That Impacts the Future?
• Why Is It Important to Learn About Global Contemporary Issues?
• How Can We Stop Global Issues?
• What Are the Major Contemporary Global Issues Facing the World in the 21st?
• How Can You Help Solve the Different Global Issues?
• What Is the Concept of Global Issues?
• Does Technology Help With Global Issues?
• What Are the Causes of Global Issues?
• Are Global Issues Important in Our Society Today?
• What Is the Most Important Global Issue We Face?
• How Has Technology Become a Solution to Global Issues?
• What Causes Global Issues?
• How Can We Turn Global Issues Into Innovation-Led Opportunities?
• Is Climate Change the Most Important Global Issue?
• What Global Issues Have Emerged Because of Globalization?

Cite this post

• Chicago (N-B)
• Chicago (A-D)

StudyCorgi. (2022, June 5). 104 Global Issues Essay Topics. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/global-issues-essay-topics/

"104 Global Issues Essay Topics." StudyCorgi , 5 June 2022, studycorgi.com/ideas/global-issues-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . (2022) '104 Global Issues Essay Topics'. 5 June.

1. StudyCorgi . "104 Global Issues Essay Topics." June 5, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/global-issues-essay-topics/.

Bibliography

StudyCorgi . "104 Global Issues Essay Topics." June 5, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/global-issues-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2022. "104 Global Issues Essay Topics." June 5, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/global-issues-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Global Issues were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on January 21, 2024 .