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International Baccalaureate (IB)

IB students around the globe fear writing the Extended Essay, but it doesn't have to be a source of stress! In this article, I'll get you excited about writing your Extended Essay and provide you with the resources you need to get an A on it.

If you're reading this article, I'm going to assume you're an IB student getting ready to write your Extended Essay. If you're looking at this as a potential future IB student, I recommend reading our introductory IB articles first, including our guide to what the IB program is and our full coverage of the IB curriculum .

IB Extended Essay: Why Should You Trust My Advice?

I myself am a recipient of an IB Diploma, and I happened to receive an A on my IB Extended Essay. Don't believe me? The proof is in the IBO pudding:

If you're confused by what this report means, EE is short for Extended Essay , and English A1 is the subject that my Extended Essay topic coordinated with. In layman's terms, my IB Diploma was graded in May 2010, I wrote my Extended Essay in the English A1 category, and I received an A grade on it.

What Is the Extended Essay in the IB Diploma Programme?

The IB Extended Essay, or EE , is a mini-thesis you write under the supervision of an IB advisor (an IB teacher at your school), which counts toward your IB Diploma (learn more about the major IB Diploma requirements in our guide) . I will explain exactly how the EE affects your Diploma later in this article.

For the Extended Essay, you will choose a research question as a topic, conduct the research independently, then write an essay on your findings . The essay itself is a long one—although there's a cap of 4,000 words, most successful essays get very close to this limit.

Keep in mind that the IB requires this essay to be a "formal piece of academic writing," meaning you'll have to do outside research and cite additional sources.

The IB Extended Essay must include the following:

• A title page
• Contents page
• Introduction
• Body of the essay
• References and bibliography

Additionally, your research topic must fall into one of the six approved DP categories , or IB subject groups, which are as follows:

• Group 1: Studies in Language and Literature
• Group 2: Language Acquisition
• Group 3: Individuals and Societies
• Group 4: Sciences
• Group 5: Mathematics
• Group 6: The Arts

Once you figure out your category and have identified a potential research topic, it's time to pick your advisor, who is normally an IB teacher at your school (though you can also find one online ). This person will help direct your research, and they'll conduct the reflection sessions you'll have to do as part of your Extended Essay.

As of 2018, the IB requires a "reflection process" as part of your EE supervision process. To fulfill this requirement, you have to meet at least three times with your supervisor in what the IB calls "reflection sessions." These meetings are not only mandatory but are also part of the formal assessment of the EE and your research methods.

According to the IB, the purpose of these meetings is to "provide an opportunity for students to reflect on their engagement with the research process." Basically, these meetings give your supervisor the opportunity to offer feedback, push you to think differently, and encourage you to evaluate your research process.

The final reflection session is called the viva voce, and it's a short 10- to 15-minute interview between you and your advisor. This happens at the very end of the EE process, and it's designed to help your advisor write their report, which factors into your EE grade.

Here are the topics covered in your viva voce :

• A check on plagiarism and malpractice
• Your reflection on your project's successes and difficulties
• Your reflection on what you've learned during the EE process

Your completed Extended Essay, along with your supervisor's report, will then be sent to the IB to be graded. We'll cover the assessment criteria in just a moment.

We'll help you learn how to have those "lightbulb" moments...even on test day!  

What Should You Write About in Your IB Extended Essay?

You can technically write about anything, so long as it falls within one of the approved categories listed above.

It's best to choose a topic that matches one of the IB courses , (such as Theatre, Film, Spanish, French, Math, Biology, etc.), which shouldn't be difficult because there are so many class subjects.

Here is a range of sample topics with the attached extended essay:

• Biology: The Effect of Age and Gender on the Photoreceptor Cells in the Human Retina
• Chemistry: How Does Reflux Time Affect the Yield and Purity of Ethyl Aminobenzoate (Benzocaine), and How Effective is Recrystallisation as a Purification Technique for This Compound?
• English: An Exploration of Jane Austen's Use of the Outdoors in Emma
• Geography: The Effect of Location on the Educational Attainment of Indigenous Secondary Students in Queensland, Australia
• Math: Alhazen's Billiard Problem
• Visual Arts: Can Luc Tuymans Be Classified as a Political Painter?

You can see from how varied the topics are that you have a lot of freedom when it comes to picking a topic . So how do you pick when the options are limitless?

How to Write a Stellar IB Extended Essay: 6 Essential Tips

Below are six key tips to keep in mind as you work on your Extended Essay for the IB DP. Follow these and you're sure to get an A!

#1: Write About Something You Enjoy

You can't expect to write a compelling essay if you're not a fan of the topic on which you're writing. For example, I just love British theatre and ended up writing my Extended Essay on a revolution in post-WWII British theatre. (Yes, I'm definitely a #TheatreNerd.)

I really encourage anyone who pursues an IB Diploma to take the Extended Essay seriously. I was fortunate enough to receive a full-tuition merit scholarship to USC's School of Dramatic Arts program. In my interview for the scholarship, I spoke passionately about my Extended Essay; thus, I genuinely think my Extended Essay helped me get my scholarship.

But how do you find a topic you're passionate about? Start by thinking about which classes you enjoy the most and why . Do you like math classes because you like to solve problems? Or do you enjoy English because you like to analyze literary texts?

Keep in mind that there's no right or wrong answer when it comes to choosing your Extended Essay topic. You're not more likely to get high marks because you're writing about science, just like you're not doomed to failure because you've chosen to tackle the social sciences. The quality of what you produce—not the field you choose to research within—will determine your grade.

Once you've figured out your category, you should brainstorm more specific topics by putting pen to paper . What was your favorite chapter you learned in that class? Was it astrophysics or mechanics? What did you like about that specific chapter? Is there something you want to learn more about? I recommend spending a few hours on this type of brainstorming.

One last note: if you're truly stumped on what to research, pick a topic that will help you in your future major or career . That way you can use your Extended Essay as a talking point in your college essays (and it will prepare you for your studies to come too!).

#2: Select a Topic That Is Neither Too Broad nor Too Narrow

There's a fine line between broad and narrow. You need to write about something specific, but not so specific that you can't write 4,000 words on it.

You can't write about WWII because that would be a book's worth of material. You also don't want to write about what type of soup prisoners of war received behind enemy lines, because you probably won’t be able to come up with 4,000 words of material about it. However, you could possibly write about how the conditions in German POW camps—and the rations provided—were directly affected by the Nazis' successes and failures on the front, including the use of captured factories and prison labor in Eastern Europe to increase production. WWII military history might be a little overdone, but you get my point.

If you're really stuck trying to pinpoint a not-too-broad-or-too-narrow topic, I suggest trying to brainstorm a topic that uses a comparison. Once you begin looking through the list of sample essays below, you'll notice that many use comparisons to formulate their main arguments.

I also used a comparison in my EE, contrasting Harold Pinter's Party Time with John Osborne's Look Back in Anger in order to show a transition in British theatre. Topics with comparisons of two to three plays, books, and so on tend to be the sweet spot. You can analyze each item and then compare them with one another after doing some in-depth analysis of each individually. The ways these items compare and contrast will end up forming the thesis of your essay!

When choosing a comparative topic, the key is that the comparison should be significant. I compared two plays to illustrate the transition in British theatre, but you could compare the ways different regional dialects affect people's job prospects or how different temperatures may or may not affect the mating patterns of lightning bugs. The point here is that comparisons not only help you limit your topic, but they also help you build your argument.

Comparisons are not the only way to get a grade-A EE, though. If after brainstorming, you pick a non-comparison-based topic and are still unsure whether your topic is too broad or narrow, spend about 30 minutes doing some basic research and see how much material is out there.

If there are more than 1,000 books, articles, or documentaries out there on that exact topic, it may be too broad. But if there are only two books that have any connection to your topic, it may be too narrow. If you're still unsure, ask your advisor—it's what they're there for! Speaking of advisors...

Don't get stuck with a narrow topic!

#3: Choose an Advisor Who Is Familiar With Your Topic

If you're not certain of who you would like to be your advisor, create a list of your top three choices. Next, write down the pros and cons of each possibility (I know this sounds tedious, but it really helps!).

For example, Mr. Green is my favorite teacher and we get along really well, but he teaches English. For my EE, I want to conduct an experiment that compares the efficiency of American electric cars with foreign electric cars.

I had Ms. White a year ago. She teaches physics and enjoyed having me in her class. Unlike Mr. Green, Ms. White could help me design my experiment.

Based on my topic and what I need from my advisor, Ms. White would be a better fit for me than would Mr. Green (even though I like him a lot).

The moral of my story is this: do not just ask your favorite teacher to be your advisor . They might be a hindrance to you if they teach another subject. For example, I would not recommend asking your biology teacher to guide you in writing an English literature-based EE.

There can, of course, be exceptions to this rule. If you have a teacher who's passionate and knowledgeable about your topic (as my English teacher was about my theatre topic), you could ask that instructor. Consider all your options before you do this. There was no theatre teacher at my high school, so I couldn't find a theatre-specific advisor, but I chose the next best thing.

Before you approach a teacher to serve as your advisor, check with your high school to see what requirements they have for this process. Some IB high schools require your IB Extended Essay advisor to sign an Agreement Form , for instance.

Make sure that you ask your IB coordinator whether there is any required paperwork to fill out. If your school needs a specific form signed, bring it with you when you ask your teacher to be your EE advisor.

#4: Pick an Advisor Who Will Push You to Be Your Best

Some teachers might just take on students because they have to and aren't very passionate about reading drafts, only giving you minimal feedback. Choose a teacher who will take the time to read several drafts of your essay and give you extensive notes. I would not have gotten my A without being pushed to make my Extended Essay draft better.

Ask a teacher that you have experience with through class or an extracurricular activity. Do not ask a teacher that you have absolutely no connection to. If a teacher already knows you, that means they already know your strengths and weaknesses, so they know what to look for, where you need to improve, and how to encourage your best work.

Also, don't forget that your supervisor's assessment is part of your overall EE score . If you're meeting with someone who pushes you to do better—and you actually take their advice—they'll have more impressive things to say about you than a supervisor who doesn't know you well and isn't heavily involved in your research process.

Be aware that the IB only allows advisors to make suggestions and give constructive criticism. Your teacher cannot actually help you write your EE. The IB recommends that the supervisor spends approximately two to three hours in total with the candidate discussing the EE.

#5: Make Sure Your Essay Has a Clear Structure and Flow

The IB likes structure. Your EE needs a clear introduction (which should be one to two double-spaced pages), research question/focus (i.e., what you're investigating), a body, and a conclusion (about one double-spaced page). An essay with unclear organization will be graded poorly.

The body of your EE should make up the bulk of the essay. It should be about eight to 18 pages long (again, depending on your topic). Your body can be split into multiple parts. For example, if you were doing a comparison, you might have one third of your body as Novel A Analysis, another third as Novel B Analysis, and the final third as your comparison of Novels A and B.

If you're conducting an experiment or analyzing data, such as in this EE , your EE body should have a clear structure that aligns with the scientific method ; you should state the research question, discuss your method, present the data, analyze the data, explain any uncertainties, and draw a conclusion and/or evaluate the success of the experiment.

#6: Start Writing Sooner Rather Than Later!

You will not be able to crank out a 4,000-word essay in just a week and get an A on it. You'll be reading many, many articles (and, depending on your topic, possibly books and plays as well!). As such, it's imperative that you start your research as soon as possible.

Each school has a slightly different deadline for the Extended Essay. Some schools want them as soon as November of your senior year; others will take them as late as February. Your school will tell you what your deadline is. If they haven't mentioned it by February of your junior year, ask your IB coordinator about it.

Some high schools will provide you with a timeline of when you need to come up with a topic, when you need to meet with your advisor, and when certain drafts are due. Not all schools do this. Ask your IB coordinator if you are unsure whether you are on a specific timeline.

Below is my recommended EE timeline. While it's earlier than most schools, it'll save you a ton of heartache (trust me, I remember how hard this process was!):

• January/February of Junior Year: Come up with your final research topic (or at least your top three options).
• February of Junior Year: Approach a teacher about being your EE advisor. If they decline, keep asking others until you find one. See my notes above on how to pick an EE advisor.
• April/May of Junior Year: Submit an outline of your EE and a bibliography of potential research sources (I recommend at least seven to 10) to your EE advisor. Meet with your EE advisor to discuss your outline.
• Summer Between Junior and Senior Year: Complete your first full draft over the summer between your junior and senior year. I know, I know—no one wants to work during the summer, but trust me—this will save you so much stress come fall when you are busy with college applications and other internal assessments for your IB classes. You will want to have this first full draft done because you will want to complete a couple of draft cycles as you likely won't be able to get everything you want to say into 4,000 articulate words on the first attempt. Try to get this first draft into the best possible shape so you don't have to work on too many revisions during the school year on top of your homework, college applications, and extracurriculars.
• August/September of Senior Year: Turn in your first draft of your EE to your advisor and receive feedback. Work on incorporating their feedback into your essay. If they have a lot of suggestions for improvement, ask if they will read one more draft before the final draft.
• September/October of Senior Year: Submit the second draft of your EE to your advisor (if necessary) and look at their feedback. Work on creating the best possible final draft.
• November-February of Senior Year: Schedule your viva voce. Submit two copies of your final draft to your school to be sent off to the IB. You likely will not get your grade until after you graduate.

Remember that in the middle of these milestones, you'll need to schedule two other reflection sessions with your advisor . (Your teachers will actually take notes on these sessions on a form like this one , which then gets submitted to the IB.)

I recommend doing them when you get feedback on your drafts, but these meetings will ultimately be up to your supervisor. Just don't forget to do them!

The early bird DOES get the worm!

How Is the IB Extended Essay Graded?

Extended Essays are graded by examiners appointed by the IB on a scale of 0 to 34 . You'll be graded on five criteria, each with its own set of points. You can learn more about how EE scoring works by reading the IB guide to extended essays .

• Criterion A: Focus and Method (6 points maximum)
• Criterion B: Knowledge and Understanding (6 points maximum)
• Criterion C: Critical Thinking (12 points maximum)
• Criterion D: Presentation (4 points maximum)
• Criterion E: Engagement (6 points maximum)

How well you do on each of these criteria will determine the final letter grade you get for your EE. You must earn at least a D to be eligible to receive your IB Diploma.

Although each criterion has a point value, the IB explicitly states that graders are not converting point totals into grades; instead, they're using qualitative grade descriptors to determine the final grade of your Extended Essay . Grade descriptors are on pages 102-103 of this document .

Here's a rough estimate of how these different point values translate to letter grades based on previous scoring methods for the EE. This is just an estimate —you should read and understand the grade descriptors so you know exactly what the scorers are looking for.

Here is the breakdown of EE scores (from the May 2021 bulletin):

How Does the Extended Essay Grade Affect Your IB Diploma?

The Extended Essay grade is combined with your TOK (Theory of Knowledge) grade to determine how many points you get toward your IB Diploma.

To learn about Theory of Knowledge or how many points you need to receive an IB Diploma, read our complete guide to the IB program and our guide to the IB Diploma requirements .

This diagram shows how the two scores are combined to determine how many points you receive for your IB diploma (3 being the most, 0 being the least). In order to get your IB Diploma, you have to earn 24 points across both categories (the TOK and EE). The highest score anyone can earn is 45 points.

Let's say you get an A on your EE and a B on TOK. You will get 3 points toward your Diploma. As of 2014, a student who scores an E on either the extended essay or TOK essay will not be eligible to receive an IB Diploma .

Prior to the class of 2010, a Diploma candidate could receive a failing grade in either the Extended Essay or Theory of Knowledge and still be awarded a Diploma, but this is no longer true.

Figuring out how you're assessed can be a little tricky. Luckily, the IB breaks everything down here in this document . (The assessment information begins on page 219.)

40+ Sample Extended Essays for the IB Diploma Programme

In case you want a little more guidance on how to get an A on your EE, here are over 40 excellent (grade A) sample extended essays for your reading pleasure. Essays are grouped by IB subject.

• Business Management 1
• Chemistry 1
• Chemistry 2
• Chemistry 3
• Chemistry 4
• Chemistry 5
• Chemistry 6
• Chemistry 7
• Computer Science 1
• Economics 1
• Design Technology 1
• Design Technology 2
• Environmental Systems and Societies 1
• Geography 1
• Geography 2
• Geography 3
• Geography 4
• Geography 5
• Geography 6
• Literature and Performance 1
• Mathematics 1
• Mathematics 2
• Mathematics 3
• Mathematics 4
• Mathematics 5
• Philosophy 1
• Philosophy 2
• Philosophy 3
• Philosophy 4
• Philosophy 5
• Psychology 1
• Psychology 2
• Psychology 3
• Psychology 4
• Psychology 5
• Social and Cultural Anthropology 1
• Social and Cultural Anthropology 2
• Social and Cultural Anthropology 3
• Sports, Exercise and Health Science 1
• Sports, Exercise and Health Science 2
• Visual Arts 1
• Visual Arts 2
• Visual Arts 3
• Visual Arts 4
• Visual Arts 5
• World Religion 1
• World Religion 2
• World Religion 3

What's Next?

Trying to figure out what extracurriculars you should do? Learn more about participating in the Science Olympiad , starting a club , doing volunteer work , and joining Student Government .

Studying for the SAT? Check out our expert study guide to the SAT . Taking the SAT in a month or so? Learn how to cram effectively for this important test .

Not sure where you want to go to college? Read our guide to finding your target school . Also, determine your target SAT score or target ACT score .

As an SAT/ACT tutor, Dora has guided many students to test prep success. She loves watching students succeed and is committed to helping you get there. Dora received a full-tuition merit based scholarship to University of Southern California. She graduated magna cum laude and scored in the 99th percentile on the ACT. She is also passionate about acting, writing, and photography.

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The IB extended essay is a paper of up to 4,000 words that is required for students enrolled in the International Baccalaureate (IB) diploma program. The extended essay allows students to engage in independent research on a topic within one of the available subject areas.

The extended essay should be an original piece of academic writing that demonstrates the following student's abilities:

• Formulating a research question
• Conductig independent investigation
• Presenting key findings in a scholarly format.

Check out this article by StudyCrumb to discover how to write an IB extendend essay properly. We will give you a complete writing guide and critical tips you need for this essay type.

IB Extended Essay: What Is It?

An extended essay is independent research. Usually students choose a topic in consultation with a mentor. It is an integral part of the International Baccalaureate (IB) degree program. This means that you won't receive a degree without a successfully written paper. It requires 4,000-word study on a chosen narrow topic. To get a high score, you should meet all required structure and formatting standards. This is the result of approximately 40 working hours. Its purpose is giving you the opportunity to try independent research writing. It's approved that these skills are critical for student success at university. The following sections explain how to write an extended article with examples. So keep reading!  

Choosing a Mentor for Extended Essay

IB extended essay guidelines require supervisor meetings, totaling 3-5 hours. They include three critical reflections. A mentor won't write a paper instead of you but can help adjust it. So it is important to consult with them, but no one will proofread or correct actual research for you. In general, initially treat an essay as an exclusively individual work. So your role and contribution are maximal.

Extended Essay Outline

Let's take a look at how to write an extended essay outline. In this part, you organize yourself so that your work develops your idea. So we especially recommend you work out this step with your teacher. You can also find any outline example for essay . In your short sketch, plan a roadmap for your thoughts. Think through and prepare a summary of each paragraph. Then, expand annotation of each section with a couple more supporting evidence. Explain how specific examples illustrate key points. Make it more significant by using different opinions on general issues.  

Extended Essay: Getting Started

After you chose an extended essay topic and made an outline, it's time to start your research. Start with a complete Table of Contents and make a choice of a research question. Select the subject in which you feel most confident and which is most interesting for you. For example, if at school you are interested in natural science, focus on that. If you have difficulties choosing a research question, rely on our essay topic generator .

Extended Essay Introduction

In the introduction of an extended essay, present a thesis statement. But do it in such a way that your readers understand the importance of your research. State research question clearly. That is the central question that you are trying to answer while writing. Even your score depends on how you develop your particular research question. Therefore, it is essential to draw it up correctly. Gather all relevant information from relevant sources. Explain why this is worth exploring. Then provide a research plan, which you will disclose further.  

Extended Essay Methodology

In accordance with extended essay guidelines, it's mandatory to choose and clearly state a methodological approach. So, it will be apparent to your examiner how you answered your research question. Include your collection methods and tools you use for collection and analysis. Your strategies can be experimental or descriptive, quantitative or qualitative. Research collection tools include observations, questionnaires, interviews, or background knowledge.

Extended Essay Main Body

Well, here we come to the most voluminous part of the extended essay for IB! In every essay body paragraph , you reveal your research question and discuss your topic. Provide all details of your academic study. But stay focused and do it without dubious ideas. Use different sources of information to provide supporting arguments and substantial evidence. This will impress professors. For this section, 3 main paragraphs are enough. Discuss each idea or argument in a separate paragraph. You can even use supporting quotes where appropriate. But don't overcomplicate. Make your extended essay easy to read and logical. It's critical to stay concise, so if you aren't sure how to make your text readable, use our tool to get a readbility test . Following the plan you outlined earlier is very important. Analyze each fact before including it in your writing. And don't write unnecessary information.

Extended Essay Conclusion

Now let's move on to the final part of IB extended essay guidelines. In conclusion, focus on summarizing the main points you have made. No new ideas or information can be introduced in this part. Use conclusion as your last chance to impress your readers. Reframe your own strong thesis. Here you must show all key points. Do not repeat absolutely every argument. Better try to make this part unique. This will show that you have a clear understanding of the topic you have chosen. And even more professional will be recommendations of new areas for future research. One good paragraph may be enough here. Although in some cases, two or three paragraphs may be required.

Extended Essay Bibliography & Appendices

To write an impressive extended essay, you should focus on appropriate information. You must create a separate page for bibliography with all sources you used. Tip from us: start writing this page with the first quote you use. Don't write this part last or postpone. In turn, appendices are not an essential section. Examiners will not pay much attention to this part. Therefore, include all information directly related to analysis and argumentation in the main body. Include raw data in the appendix only if it is really urgently needed. Moreover, it is better not to refer to appendices in text itself. This can disrupt the narrative of the essay.  

Extended Essay Examples

We have prepared a good example of an extended essay. You can check it by downloading it for free. You can use it as a template. However, pay attention that your paper is required to be unique. Don't be afraid to present all the skills you gained during your IB.

Final Thoughts on IB Extended Essay

In this article, we presented detailed IB extended essay guidelines. An extended essay is a daunting academic challenge to write. It is a research paper with a deep thematic analysis of information. But we have described several practical and straightforward tips. Therefore, we are sure that you will succeed!

If topics seem too complex, turn to our top essay writers. They will accomplish any IB assignment in the best way your professor can evaluate it!  

Daniel Howard is an Essay Writing guru. He helps students create essays that will strike a chord with the readers.

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Extended Essay Guide: Criteria, Format, Sample EEs

• Criteria, Format, Sample EEs
• Annotated Bibliographies
• DP Research Process
• Databases & Academic Journals
• Evaluate Sources
• Academic Integrity
• MLA Citation Format
• CSE Citation Format (Science & Math)
• Video Tutorials 2024

The Assessment Crtiteria in Detail!

• Criterion A: Focus and method
• Criterion B: Knowledge and understanding
• Criterion C: Critical Thinking
• Criterion D: Presentation
• Criterion E: Engagement
• EE_How to maximize marks for different subjects?

• Criterion C: Critical thinking

Notes from the IB

RE: Research Question and Title of Extended Essay

Please note the statement below from the EE curriculum manager regarding the need to have both a title and a RQ for all subjects. Previous versions of the EE Guide indicated that the title and the RQ should be the same for History, Business Management and Mathematics. This is no longer the case.  All essays, regardless of the subject, need to have both a RQ and a title.

Hi Kathy, 

To answer your question, I am going to quote directly from a response John Royce provided, on this forum, in October in response to a very similar question: (it was a question about using Spanish sources - hence the mention of Spanish)

It is certainly  permissible to use sources which are not in the language of the essay, but translation into the target language is required , one cannot assume that the reader understands the original language.

It is usual to quote the original as well as presenting the translation.  [Do not put quotation marks around your translation, just around the original]

Umberto Eco argues ("in Mouse or rat?") that direct translation may lose meaning, paraphrase or use of different idioms may be required to get the ideas across. Paul Bellos ("Is that a fish in your ear?") makes a similar argument - direct translation may confound meaning... Direct translation may not be ideal - meaning and understanding are preferred - so, not to worry that your student with her good Spanish cannot present a direct translation.

What  must be made clear is that the translations are those of the student;  these are her understandings. Readers can make of that what they will - and if unsure, are presented with the original - they can seek another translation.  A note in the acknowledgements and/or in the introduction to the effect that all translations are those of the writer is ... essential.

In response to the question about the  Bibliography/Works cited, my preference would be to list the source in its original Thai version, but perhaps with the English in brackets, to help the examiner.

Your bibliography will have the entries in Thai characters first in the document. Any in-text citation to Thai sources will be in (Thai characters [English translation]).

Citation in Thai [English translation]

Works Cited Example:

วงษ์ปัญญา, ธนกร [Wongpunya, Thanakorn]. “โรงงานยาสูบรวยแค่ไหน และเอาเงินไปทำอะไรบ้าง.”  [How rich is the Thailand Tobacco Monopoly and where does the money go?] (candidate translation). The Standard, The Standard, 30 Aug. 2018, thestandard.co/thailand-tobacco-monopoly/.

Format of the Extended Essay

Required Formatting

The extended essay should be written in a clear, correct and formal academic style, appropriate to the subject from which the topic is drawn. Given that the extended essay is a formally written research paper, it should strive to maintain a professional, academic look. 

To help achieve this, the following formatting is  required:

• 12-point, readable font (Calibri or Times New Roman);
• double spacing throughout entire Essay;
• page numbering - top right corner;
• no candidate or school name or supervisor name on the title page or page headers.

Submitting the extended essay in the required format will help set the tone of the essay and will aid readability for on-screen assessment by examiners.

Required S tructure

The structure of the essay is very important. It helps students to organize the argument, making the best use of the evidence collected. 

There are six required elements of the final work to be submitted. More details about each element are given in the  “Presentation”  section. Please note that the order in which these elements are presented here is not necessarily the order in which they should be written. 

Six required elements of the extended essay:

• Contents page
• Introduction
• Body of the essay
• References and bibliography -- if MLA "Works Cited" if CSE "References"

1. Required Title Page  

The title page should include  only  the following information: 

• the title of the essay
• the research question
• the subject the essay is registered in (if it is a language essay also state which category it falls into; if a world studies essay also state the theme and the two subjects utilized) 

The upper limit is 4,000 words for all extended essays. 

2. Required Contents Page

A contents page must be provided at the beginning of the extended essay and all pages should be numbered. Please note that an index page is not required and if included will be treated as if it is not present.

3. Required Introduction

The introduction should tell the reader what to expect in the essay. The introduction should make clear to the reader the focus of the essay, the scope of the research, in particular an indication of the sources to be used, and an insight into the line of argument to be taken. 

While students should have a sense of the direction and key focus of their essay, it is sometimes advisable to finalize the introduction once the body of the essay is complete.

4. Required Body of the Essay  (research, analysis, discussion, and evaluation)

The main task is writing the body of the essay, which should be presented in the form of a reasoned argument. The form of this varies with the subject of the essay but as the argument develops it should be clear to the reader what relevant evidence has been discovered, where/how it has been discovered and how it supports the argument. In some subjects, for example, the sciences, sub-headings within the main body of the essay will help the reader to understand the argument (and will also help the student to keep on track). In structuring their extended essay, students must take into consideration the expected conventions of the subject in which their extended essay is registered. 

Once the main body of the essay is complete, it is possible to finalize the introduction (which tells the reader what to expect) and the conclusion (which says what has been achieved, including notes of any limitations and any questions that have not been resolved). 

Any information that is important to the argument  must not  be included in appendices or footnotes/endnotes. The examiner  will not  read notes or appendices, so an essay that is not complete in itself will be compromised across the assessment criteria.

5. Required Conclusion

The conclusion says what has been achieved, including notes of any limitations and any questions that have not been resolved. While students might draw conclusions throughout the essay based on their findings, it is important that there is a final, summative conclusion at the end. This conclusion(s) must relate to the research question posed.

6.  Required References & Bibliography

Students should use their chosen style of academic referencing as soon as they start writing. That way they are less likely to forget to include a citation. It is also easier than trying to add references at a later stage. For more information on this, refer to the guidelines in the IB document  Effective citing and referencing.

Writing the essay takes time but if students have used their Researcher's reflection space and reflection sessions in a meaningful way they should be well prepared to develop their arguments.

Extended Essay - Examples & Exemplars

• Essays from May 2018 with IB marks and commentaries
• Assessed Student Work & Commentary IB-provided. "Student sample extended essays, corresponding marks and comments from senior examiners are available for the following Diploma Programme disciplines. Please note that in light of not having authentic RPPFs to accompany these essays, they are marked against criteria A – D only, for a total of 28 possible marks. Following the first assessment session in 2018, exemplars will be refreshed with authentic sample material." more... less... Biology English Economics History Studies in language and literature Language acquisition Mathematics Psychology Visual arts World studies extended essay (WSEE)
• Excellenet Extended Essays Concordian GoogleDoc
• EngA1_Othello EE Othello 2018 From inThinking.net Click the link to see the score and evaluation.
• Fifty (50) More Excellent Extended Essays DVD by International Baccalaureate Call Number: HS DVD 808.4 ISBN: 9781906345600 Publication Date: 2011 1 DVD-ROM (1:33 min.)

Past CIS Extended Essays

Available in the library behind the desk are file folders of past Extended Essays by Concordian students and IB EE Exemplars. Feel free to browse the papers which must be kept in the library.

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Gr. 11-12 Extended Essay

What is the extended essay.

• The York School Extended Essay Handbook 2021/2022

IB Extended Essay Guide (updated November 2023)

Student responsibilities, tips for a successful ee journey, extended essay workshops 2022-2023, extended essay workshops 2021-2022, support for the extended essay.

• Reflections
• Choose a Subject
• Choose a Topic
• Draft a Research Question
• Develop Your Search Strategy
• Computer Science
• Visual Arts
• World Studies
• Introduction
• Academic Integrity
• Common Questions
• For Supervisors
• EE Examples

EE Coordinator

MS/SS Librarian

What is the significance of the extended essay.

The extended essay provides:

• practical preparation for undergraduate research
• an opportunity for students to investigate a topic of personal interest to them, which relates to one of the student's six DP subjects, or takes the interdisciplinary approach of a World Studies extended essay.

Through the research process for the extended essay, students develop skills in:

• formulating an appropriate research question
• engaging in a personal exploration of the topic
• communicating ideas
• developing an argument. 

Participation in this process develops the capacity to analyze, synthesize and evaluate knowledge.

An extended essay can also be undertaken in world studies , where students carry out an in-depth interdisciplinary study of an issue of contemporary global significance, across two IB diploma disciplines.

How is study of the Extended Essay structured?

Students are supported throughout the process of researching and writing the extended essay, with advice and guidance from a supervisor who is usually a teacher at the school.

Students are required to have three mandatory reflection sessions with their supervisors. The final session, a concluding interview, is also known as  viva voce .

The extended essay and reflection sessions can be a valuable stimulus for discussion in countries where interviews are required prior to acceptance for employment or for a place at university.

How is the Extended Essay assessed?

All extended essays are externally assessed by examiners appointed by the IB. They are marked on a scale from 0 to 34.

The score a student receives relates to a band. The bands are:

A – work of an excellent standard. B – work of a good standard. C –work of a satisfactory standard. D – work of a mediocre standard. E – work of an elementary standard.

Find out how points awarded for the extended essay contribute to a  student’s overall diploma score .

IB Diploma Points Matrix (TOK + EE)

Source: International Baccalaureate. (n.d.).  What is the extended essay?   https://www.ibo.org/programmes/diploma-programme/curriculum/extended-essay/what-is-the-extended-essay/ 

Regarding the EE in general:

• Observe the extended essay regulations as set by the school and the IB
• Meet all EE deadlines
• Practice Academic Integrity by careful note-taking and proper referencing & citation of information sources used
• Maintain and update the Extended Essay workspace in ManageBac

Regarding subject choice:

• Choose a subject in which you are already enrolled,   and which you thoroughly understand and are comfortable with
• READ the subject-specific requirements for your chosen subject

Regarding your supervisor:

• Initiate regular communication with your supervisor & respond to their communications
• Attend  3 mandatory   reflection sessions with your supervisor

Start EARLY! 

Talk to diploma subject teachers. Ask questions!

Map out a timeline of deadlines, research days, writing days. Allow for unforeseen delays. 

Plan your information sources. Keep track of what you've used through a working bibliography. 

ALWAYS proofread your drafts before submitting them

Get a Toronto Public Library card (free access to their databases & resources)

What strategies can students use to discuss the extended essay in their university application?

• Intro to EE Research Resources Presentation from November 2022 sessions.
• Choosing & Refining a Topic / Identifying Sources Presentation from December 2022 sessions.
• Annotating & Evaluating Sources Presentation from January 2023 sessions.
• Rocking the Research Question Workshop Presentation from April 6, 2022 EE Research Day.
• Identifying & Accessing Sources Workshop Presentation from April 6, 2022 EE Research Day.
• Evaluating Sources Workshop Presentation from April 6, 2022 EE Research Day.
• Structure & Formatting for the EE Workshop Presentation from May 3, 2022 EE Research Day.
• Awesome Editorial Techniques Workshop Presentation from May 3, 2022 EE Research Day.

Librarians can provide important and additional support in some of the fundamental research and information literacy skills. These skills can include:

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• Last Updated: Apr 5, 2024 8:17 AM
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Extended Essay

Core subject Assessments from 2018 to Present

Description, past syllabuses, grade calculator.

Weight: 100%

Historical Grade Boundaries

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*Timezone 1 (North America, South America)

*Timezone 2 (Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, Oceania)

IB Extended Essay: Primary Text Research - Class of 2022: Overview

• Contextual Research - Resources for All Topics
• World Religions & Philosophy
• Citations & Passwords
• Contact a Librarian

IB Extended Essay: Primary Text Research

Class of 2022

This guide contains resources for Extended Essays in the following Categories: Dance, Film, Literature,  Language and Literature, Literature and Performance,  Music,  Theatre Arts, Visual Arts, Philosophy, and World Religions .

Essays within these subject areas involve student analysis and interpretation of a work of art or language (the "text") in combination with either a critic's, scholarly perspective or contextual research to support the student analysis .  

Today's Activities - Please click ALL of the tabs

• Learning Targets
• Opening Activity
• Subject Specific Source Lists
• Today's Research Goals
• Collaborative Exit Activity - Padlet

Today's Learning Targets 

Today I will:

• Consider the areas of inquiry as they relate to my primary text(s)
• Identify IB requirements for primary and secondary sources, including specialized types of sources required.

In order to: 

• At least ONE academic, critical journal article in a database.
• Locate a book on my topic in the Robinson Library catalog;
• Locate a college-level scholarly book on my topic from the Academic eBook collection (EBSCO);
• Locate an overview or reference article / definition relevant to my topic;  
• Locate an additional academic, critical article.

I'll know I'm successful when I:

• Share my best sources in the Primary Text Research Padlet; 
• Compile scholarly sources in Google Drive or NoodleTools;
• Find source material that will enable me to hone my research question, develop an argument, and draft the essay. 

Primary Text Research & Analysis: Examples

• Open this document and follow the color marking directions for the poem " A Far Cry from Africa " ( you will be prompted to make a copy ).  What do you need to know? 
• Open the   Areas of Inquiry Doc  ( you will be prompted to make a copy ). 
• A s we discuss each category, consider how these potential legs of research relate to the areas of inquir y in Walcott's p oem. 
• So what? How would any of these areas of inquiry be useful for an extended essay? 

​ Connection to Research Legs - Secondary Sources

• How do the areas of inquiry relate to your primary text(s)?  
• What questions do you need to ask about your own work(s)? 
• Please Note:   These areas of inquiry (the legs of secondary research) will be used most appropriately in the introduction and conclusion of your essay. They offer contextual perspective , necessary to understand your argument about your primary text. Warning! If you focus the entire extended essay on the legs, you are no longer writing a primary text extended essay. 

Subject Specific Primary & Secondary Sources

• Read the " subject-specific source lists " and the " types of sources ".  G uidance for each subject  will appear two times in this document;  be sure to read both sections. 
• What are the  primary sources  for your subject? And the  secondary ? What is the  treatment  of primary and secondary source material in your subject?
• Open  THIS Google Doc ( also available in the EE Google Classroom );  read the  EE Subject Guidance & Scoring Guidance  for your topic.   
• Create some notes for yourself : What did you learn by reading these documents? Where might you begin your research? 
• EE - Primary and Secondary Sources

The Next Steps

Research  - Using the resources in this guide, research and find the following items: 

1. Search for and find at least ONE academic article - either a  critic's perspective OR contextual research - in a database.

2. Complete at least TWO items on this list:

• Locate a book on my topic in the Robinson Library catalog ( you may borrow books using curbside pickup @ RBSS );
• Locate a college-level scholarly book on my topic from the database: Academic eBook collection (EBSCO);

3. Complete at least ONE item on this list:

• Locate the citation for a database article and add it to NoodleTools (or a note sheet in Google);
• Email yourself an article or download one to your Google Drive;
• Try an advanced search in a database (use the “and” function to search for two keywords at once);
• Revise your search strategy; use different keywords in two databases and compare results.

Share - Please complete the Padlet, on the next tab, before the next TOK class meeting .

Exit Activity 

Share your best sources in a Padlet (areas of inquiry); scroll to the right to view all areas of inquiry (of expand the Padlet). After all TOK classes complete this lesson ( Jan. 21 & 22, 2021 ), return to the Padlet to learn from your peers and take note of their findings for future reference. 

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IB Economics EE examples

Filter exemplars, to what extent has the vehicular emissions scheme (ves) been effective in increasing the consumption of light electric vehicles between 2018 and 2020 in singapore, to what extent is the effectiveness of nudges in uk schools in order to increase higher gcse outcomes and is there any relation to school x, want to get full marks for your ee allow us to review it for you 🎯, to what extent did the covid-19 pandemic influence the levels of unemployment in kenya’s economy in 2020, to what extent does the provision of covid-19 vaccines by the government of malaysia through the national covid-19 immunisation programme (ncip) effective to recover the gdp and reduce the unemployment rate in malaysia, how are savings the major determinant of the productivity of home-based garment workers in south delhi, fast track your coursework with mark schemes moderated by ib examiners. upgrade now 🚀, following covid-19, which market structure best describes the structure of bangkok's cinema industry today, assessing the differences in economic performance between north and south korea caused by their contrasting economic systems, investigating the effect of china's recent steel cap policy on both global iron ore prices and brazil's iron ore export quantity, determined by analyzing the relationship between brazil's iron ore exports and china's steel production on prices from 2017-2021., to what extent have grain farmers in brandon, manitoba, canada, been positively affected by supply-side shocks in the wheat and rapeseed market following the russian invasion of ukraine, to what extent has the eu ban of russian coal imports impacted the export performance of indonesian coal to the eu, to what extent did the (first) covid-19 lockdown reduce negative externalities caused by car use in portugal, to what extent were canadian energy-rich provinces’ revenue losses from the oil crash of 2020 offset by gains in the net export market, to what extent did china’s tariffs on american seafood imports impact the export performance of pakistani seafood in china, what are the main factors that affect consumers’ demand for public transport in bratislava, to what extent has slovak government intervention been successful in reducing the negative externality resulting from cigarette consumption in slovakia, effect of seasonality on the real estate market in riga, what market structure best represents ice cream parlours in the old town of bratislava, how has the 'punjab regulation of wood based industries rules, 2019' enacted by the punjab government had an effect on the wood furniture manufacturers of nabha , are direct taxes the best way to address overconsumption of demerit goods, to what extent does the presence of other cocoa processing firms in cameroon’s cocoa processing industry affect the economy of the “sic cacaos”, to what extent has the covid-19 pandemic affected the pricing of the residential housing market in the austin-round rock metropolitan statistical area since march 2020”, to what extent did microcredit create economic growth and development in dhaka, bangladesh through the empowerment of women before and after the covid-19 pandemic, to what extent and why has covid-19 made india substitute cash with digital modes of payment through upi and what are its spillover effects, to what extent pm kisan samman nidhi yojana (pmksny) has affected debt, income and expenditure on education and healthcare raising the living standards of farmers in sitapura ramoli village and achanchukya village in jaipur from 2020-2021, what have been the economic consequences of covid-19 on the hotel industry in new york city, to what extent did selected implemented government policies in australia, france and singapore achieve optimal covid-19 vaccination rates in 2021, impact of the “make in india” campaign on growth and development of india., to what extent has the state of california government’s policy to permit electric vehicles in “high occupancy lanes” been effective in reducing negative externalities of internal combustion vehicles in los angeles city, to what extent has the extensive spread of social media changed consumer habits and therefore the composition of marketing activities of avon hungary from 2018 to 2021, to what extent is the recent introduction of toll gates within abu dhabi an effective response to market failure, to what extent has the provision of pmjay-cmchis health insurance scheme of 2018 improved the health and thereby the living conditions of the residents of jallipatti village, tiruppur district, india, how has the polish government’s 500+ policy impacted the standard of living in wilanow district in 2016-2019, the government regulation (lex uber bill) and its impact on the hire-car (uber) market 2019, how do weather conditions impact the price of mushrooms in two different localities in poland, to what extend does a vaping tax encourage cigarette smoking, how did covid-19 trigger an e-commerce turning point in the u.s, tax on fat to reduce healthcare cost in britian, examining government intervention to increase consumption of low-emission cars in germany, the effect of the imposition of the carbon cess on the electricity consumption of the sports good industry of meerut.

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• Using AI in the Research Process (Extended Essay) (Tim, AI, artificial intelligence, extended essay, research, research process) ...AI in the Research ProcessAI can:Help you understand the steps you need to take in order to conduct research and write your Extended Essay .Recommend a variety of literature work(s) or non-literary texts to read to support with initial, but very vagu...
• Extended Essay (Extended Essay) The extended essay is an IB core requirement, where students explore a subject in depth. The subject must relate to one of the courses offered in Groups 1 - 6 of the IB Diploma Programme. The extended essay is an opportunity to demonstrate research...
• Extended Essays: Studies in Language Sample Topics and Research Questions ...torical strategies employed by the National Rifle Association (NRA) in its (contemporary) press releases. Doing this kind of Extended Essay involves developing an appreciation of a specific historically and culturally situated issue, including the ro...
• HL Essay: Exemplar 5 (Small Axe) Students, increasingly, write Higher Level Essay s and Extended Essay s on film and television. They also discuss these things in their Individual Orals. Presumably, in part, this is because teachers are teaching film and television in their classes. H...
• HL Essay: Exemplar 7: The Awakening ...ow. It doesn’t receive full marks; we’ll tell you that too. It is, however, exactly 1500 words and cannot, therefore, be extended . Something needs to be changed and improved to attain full marks. What, in this generally excellent essay , can be ma...
• HL Essay: Exemplar 11 (The Remains of the Day) ...the suppression of desire and personal fulfillment, that underpins the novel’s comic and tragic qualities.Stevens uses the extended metaphor of the ‘tiger under the table’ to illustrate the English quality of self-restraint. He demonstrates thi...
• Q&A For Students: The Higher Level Essay and the Individual Oral ...our students. They are studying English A: Language and Literature, five other subjects, studying TOK, doing CAS, writing an Extended Essay , negotiating life and perhaps, we hope, actually having and enjoying their lives. The IB is a tall order. It&#...
• Sample Essays (pre-2018) (Tim, EE, Extended Essays, old extended essays, pre-2018 extended essays) All of these Extended Essay s were written before 2018.  The EE guide changed for first examinations in 2018.  The Extended Essay s housed here (pre-2018) were written under "old" requirements.  These EEs were also marked using different...
• EE Category 3 (The Language of Self-Help) (Tim, EE, Extended Essay, Category 3, The Language of Self-Help, Exemplar, model essay, IB Core) ...who fall somewhere in between these two extremes.  It is often with this vast majority of students where the spirit of the Extended Essay can shine.  Even if the essay is not the most analytical or insightful, the purpose of the EE is to instill i...
• Requirements (first exam in 2018) (Tim, EE, Extended Essay, Requirements, IB Core, IB Diploma Core) While the extended essay is an excellent opportunity to explore a topic of choice in depth, it is important that we adhere to the basic requirements of the IB.  It is easy to become carried away with an idea that seems fantastic, but in the end is n...

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• 2018 EE Category 1 (Othello) (Tim, Extended Essay, Category 1, exemplar, model example, Othello, EE, literature) The Extended Essay went under significant revision and students in the May 2018 cohort were the first to submit essay s using completely new marking criteria.Here at InThinking, we have published several Extended Essay s.  For example, we have shown...
• 2019 EE Category 1 (N.W.A Song Lyrics) (Extended Essay, Black Lives Matter, EE, Category 1, NWA, song lyrics, exemplar, Tim) ...5th and final one in the series, looks at how a student could take a personal interest (a love of music) and turn it into an Extended Essay .  The student analyzes N.W.A songs under the larger question "How is police brutality protrayed through...
• Post 5 – a 2019 EE Category 1 (N.W.A Song Lyrics) (Extended Essay, Black Lives Matter, EE, Category 1, NWA, song lyrics, exemplar, Tim) ...5th and final one in the series, looks at how a student could take a personal interest (a love of music) and turn it into an Extended Essay .  The student analyzes N.W.A songs under the larger question "How is police brutality protrayed through...
• Criteria (first exam in 2018) (Tim, EE, Extended Essay Criteria, Criteria, EE) The assessment criteria for the extended essay are both general to all subjects and specific to each subject. The criteria given below are the specific to the Language A: Language and Literature course. These are summaries of the actual criteria, whi...
• 2020 EE Category 2 (The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle and We Have Always Lived in the Castle) (Tim, EE, C2 EE, Extended Essay) ...ept appearing.  She kept thinking about them and thinking about why the authors included them?  That thinking lead to this Extended Essay .It is not a top scoring EE (it scores a low B at 22 total points).  Instead, it is a good example of a studen...
• IB Core (Extended Essay, TOK, ) The English A: Language and Literature course is part of the holistic IB learning explerience. The Extended Essay requirement provides students with the opportunity to write a 3,000 - 4,000 words on a topic of interest from one of their subject area...
• EE Category 1 (The House of Blue Mangoes) This Extended Essay is a Group 1, Category 1 Extended Essay . That is, it is the study of a literary work – in this instance David Davidar’s debut novel The House of Blue Mangoes – originally written in the language (English) in which the essay ...
• EE - Studies in Language - Sample 1 For the first time, in 2013, students were able to submit a Group 1 Extended Essay (EE) in ‘Studies in Language’. The Group 1 essay s, now, are sub-divided into 3 categories as follows:Category 1—Studies of a literary work(s) originally written...
• EE C2 S1 (Chaucer) The following Extended Essay compares and contrasts Giovani Boccaccio's version of Griselda's Tale from the Decameron with Geoffrey Chaucer's version of Griselda's Tale from the Canterbury Tales. Taking on such a comparison is a chall...
• EE Category 1 (The Virgin Suicides) This Extended Essay is a Group 1, Category 1 Extended Essay . That is, it is the study of a literary work – in this instance Jeffrey Eugenides’ 1993 novel The Virgin Suicides – originally written in the language (English) in which the essay is p...
• EE Category 1 (Great Expectations) This Extended Essay is a Group 1, Category 1 Extended Essay . That is, it is the study of a literary work – in this instance Charles Dickens’ widely known and highly regarded novel Great Expectations – originally written in the language (English...
• EE Category 1 (Oryx and Crake) ...ispensable if students are to replicate good practice in their own craft.Below, students have the opportunity to appraise an Extended Essay (EE) written about Margaret Atwood’s celebrated novel Oryx and Crake. It’s a good, intelligent essay , but...
• EE C1 S1 (Disgrace) ...it according to the criteria below. Do your marks match the examiner's marks? Where do the differences lie?Sample essay   Extended Essay Category 1 Sample 1 (Disgrace)Title pageTitle: “The search for identity in South African post-apartheid lit...
• Using Supporting Quotations in Paper 2 ...sses. It does not have to be an English class. It could be something you have written in another subject or, for example, an Extended Essay or TOK Exhibition. What sources have you quoted? Is it clearly integrated? Is it well introduced? Is it effect...
• EE Category 1 (Lewis Carroll) This Extended Essay is a Group 1, Category 1 Extended Essay . Unlike previous Category 1 essay s published on the site, this essay is comparative, comparing and contrasting Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Gl...
• 2022 EE Category 2 (The Bell Jar and The Vegetarian) (Tim, EE, The Bell Jar, The Vegetarian, Category 2) This Category 2 Extended Essay is excellent.  The student takes a well-known, classic piece of literature and compares and contrasts it to a contemporary award-winning novel from South Korea.  In her essay , the student asks this question: How do S...
• 2019 EE Category 1 (When Breath Becomes Air) (Tim, EE, When Breath Becomes Air, memoir, Category 1) ...ontains such beauty and it’s no wonder that students also love the memoir. It was from this beginning that the seed of an extended essay grew.  This is technically a C1 EE even though it is nonfiction.  The memoir is too rich not to be considere...
• P2 SL (The Kite Runner and A Hero of Our Time) ...90 minutes to complete their essay . With this in mind, it is perhaps unreasonable to anticipate that the student could have extended the discussion by any significant margin. The student uses two novels to exemplify the discussion: Lermentov’s A H...
• Skills The extended essay is the culmination of a long process. You could say that the final product is like the tip of a very deep iceberg. While you 'only' see 3,000 - 4,000 words, hours of research, writing, editing and reviewing lie below the s...
• Research questions ...r music videosConcern for stereotyping, bias and prejudiceAim to define a dialect or non-standardized form of language Good extended essay research questions as downloadable PDF.Rewrite the questionTaking what you know now about the key characterist...
• Bodies of work (Tim, bodies of work, new IB course, new course, 2021 exams, body of work) ...(first assessment 2021) published in February of 2019 and updated in August of 2019, the IB defines a body of work as “an extended , full-length non-literary text or a group of shorter non-literary texts that are of one same text type and that shar...
• Sample essays (EE) ...without saying that sample material is an excellent way to make yourself more familiar with the assessment criteria for the extended essay . You can compare your marks with the examiner's. The samples have been labeled 'EE' for 'exten...
• P1 SL (The Language of African Literature) ...peasant family: father, four wives and about twenty-eight children. I also belonged, as we all did in those days, to a wider extended family and to the community as a whole. We spoke Gĩkũyũ as we worked in the fields. We spoke Gĩkũyũ in and out...
• Opinion column (opinion column, blog, editorial, ) ...piece on existentialism. But in more concrete terms, popular works of non-fiction, such as No Logo or Buyology make cases as extended essay s should. You may not write either forms of essay writing for your written task. Blog - With the arrival of the...
• EE Category 3 (Breaking Bad) ...s some familiarity with Breaking Bad is not, to a greater or lesser extent, captivated by it.Students in their search for an Extended Essay (EE) topic, frequently ask if they can engage with some aspect of popular culture – Breaking Bad, say - for...
• Paper 2: Sample Response 11 (A View from the Bridge and Persepolis) ...ning, and there are many good illustrations of this in the essay . Comparison and contrast is good, but, again, this could be extended or made more explicit.Criterion C: Focus and organisation (5 marks)How effectively does the student structure and pr...
• Solar: Getting things wrong and the power of stories ...gun ownership. Your fellow passenger argues that owning and carrying guns would make people safer. You know – you wrote an Extended Essay on this, no less – that what the other passenger says is statistically insupportable. To change his mind, wo...
• Just Do It - Protest! (Tim, Just do it, protest, advertising, advertisement, Nike, Colin Kaepernick, controversy, controversial) ...tfolio over two or three lessons.  This should include all the advertisements being used, the annotations of those ads, and extended thinking about them. 4.  Decide if you want to have an assessment task (of your choosing) connected to #1- #3.  F...
• WT2 Q4 (Persepolis) (Persepolis, WT2, written task 2, Marjane Satrapi) ...h a text that seems to parody another text, act as a pastiche on a particular genre, or allude to another regularly, like an extended metaphor, then this question may be appropriate. See texts on this page for several non-literary commercials that wo...
• Representations of Women in Cartoons (A Body of Work) (Tim, representation, perspective, readers writers and texts, body of work, cartoons, Liza Donnelly, women) ...eptual questions (or area of exploration questions) using these two cartoons in their Learner Portfolio.  This should be an extended written response, but not yet an essay or guided textual analysis (think one page of writing).  In the lesson, have...
• Understanding Modality ...ries and advertisements. Students can show an awareness of modality in response to Paper 1 texts. The activites above can be extended to a Further Oral Activity (FOA). If Orwell is studied in the literature components of the course, modality is one a...
• Faction ...to the Balti, who trekked long distances to graze their animals in summer, and he handed them out to members of Haji Ali’s extended family. To Sakina, he gave his camping stove, capable of burning the kerosene found in every Balti village. He drape...
• What is this thing called free speech? ...may be these: (i) What is the value of free speech? (ii) What limits should we set to free speech?This page was updated and extended in December 2018.Activity 1: Choose the Aphorism Choose the AphorismTeachers should place the following statements...
• Course Construction: Q&A ...is – has to be – transferable. That is, moving through the course, understandings established now will be revisited and extended in the future. Also, these magazine covers are multimodal texts – there is a visual and written mode, although the...
• Undocumented worker or illegal immigrant - The language of immigration (with body of work) (Tim, immigration, body of work, immigrant, undocumented worker, illegal immigrant) ...n find them here and here.  In the resources below, you will find many single text types and two opportunities to create an extended or further study of a body of work.  In other words, when you think it is appropriate, zoom into a body of work if...
• Undocumented worker or illegal immigrant - The language of immigration (with bodies of work) (Tim, immigration, body of work, immigrant, undocumented worker, illegal immigrant, perspective, representation) ...n find them here and here.  In the resources below, you will find many single text types and two opportunities to create an extended or further study of a body of work.  In other words, when you think it is appropriate, zoom into a body of work if...

Blog Posts: 9 results

4 full matches:.

• 2022 Category 2 Extended Essay (The Bell Jar and The Vegetarian) (Tim, 2022, EE, C2, Category 2, Extended Essay, The Bell Jar, The Vegetarian) ...the questions that arise from the powerful conclusion - there's a whole lot to celebrate in this EE!  You can find the Extended Essay here.  Best,Tim and David...
• Extended Essay in Studies in Language ..., our students are preparing for Theory of Knowledge (TOK) presentations, and they are beginning to work with supervisors on Extended Essay s (EEs). Students, as you may know, are now able to write a Group 1, Category 3 EE in ‘Studies in Languag...
• Working with Artificial Intelligence - 2 New Pages (Tim, AI, artificial intelligence, extended essay, research, research process, great debate, AI or student) ...st page is pretty self-explanatory.  It involves helping students use artificial intelligence in the process of writing the Extended Essay .  The second page we are publishing this week is a lesson plan that asks students to debate each other about...
• An Open Letter to Students (about the subject reports) (Tim, Blog, Letter, Subject Reports) ...ore precise—it details all the ways that students and teachers screwed up in 2015.Because I know you are busy writing your Extended Essay , completing your CAS reflections, and trying to figure out what the heck you are actually learning in ToK, let...

5 Partial matches:

• For Students: Higher Level Essay (Tim, Higher Level Essay, for students section, for students) This week, I’ve been working on the “For Students” section of the site with a specific focus on the Higher Level Essay .  I’ve created the following pages for this week’s update:Higher Level Essay What is it?How am I graded?Can I read an ex...
• HL Essay: Exemplar 8 (Graphic Novel - Hostage) (Tim, HLE, Higher Level Essay, graphic novel, Hostage, exemplar, model example) ...the formatting right.  Students will be well-served to study this exemplar to see how to correctly embed evidence into the essay itself.  Students will also be well-served to notice what is missing in this exemplar and how the student could have u...
• Supporting Students with the Higher Level Essay (Tim, Higher Level Essay, For Students, Helping students, process) This week, I’ve finalized the Higher Level Essay pages in the “For Students” section of the site.  The title of each page is written in the form of a question with the answer in the actual post itself.  You’ll find posts about the line of...
• George Orwell's Essays: The HL Essay and Global Issues ...offers students opportunities to identify global issues, and supports them in identifying ideas for their Higher Level (HL) Essay . We hope that you and your students enjoy your study of George Orwell and his essay s.David and Tim...
• Paper 2: Writing About Literature ...s frequently struggle with, you are likely to receive a range of replies. Some of the answers will highlight the minutiae of essay writing, and that is reasonable enough. However, one big and frequently observed problem with Paper 2 responses is that...

Comments: 117 results

Hello both;

Hi David and Tim,

We have a student who is exploring the following for her Extended Essay : How do Tamil artists utilize art and literature to express the generational impacts of persecution and genocide?

EE Candidate 1: Category1:

Can you please clarify the following regarding an English A: Language and Literature Extended Essay Cat 3:

I have a student who is interested in writing about a non-literary text for their Extended Essay and then also including it as part of their IOA. Is that possible?

Hi Coralie,

Since neither writer is on the PRL, I would suggest the essay is a category 3 essay , in part because of the nature of the works, and perhaps also because of the student's emphasis on language.

Kind regards,

I have one question regarding HL essay - can students write their essay on two texts by two different authors ? Or is it advisable to stick to one author only ?

Best regards,

Good morning

I am instructing my students about the HL essay and seem to remember there was a compulsory OUTLINE that had to be handed in with the HL essay . Is this (still) true?

One of my student wants to use a film that we have worked with in class for her HL essay . The thing is that she is not analysing language per se.

A:5 B:3 C:3 D:4

Hello David and Tim,

Do you have any advice on when a good deadline would be for the HLE essay , assuming the IO would take in place in semester 1 of year 2?

Thanks for your help,

Please note we normally guide students to clearly distinguish texts they plan to use for the oral, Higher Level essay , and Paper 2 to avoid double dipping.

Studies in language based on one or more texts originally produced in the language in which the essay is presented. Texts can be compared with a translated text originally written in another language.

Laura Kearsley

Students can write their HL essay on a film studied. In almost all instances, students should include relevant still images, and these should be embedded into the body of the response (i.e. not as an appendix).

So then for cat 1, since it says "Studies of one or more literary works originally written in the language in which the essay is presented." - can the student look at multiple Rossetti's poems? Thanks again

Many thanks,

Hello gentlemen,

No outline is required for the HL Essay . On the other hand, an outline is required for the Individual Oral (IO).

Is it ok to use 1st person POV in the EE, like "my essay will explore" or is it better to keep everything in 3rd person POV? Thank you,

Hi Everyone!

Happy new year!!!!

I have a question. What happens if in the HL essay the student needs a big quote and includes it as a foot note? Is that Allowed? Can you please help me with this?

Thank you so much!

As this is my first year teaching Language A I am struggling a bit with the HL essay . I have these two questions which I think are fine, but could you give me some feedback please?

I have a student who would like to complete a cat 3 essay focusing on advertisements. On this, must students pick one brand to focus on or can they choose advertisements from different brands but the connection is thematic?

Dear David and Tim,

Dear Tim and David,

One of my students has chosen this for her HL essay :

I have a group of ten HL students and four of them have chosen to do their HL essay on The Stranger by Camus, The four have very different titles but they all consider the narrative voice as that was the focus of my teaching

The HLE does not require students to explicitly mention one of the seven course concepts in the essay . It's not in the grading criteria, for example.

Can the Monbiot essay s be considered literary in terms of the IO? For example, could you pair a Monbiot essay with a Steve Cutts image? Or would that be disqualified?

If she is only considering the lyrics, it is a category 1 essay . I believe one of the seasons on the Dissect podcast (season 11?) considered Radiohead. I think it would be very worthwhile for the kid to listen to this podcast.

Kind regards

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Marks from the EE are turned into grades, using the grade boundaries . The EE grade is combined with the TOK grade to determine the number of bonus points awarded, using the following 'matrix'. If you do not submit your extended essay on time (NS = Not Submitted) , or you do not submit your TOK essay on time you will not be awarded your IB Diploma. Failure to submit either will result in a failure to receive the Diploma.

Creativity, Activity, Service (CAS) is of course the third required component of the IB Diploma Programme 'core'. Besides earning grades for the EE and TOK, candidates must fulfil the requirements for CAS in order to receive their diploma.

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What are tactical nuclear weapons and why did Russia order drills?

R ussia's Defense Ministry said Monday that the military would hold drills involving tactical nuclear weapons — the first time such an exercise has been publicly announced by Moscow .

A look at tactical nuclear weapons and the part they play in the Kremlin's political messaging.

Unlike nuclear-tipped intercontinental ballistic missiles that can destroy entire cities, tactical nuclear weapons for use against troops on the battlefield are less powerful and can have a yield as small as about 1 kiloton. The U.S. bomb dropped on Hiroshima during World War II was 15 kilotons.

Such battlefield nuclear weapons — aerial bombs, warheads for short-range missiles or artillery munitions — can be very compact. Their small size allows them to be discreetly carried on a truck or plane.

Unlike strategic weapons, which have been subject to arms control agreements between Moscow and Washington, tactical weapons never have been limited by any such pacts, and Russia hasn’t released their numbers or any other specifics related to them.

Since launching the full-scale invasion of Ukraine on Feb. 24, 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin has repeatedly reminded Western nations about Moscow’s nuclear might in a bid to discourage them from increasing military support to Kyiv.

Early on in the war, Putin frequently referenced Moscow’s nuclear arsenal by vowing repeatedly to use “all means” necessary to protect Russia. But he later toned down his statements as Ukraine's offensive last summer failed to reach its goals and Russia scored more gains on the battlefield.

Moscow's defense doctrine envisages a nuclear response to an atomic strike or even an attack with conventional weapons that “threaten the very existence of the Russian state.” That vague wording has led some pro-Kremlin Russian experts to urge Putin to sharpen it to force the West to take the warnings more seriously.

Putin said last fall that he sees no reason for such a change.

“There is no situation in which anything would threaten Russian statehood and the existence of the Russian state,” he said. “I think that no person of sober mind and clear memory could have an idea to use nuclear weapons against Russia.”

Last year, Russia moved some of its tactical nuclear weapons into the territory of Belarus , an ally that neighbors Ukraine and NATO members Poland, Latvia and Lithuania.

Belarus' authoritarian president, Alexander Lukashenko , had long urged Moscow to station nuclear weapons in his country, which has close military ties with Russia and served as a staging ground for the war in Ukraine.

Both Putin and Lukashenko said that nuclear weapons deployment to Belarus was intended to counter perceived Western threats. Last year, Putin specifically linked the move to the U.K. government’s decision to provide Ukraine with armor-piercing shells containing depleted uranium.

Neither leader said how many were moved — only that Soviet-era facilities in the country were readied to accommodate them, and that Belarusian pilots and missile crews were trained to use them. The weapons have remained under Russian military control.

The deployment of tactical nuclear weapons to Belarus, which has a 1,084-kilometer (673-mile) border with Ukraine, would allow Russian aircraft and missiles to reach potential targets there more easily and quickly, if Moscow decides to use them. It has also extended Russia’s capability to target several NATO allies in Eastern and Central Europe.

Follow the AP’s coverage of the war at https://apnews.com/hub/russia-ukraine

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Satellite Images Reveal Where Russian Nukes Could Be Stored in Belarus

A New York Times analysis shows security upgrades unique to Russian nuclear storage facilities at a Cold War-era munitions depot.

By Christoph Koettl

The New York Times, Source: Maxar Technologies

A newly added air defense system.

A distinctive security checkpoint.

And a triple fence around a bunker.

These new security features and other upgrades at a munitions depot in central Belarus reveal that Russia is building facilities there that could house nuclear warheads. If Russia does move weapons to this location, it would mark the first time it has stored them outside the country since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Russia already has nuclear warheads on its own soil that are close to Ukraine and NATO countries, but by basing some in Belarus, the Kremlin appears to be trying to accentuate its nuclear threat and bolster its nuclear deterrent.

Russia’s president, Vladimir V. Putin, made reference to such a site early last year, saying Russia would soon be completing the construction of “special storage for tactical nuclear weapons” in Belarus.

The New York Times analyzed satellite imagery and photos, and spoke with nuclear weapons and arms control experts, to track the new construction, which started in March 2023.

The site is 120 miles north of the Ukrainian border at a military depot next to the town of Asipovichy. Some of the recently built structures there have features that are unique to nuclear storage facilities at bases inside Russia. For example, a new, highly secure area is surrounded by three layers of fencing, in addition to the existing security perimeter of the entire base. Another telltale sign is a covered loading area connected to what appears to be a concealed Soviet-era underground bunker.

Hans Kristensen of the Federation of American Scientists, who has analyzed the site , said that the nuclear developments in Belarus “appear designed to unnerve NATO’s easternmost member states, but will not give Russia a significant new military advantage in the region.”

There is no consensus definition of a tactical nuclear weapon, as opposed to longer-range strategic arms. But Russia defines tactical arms as those with a range of up to 300 kilometers, about 186 miles. Because nuclear programs are so secretive, it’s possible there are other locations in Belarus where Russia is storing warheads — and the Kremlin may have even moved some to the Asipovichy location, though all indications suggest otherwise. Both the Russian and Belarusian ministries of defense did not respond to requests for comment.

Nuclear warheads are typically stored close to military bases with the capability to deliver the weapons. The suspected nuclear storage site is in the same town as Belarus’s Iskander missiles, which can be used to launch nuclear or conventional warheads. Russia delivered the Iskanders to Belarus in 2022.

Over the past week, both Russia and Belarus have made statements about nuclear weapons drills. On Monday, the Kremlin said it would hold military exercises with troops based near Ukraine to train for the possible use of tactical nuclear weapons. On Tuesday, the Belarusian defense minister told state media that an inspection had begun of the Iskander forces and other nuclear weapons delivery systems.

Russia’s comments immediately provoked condemnation by the U.S. and NATO for “irresponsible rhetoric.”

“We are reviving Cold War practices, hence we are reviving Cold War risks,” said Jeffrey Lewis , an arms control expert at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey in California.

In 2023, as new fences went up to create a higher-security area at the Asipovichy base, a covered area was revamped, including a truck loading dock that now has a new roof, shielding any activities from surveillance above. These renovations are consistent with structures seen at other former Soviet nuclear storage sites. Seen below, a matching dock in Hungary contains an internal entrance to an old, tree-covered underground bunker.

William Moon , an independent consultant and former official with the Pentagon’s Defense Threat Reduction Agency , told The Times that the design of the Asipovichy upgrades, with triple fencing, one main entry and an emergency exit, resembles the Russian nuclear warhead storage sites he has seen in person. Mr. Moon, who worked on nuclear warhead security with Russia, said, “When we were working with their standards, they would require that third layer fencing.”

He said that in addition to added security, he would also expect separate housing for the Russian military unit that remains in control of the nuclear warheads. Three new buildings, which appear to be either for administrative use or barracks, have been set up in the depot entrance area, and an additional area is currently being bulldozed.

At the entrance to the triple-fenced zone, a security checkpoint — a covered inspection area next to a guardhouse — was added in 2023. These types of structures have become fixtures over the last two decades at nuclear sites inside Russia, according to Michael Duitsman , a colleague of Mr. Lewis’s at the Middlebury Institute. They are a “ unique feature not seen at other Russian bases ,” he said.

Security checkpoints fit a distinct pattern

Asipovichy, Belarus

Novgorod Oblast, Russia

Khabarovsk Krai, Russia

Belgorod Oblast, Russia

Sources: Analysis by Michael Duitsman, Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey; Maxar Technologies; Google Earth

By The New York Times

In recent weeks, construction began on what may be new buildings. “The details are still uncertain, but construction has clearly entered a new phase,” said Mr. Kristensen.

An air defense system has also been brought in to protect the site. It was initially spotted camouflaged in mid-2023, including through radar satellite imagery provided by the space company Umbra . Since September, one of the air defense vehicles has been deployed in a field about a mile from the bunker. Asipovichy is part of nuclear history. The same site that Russia is building out today was likely used to store nuclear weapons during the Cold War. The Soviet Union began basing nuclear missile brigades in and around the town in the 1960s, according to William Alberque, who has been a director at the think tank International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) and a Pentagon and NATO official. It also stationed a military unit that managed nuclear weapons at an artillery munitions storage site, he said. After the Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991, all nuclear weapons were removed from Belarus.

Declassified U.S. intelligence satellite photos of the Asipovichy site taken during the Cold War appear to show these two functions. The southern section was thought to be for conventional weapons, with clearings and many storage buildings. In a separate, tree-covered northern section, four bunkers are visible, with a walled compound farther north — the exact spot where the current construction can be seen.

Asipovichy Military Depot | 1984

Source: United States Geological Survey

While the 1970 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty prohibits the transfer of nuclear weapons to non-nuclear states, it doesn’t ban housing nuclear weapons abroad if control is maintained by the country that owns them. Under NATO’s nuclear sharing arrangement , the U.S. currently has nuclear weapons in some member countries.

A U.S. State Department spokesperson would not say if the United States was monitoring any particular site in Belarus, but said the department is keeping a close eye on the situation in order “to ensure Russia maintains control of its weapons in the event of any deployment to Belarus and upholds its obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.” An April 2024 State Department report said that the U.S. would not change its nuclear posture in response to the developments in Belarus.

Julian E. Barnes and Dmitriy Khavin contributed reporting. Phil Robibero , Blacki Migliozzi , David Botti and Alexander Cardia contributed visual production.

Christoph Koettl is a Times reporter on the Visual Investigations team . More about Christoph Koettl