online education in sri lanka essay

Panchami Jayawardena - National Showcasing Team • • Uncategorized

Impact of COVID-19 in the Sri Lanka education system

Education is the most important weapon

In that respect, the government of Sri Lanka has long played a major role in improving the quality of education in Sri Lanka. Also, Sri Lanka is one of the leading countries in providing free education from villages to cities. Through this education system, many students have built their careers on the path of progress. In addition, it is very useful for every student from preschool to university. Classroom activities, direct lessons, dedicated teachers, and government regulations are the main reasons for this achievement in Sri Lanka.

Effects of the new normal situation

The COVID-19 which has been plaguing the world, since last year is also having many repercussions in Sri Lanka as well. Everything has positive and negative sides as if there are two sides to the coin. However, this COVID-19 causes many negative impacts on the Sri Lanka education system. This new normal encourages mainly online learning.

Limitations of the online learning in the Sri Lanka education system

The impact of COVID-19 has created an opportunity for students to study online. Although this online education allows students to learn about new technology, it is less effective than direct education because students will not be under the direct supervision of the teacher. The furthermore main issue during taking online classes or lectures is poor networking due to this so many students and teachers are affected. Many poor students are unable to get education properly due to the absence of smartphone, laptop facilities in their homes during this pandemic situation. Thus, education reaches only a few students.

Online learning process

As well as this pandemic is provoking child employment. It directly affects the children ‘s life. This COVID-19 has a negative influence on university students’ careers. It has increased the time taken for university students to receive a degree. Students or learners are prone to many health problems like visual impairment, laziness, and spinal pain as they engage in online learning mostly. and it stimulates some mental issues among students, teachers, and parents as well. In this pandemic situation, students interacting with their society become very poor. Also, students’ writing and reading skills and habits are declining these days. Relationship bonds are weakening because there is a situation where it is not possible to spend time with families despite being with them. The adage is that “setting up a school is more massive than setting up a thousand prisons ”, this well illustrates the need for schooling.

The school direct education system teaches students good habits, cultures, and extracurricular activities along with their studies, but online learning can’t encourage these chapters properly among people.

The positive effects of online education in Sri Lanka

However, Online learning is the best solution to face the challenges of COVID-19. And it is enhancing student education in this COVID -19 pandemic Because there are no other substitutes. Also, This virtual learning help to make a good relationship between students -teachers during the lockdown. And E-learning is an efficient way to deliver lessons via tools like PDF, Video recording, podcasts. And it provides accessibility to time and place. Also, its affordability means the reduced financial cost like traveling and food, etc.

As well as many teachers volunteering to teach students online for free. Hence, we need to understand the situation and adapt ourselves accordingly. All Sri Lankans must make proper use of available resources and, contribute to the development of Sri Lanka.

Therefore, it is best to take full advantage of the benefits of online education. It makes effective use of this pandemic.

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Online Learning in Sri Lanka’s Higher Education Institutions during the COVID-19 Pandemic

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This brief outlines lessons and opportunities to improve online learning modalities based on the experiences of Sri Lanka on the transition to online tertiary education due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.

http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/BRF200260-2

The Government of Sri Lanka has made improving access to quality tertiary education a top priority under its new economic framework. But the pandemic has resulted in emerging issues and challenges given the need for a radical shift toward online learning. This brief underscores the need to step up policies and measures for equal access to online learning that caters to and addresses the needs of education institutions, faculty, and students.

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Welcome to ‘Talking Economics’, the blog of the Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS), Sri Lanka’s apex socio-economic policy think tank.

Distance Education during and after COVID-19: Long Road Ahead for Sri Lanka

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In what has been recognised as the world’s largest educational crisis, the spread of COVID-19 has resulted in a record number of students being forced to stay away from schools and universities. According to data from the UNESCO Institute for Statistics , at the peak of the pandemic’s first wave in mid-April 2020, over 190 countries had implemented nationwide closures, affecting more than 90% of the world’s student population.

Interruptions to education can have long-term implications, beyond mere losses in learning, including increased dropout rates, loss of nutrition, and reductions in future earnings – the effects of which are disproportionately experienced by the more vulnerable. Deepening inequalities is particularly concerning at a time when economies are embarking on the decade of action to meet the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with the overall aim of leaving no one behind. Providing equitable access, however, is not enough; the SDG focusing on education also stresses the importance of ensuring “quality education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes.” Achieving such goals becomes all the more challenging in a distance learning environment.

Sri Lanka is no exception to these realities; the country shut down schools and universities nationwide on 12 March 2020, with alternative means of education being carried out in various capacities. Although a gradual reopening of schools was initiated in early-July, this week has seen a temporary closure again, amidst concerns of a possible second wave. This blog examines the effectiveness of distance education in Sri Lanka, from the perspectives of inclusion and quality, and explores policy measures that can deliver and sustain more equitable and effective learning outcomes, beyond COVID-19.

Inclusiveness of Distance Education

In many Sri Lankan public schools, learning during the pandemic has mostly occurred via online channels, with teachers sending large volumes of material as PDF documents to students via WhatsApp and Viber. However, recent survey data indicate that in 2018, only 52% of Sri Lankan households with school-aged children owned a smartphone or computer – essential for online learning – and only 40% had an internet connection, primarily via mobile phones (Figure 1). This means that less than half of all households in Sri Lanka can benefit from e-learning opportunities.

There has also been limited use of other distance education channels, such as television and radio, to which students in rural areas have relatively more access (Figure 2).

Quality of Distance Education

Teaching online requires specialised skills such as knowing how to conduct classes in a virtual environment, the training for which is currently lacking in Sri Lanka. Distance teaching also necessitates equipping students with tools to learn independently – as opposed to note-dictating methods – in the absence of face-to-face interaction. Apart from problems with the bulk transfer of material and difficulties associated with reading and absorbing content from a phone screen, the current practice of sending large volumes of material via WhatsApp and Viber is problematic, as it reinforces teacher-centred education, where students merely absorb what is spoon-fed to them. In such a setting, achieving effective and relevant learning outcomes is difficult.

Way Forward

Given uncertainties surrounding the complete eradication of the COVID-19 pandemic and the possible occurrence of future crises, distance education might be here to stay. Sri Lanka, therefore, needs to take rapid and decisive action in improving the delivery of equitable and quality remote learning opportunities. Below are some policy measures that Sri Lanka’s Ministry of Education can consider, drawing from international examples where relevant.

Safeguarding Education Equity

The eventuality of continuing with online education in the future calls for increased accessibility to online platforms by lowering associated costs and building infrastructure. However, a more dedicated effort to expand other forms of distance learning is also crucial to reach the poorest students. Efforts taken by the Kerala State Education Department to ensure that all children are engaged in learning, provides a good example. Online classes are made available on a government-run education channel and YouTube, while a microfinance scheme has been set up to provide 120,000 laptops to those who lack them. Online lessons are also broadcasted on a dedicated television channel to cater to students without access to the internet and devices. Additionally, to reach students’ households where no televisions are available, the State plans to set up 50,000 ‘Neighbourhood Study Centres’ in selected localities resourced with a television, through which educational programmes can be aired. These efforts are also supplemented by textbooks and printed material delivered to students’ homes.

Improving Education Quality

An optimistic view argues that COVID-19 has disrupted an education system that was already losing its relevance, thereby presenting an apt opportunity to bring about critically-needed education system transformations, particularly in the context of the emerging technology-driven Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Online education can take the lead in creating more effective methods of teaching and learning, including avenues for teachers to engage in collaboration and professional development, and fostering independent student learning and a wider range of cognitive, social, and emotional skills which the 4IR demands. This is an important opportunity for change in Sri Lanka’s content-heavy examination-focused education system.

Such a transformation calls for substantial revisions to teacher training programmes to include content on best practices in online and other distance teaching methods, based on well-researched evidence. Public-private partnerships are also key in providing technical guidance. The Chilean Education Ministry, for example , collaborated with Google and Fundación Chile – a technology company focusing on technology innovation and implementation – to provide access and technical support to assist teachers in organising course content, grading assignments, and communicating with students.

Leveraging the Dividend in Innovation

Moreover, to capitalise on opportunities presented by COVID-19 to build-back-better, factors contributing to past successful innovations need to be examined, looking at how such capacity can be sustained going forward. For example, Sri Lanka’s positive experiences with virtual and blended learning in smart classrooms need to be promoted and further expanded. Doing so calls for a substantial boost in education-research budgets from existing meagre levels, while mobilising support for innovation requires strong communication – by all education stakeholders – of the need for change, via policy forums, awareness campaigns, and media outlets.

Quality of Teachers Does Matter in Sri Lanka: Lessons from the Best Education Systems

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Transition to online education in Sri Lanka during COVID-19: A descriptive phenomenological study

S.P. Kalpana Jeewanthi Subasinghe Department of Nursing, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Peradeniya https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8409-2456
A.M.S. Deepanie Pathiranage Department of Nursing, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Peradeniya https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9192-1400

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) that originated in China was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. To limit the spread of the disease, the Sri Lankan government announced the closure of all educational institutes. The school closure encouraged the use of home-based learning, and this transition was a critical period for both teachers and students. Because most Sri Lankan children reside in rural areas, our study examined how teachers in rural schools experienced the lockdown in relation to their teaching role during the pandemic. We used a descriptive phenomenological study design with purposive sampling until we achieved the saturation point. In-depth interviews were conducted via the Zoom platform, using a validated guideline that was piloted before the study and analyzed based on the thematic analysis approach. We identified five major themes: (1) adjustment to the online teaching/learning process; (2) experience of challenges; (3) experience of new opportunities; (4) impact of parental involvement; and (5) impact of teachers’ and children’s physical, psycho-social well-being. The study identified lack of access to technology and lack of proper guidance from the family as challenges during home-based learning. Parental involvement during teaching sessions decreased teachers’ autonomy. Inadequate and inaccurate evaluation of the students disrupts the learning process. Teachers perceived that children’s distance from classroom learning and their peer groups will affect the children’s development.

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Online Learning in Sri Lanka’s Higher Education Institutions during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The temporary closure of educational institutions during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has abruptly transformed the global education landscape in favor of distance learning. This radical shift saw a surge in the use of various digital platforms and applications, including digital learning management systems, collaboration platforms for live-video communication, massive open online courses (MOOCs), and tools for creating learning content. Some platforms have offered free access to basic services, especially during the pandemic, which higher education institutions used extensively, especially among academic staff and students with digital experience. For example, 90.3% of universities in Japan were providing distance learning as of 1 June 2020. In upper-middle-income countries, 88% of youth managed to continue learning, including 54% by video lectures and 40% by online testing. Read Full Article

AUTHORS Hayashi, Ryotaro, Garcia, Marito, Maddawin, Angelica, Hewagamage, K. P.

Source : https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/635911/online-learning-sri-lanka-during-covid-19.pdf

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Online Education & E-Learning growing in Sri Lanka. 70% of students faced connection issues

Posted by admin | May 23, 2021 | News | 0 |

Following sri lanka’s government requests, several media organisation have started online, electronic media and distant education programmes for students, who are engaging in a long vacation following the Coronavirus outbreak to continue their studies.

At a recent meeting Education Minister requested from media to assist the education activities of students by telecasting and broadcasting educational programmes. Sri Lanka Rupavahini SLRC launched two educational channels (Channel Eye and Nethra Tv). The Education Ministry will guide and monitor the programme.

Following the Coronavirus outbreak, which has become a threat to the entire world, the entire student community from kindergarten to university is at home as no education institute is functioning.

The global online education market is projected to witness a 9.23% annual growth during the forecast period to reach a total market size of USD 319.16 billion in 2025.

Increasing penetration of the internet in many regions across the globe is a major factor driving the market growth. Growing adoption of cloud-based solutions coupled with huge investments by major market players towards enhancing the security and reliability of cloud based education platforms, are further increasing its adoption among the end users.

What are the best “Online Education” / “E-Learning” websites in Sri Lanka ?

1. Guru.lk

2. e-thaksalawa

3. Nenasa App – available on the Google Play Store

4. Dialog ViU App – available on the Google Play store and App Store

In a time when Information Technology is the lifeblood of the global economy, the sector which is keeping alive those businesses which are able to adapt to remote function during the COVID-19 lockdown, it seems fitting to recognise those which have shown themselves to be the Best among the best in Sri Lanka.

The ICT Industry in Sri Lanka has seen a rapid expansion in the last 5 years, rising to become the country’s fourth largest export earner with a goal of becoming a $ 5 billion industry by 2022.

According to an Asian Development Bank report last year, Sri Lanka made a remarkable transition to online tertiary education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nearly 90% of student respondents were able to access online education, according to students surveyed.

However, the report said lack of laptops and consistently stable, high-speed internet access were the most significant challenges for students. More than 70% of students faced connection issues during online teaching and learning. The government has not addressed the issue, students says.

Several private universities already started online classes for their students.

Sri Lanka Technological Campus ( SLTC ) has taken an initiative to minimize interruptions to academic engagements and student life in general, of its university students. SLTC has made arrangements to conduct all its academic activities on virtual platforms and request the students to stay away from the university premises until further notice. The online activities will include the delivery of lectures and tutorials as per original schedule, practicals on stimulated platforms, submission of assignments , continuous assessments, and other academic support activities scheduled on the academic calendar.

The Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology ( SLIIT ) opened the doors for all their students from all five faculties of the university, to attend a virtual campus on the 18th of March this year, creating a milestone in the history of higher education in Sri Lanka. SLIIT has joined top universities of the world in moving to online delivery of their lectures. Harvard, MIT, Princeton, Columbia, the University of Rochester and the State University of New York are some institutions that have already moved their campuses to the web.

The Education Ministry urges students to continue their studies by logging on to “e-thaksalawa”, the educational website of the Education Ministry during the school vacation. Students can utilise the time by continuing their studies with the assistance of e-thaksalawa by logging on to www.e-thaksalawa.moe.gov.lk website. Lessons from Grade one to thirteen are available in all three languages within the website.

According to the Minister, lessons, exercises, examination papers and activities are available for Grade One to Five. Besides, lessons, exercises and examination papers are available for secondary students while lessons, exercises and past and model papers relating to many subjects are available for the Advanced Level students. Several other online teaching and learning programmes are also available from various companies who have stated the children can access the programmes free of charge, while telecom companies have no announced zero data charges for such access. The authorities hope to expand these e-learning programmes in the future.

According to a news article published on dailymirror based on a study, it has found that digital consumers have rised during this outbreak. 43% consumers have engaged in a new digital activity for the first time in this period. Emerging opportunities are expected in online education, entertainment, online shopping, health services and bill payments space.

The same article says that TV viewership has increased by 56% during the COVID-19 lockdown period. In terms of the time spent, it has increased from an average of 130 minutes to over 200 minutes a day.

“Education and its challenges in the face of Covid-19.”

Though experts suggest an online education, practical problems and difficulties are arising from the online education.

As the global pandemic crisis intensifies, Dialog Axiata PLC, Sri Lanka’s premier connectivity provider, remains committed to keeping Sri Lanka connected during these challenging times. Dialog is fully prepared and dedicated to maintaining business continuity of its telecommunication infrastructure and digital services for all its stakeholders, be it consumers, enterprises, business partners, or the Government.

With the prevailing situation turning online conveniences into daily necessities, Dialog has gone the extra mile to help Sri Lankans follow through with their social distancing efforts. In addition to keeping its customers connected during these turbulent times, Dialog has extended its support with the following special services for all Dialog Customers.

e-Learning – Free Content with No Data Charges on Guru.lk and Government Education Platforms.

In its efforts to minimise the disruption to the education system due to the early closure of schools, Dialog in partnership with the Ministry of Education and Headstart Pvt Ltd deployed a suite of free educational content and applications without any data charges for our children to continue learning from home. Dialog together with its partners have extended free content and online access to the following educational and content platforms:

2. e-thaksalawa

In addition to the above platforms, Dialog in partnership with the University Grants Commission and the Telecommunications Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka are set to provide free access with no Data charges to all official e-Learning platforms of State Universities for a short period.

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Online Learning in Sri Lanka’s Higher Education Institutions during the COVID-19 Pandemic

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Sri Lanka: Progress and Remaining Challenges in Online Higher Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic

B.Sc Degree Programme Academic Year 2021/2022 - Open University of Sri Lanka

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Education System of Sri Lanka: Strengths and Weaknesses

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The European Journal of Educational Sciences

Kingsley Karunaratne

Mariano Gutierrez Alarcon

In order to develop an effective strategy for Sri Lanka it is key to contemplate the origins of the conflict in order to assess the most efficient type of intervention required in the future. At first glance, the Sri Lanka civil war is an ethnic-religious conflict between the Sinhalese Buddhist and the Tamils Hindus that can be described as a “clash of civilizations” (Novelli, 2008). In the mid 18th century with the British rule, Tamils considered with better education were introduced into government functions of the island generating further tensions as Sinhalese people see themselves as the original inhabitants of the island and Sri Lanka as a holy Buddhist land. Tamils are seen with suspicion due to the large community of Tamils in India. Another elements in the conflict are the “structural inequalities” (Novelli, 2008) between Tamils and Sinhalese that were added to the conflictive scenario when Tamils of lower caste were brought in as labour for the tea plantations. This understanding of the Sri Lankan conflict helps to articulate and balance the best types of interventions and strategies. For example, while “educational policy intervention” should naturally be “targeted at addressing the cultural obstacles and differences that divide ‘civilizational’ groups” to address cultural unbalances and curricula; an educational policy that brings all the experience and programs used in education and poverty it is also needed to address the consequences of more than 30 years of civil war on the economy and the population in general (Novelli, 2008).

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The purpose this article is to explore of the current educational practices of Sri Lanka and to review the curriculum changes over the years in the country. To achieve this purpose, a review of literature was conducted in order to reveal the current educational practices and curriculum changes in Sri Lanka. Main findings of the paper were that there were number of significant changes in the educational system time to time, the intended goals of the changes had failed due to the lack of readiness of the stakeholders especially the teachers in the system. The aspects which are discussed in this paper would benefit to the prospective researchers to get to know the educational practices of Sri Lanka and could to compare these aspects with those of their own countries.

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Cross-border divorces binding in sri lanka.

04 Jul 2024 - {{hitsCtrl.values.hits}}

A Sri Lankan national obtained a divorce judgment in the United States and subsequently sought its recognition in Sri Lanka

Legal framework for enforcement of foreign judgments

Sri Lanka’s legal framework for enforcing foreign judgments is primarily anchored in the Reciprocal Enforcement of Judgments Ordinance (REJO) No. 41 of 1921. This ordinance establishes the statutory basis for Sri Lankan courts to recognise and enforce judgments delivered by superior courts in designated jurisdictions, typically countries with reciprocal agreements. The objective of the REJO is to provide a streamlined process for the enforcement of foreign judgments, promoting legal certainty and facilitating efficient resolution of disputes across borders. Under the REJO, the enforcement process begins with an application to the relevant Sri Lankan court within 12 months of the foreign judgment’s issuance. Applications are heard in the District Court or the Commercial High Court, depending on the nature and monetary value of the judgment. The court follows a summary procedure to determine the entitlement of the judgment creditor to enforcement. Once registered, a foreign judgment holds the same legal status as if it were issued by a Sri Lankan court, empowering the judgment creditor to enforce its terms within Sri Lanka’s jurisdiction.

Enforcing foreign divorce judgments: Procedural and substantive considerations under the Civil Procedure Code of Sri Lanka

Enforcing foreign divorce judgments within Sri Lanka involves navigating procedural requirements and substantive legal principles. The process typically begins with the judgment creditor submitting a certified copy of the foreign divorce decree to the Sri Lankan court. Section 217 of the Civil Procedure Code plays a pivotal role in this regard, providing the framework for granting relief aligned with the nature of foreign divorce judgments. Section 217 allows the Sri Lankan court to grant various forms of relief, such as recognising the dissolution of marriage, determining custody arrangements for children and enforcing financial provisions stipulated in the foreign judgment. This section ensures that the enforcement process adheres to legal principles, safeguarding the rights of parties involved while promoting consistency in judicial decisions. In practice, enforcing foreign divorce judgments requires meticulous adherence to procedural guidelines under the REJO and the Civil Procedure Code. Parties involved in cross-border disputes must ensure that the foreign judgment meets the criteria for enforcement, including proper jurisdiction of the foreign court, compliance with due process, and conformity with Sri Lanka’s public policy.

Role of Evidence Ordinance in enforcing foreign judgments

The Evidence Ordinance of Sri Lanka, particularly Sections 40 and 85, plays a crucial role in facilitating the enforcement of foreign judgments, including divorce decrees. Section 40 recognises the relevance of any foreign judgment that impacts whether a Sri Lankan court should take cognisance of a case. This provision allows the court to consider legal barriers in the foreign jurisdiction that could affect the enforcement process, such as ongoing appeals or reviews. Section 85 of the Evidence Ordinance is equally significant, as it addresses the admissibility of certified copies of foreign judicial records as evidence in Sri Lankan courts. This section presumes such documents to be genuine and accurate if certified in a manner commonly accepted in the foreign jurisdiction. By accepting certified copies under Section 85, Sri Lankan courts streamline the process of proving the existence and terms of foreign divorce judgments, eliminating the need for extensive evidentiary hearings on authenticity.

Recent developments and judicial interpretations

Recent judicial decisions in Sri Lanka have shaped the landscape of enforcing foreign judgments, particularly in divorce matters. Courts have underscored the importance of reciprocity, ensuring that judgments from jurisdictions with established reciprocal agreements are readily enforceable within Sri Lanka. This approach promotes legal certainty and predictability for parties seeking enforcement of foreign divorce judgments, minimising procedural hurdles and delays. For instance, landmark rulings have illustrated Sri Lanka’s willingness to recognise and enforce foreign divorce judgments that uphold fundamental principles of justice and fairness. These decisions emphasise factors such as jurisdictional validity, procedural fairness in foreign courts, and the rights of parties involved in cross-border matrimonial disputes. Such judicial interpretations align Sri Lanka’s legal standards with international norms, fostering confidence in the enforcement of foreign judgments across diverse legal systems.

Case Study: Landmark Decision in District Court No. 07, Colombo

A notable case exemplifying the evolving jurisprudence on foreign divorce judgments in Sri Lanka is DC No. 475/2024. In this case, a Sri Lankan national obtained a divorce judgment in the United States and subsequently sought its recognition in Sri Lanka to obtain a single status certificate for remarriage in Fiji. Represented by legal counsel, the plaintiff navigated the intricacies of cross-border divorce, emphasising the importance of recognising foreign judgments to uphold individual rights and facilitate personal aspirations.

Judicial interpretations and precedents and guiding principles from Sri Lankan courts

Judicial interpretations, as illustrated by decisions such as CA/WRIT/266/2021, provide crucial guidelines for enforcing foreign divorce judgments in Sri Lanka. These include assessing the jurisdiction of the foreign court, ensuring procedural fairness, and safeguarding the rights of both parties involved. Such principles underscore the judiciary’s commitment to adapting legal frameworks in response to globalised matrimonial relationships.

Practical implications and challenges

Enforcing foreign judgments, particularly in divorce cases, presents practical implications and challenges that require careful consideration. Parties involved in international disputes must navigate procedural requirements under the REJO, ensuring compliance with timelines and documentary evidence. Challenges may arise if the original court lacked jurisdiction over the parties or the subject matter, if due process standards were not met, or if the enforcement contradicts Sri Lanka’s public policy. Moreover, legal practitioners and stakeholders involved in cross-border disputes are advised to seek specialised legal counsel familiar with international family law and the intricacies of enforcing foreign judgments. By understanding the nuances of Sri Lanka’s legal framework and recent developments in judicial interpretations, stakeholders can effectively navigate the complexities of international legal enforcement, safeguarding the rights and interests of their clients. By examining the legal mechanisms underpinning the enforcement of foreign judgments, including the role of the REJO, the Civil Procedure Code, and the Evidence Ordinance, stakeholders can navigate international legal obligations effectively. This analysis underscores Sri Lanka’s commitment to legal certainty, justice, and international cooperation in resolving cross-border disputes, ensuring that individuals’ rights are protected and upheld in a globalised legal landscape. In conclusion, Sri Lanka’s adherence to international legal norms and its structured approach to enforcing foreign judgments, including divorce decrees, exemplify its commitment to legal certainty and justice in global interactions. By providing a comprehensive legal analysis of the enforcement process, this essay elucidates the complexities involved, recent developments, practical implications, and the interplay with domestic laws for individuals seeking recognition and enforcement of foreign divorce judgments within Sri Lanka. Therefore, according to the above prevailing laws and specially based on the judgment of the recently decided American divorce case in Colombo DC 7, foreign divorce judgments can be enforced within the local limits of Sri Lanka, only if the case has been filed within the relevant court jurisdiction. (The writers are Attorneys At Law)

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Essay on Sri Lanka

Students are often asked to write an essay on Sri Lanka in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Sri Lanka

Sri lanka: the pearl of the indian ocean.

Sri Lanka, also known as the Pearl of the Indian Ocean, is a beautiful island nation located south of India. It is a land of rich culture, history, and natural beauty.

Natural Beauty

Sri Lanka is blessed with stunning beaches, lush rainforests, and majestic mountains. The island is home to a diverse range of wildlife, including elephants, leopards, and blue whales.

Culture and History

Sri Lanka has a long and complex history, dating back to the arrival of the first settlers thousands of years ago. The island has been influenced by many different cultures over the centuries, including Indian, Chinese, and European. This diversity is reflected in Sri Lankan art, music, and dance.

People and Economy

Sri Lanka is home to a friendly and welcoming people. The island’s economy is based on tourism, agriculture, and manufacturing. Sri Lanka is a major producer of tea, rubber, and cinnamon.

250 Words Essay on Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka, a beautiful island nation located in the Indian Ocean, is often referred to as the “Pearl of the Indian Ocean”. It is a land of rich history, diverse culture, and stunning natural beauty.

History and Culture

Sri Lanka has a long and fascinating history, dating back to ancient times. It was once ruled by powerful kingdoms, and its culture is a blend of various influences, including Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity.

Sri Lanka is blessed with stunning natural beauty, including lush green hills, cascading waterfalls, golden beaches, and diverse wildlife. The country is home to several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, where visitors can see elephants, leopards, and other exotic animals.

Beaches and Water Sports

Sri Lanka’s coastline is dotted with beautiful beaches, making it a popular destination for beach lovers and water sports enthusiasts. Visitors can enjoy swimming, surfing, snorkeling, and diving in the crystal-clear waters.

Tea and Spices

Sri Lanka is famous for its tea and spices. The country produces some of the finest teas in the world, and visitors can visit tea plantations and learn about the tea-making process. Sri Lanka is also known for its aromatic spices, such as cinnamon, cardamom, and cloves.

500 Words Essay on Sri Lanka

Sri lanka: an enchanting island.

Sri Lanka, also known as Ceylon, is a beautiful island country located in the Indian Ocean, south of India. It is known for its diverse landscapes, rich history, and vibrant culture. The country boasts stunning beaches, lush rainforests, ancient ruins, and a fascinating blend of ethnicities and religions.

A Glimpse into Sri Lanka’s History

Sri Lanka has a long and storied history, dating back to over 2,500 years. The country has been influenced by various cultures, including the Sinhalese, Tamil, Portuguese, Dutch, and British. The ruins of ancient kingdoms and temples, such as Sigiriya and Polonnaruwa, offer a glimpse into the country’s rich past.

Mesmerizing Landscapes and Pristine Beaches

Cultural tapestry and vibrant festivals.

Sri Lanka is known for its diverse culture, which is a blend of Sinhalese, Tamil, Muslim, and Burgher influences. The country is home to many festivals and celebrations, including the Sinhala and Tamil New Year, Vesak Poya, and Deepavali. Traditional dances, music, and art forms reflect the rich cultural heritage of Sri Lanka.

Exploring Sri Lanka’s Natural Wonders

Sri Lanka is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna. The country’s national parks, such as Yala National Park and Udawalawe National Park, offer opportunities to spot elephants, leopards, sloth bears, and a variety of bird species. The island is also famous for its tea plantations, which produce some of the finest tea in the world.

A Culinary Journey

In conclusion, Sri Lanka is a captivating island nation that offers a wealth of experiences to visitors. From its ancient ruins and diverse landscapes to its vibrant culture and delicious cuisine, Sri Lanka is a perfect destination for those seeking a rich and memorable travel experience.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

Happy studying!

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IELTS Writing Task 2 Essay: Topics, Samples and Tips to Score Band 9!

Are you aiming for excellence in your IELTS Writing? Do you dream of achieving that elusive band 9 score? Look no further! In this blog, we will embark on a journey of transforming your essay writing skills from good to great. Scoring a band 9 in the IELTS Writing module requires not only a strong command of language but also a deep understanding of the assessment criteria and effective writing strategies.

Whether you're a beginner looking to improve or an experienced test-taker seeking that extra edge, this guide will provide you with valuable insights, practical tips, and real examples to help you unlock the secrets of achieving a band 9 in your IELTS essays. So, let's delve into the world of high-scoring IELTS Writing essays and discover how to take your writing prowess to new heights!

IELTS Writing test syllabus, exam pattern, and duration

Duration: 60 minutes

Writing – Academic

The Academic version of the Writing component consists of two tasks, each addressing topics of broad relevance and suitability for individuals entering undergraduate or postgraduate studies, or those seeking professional registration.


You will be presented with a graph, table, chart, or diagram and are asked to describe, summarise, or explain the information in your own words	You will be asked to write an essay in response to a point of view, argument, or problem
You may be asked to describe and explain data, explain the stages of a process, how something works, or describe an object or event	Responses to both tasks must be written in a formal style

Writing – General Training

The General Training version of the Writing component comprises two tasks that revolve around topics of general interest, designed to assess candidates' ability to communicate effectively in common real-life situations.


You will be presented with a situation and asked to write a letter requesting information or explaining the situation. The letter may be personal, semi-formal, or formal in style	You will be asked to write an essay in response to a point of view, argument, or problem. The essay can be slightly more personal in style than the Academic Writing Task 2 essay

IELTS Writing task 2 essay writing – Step-by-step guide for scoring a band 9

Here's a step-by-step guide to the IELTS Writing Task 2 :

Step 1: Understand the task requirements

Carefully read and comprehend the task prompt

Identify the type of essay you are required to write, such as opinion, discussion, or problem-solution

Take note of any specific instructions, word limits, or key points to address

Step 2: Plan and organise your ideas

Spend a few minutes brainstorming and generating ideas related to the task.

Create a clear and coherent outline that includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.

Organise your ideas logically and decide on the main points for each paragraph.

Step 3: Write an engaging introduction

Begin your essay with a captivating opening sentence that grabs the reader's attention

Provide some background information or context related to the topic

State your thesis or main argument clearly, which will guide the rest of your essay

Step 4: Develop coherent body paragraphs

Commence each body paragraph with a topic sentence that presents the primary concept

Support your ideas with relevant examples, facts, or evidence

Ensure smooth transitions between paragraphs to maintain coherence and flow

Step 5: Showcase language skills and vocabulary

Employ an extensive array of vocabulary and grammatical structures

Demonstrate your ability to express ideas accurately and precisely

Show awareness of cohesive devices, such as linking words and phrases

Step 6: Conclude effectively

Provide a concise summary of the key points addressed in the body paragraphs

Restate your thesis and provide a concise closing statement

Leave the reader with a lasting impression or a thought-provoking question

Step 7: Revise and edit

Allocate time to review your essay for any grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, or typos

Check the coherence and coherence of your ideas and arguments

Make necessary revisions to improve clarity, coherence, and overall quality

Step 8: Practice time management

Allocate the appropriate amount of time for each task (Task 1 and Task 2)

Practice writing essays within the given time limit to build speed and efficiency

Monitor your progress and adjust your writing speed accordingly

Step 9: Seek feedback and continuous improvement

Share your essays with a teacher, tutor, or native English speaker for feedback

Identify areas for improvement and focus on enhancing those skills

Regularly practice writing essays to refine your technique and boost your confidence

By following these step-by-step guidelines and consistently practicing, you can improve your IELTS Writing Task performance and work towards achieving your desired band score. Remember, practice and perseverance are key to success in the IELTS Writing module. Good luck!

IELTS Writing Task 2 sample essays to achieve a band score of 9

Here are a few IELTS essay samples for band 9 that demonstrate a high level of language proficiency and can help you understand how to score a band 9. Please note that these are samples for your reference and should not be copied/used as they are presented below:

IELTS Writing Task 2 essay topic: Advantages and disadvantages of technology in education

Introduction: In recent years, technology has revolutionised the education sector, providing both benefits and drawbacks. This essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of incorporating technology into education and argue that the benefits outweigh the drawbacks.

Body Paragraph 1 (Advantages): One major advantage of technology in education is enhanced learning opportunities. With the help of interactive multimedia tools, students can access a vast range of information and resources, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of complex concepts. Additionally, technology promotes student engagement and active learning, as it enables personalised and interactive teaching methods.

Body Paragraph 2 (Disadvantages) : Despite the numerous advantages, there are some disadvantages to using technology in education. Firstly, excessive reliance on technology may lead to a decrease in face-to-face interaction and hinder the development of crucial social skills. Moreover, the availability of inaccurate or biased information on the internet can pose a challenge in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of sources used for academic purposes.

Body Paragraph 3 (Benefits outweigh drawbacks) : However, the benefits of technology in education far outweigh the drawbacks. By incorporating technology, educational institutions can bridge the gap between traditional teaching methods and the digital world, preparing students for future careers that heavily rely on technological literacy. Furthermore, technology can facilitate distance learning, reaching students who are geographically isolated or have limited access to educational resources.

Conclusion: In conclusion, technology has transformed education by offering enhanced learning opportunities and promoting student engagement. While there are some disadvantages associated with technology, the benefits of incorporating it into education outweigh the drawbacks. It is crucial for educators to strike a balance between traditional teaching methods and technology to maximize the potential of both.

IELTS Writing Task 2 essay topic: Effects of global warming on the environment

Introduction : Global warming, caused primarily by human activities, has become a pressing issue with far-reaching consequences for the environment. This essay will explore the effects of global warming on the environment and argue that urgent action is required to mitigate its detrimental impacts.

Body Paragraph 1 (Rise in temperatures) : One of the most significant effects of global warming is the rise in temperatures worldwide. This leads to the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers, resulting in sea-level rise and an increased frequency of extreme weather events such as hurricanes and heat waves. Moreover, higher temperatures disrupt ecosystems, endangering various plant and animal species.

Body Paragraph 2 (Loss of biodiversity) : Global warming poses a significant threat to biodiversity. As temperatures increase, many species struggle to adapt or migrate to more suitable habitats, leading to their decline or extinction. The loss of biodiversity has severe consequences for ecosystem stability, as each species plays a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance.

Body Paragraph 3 (Environmental degradation) : Another consequence of global warming is environmental degradation. Rising temperatures contribute to the acidification of oceans, damaging coral reefs and marine ecosystems. Additionally, increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere lead to oceanic dead zones, negatively impacting marine life. Deforestation, driven by the need for resources and land for agriculture, exacerbates global warming by reducing the Earth's capacity to absorb carbon dioxide.

In conclusion, global warming has profound effects on the environment, including rising temperatures, loss of biodiversity, and environmental degradation. Immediate and concerted efforts are necessary to address this issue, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting sustainable practices, and preserving natural habitats. Only through collective action can we mitigate the impacts of global warming and protect our planet for future generations.

These sample essays showcase the structure, vocabulary, and coherence necessary to achieve a band 9 score. Remember to practice writing within the time constraints of the IELTS test (40 minutes for the writing section).

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Online Loans in Sri Lanka: A Comprehensive Guide

In recent years, the financial landscape in Sri Lanka has undergone significant transformations, driven by advancements in digital technology and increasing internet penetration. One of the most notable developments is the rise of online loans, which have become a popular financial tool for individuals and businesses alike. This comprehensive guide explores the various aspects of online loans in Sri Lanka, including their features, benefits, risks, and the overall impact on the economy.

The Evolution of Online Loans

Historical context.

Traditionally, obtaining a loan in Sri Lanka involved a lengthy and cumbersome process, requiring extensive documentation and multiple visits to bank branches. The rigid requirements and slow processing times often deterred many potential borrowers, particularly those in urgent need of funds. However, the advent of digital technology has revolutionized the lending landscape, making it possible to apply for loans online with minimal hassle.

Digital Transformation

The digital transformation in Sri Lanka has been marked by a significant increase in internet users and the proliferation of smartphones. According to recent statistics, over 10 million people in Sri Lanka have access to the internet, and mobile penetration exceeds 130%. This widespread connectivity has paved the way for the growth of online financial services, including online loans.

Features of Online Loans

Convenience and accessibility.

One of the primary advantages of online loans is the convenience they offer. Borrowers can apply for loans from the comfort of their homes, eliminating the need for physical visits to banks. The entire process, from application to disbursement, is conducted online, saving time and effort. Additionally, online loans are accessible to a broader audience, including those who may not have a strong credit history or collateral.

Speed and Efficiency

Online loans are known for their quick approval and disbursement times. Traditional bank loans can take weeks or even months to process, but online loan providers often complete the entire process within a few days or even hours. This speed is particularly beneficial for individuals facing emergencies or unexpected financial needs.

Flexible Terms and Competitive Rates

Many online loan providers offer flexible repayment terms and competitive interest rates. Borrowers can choose from a range of loan amounts and repayment periods, allowing them to tailor the loan to their specific financial situation. This flexibility makes online loans an attractive option for a diverse range of borrowers.

User-Friendly Platforms

Online loan platforms are designed to be user-friendly, with intuitive interfaces that guide borrowers through the application process. Most platforms provide detailed instructions and support, making it easy for even those with limited digital literacy to apply for a loan.

Types of Online Loans

Personal loans.

Personal loans are one of the most common types of online loans in Sri Lanka. These loans can be used for various purposes, such as medical expenses, home renovations, education, and travel. Personal loans typically have flexible terms and do not require collateral, making them accessible to a wide range of borrowers.

Business Loans

Online business loans are designed to provide financial support to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). These loans can be used for working capital, equipment purchases, expansion projects, and other business-related expenses. Business loans often have higher loan amounts and longer repayment periods compared to personal loans.

Payday Loans

Payday loans are short-term loans that are typically repaid on the borrower's next payday. These loans are designed to provide quick financial relief for unexpected expenses or emergencies. While payday loans offer fast access to funds, they often come with higher interest rates and shorter repayment terms.

Microfinance Loans

Microfinance institutions in Sri Lanka also offer online loans, particularly targeting low-income individuals and small business owners. These loans are intended to promote financial inclusion and support economic development in underserved communities. Microfinance loans often have lower interest rates and more flexible terms compared to traditional bank loans.

Benefits of Online Loans

Financial inclusion.

Online loans have the potential to enhance financial inclusion in Sri Lanka by providing access to credit for individuals and businesses that are underserved by traditional banks. This inclusivity can help bridge the gap between the formal financial sector and the unbanked or underbanked population, fostering economic growth and development.

Support for SMEs

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in Sri Lanka's economy, contributing to job creation and economic diversification. Online loans provide SMEs with much-needed capital to start or expand their businesses, supporting innovation and entrepreneurial growth.

Emergency Relief

In times of crisis, such as natural disasters or unexpected medical expenses, online loans can provide quick financial relief. The speed and convenience of online loans make them an ideal solution for individuals and families facing urgent financial needs.

Transparency and Competition

The rise of online loan providers has increased competition in the lending market, leading to more transparent and competitive pricing. Borrowers can compare different loan products and choose the one that best suits their needs, ensuring they get the most favorable terms.

Risks of Online Loans

High interest rates.

While online loans offer convenience and speed, they often come with higher interest rates compared to traditional bank loans. Borrowers should carefully consider the total cost of the loan, including interest and fees, to ensure they can meet the repayment obligations.

Scams and Fraud

The online nature of these loans makes them susceptible to scams and fraudulent activities. It is essential for borrowers to choose reputable lenders and verify the legitimacy of the loan provider before sharing personal information. Borrowers should also be cautious of unsolicited loan offers and too-good-to-be-true deals.

Over-Borrowing and Debt Trap

The ease of obtaining online loans can lead to over-borrowing and a cycle of debt. Borrowers should exercise caution and borrow only what they need and can repay comfortably. It is important to read the terms and conditions carefully and understand the repayment schedule to avoid falling into a debt trap.

Data Security

With the increase in cyber threats, data security is a significant concern. Borrowers should ensure that the loan provider has robust security measures in place to protect their personal and financial information. Using secure and reputable platforms can help mitigate the risk of data breaches and identity theft.

Regulatory Framework

Current regulations.

The regulatory framework for online loans in Sri Lanka is still evolving. The Central Bank of Sri Lanka (CBSL) oversees the financial sector and has issued guidelines to regulate digital financial services. These guidelines aim to ensure consumer protection, promote fair lending practices, and mitigate the risks associated with online loans.

Consumer Protection

Consumer protection is a key focus of the regulatory framework. The CBSL has introduced measures to safeguard borrowers' rights and ensure transparency in loan agreements. These measures include clear disclosure of loan terms, interest rates, fees, and repayment schedules. Borrowers have the right to receive accurate and timely information about their loans and to seek redress in case of disputes.

Licensing and Supervision

Online loan providers are required to obtain licenses from the CBSL to operate legally in Sri Lanka. The licensing process involves rigorous scrutiny of the provider's financial health, business practices, and compliance with regulatory standards. Licensed providers are subject to regular supervision and audits to ensure adherence to the regulations.

Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Know Your Customer (KYC) Requirements

To prevent money laundering and other illicit activities, online loan providers must comply with AML and KYC requirements. These requirements involve verifying the identity of borrowers, monitoring transactions, and reporting suspicious activities to the relevant authorities. Compliance with AML and KYC regulations is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the financial system.

Future Trends

Technological advancements.

Technological advancements will continue to shape the future of online loans in Sri Lanka. Innovations such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and blockchain technology have the potential to enhance the efficiency and security of online lending platforms. AI and machine learning can improve credit scoring models, enabling more accurate assessment of borrowers' creditworthiness. Blockchain technology can enhance transparency and reduce the risk of fraud.

Expansion of Digital Financial Services

The expansion of digital financial services beyond online loans will further drive financial inclusion in Sri Lanka. Mobile banking, digital wallets, and peer-to-peer lending platforms are some of the emerging trends that complement the online loan ecosystem. These services provide additional financial options and promote a cashless economy.

Collaboration with Traditional Banks

Collaboration between online loan providers and traditional banks can create a more robust and inclusive financial ecosystem. Partnerships can leverage the strengths of both sectors, combining the speed and convenience of online loans with the stability and trust of traditional banks. Such collaborations can lead to innovative financial products and services that cater to a wider audience.

Focus on Financial Literacy

Improving financial literacy is essential to ensure that borrowers make informed decisions about online loans. Financial education programs can help individuals understand the terms and conditions of loans, manage their finances effectively, and avoid falling into debt traps. Online loan providers, in collaboration with regulatory authorities and non-governmental organizations, can play a vital role in promoting financial literacy.

Online loans have emerged as a valuable financial resource in Sri Lanka, offering convenience, speed, and accessibility to a diverse range of borrowers. They have the potential to enhance financial inclusion, support SMEs, and provide quick financial relief in emergencies. However, it is crucial for borrowers to be aware of the associated risks and make informed decisions. By choosing reputable lenders, borrowing responsibly, and understanding the regulatory framework, individuals and businesses can benefit from the opportunities presented by online loans while minimizing potential downsides. As the digital financial landscape continues to evolve, online loans are likely to play an increasingly important role in Sri Lanka's economy, driving innovation, inclusion, and growth.

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NATO Seen Favorably in Member States; Confidence in Zelenskyy Down in Europe, U.S.

Views of russia and putin remain broadly negative, table of contents.

Views of NATO have changed in several countries
Confidence in Zelenskyy varies across Europe – and has declined in some places
Little consensus on support for Ukraine
Views of Russia, Putin have warmed in some places
Country spotlight: Turkey
Country spotlight: Poland
Country spotlight: Sweden
Importance of NATO membership
Views of aid to Ukraine
Favorability of Russia
Confidence in Putin
Acknowledgments
About Pew Research Center’s Spring 2024 Global Attitudes Survey
The American Trends Panel survey methodology
Appendix A: Views of NATO, Russia and Putin over time
Appendix B: Political categorization
Classifying parties as populist
Classifying parties as left, right or center

A staff member carries a Swedish flag on March 11, 2024, at NATO's headquarters in Brussels, ahead of a ceremony marking Sweden's joining of the military alliance. (Omar Havana/Getty Images)

This Pew Research Center analysis focuses on public opinion of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Russia, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. The study includes publics in 35 countries across the Asia-Pacific region, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, North America and sub-Saharan Africa.

For non-U.S. data, this analysis draws on nationally representative surveys of 40,566 adults conducted from Jan. 5 to May 21, 2024. All surveys were conducted over the phone with adults in Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Surveys were conducted face to face in Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ghana, Hungary, India, Israel, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tunisia and Turkey. In Australia, we used a mixed-mode probability-based online panel.

A map showing the countries included in this report.

In the United States, we surveyed 3,600 U.S. adults from April 1 to April 7, 2024. Everyone who took part in this survey is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the ATP’s methodology .

Throughout the report, we analyze respondents’ attitudes based on where they place themselves on an ideological scale. We asked about political ideology using several slightly different scales and categorized people as being on the ideological left, center or right.

In most countries, we asked people to place themselves on a scale ranging from “Extreme left” to “Extreme right.” The question was asked this way in Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Mexico, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
In Australia, the scale ranged from “Left” to “Right”.
In Japan, Singapore, South Korea and Thailand, ideology was measured on a scale from “Extremely progressive” to “Extremely conservative.”
Ideology was not asked about in Ghana, India, Kenya, Malaysia, Sri Lanka or Tunisia.

To compare educational groups across countries, we standardize education levels based on the UN’s International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED).

To compare views of those who support the governing party or parties with those who do not, we grouped respondents based on their answers to a question asking them which political party, if any, they identified with in their country. For more, including country specific classifications, read our Political Categorization Appendix .

Prior to 2024, combined totals were based on rounded topline figures. For all reports beginning in 2024, totals are based on unrounded topline figures, so combined totals might be different than in previous years. Refer to the 2024 topline to see our new rounding procedures applied to past years’ data.

Here are the questions used for the report , along with responses, and the survey methodology .

Ahead of a July 2024 summit marking the 75th anniversary of NATO’s founding, the trans-Atlantic alliance continues to be seen largely favorably in select member nations. A median of 63% of adults across 13 member countries surveyed have a positive opinion of NATO, while 33% have a negative opinion.

A map showing that NATO is seen favorably in most member nations surveyed.

More than two years since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, ratings for Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy are mixed in a broader set of 35 NATO and non-NATO countries we surveyed. A median of 40% of adults across these countries have confidence in Zelenskyy to do the right thing regarding world affairs, while 46% do not. Majorities in just seven countries have confidence in his ability to navigate international affairs. And confidence in him has dropped significantly across several countries in Europe and North America.

Global views of Russia and its leader, President Vladimir Putin, have remained very negative since the conflict began in 2022, though opinions have warmed slightly in several countries since we last surveyed there.

For this report, we surveyed 44,166 adults in 35 countries from Jan. 5 to May 21, 2024. In addition to this overview, the report includes chapters on:

Views of NATO
Confidence in Zelenskyy and support for Ukraine
Views of Russia and Putin

Read some of the report’s key findings below.

Favorable views of NATO are up significantly in Turkey since our last survey there in 2019. And Hungarians have also grown more favorable toward the alliance in the past year. However, in a handful of places – including Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States – positive views of NATO have ticked down slightly since 2023. (For more on views of NATO over time, read Appendix A .)

In Hungary, Poland and Turkey, we asked respondents whether NATO membership is important for their country’s security. More than eight-in-ten adults in Hungary and Poland say it is important, and roughly six-in-ten share this belief in Turkey.

In Europe, confidence in the Ukrainian president varies significantly by country. Eight-in-ten adults in Sweden have confidence in Zelenskyy; a roughly equal share in Hungary do not.

Confidence in Zelenskyy has decreased significantly in many countries since 2023. The drop is largest in Poland, where confidence in him has dropped 22 percentage points since last year.

Line charts showing that confidence in Zelenskyy is down in many places.

Publics in four countries – the U.S., Turkey, Hungary and Poland – differ widely on whether their country is providing enough support to Ukraine.

A horizontal stacked bar chart showing that mixed views on country’s level of support to Ukraine in the U.S., Turkey, Hungary and Poland.

Roughly a quarter of Americans (24%) now say the U.S. is not providing enough aid to Ukraine, up from 18% in November 2023, when we last asked this question. Still, more Americans (31%) think the U.S. is providing too much aid, and 25% believe it’s giving the right amount .

A majority of Hungarians (61%) and a plurality of Turks (46%) say their country is giving about the right amount of aid to Ukraine. Poles are more divided: While 45% say their country is giving the right amount of support, a nearly identical share (44%) say it is providing too much.

Related: Growing Partisan Divisions Over NATO and Ukraine

A bar chart showing that Russia and Putin seen in a mostly negative light around the world.

Views of Russia and Putin remain largely negative across 35 countries polled: A median of 65% have an unfavorable view of Russia and 73% lack confidence in the Russian leader to do the right thing regarding world affairs.

But in a handful of countries, opinions of Russian and Putin have warmed since we last surveyed there. Argentines, for example, have grown 11 percentage points more favorable toward Russia and 9 points more confident in Putin over the past year. (For more on views of Russia and Putin over time, read Appendix A .)

A line chart showing that supporters of select right-wing populist parties increasingly likely to have confidence in Putin.

In several European countries, people who have a favorable view of a right-wing populist party in their country see Russia and Putin more positively than do people with unfavorable views of those parties. While ratings for Russia and Putin among some right-wing populists dropped sharply in 2022 and 2023 (our 2022 fieldwork largely took place during the early weeks of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine) favorability and confidence are creeping back up in a few countries.

In Germany, for example, about a quarter (26%) of supporters of Alternative for Germany (AfD) had confidence in Putin in 2023. Now, 45% do, an increase of 19 points and close to preinvasion levels of confidence. The same pattern appears elsewhere, too. (For more information on how we categorize populist party support, read Appendix C .)

A line chart showing that, in Turkey, favorable opinions of NATO have doubled since 2019.

Favorable views of NATO historically have been much lower in Turkey than in other NATO members states, according to our previous surveys . Before this year, no more than a quarter of adults in Turkey had a positive view of the long-standing treaty organization, which Turkey joined in 1952 .

However, the share of Turks with a positive view of NATO has nearly doubled since 2019, when we last surveyed in the country. Today, 42% have a favorable opinion of the alliance, up from 21% in 2019. Fewer Turks now hold unfavorable opinions or have no opinion of it. A majority (61%) also say membership in NATO is very or somewhat important to their country’s security. Still, favorability of NATO in is lower in Turkey than in many of the other member states we polled.

Turks are quite negative toward Russia and Putin: More than six-in-ten express an unfavorable view of Russia or have no confidence in its leader. Those on the ideological left are more likely than those on the right to have a negative opinion of Russia and to lack confidence in Putin. And those who have a favorable opinion of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan are about twice as likely to express a positive view of Russia as those who have an unfavorable view of Erdoğan.

Turks’ views of Zelenskyy are similar to their views of Putin. Only 31% of Turks have confidence the Ukrainian president, while 60% have no confidence. A plurality (46%) say their country is providing about the right amount of support to Ukraine, while 20% say it is not providing enough support and 16% it is providing too much; another 18% did not answer.

A diverging bar chart showing that Poles are very positive toward NATO, negative on Russia and Putin.

Poles stand out among the publics we surveyed for their very positive opinions of NATO and very negative views of Russia and Putin.

Roughly nine-in-ten adults in Poland have a favorable view of NATO, the highest share among the member states polled. And 88% consider their country’s membership in NATO important to national security, including a 55% majority who say it is very important.

Poles are nearly united in their negative sentiments toward Russia and its leader: 97% have an unfavorable view of Russia and 98% have no confidence in Putin on the world stage.

However, they are more divided on Ukraine’s leader: 48% are confident in Zelenskyy to do the right thing regarding world affairs, while 40% have no confidence in him. During the fieldwork period for this survey, a farmer-led blockade in Poland over the low price of imported grain from neighboring Ukraine caused friction between the two countries.

A line chart showing that Swedes’ views of NATO have become more positive since 2016.

NATO is popular in Sweden, which formally became a member of the alliance in March 2024, just before our fieldwork for this survey began there. About seven-in-ten Swedes have a positive view of NATO, while 22% have a negative opinion.

The share of Swedes with a positive view of NATO is down slightly from 80% in 2022. That year, our fieldwork in Sweden began the same day as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine – and Swedes grew increasingly positive about NATO as our fieldwork went on.

People in Sweden express strongly unfavorable views of Russia and Putin, though they rank just below Poland in the strength of these sentiments. And 80% of Swedes have confidence in Zelenskyy, the highest share across all 35 surveyed countries.

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Growing Partisan Divisions Over NATO and Ukraine

What are americans’ top foreign policy priorities, large shares see russia and putin in negative light, while views of zelenskyy more mixed, americans hold positive feelings toward nato and ukraine, see russia as an enemy, how young adults want their country to engage with the world, most popular, report materials.

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ABOUT PEW RESEARCH CENTER Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts .

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Quality of Teachers Does Matter in Sri Lanka: Lessons from the Best Education Systems

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Transition to online education in Sri Lanka during COVID-19: A descriptive phenomenological study

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