argumentative essay about definition

Argumentative Essay

Definition of argumentative essay.

An argumentative essay is a type of essay that presents arguments about both sides of an issue. It could be that both sides are presented equally balanced, or it could be that one side is presented more forcefully than the other. It all depends on the writer, and what side he supports the most. The general structure of an argumentative essay follows this format:

• Introduction : Attention Grabber/ hook , Background Information , Thesis Statement
• Body : Three body paragraphs (three major arguments)
• Counterargument : An argument to refute earlier arguments and give weight to the actual position
• Conclusion : Rephrasing the thesis statement , major points, call to attention, or concluding remarks .

Models for Argumentative Essays

There are two major models besides this structure given above, which is called a classical model. Two other models are the Toulmin and Rogerian models.

Toulmin model is comprised of an introduction with a claim or thesis, followed by the presentation of data to support the claim. Warrants are then listed for the reasons to support the claim with backing and rebuttals. However, the Rogerian model asks to weigh two options, lists the strengths and weaknesses of both options, and gives a recommendation after an analysis.

Five Types of Argument Claims in Essay Writing  

There are five major types of argument claims as given below.

• A claim of definition
• A claim about values
• A claim about the reason
• A claim about comparison
• A claim about policy or position

A writer makes a claim about these issues and answers the relevant questions about it with relevant data and evidence to support the claim.

Three Major Types of Argument and How to Apply Them

Classical argument.

This model of applying argument is also called the Aristotelian model developed by Aristotle. This type of essay introduces the claim, with the opinion of the writer about the claim, its both perspectives, supported by evidence, and provides a conclusion about the better perspective . This essay includes an introduction, a body having the argument and support, a counter-argument with support, and a conclusion.

Toulmin Argument

This model developed by Stephen Toulmin is based on the claim followed by grounds, warrant, backing, qualifier, and rebuttal . Its structure comprises, an introduction having the main claim, a body with facts and evidence, while its rebuttal comprises counter-arguments and a conclusion.

Rogerian Argument

The third model by Carl Rogers has different perspectives having proof to support and a conclusion based on all the available perspectives. Its structure comprises an introduction with a thesis, the opposite point of view and claim, a middle-ground for both or more perspectives, and a conclusion.

Four Steps to Outline and Argumentative Essay

There are four major steps to outlining an argumentative essay.

• Introduction with background, claim, and thesis.
• Body with facts, definition, claim, cause and effect, or policy.
• The opposing point of view with pieces of evidence.

Examples of Argumentative Essay in Literature

Example #1: put a little science in your life by brian greene.

“When we consider the ubiquity of cellphones, iPods, personal computers and the Internet, it’s easy to see how science (and the technology to which it leads) is woven into the fabric of our day-to-day activities . When we benefit from CT scanners, M.R.I. devices, pacemakers and arterial stents, we can immediately appreciate how science affects the quality of our lives. When we assess the state of the world, and identify looming challenges like climate change, global pandemics, security threats and diminishing resources, we don’t hesitate in turning to science to gauge the problems and find solutions. And when we look at the wealth of opportunities hovering on the horizon—stem cells, genomic sequencing, personalized medicine, longevity research, nanoscience, brain-machine interface, quantum computers, space technology—we realize how crucial it is to cultivate a general public that can engage with scientific issues; there’s simply no other way that as a society we will be prepared to make informed decisions on a range of issues that will shape the future.”

These two paragraphs present an argument about two scientific fields — digital products and biotechnology. It has also given full supporting details with names.

Example #2: Boys Here, Girls There: Sure, If Equality’s the Goal by Karen Stabiner

“The first objections last week came from the National Organization for Women and the New York Civil Liberties Union, both of which opposed the opening of TYWLS in the fall of 1996. The two groups continue to insist—as though it were 1896 and they were arguing Plessy v. Ferguson—that separate can never be equal. I appreciate NOW ’s wariness of the Bush administration’s endorsement of single-sex public schools, since I am of the generation that still considers the label “feminist” to be a compliment—and many feminists still fear that any public acknowledgment of differences between the sexes will hinder their fight for equality .”

This paragraph by Karen Stabiner presents an objection to the argument of separation between public schools. It has been fully supported with evidence of the court case.

Example #3: The Flight from Conversation by Sherry Turkle

“We’ve become accustomed to a new way of being “ alone together.” Technology-enabled, we are able to be with one another, and also elsewhere, connected to wherever we want to be. We want to customize our lives. We want to move in and out of where we are because the thing we value most is control over where we focus our attention. We have gotten used to the idea of being in a tribe of one, loyal to our own party.”

This is an argument by Sherry Turkle, who beautifully presented it in the first person plural dialogues . However, it is clear that this is part of a greater argument instead of the essay.

Function of Argumentative Essay

An argumentative essay presents both sides of an issue. However, it presents one side more positively or meticulously than the other one, so that readers could be swayed to the one the author intends. The major function of this type of essay is to present a case before the readers in a convincing manner, showing them the complete picture.

Synonyms of Argumentative Essay

Argumentative Essay synonyms are as follows: persuasive essays, research essays, analytical essays, or even some personal essays.

Related posts:

• Elements of an Essay
• Narrative Essay
• Definition Essay
• Descriptive Essay
• Types of Essay
• Analytical Essay
• Cause and Effect Essay
• Critical Essay
• Expository Essay
• Persuasive Essay
• Process Essay
• Explicatory Essay
• An Essay on Man: Epistle I
• Comparison and Contrast Essay

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Argumentative Essays

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What is an argumentative essay?

The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner.

Please note : Some confusion may occur between the argumentative essay and the expository essay. These two genres are similar, but the argumentative essay differs from the expository essay in the amount of pre-writing (invention) and research involved. The argumentative essay is commonly assigned as a capstone or final project in first year writing or advanced composition courses and involves lengthy, detailed research. Expository essays involve less research and are shorter in length. Expository essays are often used for in-class writing exercises or tests, such as the GED or GRE.

Argumentative essay assignments generally call for extensive research of literature or previously published material. Argumentative assignments may also require empirical research where the student collects data through interviews, surveys, observations, or experiments. Detailed research allows the student to learn about the topic and to understand different points of view regarding the topic so that she/he may choose a position and support it with the evidence collected during research. Regardless of the amount or type of research involved, argumentative essays must establish a clear thesis and follow sound reasoning.

The structure of the argumentative essay is held together by the following.

• A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first paragraph of the essay.

In the first paragraph of an argument essay, students should set the context by reviewing the topic in a general way. Next the author should explain why the topic is important ( exigence ) or why readers should care about the issue. Lastly, students should present the thesis statement. It is essential that this thesis statement be appropriately narrowed to follow the guidelines set forth in the assignment. If the student does not master this portion of the essay, it will be quite difficult to compose an effective or persuasive essay.

• Clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion.

Transitions are the mortar that holds the foundation of the essay together. Without logical progression of thought, the reader is unable to follow the essay’s argument, and the structure will collapse. Transitions should wrap up the idea from the previous section and introduce the idea that is to follow in the next section.

• Body paragraphs that include evidential support.

Each paragraph should be limited to the discussion of one general idea. This will allow for clarity and direction throughout the essay. In addition, such conciseness creates an ease of readability for one’s audience. It is important to note that each paragraph in the body of the essay must have some logical connection to the thesis statement in the opening paragraph. Some paragraphs will directly support the thesis statement with evidence collected during research. It is also important to explain how and why the evidence supports the thesis ( warrant ).

However, argumentative essays should also consider and explain differing points of view regarding the topic. Depending on the length of the assignment, students should dedicate one or two paragraphs of an argumentative essay to discussing conflicting opinions on the topic. Rather than explaining how these differing opinions are wrong outright, students should note how opinions that do not align with their thesis might not be well informed or how they might be out of date.

• Evidential support (whether factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal).

The argumentative essay requires well-researched, accurate, detailed, and current information to support the thesis statement and consider other points of view. Some factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal evidence should support the thesis. However, students must consider multiple points of view when collecting evidence. As noted in the paragraph above, a successful and well-rounded argumentative essay will also discuss opinions not aligning with the thesis. It is unethical to exclude evidence that may not support the thesis. It is not the student’s job to point out how other positions are wrong outright, but rather to explain how other positions may not be well informed or up to date on the topic.

• A conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis, but readdresses it in light of the evidence provided.

It is at this point of the essay that students may begin to struggle. This is the portion of the essay that will leave the most immediate impression on the mind of the reader. Therefore, it must be effective and logical. Do not introduce any new information into the conclusion; rather, synthesize the information presented in the body of the essay. Restate why the topic is important, review the main points, and review your thesis. You may also want to include a short discussion of more research that should be completed in light of your work.

A complete argument

Perhaps it is helpful to think of an essay in terms of a conversation or debate with a classmate. If I were to discuss the cause of World War II and its current effect on those who lived through the tumultuous time, there would be a beginning, middle, and end to the conversation. In fact, if I were to end the argument in the middle of my second point, questions would arise concerning the current effects on those who lived through the conflict. Therefore, the argumentative essay must be complete, and logically so, leaving no doubt as to its intent or argument.

The five-paragraph essay

A common method for writing an argumentative essay is the five-paragraph approach. This is, however, by no means the only formula for writing such essays. If it sounds straightforward, that is because it is; in fact, the method consists of (a) an introductory paragraph (b) three evidentiary body paragraphs that may include discussion of opposing views and (c) a conclusion.

Longer argumentative essays

Complex issues and detailed research call for complex and detailed essays. Argumentative essays discussing a number of research sources or empirical research will most certainly be longer than five paragraphs. Authors may have to discuss the context surrounding the topic, sources of information and their credibility, as well as a number of different opinions on the issue before concluding the essay. Many of these factors will be determined by the assignment.

argumentative essay

What is argumentative essay definition, usage, and literary examples, argumentative essay definition.

An  argumentative essay  [ahr-gyuh-MEN-tuh-tiv ess-ay] is an essay in which the writer uses thorough research to defend their position on a disputable topic. An argumentative essay contains a thesis, multiple body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The body can also include a counterargument.

Roots in Ancient Rhetoric

The argumentative essay format has roots in ancient  rhetoric , which Greco-Romans considered the “art of  persuasion .” While ancient societies primarily used speech to persuade their audiences, modern academics most often use written arguments based on the ancient orators’ classical argument structure.

As detailed in Plato’s  On Rhetoric , a classical argument—similar to an argumentative essay—begins with an introduction ( exordium ), gives necessary  context  ( narratio ), offers the writer’s position and thesis ( proposito  and  partitio ), presents supporting research to confirm the writer’s argument or refute other positions ( confirmatio  and  refutatio ), and ends with a conclusion ( peroration ).

The Five-Part Argumentative Essay

• Thesis and Introduction:  Often only a sentence long, the thesis concisely describes the writer’s position, and the introductory paragraph provides context.
• Body Paragraphs and Counterargument:  There are generally three body paragraphs used to present research that supports the writer’s thesis. They can also include a counterargument that details and refutes opposing positions.
• Conclusion:  This summarizes the writer’s evidential findings and reiterates the thesis.

Classic Models

There are two main models of argumentation: the Toulmin model and the Rogerian model.

The Toulmin Model

British philosopher Stephen Toulmin founded the Toulmin model in his book  The Uses of Argument  (1958). This style of argumentation, an expansion of the classical model, has six major components:

• Claim:  The thesis
• Data : The research supporting the thesis
• Warrant:  An explanation that connects the data and the thesis
• Backing:  Support for the warrant
• Modality:  Confirmation of the arguer’s conviction in the thesis
• Rebuttal :  A counterargument or exceptions to the thesis

The Rogerian Model

Psychotherapist Carl Rogers developed the Rogerian model as a form of rhetoric that favored empathy and multiple  perspectives . This model attempts to weigh each option fairly before persuading its audience. The model consists of the following components:

• Introduction:  Introduction of the topic as a mutual problem
• Opposing Position:  An explanation of the writer’s position that recognizes opposing positions
• Context for Opposing Position:  An outline of the opposing position and confirmation of its validity
• Argued Position: A presentation of the writer’s position
• Context for Position: This offers data that validates writer’s position
• Benefits:  An explanation of how the writer’s position benefits the opposition

Argumentative vs. Expository Essays

Similar to an argumentative essay, an expository essay uses evidence to inform its readers. It teaches readers how to do something, analyzes a topic, gives step-by-step instructions, or describes an event.

Expository essays differ from argumentative essays in that they’re often assigned within a classroom structure, restricting the amount of outside research. The aim of an expository essay is more often to explain something rather than persuade its audience.

Argumentative Essays in Education

Argumentative essays appear primarily as assignments in education and academia. Writing in this form requires that students understand alternative opinions, learn the value of thorough research, and learn to persuade their audiences using evidence.

Examples of Argumentative Essays

1. Matthew L. Sanders, “ Becoming a Learner ”

“Becoming a Learner: Realizing the Opportunity of Education” is a 2018 essay by Matthew L. Sanders. In the essay, Sanders argues against the traditional understanding of a college education and suggests students seek out critical and creative thinking skills rather than job marketability. Sanders outlines his thesis clearly:

The primary purpose of college isn’t learning a specific set of professional skills; the primary purpose of college is to become a learner.

2. Margaret Fuller, “ The Great Lawsuit ”

In Fuller’s 1843 essay, she compares the plight of women to that of slaves and argues that women should have the same rights as men:

As men become aware that all men have not had a fair chance, they are inclined to say that no women have had a fair chance.

3. Nicholas Carr, “ Is Google Making us Stupid? ”

In his 2008 essay, Carr uses mostly  anecdotal  evidence to support his thesis. He posits that having access to the internet’s trove of information contributes to an inability to read longer-form materials. In the following excerpt, he presents current research that supports his thesis:

They [University College London] found that people using the sites exhibited “a form of skimming activity,” hopping from on source to another and rarely returning to any source they’d already visited. They typically read no more than one or two pages of an article or book before they would “bounce” out to another site.

Further Research on Argumentative Essays

The  Purdue Online Writing Lab  outlines effective argumentative essays.

Find examples of argumentative essays on  LiteraryDevices.net  and  Prepscholar.com .

Masterclass.com  has an argumentative essay step-by-step writing guide available.

Related Terms

• Expository Essay

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What is an Argumentative Essay? How to Write It (With Examples)

We define an argumentative essay as a type of essay that presents arguments about both sides of an issue. The purpose is to convince the reader to accept a particular viewpoint or action. In an argumentative essay, the writer takes a stance on a controversial or debatable topic and supports their position with evidence, reasoning, and examples. The essay should also address counterarguments, demonstrating a thorough understanding of the topic.

Table of Contents

• What is an argumentative essay?  
• Argumentative essay structure 
• Argumentative essay outline 
• Types of argument claims 

How to write an argumentative essay?

• Argumentative essay writing tips 
• Good argumentative essay example 

How to write a good thesis

• How to Write an Argumentative Essay with Paperpal? 

Frequently Asked Questions

What is an argumentative essay.

An argumentative essay is a type of writing that presents a coherent and logical analysis of a specific topic. 1 The goal is to convince the reader to accept the writer’s point of view or opinion on a particular issue. Here are the key elements of an argumentative essay: 

• Thesis Statement : The central claim or argument that the essay aims to prove. 
• Introduction : Provides background information and introduces the thesis statement. 
• Body Paragraphs : Each paragraph addresses a specific aspect of the argument, presents evidence, and may include counter arguments. 

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• Evidence : Supports the main argument with relevant facts, examples, statistics, or expert opinions. 
• Counterarguments : Anticipates and addresses opposing viewpoints to strengthen the overall argument. 
• Conclusion : Summarizes the main points, reinforces the thesis, and may suggest implications or actions. 

Argumentative essay structure

Aristotelian, Rogerian, and Toulmin are three distinct approaches to argumentative essay structures, each with its principles and methods. 2 The choice depends on the purpose and nature of the topic. Here’s an overview of each type of argumentative essay format.

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Argumentative essay outline

An argumentative essay presents a specific claim or argument and supports it with evidence and reasoning. Here’s an outline for an argumentative essay, along with examples for each section: 3  

1.  Introduction : 

• Hook : Start with a compelling statement, question, or anecdote to grab the reader’s attention. 

Example: “Did you know that plastic pollution is threatening marine life at an alarming rate?” 

• Background information : Provide brief context about the issue. 

Example: “Plastic pollution has become a global environmental concern, with millions of tons of plastic waste entering our oceans yearly.” 

• Thesis statement : Clearly state your main argument or position. 

Example: “We must take immediate action to reduce plastic usage and implement more sustainable alternatives to protect our marine ecosystem.” 

2.  Body Paragraphs : 

• Topic sentence : Introduce the main idea of each paragraph. 

Example: “The first step towards addressing the plastic pollution crisis is reducing single-use plastic consumption.” 

• Evidence/Support : Provide evidence, facts, statistics, or examples that support your argument. 

Example: “Research shows that plastic straws alone contribute to millions of tons of plastic waste annually, and many marine animals suffer from ingestion or entanglement.” 

• Counterargument/Refutation : Acknowledge and refute opposing viewpoints. 

Example: “Some argue that banning plastic straws is inconvenient for consumers, but the long-term environmental benefits far outweigh the temporary inconvenience.” 

• Transition : Connect each paragraph to the next. 

Example: “Having addressed the issue of single-use plastics, the focus must now shift to promoting sustainable alternatives.” 

3.  Counterargument Paragraph : 

• Acknowledgement of opposing views : Recognize alternative perspectives on the issue. 

Example: “While some may argue that individual actions cannot significantly impact global plastic pollution, the cumulative effect of collective efforts must be considered.” 

• Counterargument and rebuttal : Present and refute the main counterargument. 

Example: “However, individual actions, when multiplied across millions of people, can substantially reduce plastic waste. Small changes in behavior, such as using reusable bags and containers, can have a significant positive impact.” 

4.  Conclusion : 

• Restatement of thesis : Summarize your main argument. 

Example: “In conclusion, adopting sustainable practices and reducing single-use plastic is crucial for preserving our oceans and marine life.” 

• Call to action : Encourage the reader to take specific steps or consider the argument’s implications. 

Example: “It is our responsibility to make environmentally conscious choices and advocate for policies that prioritize the health of our planet. By collectively embracing sustainable alternatives, we can contribute to a cleaner and healthier future.” 

Types of argument claims

A claim is a statement or proposition a writer puts forward with evidence to persuade the reader. 4 Here are some common types of argument claims, along with examples: 

• Fact Claims : These claims assert that something is true or false and can often be verified through evidence.  Example: “Water boils at 100°C at sea level.”
• Value Claims : Value claims express judgments about the worth or morality of something, often based on personal beliefs or societal values. Example: “Organic farming is more ethical than conventional farming.” 
• Policy Claims : Policy claims propose a course of action or argue for a specific policy, law, or regulation change.  Example: “Schools should adopt a year-round education system to improve student learning outcomes.” 
• Cause and Effect Claims : These claims argue that one event or condition leads to another, establishing a cause-and-effect relationship.  Example: “Excessive use of social media is a leading cause of increased feelings of loneliness among young adults.” 
• Definition Claims : Definition claims assert the meaning or classification of a concept or term.  Example: “Artificial intelligence can be defined as machines exhibiting human-like cognitive functions.” 
• Comparative Claims : Comparative claims assert that one thing is better or worse than another in certain respects.  Example: “Online education is more cost-effective than traditional classroom learning.” 
• Evaluation Claims : Evaluation claims assess the quality, significance, or effectiveness of something based on specific criteria.  Example: “The new healthcare policy is more effective in providing affordable healthcare to all citizens.” 

Understanding these argument claims can help writers construct more persuasive and well-supported arguments tailored to the specific nature of the claim.  

If you’re wondering how to start an argumentative essay, here’s a step-by-step guide to help you with the argumentative essay format and writing process.

• Choose a Topic: Select a topic that you are passionate about or interested in. Ensure that the topic is debatable and has two or more sides.
• Define Your Position: Clearly state your stance on the issue. Consider opposing viewpoints and be ready to counter them.
• Conduct Research: Gather relevant information from credible sources, such as books, articles, and academic journals. Take notes on key points and supporting evidence.
• Create a Thesis Statement: Develop a concise and clear thesis statement that outlines your main argument. Convey your position on the issue and provide a roadmap for the essay.
• Outline Your Argumentative Essay: Organize your ideas logically by creating an outline. Include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Each body paragraph should focus on a single point that supports your thesis.
• Write the Introduction: Start with a hook to grab the reader’s attention (a quote, a question, a surprising fact). Provide background information on the topic. Present your thesis statement at the end of the introduction.
• Develop Body Paragraphs: Begin each paragraph with a clear topic sentence that relates to the thesis. Support your points with evidence and examples. Address counterarguments and refute them to strengthen your position. Ensure smooth transitions between paragraphs.
• Address Counterarguments: Acknowledge and respond to opposing viewpoints. Anticipate objections and provide evidence to counter them.
• Write the Conclusion: Summarize the main points of your argumentative essay. Reinforce the significance of your argument. End with a call to action, a prediction, or a thought-provoking statement.
• Revise, Edit, and Share: Review your essay for clarity, coherence, and consistency. Check for grammatical and spelling errors. Share your essay with peers, friends, or instructors for constructive feedback.
• Finalize Your Argumentative Essay: Make final edits based on feedback received. Ensure that your essay follows the required formatting and citation style.

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Argumentative essay writing tips

Here are eight strategies to craft a compelling argumentative essay: 

• Choose a Clear and Controversial Topic : Select a topic that sparks debate and has opposing viewpoints. A clear and controversial issue provides a solid foundation for a strong argument. 
• Conduct Thorough Research : Gather relevant information from reputable sources to support your argument. Use a variety of sources, such as academic journals, books, reputable websites, and expert opinions, to strengthen your position. 
• Create a Strong Thesis Statement : Clearly articulate your main argument in a concise thesis statement. Your thesis should convey your stance on the issue and provide a roadmap for the reader to follow your argument. 
• Develop a Logical Structure : Organize your essay with a clear introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. Each paragraph should focus on a specific point of evidence that contributes to your overall argument. Ensure a logical flow from one point to the next. 
• Provide Strong Evidence : Support your claims with solid evidence. Use facts, statistics, examples, and expert opinions to support your arguments. Be sure to cite your sources appropriately to maintain credibility. 
• Address Counterarguments : Acknowledge opposing viewpoints and counterarguments. Addressing and refuting alternative perspectives strengthens your essay and demonstrates a thorough understanding of the issue. Be mindful of maintaining a respectful tone even when discussing opposing views. 
• Use Persuasive Language : Employ persuasive language to make your points effectively. Avoid emotional appeals without supporting evidence and strive for a respectful and professional tone. 
• Craft a Compelling Conclusion : Summarize your main points, restate your thesis, and leave a lasting impression in your conclusion. Encourage readers to consider the implications of your argument and potentially take action. 

Good argumentative essay example

Let’s consider a sample of argumentative essay on how social media enhances connectivity:

In the digital age, social media has emerged as a powerful tool that transcends geographical boundaries, connecting individuals from diverse backgrounds and providing a platform for an array of voices to be heard. While critics argue that social media fosters division and amplifies negativity, it is essential to recognize the positive aspects of this digital revolution and how it enhances connectivity by providing a platform for diverse voices to flourish. One of the primary benefits of social media is its ability to facilitate instant communication and connection across the globe. Platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram break down geographical barriers, enabling people to establish and maintain relationships regardless of physical location and fostering a sense of global community. Furthermore, social media has transformed how people stay connected with friends and family. Whether separated by miles or time zones, social media ensures that relationships remain dynamic and relevant, contributing to a more interconnected world. Moreover, social media has played a pivotal role in giving voice to social justice movements and marginalized communities. Movements such as #BlackLivesMatter, #MeToo, and #ClimateStrike have gained momentum through social media, allowing individuals to share their stories and advocate for change on a global scale. This digital activism can shape public opinion and hold institutions accountable. Social media platforms provide a dynamic space for open dialogue and discourse. Users can engage in discussions, share information, and challenge each other’s perspectives, fostering a culture of critical thinking. This open exchange of ideas contributes to a more informed and enlightened society where individuals can broaden their horizons and develop a nuanced understanding of complex issues. While criticisms of social media abound, it is crucial to recognize its positive impact on connectivity and the amplification of diverse voices. Social media transcends physical and cultural barriers, connecting people across the globe and providing a platform for marginalized voices to be heard. By fostering open dialogue and facilitating the exchange of ideas, social media contributes to a more interconnected and empowered society. Embracing the positive aspects of social media allows us to harness its potential for positive change and collective growth.

• Clearly Define Your Thesis Statement:   Your thesis statement is the core of your argumentative essay. Clearly articulate your main argument or position on the issue. Avoid vague or general statements.  
• Provide Strong Supporting Evidence:   Back up your thesis with solid evidence from reliable sources and examples. This can include facts, statistics, expert opinions, anecdotes, or real-life examples. Make sure your evidence is relevant to your argument, as it impacts the overall persuasiveness of your thesis.  
• Anticipate Counterarguments and Address Them:   Acknowledge and address opposing viewpoints to strengthen credibility. This also shows that you engage critically with the topic rather than presenting a one-sided argument. 

How to Write an Argumentative Essay with Paperpal?

Writing a winning argumentative essay not only showcases your ability to critically analyze a topic but also demonstrates your skill in persuasively presenting your stance backed by evidence. Achieving this level of writing excellence can be time-consuming. This is where Paperpal, your AI academic writing assistant, steps in to revolutionize the way you approach argumentative essays. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to use Paperpal to write your essay: 

• Sign Up or Log In: Begin by creating an account or logging into paperpal.com .  
• Navigate to Paperpal Copilot: Once logged in, proceed to the Templates section from the side navigation bar.  
• Generate an essay outline: Under Templates, click on the ‘Outline’ tab and choose ‘Essay’ from the options and provide your topic to generate an outline.  
• Develop your essay: Use this structured outline as a guide to flesh out your essay. If you encounter any roadblocks, click on Brainstorm and get subject-specific assistance, ensuring you stay on track. 
• Refine your writing: To elevate the academic tone of your essay, select a paragraph and use the ‘Make Academic’ feature under the ‘Rewrite’ tab, ensuring your argumentative essay resonates with an academic audience. 
• Final Touches: Make your argumentative essay submission ready with Paperpal’s language, grammar, consistency and plagiarism checks, and improve your chances of acceptance.  

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The length of an argumentative essay can vary, but it typically falls within the range of 1,000 to 2,500 words. However, the specific requirements may depend on the guidelines provided.

You might write an argumentative essay when:  1. You want to convince others of the validity of your position.  2. There is a controversial or debatable issue that requires discussion.  3. You need to present evidence and logical reasoning to support your claims.  4. You want to explore and critically analyze different perspectives on a topic. 

Argumentative Essay:  Purpose : An argumentative essay aims to persuade the reader to accept or agree with a specific point of view or argument.  Structure : It follows a clear structure with an introduction, thesis statement, body paragraphs presenting arguments and evidence, counterarguments and refutations, and a conclusion.  Tone : The tone is formal and relies on logical reasoning, evidence, and critical analysis.    Narrative/Descriptive Essay:  Purpose : These aim to tell a story or describe an experience, while a descriptive essay focuses on creating a vivid picture of a person, place, or thing.  Structure : They may have a more flexible structure. They often include an engaging introduction, a well-developed body that builds the story or description, and a conclusion.  Tone : The tone is more personal and expressive to evoke emotions or provide sensory details. 

• Gladd, J. (2020). Tips for Writing Academic Persuasive Essays.  Write What Matters . 
• Nimehchisalem, V. (2018). Pyramid of argumentation: Towards an integrated model for teaching and assessing ESL writing.  Language & Communication ,  5 (2), 185-200. 
• Press, B. (2022).  Argumentative Essays: A Step-by-Step Guide . Broadview Press. 
• Rieke, R. D., Sillars, M. O., & Peterson, T. R. (2005).  Argumentation and critical decision making . Pearson/Allyn & Bacon. 

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Argumentative Essay – Outline, Form, and Examples

What is an argumentative essay?

An argumentative essay requires the writer to investigate a specific topic by collecting and evaluating evidence to establish a position on the subject matter.

When preparing to compose a good argumentative essay, utilize the following steps:

Step 1: Select a topic.

Step 2: Identify a position.

Step 3: Locate appropriate resources.

Step 4: Identify evidence supporting the position. ( NOTE: If there is little evidence in support of the claim, consider re-examining the main argument.)

When gathering evidence, use credible sources . To determine the credibility of the source, consider authority, currency, accuracy, and objectivity:

Who is the author ? Are they an expert in the field? Has a reputable publisher published the work?

How current is the information in the source? Does the currency of the source matter? Does the age of the source impact the content? Is there newer information that disproves the source’s information?

Can other sources verify the accuracy of the information? Does the information contradict that found in other commonly accepted sources?

Is there any evidence of bias, or is the source objective ? Is the research sponsored by an organization that may skew the information?

The following are typically recognized as providing appropriate, credible research material:

Peer-reviewed journals/research papers

Government agencies

Professional organizations

Library databases

Reference books

Writers should avoid using the following sources:

Social media posts

Out-of-date materials

Step 5: Utilize the research to determine a thesis statement that identifies the topic, position, and support(s).

Step 6: Use the evidence to construct an outline, detailing the main supports and relevant evidence.

Argumentative essay outline

After gathering all of the necessary research, the next step in composing an argumentative essay focuses on organizing the information through the use of an outline:

Introduction

Attention Grabber/Hook

Background Information: Include any background information pertinent to the topic that the reader needs to know to understand the argument.

Thesis: State the position in connection to the main topic and identify the supports that will help prove the argument.

Topic sentence

Identify evidence in support of the claim in the topic sentence

Explain how the evidence supports the argument

Evidence 3 (Continue as needed)

Support 2 (Continue as needed)

Restate thesis

Review main supports

Concluding statement

Invite the audience to take a specific action.

Identify the overall importance of the topic and position.

How to write an argumentative essay

Regardless of the writer’s topic or point of view, an argumentative essay should include an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs, a conclusion, and works cited.

Background information

Body Paragraphs

Analysis of evidence

Rephrased thesis

Review of main ideas

Call to action

Works Cited

Argumentative essay introduction

The introduction sets the tone for the entire paper and introduces the argument. In general, the first paragraph(s) should attract the reader’s attention, provide relevant context, and conclude with a thesis statement.

To attract the reader's attention , start with an introductory device. There are several attention-grabbing techniques, the most common of which consist of the following:

The writer can emphasize the topic’s importance by explaining the current interest in the topic or indicating that the subject is influential.

Pertinent statistics give the paper an air of authority.

There are many reasons for a stimulating statement to surprise a reader. Sometimes it is joyful; sometimes it is shocking; sometimes it is surprising because of who said it.

An interesting incident or anecdote can act as a teaser to lure the reader into the remainder of the essay. Be sure that the device is appropriate for the subject and focus of what follows.

Provide the reader with relevant context and background information necessary to understand the topic.

Conclude with a thesis statement that identifies the overall purpose of the essay (topic and position). Writers can also include their support directly in the thesis, which outlines the structure of the essay for the reader.

Avoid the following when writing the introduction to argumentative writing:

Starting with dictionary definitions is too overdone and unappealing.

Do not make an announcement of the topic like “In this paper I will…” or “The purpose of this essay is to….”

Evidence supporting or developing the thesis should be in the body paragraphs, not the introduction.

Beginning the essay with general or absolute statements such as “throughout history...” or “as human beings we always...” or similar statements suggest the writer knows all of history or that all people behave or think in the same way.

Argumentative essay thesis

The thesis statement is the single, specific claim the writer sets out to prove and is typically positioned as the last sentence of the introduction . It is the controlling idea of the entire argument that identifies the topic, position, and reasoning.

When constructing a thesis for an argumentative paper, make sure it contains a side of the argument, not simply a topic. An argumentative thesis identifies the writer’s position on a given topic. If a position cannot be taken, then it is not argumentative thesis:

Topic: Capital punishment is practiced in many states.

Thesis: Capital punishment should be illegal.

While not always required, the thesis statement can include the supports the writer will use to prove the main claim. Therefore, a thesis statement can be structured as follows:

TOPIC + POSITION (+ SUPPORTS)

No Supports: College athletes (TOPIC) should be financially compensated (POSITION).

Supports: College athletes (TOPIC) should be financially compensated (POSITION) because they sacrifice their minds and bodies (SUPPORT 1), cannot hold

Argumentative essay body paragraphs

Body paragraphs can be of varying lengths, but they must present a coherent argument unified under a single topic. They are rarely ever longer than one page, double-spaced; usually they are much shorter.

Lengthy paragraphs indicate a lack of structure. Identify the main ideas of a lengthy paragraph to determine if they make more sense as separate topics in separate paragraphs.

Shorter paragraphs usually indicate a lack of substance; there is not enough evidence or analysis to prove the argument. Develop the ideas more or integrate the information into another paragraph.

The structure of an argumentative paragraph should include a topic sentence, evidence, and a transition.

The topic sentence is the thesis of the paragraph that identifies the arguable point in support of the main argument. The reader should know exactly what the writer is trying to prove within the paragraph by reading the first sentence.

The supporting evidence and analysis provide information to support the claim. There should be a balance between the evidence (facts, quotations, summary of events/plot, etc.) and analysis (interpretation of evidence). If the paragraph is evidence-heavy, there is not much of an argument; if it is analysis-heavy, there is not enough evidence in support of the claim.

The transition can be at the beginning or the end of a paragraph. However, it is much easier to combine the transition with the concluding observation to help the paragraphs flow into one another. Transitions in academic writing should tell the reader where you were, where you are going, and relate to the thesis.

Some essays may benefit from the inclusion of rebuttals to potential counterarguments of the writer’s position.

Argumentative essay conclusion

The conclusion should make readers glad they read the paper. It can suggest broader implications that will not only interest readers but also enrich their understanding in some way. There are three aspects to follow when constructing the conclusion: rephrase the thesis, synthesize information, and call the reader to action.

Rephrased the thesis in the first sentence of the conclusion. It must be in different words; do not simply write it verbatim.

Synthesize the argument by showing how the paper's main points support the argument.

Propose a course of action or a solution to an issue. This can redirect the reader's thought process to apply the ideas to their life or to see the broader implications of the topic.

Avoid the following when constructing the conclusion:

Beginning with an unnecessary, overused phrase such as "in conclusion," "in summary," or "in closing;" although these phrases can work in speeches, they come across as trite in writing

Introducing a new idea or subtopic in the conclusion

Making sentimental, emotional appeals that are out of character with the rest of the paper

Including evidence (quotations, statistics, etc.) that should be in the body of the paper

Argumentative essay examples

Examples of argumentative essays vary depending upon the type:

Academic essays differ based upon the topic and position. These essays follow a more traditional structure and are typically assigned in high school or college. Examples of academic argumentative essay topics include the following:

Advantages or disadvantages of social media

Animal testing

Art education

Benefit or detriment of homework

Capital punishment

Class warfare

Immigration

School uniforms

Universal healthcare

Violence in video games

Argumentative literary essays are typically more informal and do not follow the same structure as an academic essay. The following are popular examples of argumentative literary essays:

“Letter from Birmingham Jail” by Martin Luther King, Jr.

“Death of the Moth” by Virginia Woolf

“Shooting an Elephant” by George Orwell

“Thoughts for the Times on War and Death” by Sigmund Freud

“Does the Truth Matter? Science, Pseudoscience, and Civilization” by Carl Sagan

“Self-Reliance” by Ralph Waldo Emerson

What this handout is about

This handout will define what an argument is and explain why you need one in most of your academic essays.

Arguments are everywhere

You may be surprised to hear that the word “argument” does not have to be written anywhere in your assignment for it to be an important part of your task. In fact, making an argument—expressing a point of view on a subject and supporting it with evidence—is often the aim of academic writing. Your instructors may assume that you know this and thus may not explain the importance of arguments in class.

Most material you learn in college is or has been debated by someone, somewhere, at some time. Even when the material you read or hear is presented as a simple fact, it may actually be one person’s interpretation of a set of information. Instructors may call on you to examine that interpretation and defend it, refute it, or offer some new view of your own. In writing assignments, you will almost always need to do more than just summarize information that you have gathered or regurgitate facts that have been discussed in class. You will need to develop a point of view on or interpretation of that material and provide evidence for your position.

Consider an example. For nearly 2000 years, educated people in many Western cultures believed that bloodletting—deliberately causing a sick person to lose blood—was the most effective treatment for a variety of illnesses. The claim that bloodletting is beneficial to human health was not widely questioned until the 1800s, and some physicians continued to recommend bloodletting as late as the 1920s. Medical practices have now changed because some people began to doubt the effectiveness of bloodletting; these people argued against it and provided convincing evidence. Human knowledge grows out of such differences of opinion, and scholars like your instructors spend their lives engaged in debate over what claims may be counted as accurate in their fields. In their courses, they want you to engage in similar kinds of critical thinking and debate.

Argumentation is not just what your instructors do. We all use argumentation on a daily basis, and you probably already have some skill at crafting an argument. The more you improve your skills in this area, the better you will be at thinking critically, reasoning, making choices, and weighing evidence.

Making a claim

What is an argument? In academic writing, an argument is usually a main idea, often called a “claim” or “thesis statement,” backed up with evidence that supports the idea. In the majority of college papers, you will need to make some sort of claim and use evidence to support it, and your ability to do this well will separate your papers from those of students who see assignments as mere accumulations of fact and detail. In other words, gone are the happy days of being given a “topic” about which you can write anything. It is time to stake out a position and prove why it is a good position for a thinking person to hold. See our handout on thesis statements .

Claims can be as simple as “Protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged,” with evidence such as, “In this experiment, protons and electrons acted in such and such a way.” Claims can also be as complex as “Genre is the most important element to the contract of expectations between filmmaker and audience,” using reasoning and evidence such as, “defying genre expectations can create a complete apocalypse of story form and content, leaving us stranded in a sort of genre-less abyss.” In either case, the rest of your paper will detail the reasoning and evidence that have led you to believe that your position is best.

When beginning to write a paper, ask yourself, “What is my point?” For example, the point of this handout is to help you become a better writer, and we are arguing that an important step in the process of writing effective arguments is understanding the concept of argumentation. If your papers do not have a main point, they cannot be arguing for anything. Asking yourself what your point is can help you avoid a mere “information dump.” Consider this: your instructors probably know a lot more than you do about your subject matter. Why, then, would you want to provide them with material they already know? Instructors are usually looking for two things:

• Proof that you understand the material
• A demonstration of your ability to use or apply the material in ways that go beyond what you have read or heard.

This second part can be done in many ways: you can critique the material, apply it to something else, or even just explain it in a different way. In order to succeed at this second step, though, you must have a particular point to argue.

Arguments in academic writing are usually complex and take time to develop. Your argument will need to be more than a simple or obvious statement such as “Frank Lloyd Wright was a great architect.” Such a statement might capture your initial impressions of Wright as you have studied him in class; however, you need to look deeper and express specifically what caused that “greatness.” Your instructor will probably expect something more complicated, such as “Frank Lloyd Wright’s architecture combines elements of European modernism, Asian aesthetic form, and locally found materials to create a unique new style,” or “There are many strong similarities between Wright’s building designs and those of his mother, which suggests that he may have borrowed some of her ideas.” To develop your argument, you would then define your terms and prove your claim with evidence from Wright’s drawings and buildings and those of the other architects you mentioned.

Do not stop with having a point. You have to back up your point with evidence. The strength of your evidence, and your use of it, can make or break your argument. See our handout on evidence . You already have the natural inclination for this type of thinking, if not in an academic setting. Think about how you talked your parents into letting you borrow the family car. Did you present them with lots of instances of your past trustworthiness? Did you make them feel guilty because your friends’ parents all let them drive? Did you whine until they just wanted you to shut up? Did you look up statistics on teen driving and use them to show how you didn’t fit the dangerous-driver profile? These are all types of argumentation, and they exist in academia in similar forms.

Every field has slightly different requirements for acceptable evidence, so familiarize yourself with some arguments from within that field instead of just applying whatever evidence you like best. Pay attention to your textbooks and your instructor’s lectures. What types of argument and evidence are they using? The type of evidence that sways an English instructor may not work to convince a sociology instructor. Find out what counts as proof that something is true in that field. Is it statistics, a logical development of points, something from the object being discussed (art work, text, culture, or atom), the way something works, or some combination of more than one of these things?

Be consistent with your evidence. Unlike negotiating for the use of your parents’ car, a college paper is not the place for an all-out blitz of every type of argument. You can often use more than one type of evidence within a paper, but make sure that within each section you are providing the reader with evidence appropriate to each claim. So, if you start a paragraph or section with a statement like “Putting the student seating area closer to the basketball court will raise player performance,” do not follow with your evidence on how much more money the university could raise by letting more students go to games for free. Information about how fan support raises player morale, which then results in better play, would be a better follow-up. Your next section could offer clear reasons why undergraduates have as much or more right to attend an undergraduate event as wealthy alumni—but this information would not go in the same section as the fan support stuff. You cannot convince a confused person, so keep things tidy and ordered.

Counterargument

One way to strengthen your argument and show that you have a deep understanding of the issue you are discussing is to anticipate and address counterarguments or objections. By considering what someone who disagrees with your position might have to say about your argument, you show that you have thought things through, and you dispose of some of the reasons your audience might have for not accepting your argument. Recall our discussion of student seating in the Dean Dome. To make the most effective argument possible, you should consider not only what students would say about seating but also what alumni who have paid a lot to get good seats might say.

You can generate counterarguments by asking yourself how someone who disagrees with you might respond to each of the points you’ve made or your position as a whole. If you can’t immediately imagine another position, here are some strategies to try:

• Do some research. It may seem to you that no one could possibly disagree with the position you are arguing, but someone probably has. For example, some people argue that a hotdog is a sandwich. If you are making an argument concerning, for example, the characteristics of an exceptional sandwich, you might want to see what some of these people have to say.
• Talk with a friend or with your teacher. Another person may be able to imagine counterarguments that haven’t occurred to you.
• Consider your conclusion or claim and the premises of your argument and imagine someone who denies each of them. For example, if you argued, “Cats make the best pets. This is because they are clean and independent,” you might imagine someone saying, “Cats do not make the best pets. They are dirty and needy.”

Once you have thought up some counterarguments, consider how you will respond to them—will you concede that your opponent has a point but explain why your audience should nonetheless accept your argument? Will you reject the counterargument and explain why it is mistaken? Either way, you will want to leave your reader with a sense that your argument is stronger than opposing arguments.

When you are summarizing opposing arguments, be charitable. Present each argument fairly and objectively, rather than trying to make it look foolish. You want to show that you have considered the many sides of the issue. If you simply attack or caricature your opponent (also referred to as presenting a “straw man”), you suggest that your argument is only capable of defeating an extremely weak adversary, which may undermine your argument rather than enhance it.

It is usually better to consider one or two serious counterarguments in some depth, rather than to give a long but superficial list of many different counterarguments and replies.

Be sure that your reply is consistent with your original argument. If considering a counterargument changes your position, you will need to go back and revise your original argument accordingly.

Audience is a very important consideration in argument. Take a look at our handout on audience . A lifetime of dealing with your family members has helped you figure out which arguments work best to persuade each of them. Maybe whining works with one parent, but the other will only accept cold, hard statistics. Your kid brother may listen only to the sound of money in his palm. It’s usually wise to think of your audience in an academic setting as someone who is perfectly smart but who doesn’t necessarily agree with you. You are not just expressing your opinion in an argument (“It’s true because I said so”), and in most cases your audience will know something about the subject at hand—so you will need sturdy proof. At the same time, do not think of your audience as capable of reading your mind. You have to come out and state both your claim and your evidence clearly. Do not assume that because the instructor knows the material, he or she understands what part of it you are using, what you think about it, and why you have taken the position you’ve chosen.

Critical reading

Critical reading is a big part of understanding argument. Although some of the material you read will be very persuasive, do not fall under the spell of the printed word as authority. Very few of your instructors think of the texts they assign as the last word on the subject. Remember that the author of every text has an agenda, something that he or she wants you to believe. This is OK—everything is written from someone’s perspective—but it’s a good thing to be aware of. For more information on objectivity and bias and on reading sources carefully, read our handouts on evaluating print sources and reading to write .

Take notes either in the margins of your source (if you are using a photocopy or your own book) or on a separate sheet as you read. Put away that highlighter! Simply highlighting a text is good for memorizing the main ideas in that text—it does not encourage critical reading. Part of your goal as a reader should be to put the author’s ideas in your own words. Then you can stop thinking of these ideas as facts and start thinking of them as arguments.

When you read, ask yourself questions like “What is the author trying to prove?” and “What is the author assuming I will agree with?” Do you agree with the author? Does the author adequately defend her argument? What kind of proof does she use? Is there something she leaves out that you would put in? Does putting it in hurt her argument? As you get used to reading critically, you will start to see the sometimes hidden agendas of other writers, and you can use this skill to improve your own ability to craft effective arguments.

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

Anson, Chris M., and Robert A. Schwegler. 2010. The Longman Handbook for Writers and Readers , 6th ed. New York: Longman.

Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M. Williams, Joseph Bizup, and William T. FitzGerald. 2016. The Craft of Research , 4th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Ede, Lisa. 2004. Work in Progress: A Guide to Academic Writing and Revising , 6th ed. Boston: Bedford/St Martin’s.

Gage, John T. 2005. The Shape of Reason: Argumentative Writing in College , 4th ed. New York: Longman.

Lunsford, Andrea A., and John J. Ruszkiewicz. 2016. Everything’s an Argument , 7th ed. Boston: Bedford/St Martin’s.

Rosen, Leonard J., and Laurence Behrens. 2003. The Allyn & Bacon Handbook , 5th ed. New York: Longman.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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9.2: Introduction to Argumentative Essays

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What you’ll learn to do: evaluate argumentative essays and thesis statements

An academic argument asserts a claim and supports that claim with evidence.

The goal of an argument is to convince readers that the writer’s position is reasonable, valid, and worthy of consideration. Therefore, an argumentative thesis statement needs to be not only clear and focused, but also debatable, assertive, and reasoned. Additionally, an argumentative thesis must be able to be supported with evidence.

In this section, you’ll learn about argumentative essays and how they are shaped around strong, clear thesis statements.

Contributors and Attributions

• Outcome: Argumentative Thesis Statements. Provided by : University of Mississippi. License : CC BY: Attribution
• Graphic of a discussion. Authored by : Tumisu. Provided by : Pixabay. Located at : pixabay.com/illustrations/interview-job-icon-job-interview-1018333/. License : Other . License Terms : pixabay.com/service/terms/#license

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Sat / act prep online guides and tips, 3 strong argumentative essay examples, analyzed.

General Education

Need to defend your opinion on an issue? Argumentative essays are one of the most popular types of essays you’ll write in school. They combine persuasive arguments with fact-based research, and, when done well, can be powerful tools for making someone agree with your point of view. If you’re struggling to write an argumentative essay or just want to learn more about them, seeing examples can be a big help.

After giving an overview of this type of essay, we provide three argumentative essay examples. After each essay, we explain in-depth how the essay was structured, what worked, and where the essay could be improved. We end with tips for making your own argumentative essay as strong as possible.

What Is an Argumentative Essay?

An argumentative essay is an essay that uses evidence and facts to support the claim it’s making. Its purpose is to persuade the reader to agree with the argument being made.

A good argumentative essay will use facts and evidence to support the argument, rather than just the author’s thoughts and opinions. For example, say you wanted to write an argumentative essay stating that Charleston, SC is a great destination for families. You couldn’t just say that it’s a great place because you took your family there and enjoyed it. For it to be an argumentative essay, you need to have facts and data to support your argument, such as the number of child-friendly attractions in Charleston, special deals you can get with kids, and surveys of people who visited Charleston as a family and enjoyed it. The first argument is based entirely on feelings, whereas the second is based on evidence that can be proven.

The standard five paragraph format is common, but not required, for argumentative essays. These essays typically follow one of two formats: the Toulmin model or the Rogerian model.

• The Toulmin model is the most common. It begins with an introduction, follows with a thesis/claim, and gives data and evidence to support that claim. This style of essay also includes rebuttals of counterarguments.
• The Rogerian model analyzes two sides of an argument and reaches a conclusion after weighing the strengths and weaknesses of each.

3 Good Argumentative Essay Examples + Analysis

Below are three examples of argumentative essays, written by yours truly in my school days, as well as analysis of what each did well and where it could be improved.

Argumentative Essay Example 1

Proponents of this idea state that it will save local cities and towns money because libraries are expensive to maintain. They also believe it will encourage more people to read because they won’t have to travel to a library to get a book; they can simply click on what they want to read and read it from wherever they are. They could also access more materials because libraries won’t have to buy physical copies of books; they can simply rent out as many digital copies as they need.

However, it would be a serious mistake to replace libraries with tablets. First, digital books and resources are associated with less learning and more problems than print resources. A study done on tablet vs book reading found that people read 20-30% slower on tablets, retain 20% less information, and understand 10% less of what they read compared to people who read the same information in print. Additionally, staring too long at a screen has been shown to cause numerous health problems, including blurred vision, dizziness, dry eyes, headaches, and eye strain, at much higher instances than reading print does. People who use tablets and mobile devices excessively also have a higher incidence of more serious health issues such as fibromyalgia, shoulder and back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and muscle strain. I know that whenever I read from my e-reader for too long, my eyes begin to feel tired and my neck hurts. We should not add to these problems by giving people, especially young people, more reasons to look at screens.

Second, it is incredibly narrow-minded to assume that the only service libraries offer is book lending. Libraries have a multitude of benefits, and many are only available if the library has a physical location. Some of these benefits include acting as a quiet study space, giving people a way to converse with their neighbors, holding classes on a variety of topics, providing jobs, answering patron questions, and keeping the community connected. One neighborhood found that, after a local library instituted community events such as play times for toddlers and parents, job fairs for teenagers, and meeting spaces for senior citizens, over a third of residents reported feeling more connected to their community. Similarly, a Pew survey conducted in 2015 found that nearly two-thirds of American adults feel that closing their local library would have a major impact on their community. People see libraries as a way to connect with others and get their questions answered, benefits tablets can’t offer nearly as well or as easily.

While replacing libraries with tablets may seem like a simple solution, it would encourage people to spend even more time looking at digital screens, despite the myriad issues surrounding them. It would also end access to many of the benefits of libraries that people have come to rely on. In many areas, libraries are such an important part of the community network that they could never be replaced by a simple object.

The author begins by giving an overview of the counter-argument, then the thesis appears as the first sentence in the third paragraph. The essay then spends the rest of the paper dismantling the counter argument and showing why readers should believe the other side.

What this essay does well:

• Although it’s a bit unusual to have the thesis appear fairly far into the essay, it works because, once the thesis is stated, the rest of the essay focuses on supporting it since the counter-argument has already been discussed earlier in the paper.
• This essay includes numerous facts and cites studies to support its case. By having specific data to rely on, the author’s argument is stronger and readers will be more inclined to agree with it.
• For every argument the other side makes, the author makes sure to refute it and follow up with why her opinion is the stronger one. In order to make a strong argument, it’s important to dismantle the other side, which this essay does this by making the author's view appear stronger.
• This is a shorter paper, and if it needed to be expanded to meet length requirements, it could include more examples and go more into depth with them, such as by explaining specific cases where people benefited from local libraries.
• Additionally, while the paper uses lots of data, the author also mentions their own experience with using tablets. This should be removed since argumentative essays focus on facts and data to support an argument, not the author’s own opinion or experiences. Replacing that with more data on health issues associated with screen time would strengthen the essay.
• Some of the points made aren't completely accurate , particularly the one about digital books being cheaper. It actually often costs a library more money to rent out numerous digital copies of a book compared to buying a single physical copy. Make sure in your own essay you thoroughly research each of the points and rebuttals you make, otherwise you'll look like you don't know the issue that well.

Argumentative Essay Example 2

There are multiple drugs available to treat malaria, and many of them work well and save lives, but malaria eradication programs that focus too much on them and not enough on prevention haven’t seen long-term success in Sub-Saharan Africa. A major program to combat malaria was WHO’s Global Malaria Eradication Programme. Started in 1955, it had a goal of eliminating malaria in Africa within the next ten years. Based upon previously successful programs in Brazil and the United States, the program focused mainly on vector control. This included widely distributing chloroquine and spraying large amounts of DDT. More than one billion dollars was spent trying to abolish malaria. However, the program suffered from many problems and in 1969, WHO was forced to admit that the program had not succeeded in eradicating malaria. The number of people in Sub-Saharan Africa who contracted malaria as well as the number of malaria deaths had actually increased over 10% during the time the program was active.

One of the major reasons for the failure of the project was that it set uniform strategies and policies. By failing to consider variations between governments, geography, and infrastructure, the program was not nearly as successful as it could have been. Sub-Saharan Africa has neither the money nor the infrastructure to support such an elaborate program, and it couldn’t be run the way it was meant to. Most African countries don't have the resources to send all their people to doctors and get shots, nor can they afford to clear wetlands or other malaria prone areas. The continent’s spending per person for eradicating malaria was just a quarter of what Brazil spent. Sub-Saharan Africa simply can’t rely on a plan that requires more money, infrastructure, and expertise than they have to spare.

Additionally, the widespread use of chloroquine has created drug resistant parasites which are now plaguing Sub-Saharan Africa. Because chloroquine was used widely but inconsistently, mosquitoes developed resistance, and chloroquine is now nearly completely ineffective in Sub-Saharan Africa, with over 95% of mosquitoes resistant to it. As a result, newer, more expensive drugs need to be used to prevent and treat malaria, which further drives up the cost of malaria treatment for a region that can ill afford it.

Instead of developing plans to treat malaria after the infection has incurred, programs should focus on preventing infection from occurring in the first place. Not only is this plan cheaper and more effective, reducing the number of people who contract malaria also reduces loss of work/school days which can further bring down the productivity of the region.

One of the cheapest and most effective ways of preventing malaria is to implement insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs).  These nets provide a protective barrier around the person or people using them. While untreated bed nets are still helpful, those treated with insecticides are much more useful because they stop mosquitoes from biting people through the nets, and they help reduce mosquito populations in a community, thus helping people who don’t even own bed nets.  Bed nets are also very effective because most mosquito bites occur while the person is sleeping, so bed nets would be able to drastically reduce the number of transmissions during the night. In fact, transmission of malaria can be reduced by as much as 90% in areas where the use of ITNs is widespread. Because money is so scarce in Sub-Saharan Africa, the low cost is a great benefit and a major reason why the program is so successful. Bed nets cost roughly 2 USD to make, last several years, and can protect two adults. Studies have shown that, for every 100-1000 more nets are being used, one less child dies of malaria. With an estimated 300 million people in Africa not being protected by mosquito nets, there’s the potential to save three million lives by spending just a few dollars per person.

Reducing the number of people who contract malaria would also reduce poverty levels in Africa significantly, thus improving other aspects of society like education levels and the economy. Vector control is more effective than treatment strategies because it means fewer people are getting sick. When fewer people get sick, the working population is stronger as a whole because people are not put out of work from malaria, nor are they caring for sick relatives. Malaria-afflicted families can typically only harvest 40% of the crops that healthy families can harvest. Additionally, a family with members who have malaria spends roughly a quarter of its income treatment, not including the loss of work they also must deal with due to the illness. It’s estimated that malaria costs Africa 12 billion USD in lost income every year. A strong working population creates a stronger economy, which Sub-Saharan Africa is in desperate need of.  

This essay begins with an introduction, which ends with the thesis (that malaria eradication plans in Sub-Saharan Africa should focus on prevention rather than treatment). The first part of the essay lays out why the counter argument (treatment rather than prevention) is not as effective, and the second part of the essay focuses on why prevention of malaria is the better path to take.

• The thesis appears early, is stated clearly, and is supported throughout the rest of the essay. This makes the argument clear for readers to understand and follow throughout the essay.
• There’s lots of solid research in this essay, including specific programs that were conducted and how successful they were, as well as specific data mentioned throughout. This evidence helps strengthen the author’s argument.
• The author makes a case for using expanding bed net use over waiting until malaria occurs and beginning treatment, but not much of a plan is given for how the bed nets would be distributed or how to ensure they’re being used properly. By going more into detail of what she believes should be done, the author would be making a stronger argument.
• The introduction of the essay does a good job of laying out the seriousness of the problem, but the conclusion is short and abrupt. Expanding it into its own paragraph would give the author a final way to convince readers of her side of the argument.

Argumentative Essay Example 3

There are many ways payments could work. They could be in the form of a free-market approach, where athletes are able to earn whatever the market is willing to pay them, it could be a set amount of money per athlete, or student athletes could earn income from endorsements, autographs, and control of their likeness, similar to the way top Olympians earn money.

Proponents of the idea believe that, because college athletes are the ones who are training, participating in games, and bringing in audiences, they should receive some sort of compensation for their work. If there were no college athletes, the NCAA wouldn’t exist, college coaches wouldn’t receive there (sometimes very high) salaries, and brands like Nike couldn’t profit from college sports. In fact, the NCAA brings in roughly $1 billion in revenue a year, but college athletes don’t receive any of that money in the form of a paycheck. Additionally, people who believe college athletes should be paid state that paying college athletes will actually encourage them to remain in college longer and not turn pro as quickly, either by giving them a way to begin earning money in college or requiring them to sign a contract stating they’ll stay at the university for a certain number of years while making an agreed-upon salary.  

Supporters of this idea point to Zion Williamson, the Duke basketball superstar, who, during his freshman year, sustained a serious knee injury. Many argued that, even if he enjoyed playing for Duke, it wasn’t worth risking another injury and ending his professional career before it even began for a program that wasn’t paying him. Williamson seems to have agreed with them and declared his eligibility for the NCAA draft later that year. If he was being paid, he may have stayed at Duke longer. In fact, roughly a third of student athletes surveyed stated that receiving a salary while in college would make them “strongly consider” remaining collegiate athletes longer before turning pro.

Paying athletes could also stop the recruitment scandals that have plagued the NCAA. In 2018, the NCAA stripped the University of Louisville's men's basketball team of its 2013 national championship title because it was discovered coaches were using sex workers to entice recruits to join the team. There have been dozens of other recruitment scandals where college athletes and recruits have been bribed with anything from having their grades changed, to getting free cars, to being straight out bribed. By paying college athletes and putting their salaries out in the open, the NCAA could end the illegal and underhanded ways some schools and coaches try to entice athletes to join.

People who argue against the idea of paying college athletes believe the practice could be disastrous for college sports. By paying athletes, they argue, they’d turn college sports into a bidding war, where only the richest schools could afford top athletes, and the majority of schools would be shut out from developing a talented team (though some argue this already happens because the best players often go to the most established college sports programs, who typically pay their coaches millions of dollars per year). It could also ruin the tight camaraderie of many college teams if players become jealous that certain teammates are making more money than they are.

They also argue that paying college athletes actually means only a small fraction would make significant money. Out of the 350 Division I athletic departments, fewer than a dozen earn any money. Nearly all the money the NCAA makes comes from men’s football and basketball, so paying college athletes would make a small group of men--who likely will be signed to pro teams and begin making millions immediately out of college--rich at the expense of other players.

Those against paying college athletes also believe that the athletes are receiving enough benefits already. The top athletes already receive scholarships that are worth tens of thousands per year, they receive free food/housing/textbooks, have access to top medical care if they are injured, receive top coaching, get travel perks and free gear, and can use their time in college as a way to capture the attention of professional recruiters. No other college students receive anywhere near as much from their schools.

People on this side also point out that, while the NCAA brings in a massive amount of money each year, it is still a non-profit organization. How? Because over 95% of those profits are redistributed to its members’ institutions in the form of scholarships, grants, conferences, support for Division II and Division III teams, and educational programs. Taking away a significant part of that revenue would hurt smaller programs that rely on that money to keep running.

While both sides have good points, it’s clear that the negatives of paying college athletes far outweigh the positives. College athletes spend a significant amount of time and energy playing for their school, but they are compensated for it by the scholarships and perks they receive. Adding a salary to that would result in a college athletic system where only a small handful of athletes (those likely to become millionaires in the professional leagues) are paid by a handful of schools who enter bidding wars to recruit them, while the majority of student athletics and college athletic programs suffer or even shut down for lack of money. Continuing to offer the current level of benefits to student athletes makes it possible for as many people to benefit from and enjoy college sports as possible.

This argumentative essay follows the Rogerian model. It discusses each side, first laying out multiple reasons people believe student athletes should be paid, then discussing reasons why the athletes shouldn’t be paid. It ends by stating that college athletes shouldn’t be paid by arguing that paying them would destroy college athletics programs and cause them to have many of the issues professional sports leagues have.

• Both sides of the argument are well developed, with multiple reasons why people agree with each side. It allows readers to get a full view of the argument and its nuances.
• Certain statements on both sides are directly rebuffed in order to show where the strengths and weaknesses of each side lie and give a more complete and sophisticated look at the argument.
• Using the Rogerian model can be tricky because oftentimes you don’t explicitly state your argument until the end of the paper. Here, the thesis doesn’t appear until the first sentence of the final paragraph. That doesn’t give readers a lot of time to be convinced that your argument is the right one, compared to a paper where the thesis is stated in the beginning and then supported throughout the paper. This paper could be strengthened if the final paragraph was expanded to more fully explain why the author supports the view, or if the paper had made it clearer that paying athletes was the weaker argument throughout.

3 Tips for Writing a Good Argumentative Essay

Now that you’ve seen examples of what good argumentative essay samples look like, follow these three tips when crafting your own essay.

#1: Make Your Thesis Crystal Clear

The thesis is the key to your argumentative essay; if it isn’t clear or readers can’t find it easily, your entire essay will be weak as a result. Always make sure that your thesis statement is easy to find. The typical spot for it is the final sentence of the introduction paragraph, but if it doesn’t fit in that spot for your essay, try to at least put it as the first or last sentence of a different paragraph so it stands out more.

Also make sure that your thesis makes clear what side of the argument you’re on. After you’ve written it, it’s a great idea to show your thesis to a couple different people--classmates are great for this. Just by reading your thesis they should be able to understand what point you’ll be trying to make with the rest of your essay.

#2: Show Why the Other Side Is Weak

When writing your essay, you may be tempted to ignore the other side of the argument and just focus on your side, but don’t do this. The best argumentative essays really tear apart the other side to show why readers shouldn’t believe it. Before you begin writing your essay, research what the other side believes, and what their strongest points are. Then, in your essay, be sure to mention each of these and use evidence to explain why they’re incorrect/weak arguments. That’ll make your essay much more effective than if you only focused on your side of the argument.

#3: Use Evidence to Support Your Side

Remember, an essay can’t be an argumentative essay if it doesn’t support its argument with evidence. For every point you make, make sure you have facts to back it up. Some examples are previous studies done on the topic, surveys of large groups of people, data points, etc. There should be lots of numbers in your argumentative essay that support your side of the argument. This will make your essay much stronger compared to only relying on your own opinions to support your argument.

Summary: Argumentative Essay Sample

Argumentative essays are persuasive essays that use facts and evidence to support their side of the argument. Most argumentative essays follow either the Toulmin model or the Rogerian model. By reading good argumentative essay examples, you can learn how to develop your essay and provide enough support to make readers agree with your opinion. When writing your essay, remember to always make your thesis clear, show where the other side is weak, and back up your opinion with data and evidence.

What's Next?

Do you need to write an argumentative essay as well? Check out our guide on the best argumentative essay topics for ideas!

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Your college admissions essay may end up being one of the most important essays you write. Follow our step-by-step guide on writing a personal statement to have an essay that'll impress colleges.

Christine graduated from Michigan State University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Master's from Duke University. In high school she scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT and was named a National Merit Finalist. She has taught English and biology in several countries.

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Argumentative Essay: Definition, format, and uses

An argumentative essay is a type of essay that presents a clear and concise argument in support of a particular position or point of view. The goal of an argumentative essay is to persuade the reader to accept the writer’s point of view by presenting evidence, facts, and reasoning to support the argument.

An argumentative essay typically consists of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction provides background information on the topic and presents the thesis statement, which is the main argument of the essay. The body paragraphs provide evidence and reasoning to support the thesis statement, and the conclusion summarizes the main points and reinforces the thesis statement.

To write a successful argumentative essay, the writer must have a clear understanding of the topic and be able to present a well-supported argument. The writer must also be able to anticipate and address counterarguments, and present a compelling and convincing case for their position.

Argumentative essays are commonly used in academic settings, political debates, and legal proceedings, and they require strong critical thinking and analytical skills. They are also commonly used in personal writing, such as in online forums or personal blogs, to express opinions and perspectives on a variety of topics and issues.

Purpose of an Argumentative Essay

An argumentative essay is a type of academic writing that requires the writer to present an argument or position on a particular topic or issue and support it with evidence and reasoning. The main purpose of an argumentative essay is to persuade the reader to adopt the writer’s point of view or take a particular action or decision.

To achieve this goal, the writer must carefully craft the essay, paying close attention to the structure and content. The essay should begin with an introduction that provides background information on the topic and presents the thesis statement, which is the writer’s main argument. The introduction should also capture the reader’s attention and set the tone for the rest of the essay.

The body of the essay should provide evidence and reasoning to support the thesis statement. This may involve citing research studies, statistics, expert opinions, or other credible sources. The writer must also anticipate and address potential counterarguments or objections, and demonstrate why their position is more valid or compelling.

The conclusion of the essay should summarize the main points, restate the thesis statement, and leave the reader with a clear and compelling call to action or decision. The writer should aim to leave a lasting impression on the reader, and motivate them to take action or adopt the writer’s point of view.

Overall, the purpose of an argumentative essay is to present a clear and well-supported argument on a particular topic, and persuade the reader to take a particular position or action. By carefully crafting the essay and providing strong evidence and reasoning, the writer can effectively communicate their ideas and influence others.

Uses of Essays

Argumentative essays are used in various settings, including academic, professional, and personal contexts. Some of the most common applications of argumentative essays include:

• Academic Writing: Argumentative essays are frequently used in academic settings to evaluate a student’s ability to analyze and argue a particular issue or topic. They are often assigned to subjects such as philosophy, political science, and law.
• Political Debates: Argumentative essays are often used in political contexts to present and defend a particular viewpoint on an issue. They can be used in debates, discussions, and in the media to advocate for a particular policy or perspective.
• Legal Briefs: Argumentative essays are used in the legal field to present arguments and evidence in support of a particular case or issue. They can be used in courtrooms, legal briefs, and other legal documents.
• Business and Marketing: Argumentative essays are often used in the business and marketing fields to make a case for a particular product or service. They can be used to persuade clients, stakeholders, and investors of the benefits of a particular product or service.
• Personal Writing: Argumentative essays can also be used in personal contexts, such as in online forums, to express opinions and perspectives on different topics and issues.

Format of an argumentative essay

The format of an argumentative essay typically consists of the following components:

Introduction: The introduction should provide background information on the topic and present the thesis statement, which is the main argument of the essay. It should grab the reader’s attention and provide context for the argument to follow.

Body Paragraphs: The body paragraphs should provide evidence and reasoning to support the thesis statement. Each body paragraph should focus on a specific point or aspect of the argument, and provide evidence and analysis to support it.

Counterargument: In the body of the essay, the writer should anticipate and address counterarguments, which are opposing points of view on the issue being discussed. This allows the writer to strengthen their argument by showing that they have considered alternative perspectives.

Rebuttal: After presenting a counterargument, the writer should then present a rebuttal, which refutes the counterargument and strengthens the writer’s argument.

Closing: The ending must discuss the core points and reiterate the thesis statement. It should not introduce new information or arguments but instead should provide a closing statement that ties together the argument and leaves the reader with a sense of closure.

In general, argumentative essays should be well-organized, with clear transitions between sections and paragraphs. Additionally, they must be presented in a structured, objective style with supporting evidence and figures. The essay’s readers must also be taken into account as the author adjusts their phrasing and reasoning.

What is an argumentative essay and how does it differ from other types of essays

An argumentative essay is a specific type of writing aimed at convincing the reader to accept a certain viewpoint or position on a debatable issue. It achieves this by presenting a clear thesis statement, supporting it with strong evidence and logical reasoning, and acknowledging and addressing opposing viewpoints. Here’s how it differs from other types of essays;

Compared to expository essays

• Goal:  Argumentative essays aim to persuade, while expository essays aim to inform and explain.
• Evidence:  Argumentative essays use evidence to support a specific claim, while expository essays present various perspectives and factual information without advocating for one.
• Structure:  Argumentative essays follow a logical structure with a clear thesis, supporting arguments, and counterarguments, while expository essays have a more flexible structure depending on the information presented.

Compared to persuasive essays

• Style:  Argumentative essays rely on logic and evidence, while persuasive essays can use emotional appeals and vivid language.
• Focus:  Argumentative essays focus on the strength of the argument and evidence, while persuasive essays can prioritize emotional impact and audience connection.
• Evidence:  Argumentative essays use factual evidence like statistics, studies, and expert opinions, while persuasive essays can also use anecdotal evidence and personal stories.

Compared to narrative essays

• Purpose:  Argumentative essays aim to convince, while narrative essays aim to entertain, inform, or evoke emotions.
• Structure:  Argumentative essays follow a logical structure, while narrative essays have a storytelling structure with a clear plot, characters, and setting.
• Language:  Argumentative essays use formal language and objective tone, while narrative essays can use figurative language and varied tones depending on the story.

Why is it important to have a clear thesis statement in an argumentative essay

A clear thesis statement in an argumentative essay is crucial for several key reasons;

1. Focus and Direction:  It acts as a roadmap for your essay, ensuring it stays focused on your main point and doesn’t meander off topic. Without a clear thesis, your essay might resemble a disorganized jumble of ideas, leaving the reader confused about your intentions.

2. Clarity for the Reader:  It immediately informs the reader about your stance on the issue and what you plan to argue. This transparency empowers the reader to follow your line of reasoning and engage with your argument effectively.

3. Evidence Selection:  It guides you in selecting relevant evidence to support your claim. If your thesis is unclear, you might end up including unnecessary or irrelevant details, weakening your argument’s overall impact.

4. Organization and Structure:  It helps you structure your essay logically. Each body paragraph should provide specific evidence and reasoning that directly contributes to proving your thesis statement.

5. Counterargument Consideration:  It prompts you to anticipate and address potential opposing viewpoints. Acknowledging and refuting counterarguments strengthens your argument and demonstrates its comprehensiveness.

6. Evaluation and Revision:  It serves as a benchmark for evaluating your essay’s effectiveness. If your arguments or evidence don’t directly tie back to your thesis, it’s a signal for revision and refocusing.

A clear thesis statement acts as the backbone of your argumentative essay. It provides direction, focus, and clarity for both you and the reader, ultimately leading to a well-structured and persuasive piece of writing.

What is the main goal of an argumentative essay

While persuasion is often cited as the main goal of an argumentative essay, a more nuanced understanding acknowledges  two intertwined aims :

1. Persuasion:  At its core, an argumentative essay aims to  convince the reader to accept a specific viewpoint  on a debatable issue. This involves presenting a clear thesis statement, marshaling strong evidence and logical reasoning, and addressing opposing viewpoints. Ultimately, you want the reader to either wholeheartedly agree with your position or at least seriously consider it as a valid perspective.

2. Informed Understanding:  This aspect goes beyond mere persuasion. It emphasizes the importance of presenting a  well-balanced and informative discussion  of the issue, even when advocating for a particular stance. This means acknowledging the complexity of the topic, presenting different perspectives (including counterarguments), and providing credible evidence to support your claims. Ideally, your essay should not only persuade but also  enlighten  the reader by offering a thoughtful and insightful analysis.

Balancing these goals:  Striking the right balance between persuasion and informed understanding is key. While advocating for your position, avoid resorting to manipulation or presenting a one-sided view. Acknowledge the nuances of the issue, engage with opposing viewpoints respectfully, and provide evidence that allows the reader to form their own informed opinion. Remember, a strong argumentative essay wins the reader over not just by force of persuasion, but also by demonstrating intellectual honesty and a commitment to fair representation of the issue at hand.

How can you define and establish your stance on a topic in an argumentative essay

Defining and establishing your stance on a topic in an argumentative essay involves a few key steps;

1. Choose a debatable topic:  Ensure the topic you choose has at least two valid opposing viewpoints. A clear-cut, non-debatable topic won’t provide room for argumentation.

2. Research and explore different perspectives:  Immerse yourself in the topic by reading articles, studies, and viewpoints from various sources. This helps you understand the complexity of the issue and potential counterarguments.

3. Reflect and analyze:  After exploring different perspectives, consider your values, beliefs, and experiences related to the topic. Ask yourself, “What resonates with me most? What position feels most aligned with my understanding?”

4. Formulate your tentative stance:  Based on your analysis, develop a preliminary idea about your position on the issue. This doesn’t need to be final, but it provides a starting point.

5. Evaluate strengths and weaknesses:  Consider the advantages and potential drawbacks of your stance. Can you support it with credible evidence? Anticipate possible counterarguments and how you might address them.

6. Refine and solidify your stance:  After this introspection and evaluation, you can refine your initial position into a clear and concise thesis statement. This statement should directly communicate your specific stance on the debatable issue.

Here are some additional tips

• Focus on a specific aspect of the topic:  Choosing a narrower theme within the broader topic allows for a more focused and impactful argument.
• Consider your audience:  Tailor your arguments and language to resonate with your target audience’s perspective and knowledge level.
• Be fair and balanced:  Even as you advocate for your position, acknowledge and address opposing viewpoints with respect and fairness.
• Don’t be afraid to change your mind:  As you continue researching and analyzing, your initial stance might evolve. Embrace this as an opportunity for intellectual growth and a more nuanced understanding.

What role do evidence and examples play in supporting the arguments in an essay

Evidence and examples play a crucial role in supporting the arguments in an argumentative essay;

1. Building Credibility and Persuasiveness:  They  add weight and authority  to your claims, making your argument more convincing to the reader. By relying on facts, statistics, research studies, expert opinions, and relevant examples, you demonstrate that your position is well-informed and grounded in reality.

2. Illustrating and Explaining Your Points:  Evidence and examples help you  make your arguments clear and understandable . They provide concrete details, data, and real-world scenarios that can help the reader grasp the implications and significance of your claims.

3. Addressing Counterarguments:  They allow you to  anticipate and address potential objections  to your position. By incorporating evidence that counters opposing viewpoints, you demonstrate that you’ve considered different perspectives and can effectively defend your stance.

4. Engaging the Reader:  Well-chosen examples can make your essay more  interesting and engaging  for the reader. They can help connect your arguments to relatable situations, making your points more impactful and memorable.

Here’s how to use evidence and examples effectively

• Variety is key:  Don’t rely solely on one type of evidence. Use a mix of facts, statistics, quotes, anecdotes, and case studies to keep your essay engaging and well-rounded.
• Relevance is crucial:  Ensure your evidence and examples directly connect to the specific points you’re making. Avoid including irrelevant information that distracts the reader.
• Credibility is essential:  Use reliable and credible sources for your evidence, such as scholarly articles, reputable websites, and expert opinions. Avoid using questionable or biased sources.
• Analysis is important:  Don’t just present evidence; explain how it supports your argument and address its limitations. Provide clear and concise analysis to help the reader understand the significance of your evidence.
• Balance is necessary:  While presenting evidence to support your claims, don’t ignore opposing viewpoints. Briefly acknowledge and address counterarguments using relevant evidence to strengthen your position.

What are the key components of the introduction in an argumentative essay

An effective introduction in an argumentative essay lays the foundation for your entire argument. It needs to captivate the reader’s attention, provide context, and establish your stance on the issue. Here are the key components;

1. Attention-grabbing Hook

• Start with a  punchy sentence, question, anecdote, or statistic  that piques the reader’s interest and draws them into the essay.
• Avoid clichés or overused statements. Aim for originality and relevance to your topic.

2. Background Information

• Briefly introduce the main topic of your essay and provide some  essential context  to help readers understand the issue at hand.
• Avoid overwhelming the reader with excessive details. Focus on information directly relevant to your argument.

3. Significance of the Issue

• Explain  why this topic matters  and why it’s important to discuss it.
• Highlight the potential impact of the issue on individuals, society, or the environment.

4. Thesis Statement

• This is the  central point of your essay .
• It clearly and concisely states your  position on the debatable issue .
• Ensure it’s specific, arguable, and directly relates to the topic and background information.

Bonus Tip: Preview your main points

• Briefly mention the  key arguments  you will use to support your thesis statement.
• This provides a roadmap for the reader and helps them anticipate your argument’s structure.
• Tailor the introduction to your specific topic and audience.
• Use a formal and objective tone.
• Maintain a smooth transition between each element.
• Keep it concise and engaging, aiming for around 10% of your essay’s length.

How do you effectively transition from the introduction to the body paragraphs in an argumentative essay

Effective transitions between the introduction and body paragraphs in an argumentative essay are crucial for guiding the reader and ensuring a smooth flow of ideas. Here are some ways to achieve this;

Referencing your thesis statement

• Directly mention your thesis:  Remind the reader of your main claim by using phrases like “As stated in my thesis,” “Building upon my main argument,” or “To further explore the point I made earlier.”
• Summarize your thesis:  Briefly paraphrase your thesis, highlighting the key points you will develop in the body paragraphs.
• Pose a question:  Formulate a question that relates to your thesis and introduces the specific argument you’ll explore in the first body paragraph.

Connecting to specific information

• Bridge with keywords:  Identify keywords or phrases from the introduction and use them to link to the topic of the first body paragraph.
• Highlight a specific point:  Pick up on a particular detail or issue raised in the introduction and elaborate on it in the first paragraph.
• Signal the direction:  Use transition words or phrases like “Firstly,” “Next,” or “Moreover” to indicate the start of your argument development.

Maintaining logical flow

• Chronological order:  If your arguments follow a chronological sequence, use transitions like “Firstly,” “Secondly,” or “Subsequently” to guide the reader through the timeline.
• Cause-and-effect chain:  If your arguments build upon each other logically, use transitions like “Therefore,” “Consequently,” or “As a result” to showcase the causal connections.
• Contrasting viewpoints:  If you’re acknowledging an opposing viewpoint before presenting your own, use transitions like “However,” “On the other hand,” or “In contrast” to highlight the shift in perspective.

Additional tips

• Avoid repetitive transitions:  While transitions are important, using the same few words repeatedly can become monotonous. Explore a variety of transition words and phrases to keep your writing engaging.
• Keep transitions concise:  Don’t let your transitions become long and convoluted sentences. Aim for clarity and brevity.
• Incorporate them smoothly:  Ensure your transitions flow naturally within the sentence structure and don’t feel like abrupt interruptions.

What should be included in the body paragraphs of an argumentative essay

Each body paragraph in your argumentative essay serves the crucial purpose of  developing and supporting your thesis statement . Here’s what each paragraph should typically include;

1. Topic Sentence

• This sentence functions as a mini-thesis for the specific argument you’ll present in the paragraph.
• It should directly connect back to your main thesis statement and clearly state the specific point you’ll be making.

2. Evidence

• Provide strong and relevant evidence to support the point made in your topic sentence.
• This can include facts, statistics, research findings, expert opinions, real-world examples, or relevant anecdotes.
• Ensure the evidence is credible and comes from reliable sources.

3. Explanation and Analysis

• Don’t just present evidence; explain  how it connects to your main point .
• Analyze the significance of the evidence and show how it supports your argument.
• Address any potential limitations of the evidence and explain how it still strengthens your overall claim.

4. Counterargument

• Consider acknowledging and briefly addressing an opposing viewpoint to your argument.
• This demonstrates your awareness of different perspectives and strengthens your argument by showing you’ve anticipated objections.
• Use evidence or logical reasoning to refute the counterargument and reaffirm your stance.

5. Transition:  Conclude the paragraph with a transition sentence that connects it to the next point or argument, ensuring a smooth flow of ideas.

Additional Tips

• Structure:  Aim for 3-5 body paragraphs, depending on the complexity of your argument and essay length.
• Variety:  Use different types of evidence in different paragraphs to avoid monotony.
• Focus:  Each paragraph should address a single main point related to your thesis.
• Clarity:  Maintain a clear and concise writing style, avoiding excessive jargon or overly complex sentences.
• Flow:  Use transition words and phrases to connect paragraphs and guide the reader through your argument.

Why is it crucial to address counterarguments in an argumentative essay, and how can it be done effectively

Addressing counterarguments in an argumentative essay is crucial for several reasons;

1. Demonstrates intellectual honesty and fairness:  It shows that you understand the complexity of the issue and have considered alternate perspectives. This builds trust with the reader and strengthens your credibility.

2. Anticipates objections and strengthens your argument:  By acknowledging and addressing potential counterarguments, you can preemptively refute them and reinforce your stance. This makes your argument more resilient and well-rounded.

3. Creates a more compelling and engaging essay:  Presenting different viewpoints makes your essay more thought-provoking and encourages critical thinking in the reader. This can lead to a more meaningful and impactful reading experience. 

Here are some ways to effectively address counterarguments in your essay;

1. Acknowledge the opposing viewpoint fairly and accurately:  Don’t misrepresent or strawman the counterargument. Present it honestly and respectfully, showing that you understand its validity.

2. Briefly explain the reasoning behind the counterargument:  This helps the reader understand the opposing perspective and why some people might hold it.

3. Present evidence and logical reasoning to refute the counterargument:  Explain why the counterargument is flawed or less convincing than your own position. Use facts, statistics, research, or expert opinions to support your refutation.

4. Maintain a respectful and objective tone:  Avoid personal attacks or inflammatory language. Focus on presenting evidence and reasoning clearly and professionally.

5. Address the limitations of your own argument:  Acknowledge that no argument is perfect and there might be some validity to the counterargument. This shows intellectual humility and strengthens your overall credibility.

Here are some additional tips;

• Don’t dedicate too much space to refuting counterarguments. Focus on presenting your own strong argument and evidence.
• You can address multiple counterarguments throughout your essay or dedicate a specific paragraph to it.
• Use transition words and phrases like “However,” “On the other hand,” or “While it’s true that…” to introduce counterarguments and smoothly transition back to your main argument.

What elements make up a strong and convincing conclusion for an argumentative essay

A strong and convincing conclusion in an argumentative essay serves several important purposes;

• Summarize Key Points:  Briefly remind the reader of the main arguments and evidence presented throughout your essay. This helps consolidate their understanding and reinforce your key messages.
• Restate Your Thesis:  Briefly restate your thesis statement in a new way, emphasizing its significance and impact. This provides a sense of closure and reminds the reader of your central claim.
• Expands on the Significance:  Go beyond summarizing and explore the broader implications of your argument. Discuss the potential consequences or future applications of your position, leaving a lasting impression on the reader.
• Call to Action:  Depending on your argument and purpose, you may conclude with a call to action. Encourage the reader to take a specific step, consider the issue further, or engage in further research.
• Memorable Ending:  Aim for a final sentence that is impactful, thought-provoking, or leaves a lasting impression on the reader. This could be a powerful quote, a rhetorical question, or a concise summary of your argument’s significance.

Here are some additional tips for crafting a strong and convincing conclusion;

• Maintain a Formal Tone:  Avoid informal language or sudden shifts in style.
• Focus on Clarity and Conciseness:  Avoid rambling or introducing new information.
• Flow Smoothly:  Use transitions to connect your conclusion to the body paragraphs.
• Proofread:  Make sure there are no mistakes or grammar issues in your conclusion.

Here are some examples of strong concluding statements

• “In conclusion, the overwhelming evidence demonstrates that… This necessitates immediate action on behalf of… to ensure a brighter future for all."  (Summary, restatement, call to action)
• “While the complexities of this issue cannot be fully resolved in this essay, it is crucial to remember that… By considering these broader implications, we can move forward with a more informed and nuanced understanding."  (Summary, significance, call to further thought)
• “The fate of… ultimately rests on our collective willingness to… May we choose wisely, for the sake of ourselves and generations to come."  (Significance, call to action, memorable ending)

A strong conclusion is not just about summarizing your points; it’s about leaving a lasting impression on the reader and encouraging them to consider your argument seriously.

Can you provide a basic outline structure for an argumentative essay

Here’s a basic outline structure for an argumentative essay;

I. Introduction

• Attention-grabbing Hook:  A captivating sentence, question, or anecdote to engage the reader.
• Background Information:  Briefly introduce the topic and provide context.
• Significance of the Issue:  Explain why the topic matters and why discussing it is important.
• Thesis Statement:  Clearly state your position on the debatable issue.
• Optional: Preview Main Points:  Briefly mention the key arguments you will use to support your thesis.

II. Body Paragraphs

• Topic Sentence:  Introduces the specific argument of the paragraph and connects back to the thesis.
• Evidence:  Facts, statistics, research findings, expert opinions, examples, or anecdotes to support your point.
• Explanation and Analysis:  Explain how the evidence supports your argument and address any limitations.
• Optional: Counterargument:  Briefly acknowledge and refute an opposing viewpoint, if applicable.
• Transition:  Connects the paragraph to the next point or argument.

III. Conclusion

• Summary of Key Points:  Briefly remind the reader of your main arguments and evidence.
• Restatement of Thesis:  Briefly restate your thesis in a new way, emphasizing its significance.
• Expansion on Significance:  Explore the broader implications of your argument.
• Optional: Call to Action:  Encourage the reader to take a specific step or consider the issue further.
• Memorable Ending:  An impactful sentence, rhetorical question, or concise summary of your argument’s significance.
• Adapt this structure based on the complexity of your topic and essay length.
• Aim for 3-5 body paragraphs, depending on your argument.
• Use different types of evidence to avoid monotony.
• Maintain a clear and concise writing style.
• For an effortless change between ideas, use transitional words and phrases.

How do you choose and organize your supporting points within the body paragraphs of an argumentative essay

Choosing and organizing your supporting points within the body paragraphs of an argumentative essay is crucial for building a strong and persuasive argument. Here are a few tips to assist you in doing this successfully;

Choosing Supporting Points

• Relevance:  Your supporting points should directly connect to your topic sentence and ultimately back up your thesis statement. Don’t include information that is interesting but irrelevant to your argument.
• Strength:  Choose points that are credible, convincing, and difficult to refute. This includes using reliable sources like research studies, expert opinions, and factual data.
• Variety:  Don’t solely rely on one type of evidence. Diversify your points by using a mix of statistics, examples, quotes, and personal anecdotes (if appropriate) to keep your argument engaging.
• Depth:  While you may have many supporting points, prioritize the most impactful ones that have the strongest backing. Avoid overwhelming the reader with too much information.

Organizing Supporting Points

• Logical Order:  Consider the most logical flow for your points. Organize them chronologically, by cause and effect, or by importance (strongest to weakest or vice versa).
• Grouping Similar Points:  You can group related points under subheadings or mini-arguments within the paragraph for better organization and clarity.
• Transitions:  Use transition words and phrases to guide the reader through your points and show the connections between them.
• Balance:  Ensure each body paragraph focuses on a single main point supported by several strong arguments. Avoid creating “laundry lists” of evidence without clear analysis and explanation.
• Visualize your argument:  Create a mind map or outline to visualize how your points connect and flow before writing.
• Consider your audience:  Tailor the type and complexity of your supporting points to suit your target audience’s knowledge and expectations.
• Read your essay aloud:  Listen for logical flow and gaps in your argument. Reorganize points if needed for clarity and persuasiveness.

What is the significance of a counterargument section in the essay outline

A counterargument section in an essay outline, while not always mandatory, carries significant value for your argument and essay overall. Here’s why it’s important;

Strengthens Your Argument

• Demonstrates intellectual depth:  Acknowledging and addressing opposing viewpoints reveals you’ve considered different perspectives, making your argument more nuanced and well-rounded.
• Anticipates objections:  By preemptively addressing counterarguments, you can refute them and solidify your own stance, making your argument more resilient.
• Shows fairness and credibility:  A balanced exploration of different sides builds trust with your reader and showcases your commitment to presenting a fair and informed discussion.

Enhances the Essay

• Creates complexity and engagement:  Exploring alternate viewpoints makes your essay more thought-provoking and encourages critical thinking in the reader.
• Avoids being one-sided:  A solely one-sided argument can appear biased and less persuasive. Including counterarguments adds depth and balance.
• Provides an opportunity for deeper analysis:  Addressing counterarguments often leads to explaining your position in more detail and exploring its nuances, enriching your overall essay.

How to use the counterargument section

• Don’t dedicate excessive space:  Focus on presenting your own strong argument and evidence first.
• Choose relevant counterarguments:  Address the most common or compelling opposing viewpoints.
• Present them accurately and fairly:  Avoid misrepresenting or exaggerating the counterargument.
• Refute them concisely and logically:  Use evidence and reasoning to demonstrate their limitations or flaws.
• Acknowledge your limitations:  It’s okay to admit that no argument is perfect and some validity might exist in the counterargument.
• The counterargument section is optional, but highly recommended for persuasive and well-developed essays.
• Adapt its use to your specific topic, audience, and argument’s complexity.
• Utilize it effectively to elevate your essay’s depth, credibility, and engagement.

How can you ensure logical flow and coherence between different sections of the essay outline

Ensuring logical flow and coherence between different sections of your essay outline is crucial for building a strong and persuasive argument. Here are some strategies you can use;

1. Start with a clear thesis statement

• Your thesis statement acts as the roadmap for your entire essay. Make sure it’s specific, arguable, and clearly states your position on the issue.
• Every part of your outline, from the introduction to the body paragraphs to the conclusion, should flow logically from and support your thesis statement.

2. Use transitions effectively

• Transition words and phrases help you connect your ideas smoothly and guide the reader through your argument. Use a variety of transitions to avoid sounding repetitive.
• Examples of transitions include: “furthermore,” “however,” “on the other hand,” “consequently,” and “in conclusion.”

3. Organize your body paragraphs strategically

• Each body paragraph should focus on a single main point that directly supports your thesis statement.
• Arrange your body paragraphs in a logical order that makes sense to your argument. This could be chronological, cause-and-effect, or based on importance (strongest to weakest or vice versa).
• Make sure each paragraph has a clear topic sentence that introduces the main point and transitions smoothly from the previous paragraph.

4. Consider using subheadings

• Subheadings within your body paragraphs can help break down your argument and make it easier for the reader to follow.
• Use them to highlight key points or transitions within a paragraph.

5. Check for consistency

• Make sure your use of language, tone, and style is consistent throughout your essay. This includes maintaining a formal and objective tone throughout the argumentative sections.
• Ensure your evidence and data are consistent and credible throughout the essay.

6. Proofread and revise

• Once you have a complete outline, take the time to proofread and revise it carefully.
• Pay attention to logical flow, transitions, and coherence between sections.
• Ask a friend or classmate to review your outline and provide feedback on its clarity and flow.
• Use mind maps or visual tools to help you visualize the connections between different sections of your outline.
• Read your outline aloud to see if it flows smoothly and makes sense.
• Don’t be afraid to revise your outline as you write and develop your ideas further.

In what ways can you strengthen the connection between the thesis statement and the conclusion in the outline

Here are some ways you can strengthen the connection between the thesis statement and the conclusion in your essay outline;

Reflective Connections

• Echo key terms:  Use some of the key terms or phrases from your thesis statement in your conclusion, rephrased or with added emphasis, to remind the reader of your central argument.
• Reinforce the main point:  Briefly restate your thesis statement in your conclusion, but don’t simply copy and paste it. Instead, rephrase it in a new way that emphasizes its significance or broader implications.
• Summarize key arguments:  Briefly remind the reader of the main points and evidence you used to support your thesis throughout the essay. This ensures they leave with a clear understanding of your argument’s structure.

Impactful Endings

• Expand on the significance:  Don’t just summarize; explore the broader implications of your argument. Discuss the potential consequences or future applications of your position, leaving a lasting impression on the reader.
• End with a call to action (optional):  Depending on your argument and purpose, you can conclude with a call to action. Encourage the reader to take a specific step, consider the issue further, or engage in further research. This ties your argument to real-world action.
• Leave a memorable ending:  Aim for a final sentence that is impactful, thought-provoking, or leaves a lasting impression on the reader. This could be a powerful quote, a rhetorical question, or a concise summary of your argument’s significance.

Structural Consistency

• Mirror the introduction:  If your introduction starts with a specific question, anecdote, or statistic, consider using a similar approach in your conclusion to create a sense of closure and thematic unity.
• Maintain the tone:  Ensure your conclusion maintains the formal and objective tone established in your argumentative sections.
• Outline your conclusion early:  Don’t wait until the end of your writing process to think about your conclusion. Having a clear idea of how you want to end your essay can help you tailor your body paragraphs and arguments to effectively support your thesis and lead to a satisfying conclusion.
• Read your outline aloud:  Pay attention to how the introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion flow together. This can help you identify areas where you need to strengthen the connections.
• Get feedback:  Ask a friend, classmate, or professor to review your outline and provide feedback on the clarity and strength of the connection between your thesis statement and conclusion.

What strategies can be employed to grab the reader’s attention in the introduction of an argumentative essay

Hooking your reader right from the introduction is crucial for keeping them engaged and invested in your argument. Here are some strategies you can employ;

Start with a powerful statement

• Provocative question:  Pose a thought-provoking question that challenges the reader’s assumptions or beliefs and directly relates to your thesis.
• Startling statistic:  Use a surprising or significant statistic that captures the reader’s attention and emphasizes the importance of your topic.
• Bold statement:  Make a strong and confident statement that introduces your topic and immediately positions you on the issue.

Use captivating storytelling

• Anecdote:  Share a personal story or relevant anecdote that illustrates the impact or significance of your argument in a relatable way.
• Historical example:  Begin with a historical event or figure that connects to your topic and sets the stage for your argument.
• Hypothetical scenario:  Paint a vivid picture of a possible future or consequence related to your topic to grab the reader’s imagination.

Appeal to different interests

• Humor:  Use a witty statement or relevant joke to lighten the mood and connect with the reader on a personal level, but ensure it doesn’t detract from your argument.
• Emotional appeal:  Tap into the reader’s emotions by highlighting the positive or negative consequences of your argument’s outcome.
• Curiosity:  Use statements that pique the reader’s curiosity and make them want to learn more about your argument and its supporting evidence.
• Relevance is key:  Ensure your hook directly relates to your thesis statement and sets the stage for the argument you’ll present.
• Avoid clichés:  Steer clear of overused or predictable opening lines. Aim for originality and uniqueness that stands out.
• Maintain a formal tone:  While engaging, your introduction should remain formal and objective, setting the tone for the argumentative sections.
• Keep it concise:  Your hook shouldn’t be longwinded. Aim for a punchy introduction that grabs attention quickly.

How can one avoid logical fallacies and ensure the soundness of arguments in the essay

Avoiding logical fallacies and ensuring the soundness of your arguments in an essay require a proactive approach. Here are some strategies you can use;

Identifying Logical Fallacies

• Familiarize yourself with common fallacies:  Learn about different types of logical fallacies, such as ad hominem attacks, hasty generalizations, and false dilemmas. Understanding their structure and common forms will help you identify them in your own writing and avoid them.
• Question your assumptions:  Be critical of your own reasoning and examine the underlying assumptions behind your arguments. Are they valid and supported by evidence?
• Consider opposing viewpoints:  Try to see your topic from different perspectives and anticipate potential counterarguments. This can help you identify areas where your own reasoning might be flawed.
• Use tools and resources:  Online resources and logic textbooks can provide examples of fallacies and tips for identifying them.

Ensuring Sound Arguments

• Base your arguments on evidence:  Don’t rely solely on opinions or personal beliefs. Use credible sources like peer-reviewed research, expert opinions, and factual data to support your claims.
• Evaluate your evidence critically:  Not all sources are created equal. Analyze the credibility of your sources, considering their expertise, bias, and potential limitations.
• Use clear and concise language:  Avoid ambiguity and vagueness in your writing. Explain your reasoning clearly and logically, making it easy for the reader to follow your argument.
• Be open to revision:  Be willing to revise your arguments as you learn more or encounter new information. Don’t be afraid to acknowledge limitations or refine your claims based on stronger evidence.
• Use logic frameworks:  Consider using frameworks like Toulmin’s Argument Model to structure your arguments and identify potential weaknesses.
• Get feedback:  Ask a friend, classmate, or professor to review your essay and provide feedback on the soundness of your arguments and evidence.
• Practice critical thinking:  Develop your critical thinking skills by regularly analyzing arguments you encounter in everyday life and media.

What role does research play in strengthening the arguments presented in an argumentative essay

Research plays a  crucial role  in strengthening the arguments presented in an argumentative essay, acting as the foundation for your claims and enhancing their credibility and persuasiveness. Here’s how;

1. Evidence and Backing

• Provides support:  Research allows you to gather evidence, such as facts, statistics, research findings, expert opinions, and real-world examples, to support your claims and strengthen your argument.
• Increases credibility:  By citing credible sources and presenting well-rounded evidence, you establish yourself as an informed and knowledgeable writer, making your argument more believable and impactful.
• Addresses counterarguments:  Research helps you anticipate and address potential counterarguments with relevant evidence and reasoning, demonstrating your awareness of different perspectives and solidifying your own stance.

2. Depth and Nuance

• Informs your position:  Research exposes you to various viewpoints and data, allowing you to refine and develop your own position on the topic with a deeper understanding of its complexities.
• Explores different perspectives:  By incorporating findings from diverse sources, you can present a more balanced and nuanced argument that acknowledges different sides of the issue, showcasing intellectual honesty and depth.
• Avoids bias:  Careful research helps you identify and avoid biases in your own thinking and ensure your argument is based on objective evidence and sound reasoning.

3. Persuasiveness and Impact

• Appeals to logic and reason:  Using well-researched and credible evidence allows you to build a strong logical case for your argument, appealing to the reader’s sense of reason and critical thinking.
• Connects to the real world:  Integrating real-world examples and data from your research helps the reader see the practical implications of your argument and its potential impact, making it more engaging and relevant.
• Establishes authority:  Demonstrating your thorough research and use of credible sources establishes you as an authority on the topic, enhancing your persuasive power and gaining the reader’s trust.

Key Takeaways

• Quality over quantity:  Focus on using  relevant and credible  research sources, even if it’s a few strong ones, rather than many questionable ones.
• Analyze and explain:  Don’t just present evidence; explain how it connects to your argument, address its limitations, and ensure it strengthens your overall point.
• Maintain proper citation:  Use a consistent and appropriate citation style to acknowledge your sources and avoid plagiarism.

How can a writer make their writing style more persuasive in an argumentative essay

Here are some strategies you can use to make your writing style more persuasive in an argumentative essay;

Clarity and Conciseness

• Use clear and concise language:  Avoid overly complex sentences, jargon, and ambiguity. Strive for clarity and ensure the reader can easily understand your points.
• Focus on the essentials:  Don’t get bogged down in unnecessary details or tangents. Stay focused on the main points that support your thesis statement.
• Vary sentence structure:  Avoid monotonous sentence patterns. Use a mix of short and long sentences to keep the reader engaged.

Emphasis and Tone

• Use strong verbs and active voice:  Strong verbs convey the force and importance of your arguments. Your essay is more compelling and straightforward when it uses active voice.
• Emphasize key points:  Use italics, bolding, or repetition to highlight important points you want the reader to remember.
• Maintain a formal and objective tone:  Avoid personal attacks, inflammatory language, or excessive humor. Aim for a respectful and professional tone that conveys your seriousness and credibility.

Evidence and Reasoning

• Use strong and credible evidence:  Support your claims with facts, statistics, research findings, expert opinions, and real-world examples from reliable sources.
• Explain your reasoning:  Don’t just present evidence; explain how it connects to your argument and address any potential limitations.
• Anticipate and address counterarguments:  Briefly acknowledge and refute opposing viewpoints, demonstrating your awareness of different perspectives and strengthening your own argument.

Engagement and Connection

• Use language that resonates with your audience:  Tailor your vocabulary and style to suit the knowledge level and expectations of your target audience.
• Use emotional appeals strategically:  While maintaining objectivity, evoke emotions like compassion, concern, or hope to connect with your reader on a deeper level.
• Ask rhetorical questions:  Pose thought-provoking questions to prompt reflection and engage the reader actively in considering your argument.
• Read your essay aloud:  This helps identify awkward phrasing, unclear sentences, and areas where your writing lacks persuasiveness.
• Get feedback:  Ask a friend, classmate, or professor to review your essay and provide feedback on your writing style and persuasiveness.
• Read persuasive writing examples:  Analyze persuasive essays or speeches to identify techniques you can incorporate into your own writing.

Remember, a persuasive writing style is not about manipulating your reader, but about presenting your arguments in a clear, well-reasoned, and engaging way that encourages them to consider your perspective seriously.

What are some common pitfalls to avoid while writing an argumentative essay, and how can they be mitigated

Writing a compelling and persuasive argumentative essay involves navigating various pitfalls. Here are some common ones to avoid and strategies to mitigate them;

Pitfall 1: Weak Thesis Statement

• Problem:  A vague or unfocused thesis statement leaves the reader unclear about your central argument.
• Solution:  Craft a clear, concise, and debatable thesis statement that explicitly states your position on the topic. Ensure it reflects the specific issue you’re addressing and the angle you’ll take.

Pitfall 2: Lack of Evidence

• Problem:  Relying solely on opinions or personal anecdotes weakens your argument’s credibility.
• Solution:  Gather strong and relevant evidence like facts, statistics, research findings, expert opinions, and credible real-world examples to support your claims. Analyze and explain how each piece of evidence supports your argument.

Pitfall 3: Logical Fallacies

• Problem:  Using flawed reasoning patterns like ad hominem attacks, hasty generalizations, or false dilemmas undermines your logic and weakens your position.
• Solution:  Familiarize yourself with common fallacies and critically evaluate your own reasoning. Ensure your arguments are based on sound logic and supported by credible evidence.

Pitfall 4: Bias and Unfairness

• Problem:  Presenting only one side of the issue or using biased language creates a one-sided and unconvincing argument.
• Solution:  Acknowledge and briefly address opposing viewpoints respectfully and fairly. This demonstrates open-mindedness and strengthens your understanding of the complexities of the issue.

Pitfall 5: Emotional Appeals over Reason

• Problem:  Overly relying on emotional manipulation diverts attention from the strength of your argument and can appear disingenuous.
• Solution:  While evoking emotions like compassion or concern can be impactful, ensure your claims are primarily supported by sound logic and credible evidence.

Pitfall 6: Unclear or Unengaging Writing

• Problem:  Poor grammar, unclear language, and monotonous writing style can bore the reader and hinder their understanding of your argument.
• Solution:  Proofread carefully for grammar and clarity. Use active voice, strong verbs, and varied sentence structures to engage the reader and keep them interested.

Pitfall 7: Inadequate Research

• Problem:  Incomplete or insufficient research can lead to inaccurate information, weak arguments, and lack of authority.
• Solution:  Conduct thorough research using credible sources like peer-reviewed journals, expert opinions, and official data. Integrate research findings seamlessly and ethically, citing sources appropriately.

Pitfall 8: Ignoring Counterarguments

• Problem:  Failing to acknowledge opposing viewpoints makes your argument seem one-sided and vulnerable to attack.
• Solution:  Briefly mention and address potential counterarguments in a fair and balanced manner. Showcasing awareness of different perspectives strengthens your own argument.

Pitfall 9: Misinterpreting Evidence

• Problem:  Using evidence selectively or out of context undermines your argument’s credibility and can be misleading.
• Solution:  Ensure you accurately represent and interpret evidence, acknowledging its limitations and potential biases. Analyze how each piece of evidence specifically supports your claim.
• Avoid these pitfalls by actively engaging in critical thinking, thorough research, and clear writing.
• Seek feedback from others to identify areas for improvement.
• Tailor your approach to your specific topic and audience.

In conclusion, argumentative essays are versatile tools that can be used in several settings to present and defend a particular point of view. Whether it is utilized in academic writing, political debates, legal briefs, business proposals, or personal expressions, the ability to write clear and well-supported argumentative essays is an essential skill for anyone looking to communicate their ideas and perspectives effectively.

Argumentative Essay Examples & Analysis

July 20, 2023

Writing successful argumentative or persuasive essays is a sort of academic rite of passage: every student, at some point in their academic career, will have to do it. And not without reason—writing a good argumentative essay requires the ability to organize one’s thoughts, reason logically, and present evidence in support of claims. They even require empathy, as authors are forced to inhabit and then respond to viewpoints that run counter to their own. Here, we’ll look at some argumentative essay examples and analyze their strengths and weaknesses.

What is an argumentative essay?

Before we turn to those argumentative essay examples, let’s get precise about what an argumentative essay is. An argumentative essay is an essay that advances a central point, thesis, or claim using evidence and facts. In other words, argumentative essays are essays that argue on behalf of a particular viewpoint. The goal of an argumentative essay is to convince the reader that the essay’s core idea is correct.

Good argumentative essays rely on facts and evidence. Personal anecdotes, appeals to emotion , and opinions that aren’t grounded in evidence just won’t fly. Let’s say I wanted to write an essay arguing that cats are the best pets. It wouldn’t be enough to say that I love having a cat as a pet. That’s just my opinion. Nor would it be enough to cite my downstairs neighbor Claudia, who also has a cat and who also prefers cats to dogs. That’s just an anecdote.

For the essay to have a chance at succeeding, I’d have to use evidence to support my argument. Maybe there are studies that compare the cost of cat ownership to dog ownership and conclude that cat ownership is less expensive. Perhaps there’s medical data that shows that more people are allergic to dogs than they are to cats. And maybe there are surveys that show that cat owners are more satisfied with their pets than are dog owners. I have no idea if any of that is true. The point is that successful argumentative essays use evidence from credible sources to back up their points.

Argumentative essay structure

Important to note before we examine a few argumentative essay examples: most argumentative essays will follow a standard 5-paragraph format. This format entails an introductory paragraph that lays out the essay’s central claim. Next, there are three body paragraphs that each advance sub-claims and evidence to support the central claim. Lastly, there is a conclusion that summarizes the points made. That’s not to say that every good argumentative essay will adhere strictly to the 5-paragraph format. And there is plenty of room for flexibility and creativity within the 5-paragraph format. For example, a good argumentative essay that follows the 5-paragraph template will also generally include counterarguments and rebuttals.

Introduction Example

Now let’s move on to those argumentative essay examples, and examine in particular a couple of introductions. The first takes on a common argumentative essay topic —capital punishment.

The death penalty has long been a divisive issue in the United States. 24 states allow the death penalty, while the other 26 have either banned the death penalty outright or issued moratoriums halting the practice. Proponents of the death penalty argue that it’s an effective deterrent against crime. Time and time again, however, this argument has been shown to be false. Capital punishment does not deter crime. But not only that—the death penalty is irreversible, which allows our imperfect justice system no room for error. Finally, the application of the death penalty is racially biased—the population of death row is over 41% Black , despite Black Americans making up just 13% of the U.S. population. For all these reasons, the death penalty should be outlawed across the board in the United States.

Why this introduction works: First, it’s clear. It lays out the essay’s thesis: that the death penalty should be outlawed in the United States. It also names the sub-arguments the author is going to use to support the thesis: (1), capital punishment does not deter crime, (2), it’s irreversible, and (3), it’s a racially biased practice. In laying out these three points, the author is also laying out the structure of the essay to follow. Each of the body paragraphs will take on one of the three sub-arguments presented in the introduction.

Argumentative Essay Examples (Continued)

Something else I like about this introduction is that it acknowledges and then refutes a common counterargument—the idea that the death penalty is a crime deterrent. Notice also the flow of the first two sentences. The first flags the essay’s topic. But it also makes a claim—that the issue of capital punishment is politically divisive. The following sentence backs this claim up. Essentially half of the country allows the practice; the other half has banned it. This is a feature not just of solid introductions but of good argumentative essays in general—all the essay’s claims will be backed up with evidence.

How it could be improved: Okay, I know I just got through singing the praises of the first pair of sentences, but if I were really nitpicking, I might take issue with them. Why? The first sentence is a bit of a placeholder. It’s a platitude, a way for the author to get a foothold in the piece. The essay isn’t about how divisive the death penalty is; it’s about why it ought to be abolished. When it comes to writing an argumentative essay, I always like to err on the side of blunt. There’s nothing wrong with starting an argumentative essay with the main idea: Capital punishment is an immoral and ineffective form of punishment, and the practice should be abolished .

Let’s move on to another argumentative essay example. Here’s an introduction that deals with the effects of technology on the brain:

Much of the critical discussion around technology today revolves around social media. Critics argue that social media has cut us off from our fellow citizens, trapping us in “information silos” and contributing to political polarization. Social media also promotes unrealistic and unhealthy beauty standards, which can lead to anxiety and depression. What’s more, the social media apps themselves are designed to addict their users. These are all legitimate critiques of social media, and they ought to be taken seriously. But the problem of technology today goes deeper than social media. The internet itself is the problem. Whether it’s on our phones or our laptops, on a social media app, or doing a Google search, the internet promotes distracted thinking and superficial learning. The internet is, quite literally, rewiring our brains.

Why this introduction works: This introduction hooks the reader by tying a topical debate about social media to the essay’s main subject—the problem of the internet itself. The introduction makes it clear what the essay is going to be about; the sentence, “But the problem of technology…” signals to the reader that the main idea is coming. I like the clarity with which the main idea is stated, and, as in the previous introduction, the main idea sets up the essay to follow.

How it could be improved: I like how direct this introduction is, but it might be improved by being a little more specific. Without getting too technical, the introduction might tell the reader what it means to “promote distracted thinking and superficial learning.” It might also hint as to why these are good arguments. For example, are there neurological or psychological studies that back this claim up? A simple fix might be: Whether it’s on our phones or our laptops, on a social media app, or doing a Google search, countless studies have shown that the internet promotes distracted thinking and superficial learning . The body paragraphs would then elaborate on those points. And the last sentence, while catchy, is a bit vague.

Body Paragraph Example

Let’s stick with our essay on capital punishment and continue on to the first body paragraph.

Proponents of the death penalty have long claimed that the practice is an effective deterrent to crime. It might not be pretty, they say, but its deterrent effects prevent further crime. Therefore, its continued use is justified. The problem is that this is just not borne out in the data. There is simply no evidence that the death penalty deters crime more than other forms of punishment, like long prison sentences. States, where the death penalty is still carried out, do not have lower crime rates than states where the practice has been abolished. States that have abandoned the death penalty likewise show no increase in crime or murder rates.

Body Paragraph (Continued)

For example, the state of Louisiana, where the death penalty is legal, has a murder rate of 21.3 per 100,000 residents. In Iowa, where the death penalty was abolished in 1965, the murder rate is 3.2 per 100,000. In Kentucky the death penalty is legal and the murder rate is 9.6; in Michigan where it’s illegal, the murder rate is 8.7. The death penalty simply has no bearing on murder rates. If it did, we’d see markedly lower murder rates in states that maintain the practice. But that’s not the case. Capital punishment does not deter crime. Therefore, it should be abolished.

Why this paragraph works: This body paragraph is successful because it coheres with the main idea set out in the introduction. It supports the essay’s first sub-argument—that capital punishment does not deter crime—and in so doing, it supports the essay’s main idea—that capital punishment should be abolished. How does it do that? By appealing to the data. A nice feature of this paragraph is that it simultaneously debunks a common counterargument and advances the essay’s thesis. It also supplies a few direct examples (murder rates in states like Kentucky, Michigan, etc.) without getting too technical. Importantly, the last few sentences tie the data back to the main idea of the essay. It’s not enough to pepper your essay with statistics. A good argumentative essay will unpack the statistics, tell the reader why the statistics matter, and how they support or confirm the essay’s main idea.

How it could be improved: The author is missing one logical connection at the end of the paragraph. The author shows that capital punishment doesn’t deter crime, but then just jumps to their conclusion. They needed to establish a logical bridge to get from the sub-argument to the conclusion. That bridge might be: if the deterrent effect is being used as a justification to maintain the practice, but the deterrent effect doesn’t really exist, then , in the absence of some other justification, the death penalty should be abolished. The author almost got there, but just needed to make that one final logical connection.

Conclusion Example

Once we’ve supported each of our sub-arguments with a corresponding body paragraph, it’s time to move on to the conclusion.

It might be nice to think that executing murderers prevents future murders from happening, that our justice system is infallible and no one is ever wrongly put to death, and that the application of the death penalty is free of bias. But as we have seen, each of those thoughts are just comforting fictions. The death penalty does not prevent future crime—if it did, we’d see higher crime rates in states that’ve done away with capital punishment. The death penalty is an irreversible punishment meted out by an imperfect justice system—as a result, wrongful executions are unavoidable. And the death penalty disproportionately affects people of color. The death penalty is an unjustifiable practice—both practically and morally. Therefore, the United States should do away with the practice and join the more than 85 world nations that have already done so.

Why this conclusion works: It concisely summarizes the points made throughout the essay. But notice that it’s not identical to the introduction. The conclusion makes it clear that our understanding of the issue has changed with the essay. It not only revisits the sub-arguments, it expounds upon them. And to put a bow on everything, it restates the thesis—this time, though, with a little more emotional oomph.

How it could be improved: I’d love to see a little more specificity with regard to the sub-arguments. Instead of just rehashing the second sub-argument—that wrongful executions are unavoidable—the author could’ve included a quick statistic to give the argument more weight. For example: The death penalty is an irreversible punishment meted out by an imperfect justice system—as a result, wrongful executions are unavoidable. Since 1973, at least 190 people have been put to death who were later found to be innocent.

An argumentative essay is a powerful way to convey one’s ideas. As an academic exercise, mastering the art of the argumentative essay requires students to hone their skills of critical thinking, rhetoric, and logical reasoning. The best argumentative essays communicate their ideas clearly and back up their claims with evidence.

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Dane Gebauer

Dane Gebauer is a writer and teacher living in Miami, FL. He received his MFA in fiction from Columbia University, and his writing has appeared in Complex Magazine and Sinking City Review .

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Composition Writing Studio

Argumentative essay/commentary.

From the University of Purdue’s Online Writing Lab (http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/685/05/):

The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic, collect, generate, and evaluate evidence, and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner.

Argumentative essay assignments generally call for extensive research of literature or previously published material. Argumentative assignments may also require empirical research where the student collects data through interviews, surveys, observations, or experiments. Detailed research allows the student to learn about the topic and to understand different points of view regarding the topic so that s/he may choose a position and support it with the evidence collected during research. Regardless of the amount or type of research involved, argumentative essays must establish a clear thesis and follow sound reasoning.

• Argument Essays: Getting Started
• Developing Paragraphs
• Finding Academic Journals
• Logical Fallacies
• Research Writing

General Resources:

• Argument :   UNC Chapel Hill Writing Center's online handout in argument.
• Types of Argument
• Writing Arguments: An Overview :  Comprehensive guide from Colorado State University's Writing Studio
• Sample Argument Essays
• Prompts for Argument Essays :  301 ideas from the New York Times
• Argument :  Main page for several argument sources from Oregon State University
• Using Rhetorical Strategies for Persuasion

Rhetorical Appeals (Logos, Pathos, Ethos)

• Examples of Ethos, Pathos, and Logos :  Numerous examples of each appeal from YourDictionary
• The Rhetorical Situation :  Purdue OWL's discussion of Aristotle's three appeals and use of telos and kairos
• Ethos, Pathos, and Logos in Advertising :  YouTube video
• Ethos, Pathos, Logos:   YouTube video

Toulmin Argument

• Toulmin Method :  An extensive online guide from Colorado State University on using the Toulmin method of argumentation
• Toulmin Method of Analyzing Arguments :  PowerPoint that defines and offers examples for Toulmin method
• Definition of the Toulmin Method :  Adaptation of a chapter on Toulmin's approach to argument
• Toulmin Argument (Aims of Argument) :  YouTube video

Rogerian Argument

• Rogerian Argument :  Information on definition and format of argument
• Rogerian Argument Example :  YouTube Video
• Rogerian Argument :  YouTube Video

Counter Arguments/Perspectives

• Counter Argument :  Overview provided by Harvard College
• Writing Counter Argument Paragraphs :  YouTube video
• Rhetorical Fallacies

When it comes to protests like at UT, passion and provocative behavior often intertwine

Protests, no matter the cause and the ideology of the participants, are never going to be models of good behavior. and they don't necessarily have to be..

As a comparatively obscure scholar in the mid-1970s, Laurel Thatcher Ulrich dropped a line in an academic essay on the Puritan era that said, "Well-behaved women seldom make history."

It was an observation, not the clarion call to activism it would soon become. And now, nearly 50 years after Ulrich put those words to paper, that unintended call still rings, and it crosses all genders and ideologies. Perhaps the latest example of using less than genteel tactics in the effort to leave a mark on history was the dayslong pro-Palestinian protest demonstrations at the University of Texas, and others like them around the country.

Such demonstrations, at least the most effective ones, are generally not conceived and carried out with the strictest definition of good behavior top of mind. Instead, they are loud, provocative and designed to discomfort the supporters of whatever cause is in the participants' crosshairs.

The UT demonstrations and those like them at university campuses across the U.S. were organized to protest Israel's wartime conduct in Gaza, where more than 30,000 people have reportedly been killed, and amped up support for a Palestinian homeland in the Middle East. Like the Black Lives Matter rallies in the wake of the 2020 death of George Floyd while being restrained by police in Minneapolis, the pro-Palestinian demonstrations tend to attract progressive participants, and their tactics are often scorned by conservatives.

But those on the political left do not have a monopoly when it comes to public protests. When it appeared that state leaders might roll back, even modestly, gun rights laws in the wake of the deadly mass shootings in Sutherland Springs, Santa Fe and El Paso, Second Amendment advocates — many with military-style rifles slung from their shoulders — descended on the Capitol in droves to warn Republican leaders of the price they would pay should such policy changes advance.

In that example, the demonstration proved highly effective. Gun rights were not rolled back in Texas; instead, they were expanded.

The anti-abortion movement for decades has used the anniversary of the Jan. 22, 1973, Roe vs. Wade decision to flood the grounds of the state Capitol with demonstrators and graphic images posted on placards. Even though Roe was reversed in 2020, ending the constitutional right to abortions, the demonstrations continue, and they draw thousands. One was held in January at the Capitol, and Texas Rally For Life is already promoting next year's event with a countdown clock to the 1 p.m. Jan. 25 start time.

More: Charges dropped against all 57 arrested in connection to UT-Austin pro-Palestinian protest

Attitudes on what is a legitimate First Amendment right to demonstrate and what is a disruption of public order for the sake of disruption tend to blow with the wind. It wouldn't be a stretch to argue that many of the people harboring sympathy for the pro-Palestinian demonstrators would thumb their noses, or perhaps choose to wave a different finger, at those demonstrating at gun rights and anti-abortion events. The reverse is probably equally true.

The notion of disruptive behavior also comes at the individual level. Ulrich's line, which the Pulitzer Prize-winning author-historian later turned into the title of a book, was sort of an unofficial campaign slogan during a former U.S. secretary of state's runs for president in 2008 and 2016. If fact, you can still buy on Amazon a Hillary Clinton T-shirt with the message from the 2016 campaign.

For Clinton, the sentence had particular salience because it helped blunt any argument that a woman ought not be president. Other political figures have used the message, if not the same words, to force themselves onto center stage when conventional wisdom would have them wait their turn.

Photographs of John F. Kennedy playing touch football became famous during his 1960 presidential campaign to demonstrate his youthful vigor at 43, while the sitting president at the time was north of 70. For Barack Obama, whose detractors questioned his electability because of his race and shortage of national experience, his presidential campaign invoked "the fierce urgency of now" to make his case for jumping past more seasoned candidates.

Perhaps no one capitalized better on the notion that good behavior is overrated than Donald Trump when he morphed himself from the "you're fired" host of "The Apprentice" to the presidential candidate who sometimes urged supporters to "knock the hell out of" anyone who disrupted his rallies.

It remains to be seen if the pro-Palestinian demonstrations at UT and elsewhere will upend Israeli military policy in Gaza or reshape the U.S.-Israel alliance. But given the passion behind the protests, fidelity to good behavior isn't likely to factor into the demonstrators' tactics.

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SCOTUS Has a Chance to Right the Wrong Its EMTALA Ruling Forced

Will it listen.

This week, the Supreme Court will hear a case that could have devastating and widespread consequences for pregnant patients, their families, and their health care providers—yes, even considering where we currently are with reproductive health care in this country. It involves Idaho’s near-total abortion ban, which makes it a crime for the state’s physicians to terminate a pregnancy, even when termination is necessary to protect the mother’s health. As a result of that state’s cramped statutory exceptions for emergency abortion care, a woman showing up to an ER in Idaho could be at imminent risk of losing her reproductive organs, and yet a physician could still not be allowed to end her pregnancy to save them, unless or until she is about to die.

By contrast, right now, a federal law called the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act requires that hospitals that participate in Medicare (meaning virtually every private hospital in the country) provide stabilizing care when the health of a patient is in serious jeopardy. As any emergency physician can explain , sometimes an abortion is the stabilizing care necessary to protect a patient’s health: to avoid loss of reproductive organs and fertility, loss of other organs, permanent disability, severe pain, dire mental health results, and a host of other horrible consequences, including—but also short of—risk of imminent death.

​Before Idaho’s law took effect, a federal district court in the state found that EMTALA and the Idaho law conflict: When a pregnant patient needs an abortion to stabilize a health emergency and consents to receive one, federal law requires that her doctors give her an abortion. The Idaho ban therefore criminalizes what federal law requires. Whenever that happens, the Constitution’s supremacy clause says federal law wins: Under what’s known as the preemption doctrine, federal law is the “supreme Law of the Land” and overrides the conflicting state law. The Idaho court thus temporarily ordered an exception to the Idaho law, allowing physicians to terminate a pregnancy when EMTALA requires it.

​In January, however, the Supreme Court disagreed. Leaping into the case before it was conclusively resolved, the high court issued a stay allowing Idaho’s law to take effect again, despite the conflict with EMTALA, ruling on its “ shadow docket ” and offering no opinion explaining its reasoning. On Wednesday, in the final week of the court’s term, the justices will hear oral argument in the case. They have an opportunity to undo the harm their earlier ruling has already caused. Their decision will affect the law not just in Idaho but in every state whose laws clash with EMTALA.

In the weeks since the high court paused EMTALA and allowed Idaho’s more stringent ban to go into effect, health care providers have experienced what can been seen only as a natural experiment in what happens when physicians are barred from delivering the kinds of medical assistance that is widely understood to be the standard of care in emergency rooms. Whereas the justices may have been able to plausibly claim back in January that they had no idea what it would mean to turn away patients who should have received stabilizing care under EMTALA, we now know. In fact, we can measure the harms. And in Idaho, over just a few months, the consequences of the Supreme Court’s stay have been devastating.

St. Luke’s Health System is the largest private employer in the state of Idaho and treats by far the most emergency patients. (Disclosure: Lindsay Harrison is counsel of record for St. Luke’s in the case.) In an amicus brief submitted to the court in this lawsuit, St. Luke’s explains that since the stay was imposed, it has continued to see patients with emergency medical conditions posing severe health risks short of death and that, as a result of the stay, those patients are suffering.

Because of the stay, Idaho physicians have essentially two options: First, because Idaho’s ban still allows for abortions to prevent death, they can certainly wait until the risks to a patient’s health become life-threatening. But the conditions that come with this state can be extremely painful. And if untreated, they can cause serious health complications, including systemic bleeding, liver hemorrhage and failure, kidney failure, stroke, seizure, and pulmonary edema. In these situations, watching a patient suffer and deteriorate until death is imminent is intolerable to most doctors. It is also medically unsound and dangerous.

Their best option is therefore the second and only alternative: Transfer the patient out of state. But this delays critical emergency care while transport is arranged, still forces patients to endure serious physical pain, and still risks potentially grave complications. It also distances patients from their families, homes, and support networks at a time when they most need them. And it is expensive and wholly unnecessary.

Despite the serious downsides of transfer, the numbers show starkly how that option has become the new “standard of care” in Idaho. In the whole of 2023, before Idaho’s law was in effect, only one pregnant patient presenting to St. Luke’s with an emergency was transferred out of state for care. Yet in the few months the new abortion law has been in effect, six pregnant St. Luke’s patients with medical emergencies have been transferred out of state for termination of their pregnancy. This is a dramatic change for a small state like Idaho, and what it shows is that the new crabbed definition of stabilizing care is already harming pregnant women. In an extremely short time, we have seen precisely the uptick in transfers that could have been predicted when SCOTUS allowed Idaho to end-run the federal statute: More patients are harmed, more patients are sent long distances for care, and more providers find themselves unable to offer necessary care.

Congress passed EMTALA decades ago to solve a serious problem—hospitals were dumping patients on other hospitals without considering their medical condition or how the transfer might harm them. The Supreme Court’s stay is now actually undermining the stated goal of the statute by literally forcing Idaho’s hospitals to transfer patients across state lines, instead of providing the emergency care they need.

When they hear arguments in this case, the justices should therefore bear in mind one other piece of data: The patients affected by this decision are still receiving exactly the same number of abortions they received before the stay because, for patients presenting with their particular medical emergencies, termination remains the standard of care. The St. Luke’s data thus proves that abortion care will still happen—but it will happen following costly and time-wasting emergency transfers, helicopter rides, and bleeding and pain for women who are often already experiencing the very worst day of their lives. The St. Luke’s numbers reveal that denying abortion care doesn’t save fetal life or protect maternal health. It just makes emergency care more expensive, higher-risk, and brutally painful.

A few weeks back, we saw the Supreme Court’s justices take it upon themselves to second-guess the practice of medicine and drug regulation in the mifepristone case. The EMTALA case offers a repeat opportunity for justices to publicly practice emergency medicine without a license, a knowledge base, or any solicitude for actual physicians and their real-life patients. Allowing the Idaho abortion statute to go into effect was a consequential legal error that has already demonstrably harmed pregnant people and their families while impeding doctors from offering the kind of health care they have been trained to deliver. This suffering is entirely avoidable. The court has the power to rectify this error. Now the justices also have the data to understand what will happen should they opt not to do so.