quantitative research title bullying

124 Bullying Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on bullying, ✍️ bullying essay topics for college, 👍 good bullying research topics & essay examples, 🎓 most interesting bullying research titles, ❓ bullying research questions.

• School Bullying: Causes and Effects
• Bullying in Schools: Essay Example
• The Problem of Bullying in School
• Chronicles of Bullying: An Editorial Article
• Bullying at School and Impact on Mental Health
• School Bullying and Student’s Development
• Bullying in Schools: Anti-Bullying Programs
• The Cognitive Behavioural Therapy on Victims of Bullying This paper will be able to ascertain that Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is a very effective therapy that defies the ugly trend of bullying in schools.
• Bullying: A Serious Social Problem Bullying is undesirable behavior that society must deter at all costs. In schools, teachers, parents, and other stakeholders should have working knowledge on managing the vice.
• Teenagers’ Contemporary Issues: Bullying at School Bullying can be caused by differences between students, and the existing assessment and support options contribute to improving the situation.
• Workplace Bullying and Its Implications on Organizations Discrimination is one of the major challenges that organizational leaders face within the workplace. Workplace bullying refers to any acts intended to intimidate a colleague.
• Negative Bullying Outcomes: A Persuasive Speech Bullying has adverse effects on both victims and perpetrators. Bullying should be prevented, or should it occur, reported, and taken care of as soon as possible.
• Why Bullying Is Wrong and Methods of Resolving Disputes Without Violence Such methods of conflict resolution as mediation, communication, and listening may eliminate the harmful impact of such behavior without violence.
• Prevention of Bullying in Schools School bullying is a relevant and critical global issue, and while it affects all children, some groups may experience various disparities and increased exposure to bullying.
• Online Bullying Takes Over the World In the context of a rapidly and highly digitized global environment, online bullying, otherwise known as cyberbullying, has become a prevalent issue.
• Bullying Behavior and Its Negative Effects on Children Bullying behavior is a severe issue among school-age children. This essay addresses the negative effects of bullying on children and the ways of overcoming the problem.
• Bullying in Poverty and Child Development Context The aim of the present paper is to investigate how Bullying, as a factor associated with poverty, affects child development.
• Bullying Effects on Health and Life Quality When children are subject to bullying by their peers, it affects their feelings and evokes negative emotions in the first place.
• Reducing Bullying in Schools by Involving Stakeholders Schools should raise awareness among educators, instructors, and community members about their roles and responsibilities in the battle against bullying.
• Bullying and Parenting Styles There are many positive and negative outcomes of parenting on children. This paper aims at investigating the connection between several types of parenting and bullying behaviors.
• School Bullying and Problems in Adult Life Bullying is aggressive behavior that can be seen in different children, teenagers, and adults. In this paper, the causes of bullying and the effects of it will be presented and discussed.
• Fear Appeal in the Stop Bullying Public Campaign In the video “Stop bullying,” the subject matter is presented shockingly. The 47-second clip shows a high school girl receiving an aggressive text message from her peers.
• The Problem of Workplace Bullying: Literature Review The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the relevant literature on the topic of workplace bullying.
• Deterring Juvenile Crime. Bullying and Delinquency Delinquency can be defined as a crime committed by a minor; in the recent few years, cases of juvenile delinquency have been on the rise.
• Addressing Bullying in Elementary and Middle School Classrooms The study mainly focuses on teachers’ lack of knowledge on how to deal with the issue of bullying in the classroom in an effective manner.
• Bullying Problem in School Bullying is caused by genetic predisposition, relations with peers, and as a reaction to the situation in school or at home.
• The Long-Term Consequences of Being Bullied or Bullying Others in Childhood This study attempts to discuss the main consequences on the mental and physical health of victims, bully-victims, and bullies themselves, and comment on the prevalent patterns.
• Anti Bullying Prevention Program The standards for anti-bullying program aims to prevent not only the behavior of bullying but also behavior representing the full spectrum of inter-student cruelty.
• Causes of Bullying in Nursing The relationship between medical staff is an important aspect that determines the quality of work in a particular institution and the healthcare system as a whole.
• Cyber-Bullying and Ways to Solve the Problem The primary goal of the given study is the investigation of cyber-bullying, which is nowadays one of the integral parts of social media and the Internet.
• Cyber Bullying Messages in Communication Networks Bullying can come in different forms, but it always causes injury or even worse. Bullying victims may carry the psychological wounds of their ordeal for the rest of their life.
• Bullying and Work-Related Stress in the Irish Workplace One of the best analyses of relationships between workplace stress and bullying has been done in the research study called “Bullying and Work-Related Stress in the Irish Workplace.”
• Bullying and School Drop Out Rate Relationship Analysis Bullying is rife in schools where physical and verbal abuse occurs among pupils/students. There is “a close relationship between bullying, school involvement, and literacy”.
• Organization Conflicts and Bullying Workplace bullying is a serious problem with huge costs attached to it in terms of loss of working days. The topic requires academic attention to ascertain the factors that induce such behavior.
• Bullying at Pre-School and Preventive Measures This paper provides five tips for pre-school bullying prevention, the first of which is to give opportunities for children to show kindness and respect.
• The Relation Between the Teen Suicide and Bullying During the teenage years, bullying and harassment represent cases of social animosity that make suicide an option.
• Parenting Style and Bullying Among Children The investigation of parenting styles is highly essential to understand how they affect the bullying behavior of children to prevent it.
• Bullying and Sexual Harassment at Work Place According to Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention, workplace bullying occurs when an individual direct irrational actions repeatedly towards their fellow worker.
• High School Bullying: Psychological Aspects The study discusses the psychology behind bullying, the effects of bullying on all the involved parties, and emergent patterns.
• The Workplace Bullying Prevention Policy The problem of bullying creates a severe issue for the atmosphere of the workplace environment, the mental health of workers, and their performance.
• The Issue of High School Bullying Bullying cases among high school students have been on the rise in modern society. High school bullying is mainly caused by media exposure.
• The Consequences of High School Bullying This annotated bibliography includes summaries of four academic studies that explore the effects of bullying on high school students.
• Bullying of Learners with Disabilities The problem of bullying remains one of the predicaments learners with disabilities encounter in their learning environments.
• Bullying and Methods of Solving This Problem The article is devoted to the causes of bullying which develops in almost any closed community among children and adolescents.
• Harsher Laws for Cyber Bullying The number of people using social networks is growing but they do not see the danger in remote communication and are subjected to cyberbullying.
• The Social Problem of Bullying and the School System The present paper focuses on the connection between the social problem of bullying and the school system, describing each of these concepts.
• Bullying During Orientations in the Universities In order to address the issue related to bullying during orientations, only the most empathetic senior students should be allowed to participate in orientations.
• Bullying Among Adolescents Problem Studying the problem of bullying, its factors of influence, and the application of developmental theories are critical for finding ways to combat it effectively.
• Bullying: A Guide for the Parents The first way for parents to assist the kid in coming up with bullies is to teach them a set of responses, which they can use in case someone is picking on them.
• Problem Scenario: Workplace Bullying in Teaching When the word “bullying” is used in the context of education, one often presumes the situation in which one student systematically mistreats another.
• Bullying and Patient Safety in Clinical Settings Besides damaging the atmosphere in clinical settings and negatively affecting the personnel, bullying can lower the quality of healthcare services and harm patient safety.
• Bullying as Managerial Issue in Nursing Sector Bullying is a significant nursing issue due to the negative impact caused on the performance level among the employees.
• Problem of Bullying Overview and Analysis Bullying can have harmful impacts on everyone involved, including bullies, the bullied, and bystanders. It can be prevented through the use of selective preventive programs.
• Nurse Bullying: Unprofessional Conduct Bullying can be exhibited in the form of physical and verbal threats, social seclusion, aggressive behaviors, and suppression of applicable care information.
• Bullying: A Concern for Modern Communities and Educational Establishments Parents can educate their children to create safe environment for healthy development, both physical and mental, guaranteeing the absence of abusive behavior or victimization.
• Bullying and Its Impact on My Life In this essay, the author talks about the impact of bullying on his life and how he managed to cope with the problem.
• Workplace Bullying and Its Impact on People’s Mental Health Workplace bullying turns out to be a serious theme for discussion because of a variety of reasons, and one of them is its impact on people’s mental health.
• “Nurse Exposure to Physical and Nonphysical Violence, Bullying…” by Spector This paper is a critique of the article titled “Nurse Exposure to Physical and Nonphysical Violence, Bullying, and Sexual Harassment: A Quantitative Review”.
• Anti-bullying Practices in Criminal Prosecution Anti-bullying practices have proceeded past only encouraging an individual to avoid ill-treatment of their peers to the establishment of laws.
• Workplace Bullying: Dealing With the Office Bully The psychological stress caused by bullying can be so severe that in the worst case, it can lead to depression and quitting.
• Bullying in the Modern Society: Review Bullying is one of the major concerns of modern society. Following the statistics, about 40% of all individuals have experienced being bullied at least once.
• The Dumfries and Galloway Council’s Policy Against Bullying This paper discusses the analysis of the bullying in general and its understanding in the works of Dumfries and Galloway Council.
• The Meaning of Cyber Bullying The work reveals the meaning and purpose of cyberbullying, what signs characterize it and the solution to cyberbullying.
• Workplace Bullying in the Nursing Areas The paper is aimed to tell about the importance of overcoming workplace bullying in the example of a nursing collective.
• Exploring Workplace Bullying in Nursing This paper critiques Etienne’s 2013 study of workplace bullying in nursing and highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the research.
• Bullying Among Nursing Staff The bullying in health care is still present, and health practitioners’ mental health, motivation, and ability to uphold precision and self-composure are compromised.
• Nurse Bullying and Legal Interventions Nurse bullying has to be addressed by healthcare establishments and national agencies to ensure proper work culture and adequate environment for patient care.
• Horizontal Violence and Bullying in Nursing There is a direct correlation between horizontal violence and job satisfaction among nurses, which affects the efforts of individuals who choose this profession.
• The Issue of Cyber-Bullying in Education Field Bullying has been recognized as a pervasive and a severe problem as well as a significant concern, mostly in the educational field.
• Bullying and Laws in American Schools Researchers distinguish two major kinds of bullying that take place in the academic setting: direct and indirect.
• School Bullying and Legal Responsibility The following paper will discuss and cover the rate of school bullies’ legally unregulated actions and the detriment that they constantly cause to other children who surround them.
• Cyber-Bullying and Cyber-Stalking as Crimes Cyber-bullying and cyber-stalking are relatively close in meaning, but there is a slight difference in the definition of these terms.
• School Bullying and Teacher Professional Development
• Bullying and Its Effect on Our American Society
• Physical, Emotional, and Social Bullying
• The Government Should Put Laws in Place To Prevent Bullying
• Childhood Bullying and Social Relationships
• Bullying and Its Effects on Individual’s Education
• The Emotional and Physical Aspects of Bullying
• Bullying and Its Effects on the Person Who Is Being Hurt
• Childhood Bullying and Its Effects on Children
• Cyber Bullying Affects People‘s Lives More Than One Might Think
• Managing Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace
• Bullying Affects the Social Learning Theory
• How Has Bullying Changed Our Modern World?
• Bullying and the Workplace and Affect Morale
• The Bible Belt and Its Beliefs on the Problem of Bullying
• Cyber-bullying Through Anonymous Social Media
• The Difference Between Bullying and Harassment
• Racial Bullying and Its Effects on the Middle of the Twenty
• Bullying Among Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Social Media Bullying and Cyberbullying
• Bullying Prevention and School Safety
• Physical and Verbal Bullying in Schools
• What Are Schools and Parents Doing for Bullying Prevention?
• What Are the Effects of Bullying in Public Schools?
• What Strategies Might You Employ to Encourage Pupils to Prevent Bullying?
• How to Talk to Your Children About Bullying?
• What Are the Six Types of Bullying Parents Should Know About?
• Which American State Has the Toughest Bullying Laws?
• Who Started and Invented Anti-Bullying Day?
• What Countries Have Anti-Bullying Laws?
• Which American State Is the Only One to Not Have an Anti-Bullying Law?
• What Is the Meaning of Anti-Bullying Law?
• What Is the Number One Determinant of Bullying Will Occur?
• When Was the First Anti-Bullying Law Passed?
• Is Bullying a Social Determinant of Health?
• What Should Be in an Anti-Bullying Policy?
• Why Is the Anti-Bullying Policy Important?
• Why Should We Be Aware of the Anti-Bullying Act of 2013?
• What Is the Meaning of Emotional Bullying?
• What Is the Punishment for Anti-Bullying Act?
• Is Bullying a Social Phenomena?
• Who Is the Father of Bullying Research?
• What Is a Good Slogan for Stop Bullying?
• Why Do the Bullying Programs not Work?
• Why Students Engage in Bullying?
• Why Are Workplace Bullying and Violence Important Issues for Organizations?
• Why Should Bullying Not Be Harsh?
• What Is the Most Important Strategy for Bullying Prevention?
• Why Do We Need to Conduct a Study About Bullying?
• Are Bullying Prevention Programs Effective?
• Who Should Universities Have the Ability to Punish Students for Cyber Bullying?
• Are Neoliberalist Behaviours Reflective of Bullying?

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These essay examples and topics on Bullying were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on December 27, 2023 .

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Home » 500+ Quantitative Research Titles and Topics

500+ Quantitative Research Titles and Topics

Table of Contents

Quantitative research involves collecting and analyzing numerical data to identify patterns, trends, and relationships among variables. This method is widely used in social sciences, psychology , economics , and other fields where researchers aim to understand human behavior and phenomena through statistical analysis. If you are looking for a quantitative research topic, there are numerous areas to explore, from analyzing data on a specific population to studying the effects of a particular intervention or treatment. In this post, we will provide some ideas for quantitative research topics that may inspire you and help you narrow down your interests.

Quantitative Research Titles

Quantitative Research Titles are as follows:

Business and Economics

• “Statistical Analysis of Supply Chain Disruptions on Retail Sales”
• “Quantitative Examination of Consumer Loyalty Programs in the Fast Food Industry”
• “Predicting Stock Market Trends Using Machine Learning Algorithms”
• “Influence of Workplace Environment on Employee Productivity: A Quantitative Study”
• “Impact of Economic Policies on Small Businesses: A Regression Analysis”
• “Customer Satisfaction and Profit Margins: A Quantitative Correlation Study”
• “Analyzing the Role of Marketing in Brand Recognition: A Statistical Overview”
• “Quantitative Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility on Consumer Trust”
• “Price Elasticity of Demand for Luxury Goods: A Case Study”
• “The Relationship Between Fiscal Policy and Inflation Rates: A Time-Series Analysis”
• “Factors Influencing E-commerce Conversion Rates: A Quantitative Exploration”
• “Examining the Correlation Between Interest Rates and Consumer Spending”
• “Standardized Testing and Academic Performance: A Quantitative Evaluation”
• “Teaching Strategies and Student Learning Outcomes in Secondary Schools: A Quantitative Study”
• “The Relationship Between Extracurricular Activities and Academic Success”
• “Influence of Parental Involvement on Children’s Educational Achievements”
• “Digital Literacy in Primary Schools: A Quantitative Assessment”
• “Learning Outcomes in Blended vs. Traditional Classrooms: A Comparative Analysis”
• “Correlation Between Teacher Experience and Student Success Rates”
• “Analyzing the Impact of Classroom Technology on Reading Comprehension”
• “Gender Differences in STEM Fields: A Quantitative Analysis of Enrollment Data”
• “The Relationship Between Homework Load and Academic Burnout”
• “Assessment of Special Education Programs in Public Schools”
• “Role of Peer Tutoring in Improving Academic Performance: A Quantitative Study”

Medicine and Health Sciences

• “The Impact of Sleep Duration on Cardiovascular Health: A Cross-sectional Study”
• “Analyzing the Efficacy of Various Antidepressants: A Meta-Analysis”
• “Patient Satisfaction in Telehealth Services: A Quantitative Assessment”
• “Dietary Habits and Incidence of Heart Disease: A Quantitative Review”
• “Correlations Between Stress Levels and Immune System Functioning”
• “Smoking and Lung Function: A Quantitative Analysis”
• “Influence of Physical Activity on Mental Health in Older Adults”
• “Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Community Hospitals: A Quantitative Study”
• “The Efficacy of Vaccination Programs in Controlling Disease Spread: A Time-Series Analysis”
• “Role of Social Determinants in Health Outcomes: A Quantitative Exploration”
• “Impact of Hospital Design on Patient Recovery Rates”
• “Quantitative Analysis of Dietary Choices and Obesity Rates in Children”

Social Sciences

• “Examining Social Inequality through Wage Distribution: A Quantitative Study”
• “Impact of Parental Divorce on Child Development: A Longitudinal Study”
• “Social Media and its Effect on Political Polarization: A Quantitative Analysis”
• “The Relationship Between Religion and Social Attitudes: A Statistical Overview”
• “Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Educational Achievement”
• “Quantifying the Effects of Community Programs on Crime Reduction”
• “Public Opinion and Immigration Policies: A Quantitative Exploration”
• “Analyzing the Gender Representation in Political Offices: A Quantitative Study”
• “Impact of Mass Media on Public Opinion: A Regression Analysis”
• “Influence of Urban Design on Social Interactions in Communities”
• “The Role of Social Support in Mental Health Outcomes: A Quantitative Analysis”
• “Examining the Relationship Between Substance Abuse and Employment Status”

Engineering and Technology

• “Performance Evaluation of Different Machine Learning Algorithms in Autonomous Vehicles”
• “Material Science: A Quantitative Analysis of Stress-Strain Properties in Various Alloys”
• “Impacts of Data Center Cooling Solutions on Energy Consumption”
• “Analyzing the Reliability of Renewable Energy Sources in Grid Management”
• “Optimization of 5G Network Performance: A Quantitative Assessment”
• “Quantifying the Effects of Aerodynamics on Fuel Efficiency in Commercial Airplanes”
• “The Relationship Between Software Complexity and Bug Frequency”
• “Machine Learning in Predictive Maintenance: A Quantitative Analysis”
• “Wearable Technologies and their Impact on Healthcare Monitoring”
• “Quantitative Assessment of Cybersecurity Measures in Financial Institutions”
• “Analysis of Noise Pollution from Urban Transportation Systems”
• “The Influence of Architectural Design on Energy Efficiency in Buildings”

Quantitative Research Topics

Quantitative Research Topics are as follows:

• The effects of social media on self-esteem among teenagers.
• A comparative study of academic achievement among students of single-sex and co-educational schools.
• The impact of gender on leadership styles in the workplace.
• The correlation between parental involvement and academic performance of students.
• The effect of mindfulness meditation on stress levels in college students.
• The relationship between employee motivation and job satisfaction.
• The effectiveness of online learning compared to traditional classroom learning.
• The correlation between sleep duration and academic performance among college students.
• The impact of exercise on mental health among adults.
• The relationship between social support and psychological well-being among cancer patients.
• The effect of caffeine consumption on sleep quality.
• A comparative study of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy in treating depression.
• The relationship between physical attractiveness and job opportunities.
• The correlation between smartphone addiction and academic performance among high school students.
• The impact of music on memory recall among adults.
• The effectiveness of parental control software in limiting children’s online activity.
• The relationship between social media use and body image dissatisfaction among young adults.
• The correlation between academic achievement and parental involvement among minority students.
• The impact of early childhood education on academic performance in later years.
• The effectiveness of employee training and development programs in improving organizational performance.
• The relationship between socioeconomic status and access to healthcare services.
• The correlation between social support and academic achievement among college students.
• The impact of technology on communication skills among children.
• The effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction programs in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression.
• The relationship between employee turnover and organizational culture.
• The correlation between job satisfaction and employee engagement.
• The impact of video game violence on aggressive behavior among children.
• The effectiveness of nutritional education in promoting healthy eating habits among adolescents.
• The relationship between bullying and academic performance among middle school students.
• The correlation between teacher expectations and student achievement.
• The impact of gender stereotypes on career choices among high school students.
• The effectiveness of anger management programs in reducing violent behavior.
• The relationship between social support and recovery from substance abuse.
• The correlation between parent-child communication and adolescent drug use.
• The impact of technology on family relationships.
• The effectiveness of smoking cessation programs in promoting long-term abstinence.
• The relationship between personality traits and academic achievement.
• The correlation between stress and job performance among healthcare professionals.
• The impact of online privacy concerns on social media use.
• The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating anxiety disorders.
• The relationship between teacher feedback and student motivation.
• The correlation between physical activity and academic performance among elementary school students.
• The impact of parental divorce on academic achievement among children.
• The effectiveness of diversity training in improving workplace relationships.
• The relationship between childhood trauma and adult mental health.
• The correlation between parental involvement and substance abuse among adolescents.
• The impact of social media use on romantic relationships among young adults.
• The effectiveness of assertiveness training in improving communication skills.
• The relationship between parental expectations and academic achievement among high school students.
• The correlation between sleep quality and mood among adults.
• The impact of video game addiction on academic performance among college students.
• The effectiveness of group therapy in treating eating disorders.
• The relationship between job stress and job performance among teachers.
• The correlation between mindfulness and emotional regulation.
• The impact of social media use on self-esteem among college students.
• The effectiveness of parent-teacher communication in promoting academic achievement among elementary school students.
• The impact of renewable energy policies on carbon emissions
• The relationship between employee motivation and job performance
• The effectiveness of psychotherapy in treating eating disorders
• The correlation between physical activity and cognitive function in older adults
• The effect of childhood poverty on adult health outcomes
• The impact of urbanization on biodiversity conservation
• The relationship between work-life balance and employee job satisfaction
• The effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in treating trauma
• The correlation between parenting styles and child behavior
• The effect of social media on political polarization
• The impact of foreign aid on economic development
• The relationship between workplace diversity and organizational performance
• The effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy in treating borderline personality disorder
• The correlation between childhood abuse and adult mental health outcomes
• The effect of sleep deprivation on cognitive function
• The impact of trade policies on international trade and economic growth
• The relationship between employee engagement and organizational commitment
• The effectiveness of cognitive therapy in treating postpartum depression
• The correlation between family meals and child obesity rates
• The effect of parental involvement in sports on child athletic performance
• The impact of social entrepreneurship on sustainable development
• The relationship between emotional labor and job burnout
• The effectiveness of art therapy in treating dementia
• The correlation between social media use and academic procrastination
• The effect of poverty on childhood educational attainment
• The impact of urban green spaces on mental health
• The relationship between job insecurity and employee well-being
• The effectiveness of virtual reality exposure therapy in treating anxiety disorders
• The correlation between childhood trauma and substance abuse
• The effect of screen time on children’s social skills
• The impact of trade unions on employee job satisfaction
• The relationship between cultural intelligence and cross-cultural communication
• The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in treating chronic pain
• The correlation between childhood obesity and adult health outcomes
• The effect of gender diversity on corporate performance
• The impact of environmental regulations on industry competitiveness.
• The impact of renewable energy policies on greenhouse gas emissions
• The relationship between workplace diversity and team performance
• The effectiveness of group therapy in treating substance abuse
• The correlation between parental involvement and social skills in early childhood
• The effect of technology use on sleep patterns
• The impact of government regulations on small business growth
• The relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover
• The effectiveness of virtual reality therapy in treating anxiety disorders
• The correlation between parental involvement and academic motivation in adolescents
• The effect of social media on political engagement
• The impact of urbanization on mental health
• The relationship between corporate social responsibility and consumer trust
• The correlation between early childhood education and social-emotional development
• The effect of screen time on cognitive development in young children
• The impact of trade policies on global economic growth
• The relationship between workplace diversity and innovation
• The effectiveness of family therapy in treating eating disorders
• The correlation between parental involvement and college persistence
• The effect of social media on body image and self-esteem
• The impact of environmental regulations on business competitiveness
• The relationship between job autonomy and job satisfaction
• The effectiveness of virtual reality therapy in treating phobias
• The correlation between parental involvement and academic achievement in college
• The effect of social media on sleep quality
• The impact of immigration policies on social integration
• The relationship between workplace diversity and employee well-being
• The effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy in treating personality disorders
• The correlation between early childhood education and executive function skills
• The effect of parental involvement on STEM education outcomes
• The impact of trade policies on domestic employment rates
• The relationship between job insecurity and mental health
• The effectiveness of exposure therapy in treating PTSD
• The correlation between parental involvement and social mobility
• The effect of social media on intergroup relations
• The impact of urbanization on air pollution and respiratory health.
• The relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness
• The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating depression
• The correlation between early childhood education and language development
• The effect of parental involvement on academic achievement in STEM fields
• The impact of trade policies on income inequality
• The relationship between workplace diversity and customer satisfaction
• The effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapy in treating anxiety disorders
• The correlation between parental involvement and civic engagement in adolescents
• The effect of social media on mental health among teenagers
• The impact of public transportation policies on traffic congestion
• The relationship between job stress and job performance
• The effectiveness of group therapy in treating depression
• The correlation between early childhood education and cognitive development
• The effect of parental involvement on academic motivation in college
• The impact of environmental regulations on energy consumption
• The relationship between workplace diversity and employee engagement
• The effectiveness of art therapy in treating PTSD
• The correlation between parental involvement and academic success in vocational education
• The effect of social media on academic achievement in college
• The impact of tax policies on economic growth
• The relationship between job flexibility and work-life balance
• The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy in treating anxiety disorders
• The correlation between early childhood education and social competence
• The effect of parental involvement on career readiness in high school
• The impact of immigration policies on crime rates
• The relationship between workplace diversity and employee retention
• The effectiveness of play therapy in treating trauma
• The correlation between parental involvement and academic success in online learning
• The effect of social media on body dissatisfaction among women
• The impact of urbanization on public health infrastructure
• The relationship between job satisfaction and job performance
• The effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy in treating PTSD
• The correlation between early childhood education and social skills in adolescence
• The effect of parental involvement on academic achievement in the arts
• The impact of trade policies on foreign investment
• The relationship between workplace diversity and decision-making
• The effectiveness of exposure and response prevention therapy in treating OCD
• The correlation between parental involvement and academic success in special education
• The impact of zoning laws on affordable housing
• The relationship between job design and employee motivation
• The effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation therapy in treating traumatic brain injury
• The correlation between early childhood education and social-emotional learning
• The effect of parental involvement on academic achievement in foreign language learning
• The impact of trade policies on the environment
• The relationship between workplace diversity and creativity
• The effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy in treating relationship problems
• The correlation between parental involvement and academic success in music education
• The effect of social media on interpersonal communication skills
• The impact of public health campaigns on health behaviors
• The relationship between job resources and job stress
• The effectiveness of equine therapy in treating substance abuse
• The correlation between early childhood education and self-regulation
• The effect of parental involvement on academic achievement in physical education
• The impact of immigration policies on cultural assimilation
• The relationship between workplace diversity and conflict resolution
• The effectiveness of schema therapy in treating personality disorders
• The correlation between parental involvement and academic success in career and technical education
• The effect of social media on trust in government institutions
• The impact of urbanization on public transportation systems
• The relationship between job demands and job stress
• The correlation between early childhood education and executive functioning
• The effect of parental involvement on academic achievement in computer science
• The effectiveness of cognitive processing therapy in treating PTSD
• The correlation between parental involvement and academic success in homeschooling
• The effect of social media on cyberbullying behavior
• The impact of urbanization on air quality
• The effectiveness of dance therapy in treating anxiety disorders
• The correlation between early childhood education and math achievement
• The effect of parental involvement on academic achievement in health education
• The impact of global warming on agriculture
• The effectiveness of narrative therapy in treating depression
• The correlation between parental involvement and academic success in character education
• The effect of social media on political participation
• The impact of technology on job displacement
• The relationship between job resources and job satisfaction
• The effectiveness of art therapy in treating addiction
• The correlation between early childhood education and reading comprehension
• The effect of parental involvement on academic achievement in environmental education
• The impact of income inequality on social mobility
• The relationship between workplace diversity and organizational culture
• The effectiveness of solution-focused brief therapy in treating anxiety disorders
• The correlation between parental involvement and academic success in physical therapy education
• The effect of social media on misinformation
• The impact of green energy policies on economic growth
• The relationship between job demands and employee well-being
• The correlation between early childhood education and science achievement
• The effect of parental involvement on academic achievement in religious education
• The impact of gender diversity on corporate governance
• The relationship between workplace diversity and ethical decision-making
• The correlation between parental involvement and academic success in dental hygiene education
• The effect of social media on self-esteem among adolescents
• The impact of renewable energy policies on energy security
• The effect of parental involvement on academic achievement in social studies
• The impact of trade policies on job growth
• The relationship between workplace diversity and leadership styles
• The correlation between parental involvement and academic success in online vocational training
• The effect of social media on self-esteem among men
• The impact of urbanization on air pollution levels
• The effectiveness of music therapy in treating depression
• The correlation between early childhood education and math skills
• The effect of parental involvement on academic achievement in language arts
• The impact of immigration policies on labor market outcomes
• The effectiveness of hypnotherapy in treating phobias
• The effect of social media on political engagement among young adults
• The impact of urbanization on access to green spaces
• The relationship between job crafting and job satisfaction
• The effectiveness of exposure therapy in treating specific phobias
• The correlation between early childhood education and spatial reasoning
• The effect of parental involvement on academic achievement in business education
• The impact of trade policies on economic inequality
• The effectiveness of narrative therapy in treating PTSD
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Article Contents

Supplementary data.

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Stop COVID Cohort: An Observational Study of 3480 Patients Admitted to the Sechenov University Hospital Network in Moscow City for Suspected Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection

D. M., N. A. N., P. B., D. B., and P. G. contributed equally.

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Daniel Munblit, Nikita A Nekliudov, Polina Bugaeva, Oleg Blyuss, Maria Kislova, Ekaterina Listovskaya, Aysylu Gamirova, Anastasia Shikhaleva, Vladimir Belyaev, Peter Timashev, John O Warner, Pasquale Comberiati, Christian Apfelbacher, Evgenii Bezrukov, Mikhail E Politov, Andrey Yavorovskiy, Ekaterina Bulanova, Natalya Tsareva, Sergey Avdeev, Valentina A Kapustina, Yuri I Pigolkin, Emmanuelle A Dankwa, Christiana Kartsonaki, Mark G Pritchard, Victor Fomin, Andrey A Svistunov, Denis Butnaru, Petr Glybochko, Sechenov StopCOVID Research Team , Stop COVID Cohort: An Observational Study of 3480 Patients Admitted to the Sechenov University Hospital Network in Moscow City for Suspected Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection, Clinical Infectious Diseases , Volume 73, Issue 1, 1 July 2021, Pages 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1535

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The epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Russian population are unknown. Information on the differences between laboratory-confirmed and clinically diagnosed COVID-19 in real-life settings is lacking.

We extracted data from the medical records of adult patients who were consecutively admitted for suspected COVID-19 infection in Moscow between 8 April and 28 May 2020.

Of the 4261 patients hospitalized for suspected COVID-19, outcomes were available for 3480 patients (median age, 56 years; interquartile range, 45–66). The most common comorbidities were hypertension, obesity, chronic cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Half of the patients (n = 1728) had a positive reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), while 1748 had a negative RT-PCR but had clinical symptoms and characteristic computed tomography signs suggestive of COVID-19. No significant differences in frequency of symptoms, laboratory test results, and risk factors for in-hospital mortality were found between those exclusively clinically diagnosed or with positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RT-PCR. In a multivariable logistic regression model the following were associated with in-hospital mortality: older age (per 1-year increase; odds ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.06), male sex (1.71; 1.24–2.37), chronic kidney disease (2.99; 1.89–4.64), diabetes (2.1; 1.46–2.99), chronic cardiovascular disease (1.78; 1.24–2.57), and dementia (2.73; 1.34–5.47).

Age, male sex, and chronic comorbidities were risk factors for in-hospital mortality. The combination of clinical features was sufficient to diagnose COVID-19 infection, indicating that laboratory testing is not critical in real-life clinical practice.

In Russia, the first confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were reported by the state authorities in early March 2020 [ 1 ]. Since then, the Russian Federation climbed into the top 3 nations in the world affected by COVID-19, surpassing 400 000 cases by the end of May 2020.

The rate of infections in Moscow and the Moscow metropolitan area, with its high population density and number of inhabitants (20 million), has exceeded 180 000 confirmed cases, accounting for half of all the COVID-19 cases in Russia [ 2 ].

The clinical characteristics of COVID-19 have been described in studies from China [ 3 ], Italy [ 4 ], the United States [ 5–7 ], and the United Kingdom [ 8 ]. At present, no information on the clinical epidemiology, including clinical course, and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 in the Russian population is available. A recent editorial in The Lancet highlighted a surprisingly low mortality rate (~1%) in Russia [ 9 ]. With no academic data, perspectives on the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia are mainly based on media reports and briefs from Russian officials.

This study aimed to present demographic characteristics, symptoms, comorbidities, clinical test results, outcomes, and risk factors associated with mortality in a cohort of consecutively admitted patients with COVID-19 at the Sechenov University Hospital Network in Moscow. Secondarily, we aimed to test whether patients presenting with symptoms and radiological findings consistent with COVID-19 but without laboratory confirmation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have outcomes similar to those with positive reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Study Design and Ethics

StopCOVID is an observational cohort study that took place at 4 large adult tertiary university hospitals in Moscow, Russia. All persons aged 18 years or olrder admitted to any of 4 Sechenov University Hospital Network hospitals between 8 April and 28 May 2020 with suspected COVID-19 infection were included in the study. RT-PCR to SARS-CoV-2 was the recommended mode of testing by the Russian Ministry of Health and was used throughout the study period in all the hospitals ( Supplementary Box 1 ). We enrolled all patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection, due to concerns of a high false-negative rate from RT-PCR results [ 10 ].

This study was approved by the Sechenov University Institutional Review Board on 22 April 2020 (protocol number 08–20).

Data Collection Process

The data were collected between 22 April and 6 June 2020. We reviewed electronic medical records for signs and symptoms on admission, baseline comorbidities, computed tomography (CT) imaging, and laboratory results for all admitted patients. Weight and height were self-reported by the patients to the clinical staff.

The data extraction was performed by a group of 40 medical students and resident doctors who went through personal protocol explanation webinars and data entry training prior to the beginning of the study. The team was supervised by senior academic staff members. The baseline characteristics were collected using the case report form (CRF) that was developed by the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) for use in outbreak investigations [ 11 ]. REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA, hosted at Sechenov University) was used for data collection, storage, and management [ 12 , 13 ].

Study Definitions

Patients were defined as having confirmed COVID-19 if the diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory testing (at least 1 SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive result).

Patients were defined as having “clinically diagnosed COVID-19” if laboratory confirmation was inconclusive or not available. Details of COVID-19 case definitions, criteria for hospitalization, grading of severity, and recommended treatment approaches are presented in Supplementary Box 1 .

We reviewed radiology reports of chest CT imaging during hospitalization. The data on the presence/absence of ground-glass opacities, consolidation, and severity of radiologic changes were retrieved. Incomplete reports containing no information on severity were excluded from the analysis. The severity of changes was graded by radiologists as per national COVID-19 guidelines using the modified visual assessment scale by Inui et al [ 14 ] ( Supplementary Table 1 ). The primary outcome in this study was in-hospital mortality.

Statistical Analysis

Descriptive statistics were calculated for baseline characteristics. Continuous variables were summarized as medians (interquartile range) and categorical variables as frequencies (percentage). The chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used for testing differences in proportions between individuals. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to test for differences in laboratory test results between the groups.

We first ran univariate analysis to investigate associations between demographic characteristics and comorbidities with mortality. Then, we performed a multivariable logistic regression model, which included all statistically significant (at P  = .001) potential predictors from the univariate analysis.

A Bonferroni correction was used to adjust for multiple comparisons, such that P values less than or equal to .001 were considered statistically significant for the analysis of symptoms and comorbidities and P values less than .001 were considered statistically significant for laboratory markers. All routine clinical laboratory measurements were used in the analysis, except the ones which were available for less than 10 deceased patients. Statistical analysis was performed using R version 3.5.1 (R Core Team).

A total of 4261 adults with suspected COVID-19 infection were admitted to the hospitals. Primary outcome data were available for 3535 patients who were discharged, died, or transferred to another hospital. The study primary endpoint was available for all but 55 individuals transferred to other hospitals; thus, 3480 (82%) individuals were included in the statistical analysis.

Half of the patients (n = 1728) had positive RT-PCR results, while the second half (n = 1748) were negative on RT-PCR but had clinical symptoms and CT signs suggestive of COVID-19. No differences were noted in the baseline demographic and clinical characteristics and laboratory and radiologic findings of those with RT-PCR–confirmed versus clinically diagnosed COVID-19 ( Table 1 , Supplementary Tables 2, 4, 5, 7 ).

Laboratory Test Results (Median [IQR]) in Patients With Clinically Diagnosed COVID-19 Infection (RT-PCR Negative) and Patients With RT-PCR–Confirmed COVID-19 Infection

Statistically significant results at P values <.001 are presented in bold. The number of patients is presented for each parameter.

Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; IQR, interquartile range; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction.

Baseline Characteristics

Table 2 and Supplementary Table 2 present an overview of baseline characteristics, stratified by the primary outcome and the RT-PCT result, respectively. The median age of all patients at admission was 56 years (interquartile range, 45–66; range, 18–100 years). Similar numbers of men (50.5%, n = 1758) and women (49.5%, n = 1722) were admitted to the hospitals ( P  = .55). The median age of patients who died in the hospital was higher, 72 (61.5–81) years compared with 55 (44–65) years in survivors. Time from hospitalization to discharge/death was 14.5 (11.8–17.7) days, with shorter hospital stay in patients who died. Severity at admission was recorded as mild in 632 (18.2%), moderate in 2634 (75.7%), severe in 204 (5.9%), and critical in 7 (0.2%) patients, respectively.

Baseline Characteristics of Patients Admitted to Sechenov University Hospitals, Stratified by Outcome

Abbreviations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction; PT, Prothrombin.

a The proportion of patients in each subgroup is calculated from the total number of patients receiving a particular type of care (ICU, noninvasive ventilation, and invasive mechanical ventilation). Calculations were performed for each type of care, regardless of whether patients were discharged/died within the ICU facilities or were transferred to the ward and were discharged/died there.

Only 218 (6.3%) patients required admission and/or transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU), with some patients requiring noninvasive ventilation and/or invasive mechanical ventilation: 80 (2.3%) and 171 (5.0%), respectively. Although the proportion discharged alive from the ICU facilities was 42.5%, among all patients who received care in the ICU during the hospital stay, 57 (26.1%) were discharged from the hospital alive. Eight (4.7%) patients who received invasive mechanical ventilation during the hospital stay were discharged alive.

Data on symptoms and comorbidities at the time of hospital admission were available in 3382 (97%) patients. The most common symptoms in the medical records were fever (3157, 93.3%), fatigue/malaise (2684, 79.4%), cough (2476, 73.2%), and shortness of breath (2013, 59.5%). We also found a significant overlap between the top 3 most common symptoms, with 1912 (56.5%) patients having all 3 symptoms ( Figure 1 ). Shortness of breath, altered consciousness, and inability to walk were present significantly more often in patients who died, while anosmia, sore throat, fever, and muscle pain were found more frequently in those discharged alive ( Supplementary Table 3 ). Symptoms at admission did not differ significantly between the patients with laboratory-confirmed and clinically diagnosed COVID-19 ( Supplementary Table 4 ).

Stacked bar charts presenting the ( A ) top 10 most common symptoms and ( B ) most common comorbidities. Venn diagrams showing the coexistence of the ( C ) top 3 symptoms and ( D ) top 3 comorbidities at the time of hospital admission.

Detailed information on comorbidities in our cohort is presented in Table 3 , Supplementary Table 5 , and Figure 1 . The most common comorbidities were hypertension (1539, 45.5%), obesity (1129, 33.4%), chronic cardiovascular disease (621, 18.4%), and diabetes (predominantly type 2; 459, 13.6%). One in 10 patients reported current (139, 4.1%) or former (235, 6.9%) smoking. There was little overlap between the top 3 most common comorbidities, with only 145 (4%) patients having all 3, while 965 (28.5%) did not report any comorbidities.

Patient-reported Comorbidities at the Time of Hospital Admission and Chest Computed Tomography Imaging Stratified by Outcome

Statistically significant results at P values ≤.001 are presented in bold.

Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CT, computed tomography; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.

aExcluding asthma.

b Obesity defined as body mass index based on electronic medical records data, and if data on height and weight were missing, records were screened for obesity definition by clinical staff.

Clinical Investigations

Most patients (71.6%) had significant changes on chest CT, equivalent to CT-2–CT-3 severity grade. Ground-glass opacity was found in over 95% of the patients and 77.95% had lung consolidation in accordance with the radiologist’s reports.

We reviewed routine clinical test measurements at admission and found abnormal changes to the coagulation profile, greater median levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase and decreased iron levels. Those patients who died in the hospital had more abnormal changes to their coagulation profile (D-dimer, international normalized ratio, prothrombin time, ferritin, fibrinogen), lymphocytopenia, and neutrophilia, and much higher levels of CRP and ESR, high blood urea nitrogen, AST, and γ-glutamyltransferase when compared with survivors ( Table 4 ). Platelet to lymphocyte ratio was associated with a higher in-hospital mortality odds ratio (1.003; 95% confidence interval, 1.002–1.004) adjusted for age and sex.

Laboratory Test Results (Median [IQR]), Stratified by Outcome

Statistically significant results at P values <.001 and parameters with levels higher/lower than the reference range are presented in bold. The number of patients is presented for each variable.

Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; PT, Prothrombin.

Results of the laboratory tests routinely performed in the clinical setting did not differ significantly between patients with confirmed and clinically diagnosed COVID-19 for 48 out of 51 parameters ( Table 1 ). Platelets, leukocytes, and neutrophil count were significantly lower in patients with confirmed COVID-19, but the differences were unlikely to be relevant, being within the normal reference ranges for both groups.

Patient Outcomes and Risk Factors

Among the 3480 patients who were discharged or died during hospitalization, the overall mortality was 5.5%, with a total number of 191 people who died.

In a univariate analysis, chronic cardiovascular disease, hypertension, chronic pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic neurological disorder, malignant neoplasm, diabetes, and dementia significantly differed between survivors and patients who died ( Table 3 ). In multivariable analysis, older age was a predictor of in-hospital mortality with an odds ratio (per 1-year increase) of 1.05 (95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.06). Other predictors associated with in-hospital mortality were male sex (1.71; 1.24–2.37), chronic kidney disease (2.99; 1.89–4.64), diabetes (2.1; 1.46–2.99), chronic cardiovascular disease (1.78; 1.24–2.57), and dementia (2.73; 1.34–5.47) ( Figure 2 ). The same risk factors were significantly associated with the admission/transfer to the ICU, with only dementia not reaching statistical significance ( Supplementary Figure 1 ).

Odds ratios and 95% CIs for in-hospital mortality from a multivariable logistic regression model. Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

When including COVID-19 laboratory-confirmed/suspected status as a covariate in the multivariable logistic regression model we found no evidence that it was associated with mortality (odds ratio, 1.22; 95% confidence interval, .89–1.69) and it did not have major impact on the effect size and significance of other predictors ( Supplementary Figure 2 ).

We did not find any statistically significant association of CT severity grade with in-hospital mortality, adjusting for age and sex ( Supplementary Table 6 ). With respect to CT imaging, no evidence of difference was found between the patients with confirmed and clinically diagnosed COVID-19 ( Supplementary Table 7 ).

Hydroxychloroquine was the most frequently used (84%) medication, followed by antibiotics (azithromycin [77.7%] and ceftriaxone [30.3%]), heparin (56.4%), paracetamol (34.4%), mucolytics (25.4%), lopinavir/ritonavir (16.2%), and systemic corticosteroids (10.4%), respectively ( Supplementary Table 8 ). There was a significant overlap between the top 3 most commonly used medications, with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and heparin used in 1322 patients ( Supplementary Figure 3 ).

To our knowledge, StopCOVID cohort is the first large-scale study of consecutively hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Russia assessing clinical characteristics and risk factors for in-hospital mortality. This is also the first large cohort, including both RT-PCR–confirmed COVID-19 cases and patients, diagnosed with COVID-19 based on clinical and radiological presentation in the absence of the SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR confirmation. We found that older age and male sex as well as existing comorbidities were associated with in-hospital mortality. We found no significant difference between patients with clinical COVID-19 and laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, either in clinical presentation or in clinical measurements and risk factors for in-hospital mortality. We feel it is entirely appropriate to treat patients with clinical and radiological signs of COVID-19 who do not have an alternative diagnosis to explain their symptoms equivalently to PCR-confirmed cases. Sequential RT-PCR testing can identify patients with COVID-19 whose initial result was false-negative [ 15 ]. In settings where repeat testing is not performed, it can also be appropriate to include patients with clinical and radiological COVID-19 alongside those with laboratory-confirmed disease.

Patients in our study were of an age very similar to the New York cohort [ 6 ] and of a much lower median age than similar cohorts in Italy [ 4 ] and the United Kingdom [ 8 ]. This may be partly explained by a lack of a clear message from the authorities to the public with regard to whom should present to a hospital. Healthcare-seeking behavior may further explain a younger age at admission, which differs between the countries. Russian people are known for active specialist-seeking behavior [ 16 ], particularly in the presence of distrust of media sources [ 17 ] and easy access to free healthcare. It is, however, more likely to be a reflection of varying approaches from health services in different countries.

Patients in Moscow typically presented with fever, fatigue, cough, and shortness of breath, which is in agreement with the previously reported symptom patterns in other countries [ 5 , 8 , 18 ]. Among symptoms, anosmia was associated with a more favorable outcome, which is similar to the data from Hopkins et al [ 19 ], which showed rapid improvement in patients with COVID-19 presenting with a loss of smell.

Similar to other cohorts, cardiological conditions, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes were common problems in the hospitalized population. The lower median age of the patients in our cohort may explain the lower comorbidity rate when compared with some other studies [ 6 , 8 ]. We recorded a much lower number of patients with chronic pulmonary diseases, which is in agreement with data from Richardson et al [ 7 ] but in contrast to other US [ 6 ] and particularly UK [ 8 ] cohorts. We also found low rates of asthma in our cohort, which did not exceed the prevalence in the general population, which has been reported previously [ 20 ].

Patient age, male sex, and the presence of major comorbidities were all predictors of in-hospital mortality. These findings are in line with other international cohorts [ 6 , 21 ], including a UK ISARIC study using a similar data-collection protocol [ 8 ]. We also found common changes in the coagulation profile [ 6 ] and previously reported clinical patterns, such as lymphocytopenia, neutrophilia, and very high levels of CRP and ESR in patients who subsequently died from COVID-19. The platelet to lymphocyte ratio has been previously reported to be associated with higher severity and mortality in patients with COVID-19 [ 22 ]. Our findings agree with previous research but require further validation.

The proportion of patients admitted to the ICU in our cohort study was much lower than in the similar cohorts from the United Kingdom (17%) [ 8 ] and the United States (14.2%) [ 7 ], but similar to published data from China [ 18 ]. The decision for ICU admission within the Sechenov University Hospital Network is normally based on a joint opinion of a multidisciplinary team of respiratory physicians and intensivists. Due to good access to high-flow oxygen and noninvasive ventilation within the COVID-19 wards, only critical patients were transferred into the ICU, which may explain the lesser need for ICU admission in our cohort. Active use of noninvasive ventilation on the wards may explain the low in-hospital mortality in this group of patients. As only the most severely unwell patients were admitted for invasive mechanical ventilation, this may explain the high mortality recorded in ICU patients. The overall mortality rate in our cohort was similar to the average worldwide estimate [ 23 ] but much lower than in other international cohorts of hospitalized individuals, which may be a direct reflection of their much younger age and moderate state of disease at the time of admission in most of the patients.

Half of the patients admitted to the Sechenov University Hospital Network did not have positive RT-PCR test results, despite having clinical features of COVID-19 infection. Our findings are similar to the US data, with 42% [ 5 ] to 51.8% [ 6 ] of individuals having negative RT-PCR test results. The false-negative rate of the RT-PCR tests varies between 20% and 66% depending on the day since symptom onset [ 10 ], meaning that results must be cautiously interpreted [ 24 ], which represents a major concern related to control of the pandemic [ 25 ]. Previous research suggests that a negative RT-PCR test result does not exclude the possibility of COVID-19. Repeated testing and sampling were shown to improve the sensitivity of RT-PCR [ 15 ]. To our knowledge, previous studies of patients with COVID-19 excluded those with suspected COVID-19 infection in the absence of a positive test result [ 3–8 ]. However, this approach differs from pragmatic clinical practice, in which, in the absence of an alternative diagnosis, patients with a clinical diagnosis of COVID-19 are treated equally to laboratory-confirmed cases. When evaluating radiological findings in COVID-19, it must be born in mind that some patients may present with clinical symptoms or extrapulmonary manifestations, such as hepatic, cardiovascular, or kidney injury, but initially will have normal CT findings [ 26 ]. In our study we did not solely rely on CT findings for clinical diagnosis of COVID-19. However, new approaches to minimize the exclusion of patients with false-negative RT-PCR results should be sought, as highlighted in a recent report suggesting real-time lung ultrasound as an auxiliary method to rule-in COVID-19 during screening [ 27 ].

Limitations

This cohort study has some limitations. First, the study population only included patients within Moscow. Second, the data were collected retrospectively from the electronic medical records with no access to additional information that could be potentially retrieved from the medical notes. Third, half of the patients in our cohort did not have RT-PCR–confirmed COVID-19 infection, although this is unlikely to affect the outcomes as we failed to find any significant differences between clinically diagnosed and laboratory-confirmed cases. Fourth, endpoint outcome data were available for 83% of admitted patients. Patients admitted and/or transferred to the ICU and receiving invasive mechanical ventilation can spend a significant amount of time attached to the machine [ 7 , 8 ]. The absence of data on patients (18%) who remained in the hospital at the time of data analysis completion may lead to bias and may influence overall mortality calculations. Fifth, morbidity related to invasive procedures or sequelae in clinically suspected and/or laboratory-confirmed cases has not been recorded. Sixth, the definition of “clinically diagnosed COVID-19” implies changes on chest CT and nonspecific signs and symptoms, which may be present in other respiratory viral illnesses. The scoring system used for radiological signs is able to differentiate between symptomatic and asymptomatic cases of COVID-19 but is not fully able to differentiate between COVID-19 from other similar conditions.

Conclusions

The clinical features, chest CT, and blood test results did not differ between test-confirmed and clinically diagnosed patients. Furthermore, clinical outcomes were also identical. Our study results suggest that in order to assess the full impact of this pandemic on populations, all clinically diagnosed patients should be included. Comorbidities associated with death were similar to other published studies on COVID-19. Mortality in our cohort was low, which may have been due to the mean age of patients being lower than in some other published studies. Anosmia was associated with milder disease while asthma did not appear to pose an increased risk of adverse outcome. As with other studies, manifestations of nonrespiratory problems including coagulopathy, immune deficiency, hyperinflammation and renal deficits were associated with higher risks of death. The data collection within StopCOVID cohort is continuing and further analysis focused on predictive models of adverse outcomes for routine clinical practice is in progress.

Supplementary materials are available at Clinical Infectious Diseases online. Consisting of data provided by the authors to benefit the reader, the posted materials are not copyedited and are the sole responsibility of the authors, so questions or comments should be addressed to the corresponding author.

Sechenov StopCOVID Research Team . Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia:Anna Berbenyuk, Polina Bobkova, Semyon Bordyugov, Aleksandra Borisenko, Ekaterina Bugaiskaya, Olesya Druzhkova, Dmitry Eliseev, Yasmin El-Taravi, Natalia Gorbova, Elizaveta Gribaleva, Rina Grigoryan, Shabnam Ibragimova, Khadizhat Kabieva, Alena Khrapkova, Natalia Kogut, Karina Kovygina, Margaret Kvaratskheliya, Maria Lobova, Anna Lunicheva, Anastasia Maystrenko, Daria Nikolaeva, Anna Pavlenko, Olga Perekosova, Olga Romanova, Olga Sokova, Veronika Solovieva, Olga Spasskaya, Ekaterina Spiridonova, Olga Sukhodolskaya, Shakir Suleimanov, Nailya Urmantaeva, Olga Usalka, Margarita Zaikina, Anastasia Zorina; 1C First Bit, Moscow, Russia:Nadezhda Khitrina.

Author contributions. D. M.: Conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, resources, data curation, writing (original draft, review, and editing), supervision, project administration. N. A. N.: Conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing (original draft, review, and editing), visualization, project administration. P. B.: Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing (original draft, review, editing), project administration. O. B.: Conceptualization, methodology, software, validation, formal analysis, data curation, writing (original draft, review, and editing), visualization. M. K.: Formal analysis, investigation, writing (original draft, review, and editing), visualization. E. L.: Investigation, writing (original draft, review, and editing), project administration. A. G.: Investigation, writing (original draft, review, and editing), project administration. A. S.: Investigation, project administration. V. B.: Resources, writing (review and editing). P. T.: Resources, project administration, writing (review and editing). J. O. W., P. C., and C. A.: Writing (original draft, review, and editing). E. Bezrukov: Funding acquisition, writing (review and editing). M. E. P., A. Y., E. Bulanova, and N. T.: Writing (review and editing). S. A.: Writing (review and editing), investigation. V. K. and Y. P.: Writing (review and editing). E. A. D., C. K., and M. P.: Methodology, writing (review and editing). V. F.: Writing (review and editing). A. A. S.: Funding acquisition, writing (review and editing). D. B.: Conceptualization, methodology, resources, writing (review and editing), project administration, funding acquisition. P. G.: Project administration, funding acquisition, writing (review and editing), supervision. StopCOVID Research Team: Investigation, writing (review and editing).

Acknowledgments. The authors are very grateful to the Sechenov University Hospital Network clinical staff and to the patients, carers, and families for their kindness and understanding during these difficult times of the COVID-19 pandemic. We thank Dr Inna Tulina, Dr Yuri Kitsenko, Mrs Ekaterina Rebrova, and Mr Maksim Kholopov for providing technical support in data collection and database administration. We are grateful to Ms Olga Burencheva, Dr Daria Levina, Ms Olga Sokova, Ms Natalia Chepelova, and Ms Elizaveta Mikhsin for assistance in data extraction. We highly appreciate the kind expert advice from Professor Gareth Tudor-Williams, Dr Jethro Herberg, Dr Nikita Sushentsev, and Dr Anna Pokshubina for assistance in data interpretation. Finally, we extend our gratitude to Laura Merson and the entire ISARIC team for their continuous support and expertise and for providing access to the REDCap CRF module.

Financial support. This work was supported by the Russian Academic Excellence Project “5–100” and Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) (grant number 20-04-60063).

Potential conflicts of interest. J. W. reports grants and personal fees from Danone/Nutricia and Airsonnet, nonfinancial support from Anaphylaxis Campaign, and lecture fees from Friesland Campina, outside the submitted work. All other authors report no potential conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed.

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Author notes

• comorbidity
• hospital mortality
• hospitals, university
• laboratory techniques and procedures
• reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
• signs and symptoms

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• © 2023

Key Competences and New Literacies

From Slogans to School Reality

• Maria Dobryakova   ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9475-5476 0 ,
• Isak Froumin   ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9228-3770 1 ,
• Kirill Barannikov   ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5182-9458 2 ,
• Gemma Moss 3 ,
• Igor Remorenko   ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8775-4248 4 ,
• Jarkko Hautamäki 5

Institute of Education, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia

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Head of the Observatory of Higher Education Innovations, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany

Moscow city university, moscow, russia, university college london, london, uk, university of helsinki, helsinki, finland.

• Includes case studies from 8 countries on the competence-turn in the curriculum
• Describes pedagogical approaches to foster 21st century skills
• Outlines the components of environmental literacy

Part of the book series: UNIPA Springer Series (USS)

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• Table of contents

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Table of contents (15 chapters)

Front matter, introduction.

• Maria Dobryakova, Isak Froumin

The World Is Changing, and Education Is Changing with It

A framework of key competences and new literacies.

• Maria Dobryakova, Isak Froumin, Gemma Moss, Norbert Seel, Kirill Barannikov, Igor Remorenko

Canada (Ontario): A Unifying Theme for Canadian Education Is Equity

• Michele Peterson-Badali, Elisabeth Rees-Johnstone, Evelyn Wilson, Bev Freedman, Denese Belchetz, Karen Grose et al.

China: Fostering Students with All-round Attainments in Moral, Intellectual, Physical and Aesthetic Grounding

• Huanhuan Xia, You You

England: Knowledge, Competences and Curriculum Reform—Why the English Case Stands Out

• Gemma Moss, Ann Hodgson, Susan Cousin

Republic of Korea: Cultivating Key Competences

• Junehee Yoo, Euichang Choi, Dongil Kim, Kyunghee So, Chan-Jong Kim, Il Lee et al.

Finland: Improving Pupils’ Opportunities for Experiencing the Joy of Learning, for Deep Learning, and for Good Learning Achievement

• Jarkko Hautamäki, Raisa Ahtiainen, Natalia Gustavson, Risto Hotulainen, Sirkku Kupiainen, Marja Tamm et al.

Poland: The Learning Environment that Brought About a Change

• Maciej Jakubowski, Jerzy Wiśniewski

Twenty-First Century Skills and Learning: A Case Study of Developments and Practices in the United States

• Michael Russell, Henry Braun, Binbin Zhu

Russian Federation: At a Conceptual Crossroads

• Kirill Barannikov, Maria Dobryakova, Isak Froumin, Igor Remorenko

Pedagogical and School Practices to Foster Key Competences and Domain-General Literacy

• Maria Dobryakova, Norbert Seel

A Modern Aspect of Instrumental Literacy: Coding

• Suhas Parandekar, Eugeny Patarakin, Gulcan Yayla

How to Integrate New Literacy in the Curriculum—Example of Environmental Literacy

Maria Dobryakova

How Countries Reform Their Curricula to Support the Development of Key Competences

• Kirill Barannikov, Igor Remorenko, Isak Froumin

This edited book is a unique comprehensive discussion of 21 st  century skills in education in a comparative perspective. It presents investigation on how eight very different countries (China, Canada, England, Finland, Poland, South Korea, the USA and Russia) have attempted to integrate key competences and new literacies into their curricula and balance them with the acquisition of disciplinary knowledge. Bringing together psychological, sociological, pedagogical approaches, the book also explores theoretical underpinnings of 21 st  century skills and offers a scalable solution to align multiple competency and literacy frameworks.

The book provides a conceptual framework for curriculum reform and transformation of school practice designed to ensure that every school graduate thrives in our technologically and culturally changing world. By providing eight empirical portraits of competence-driven curriculum reform, this book is greatresource to educational researchers and policy makers.

• Learning Objectives
• New Literacies
• Canadian Education
• Education in China
• Education in the UK
• Cultivating Key Competences
• Education in Republic of Korea
• Education in Finland
• Education in Poland
• Twenty-First Century Skills and Learning
• Education in USA
• Education in Russia
• Key competencies
• 21st Century Curriculum
• Curriculum Reform
• Transversal Competences
• Functional Literacy
• Digital literacy
• Competence-based Education
• Critical Thinking

Isak Froumin

Kirill Barannikov, Igor Remorenko

Jarkko Hautamäki

Maria Dobryakova  graduated from the Moscow School of Social and Economic Sciences and Manchester University (M.A. in Sociology) and defended her Ph.D. in social stratification at the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Since 2006 and until 2022 she worked at the National Research University Higher School of Economics, where she headed and coordinated a number of large-scale projects in education, social sciences, as well as publications and translation projects. Prior to that, she had worked at the Independent Institute for Social Policy (as head of publications) and the Ford Foundation (Higher Education and Scholarship program). 

Isak Froumin  headed the Institute of education at the National Research University Higher School of Economics in Moscow (Russia)—the first graduate school of education in Russia—from 2009 to 2021. After beginning his career as a principal of Kransnoyarsk University Laboratory School  (Russia), he worked as the Lead Education Specialist at the World Bank, and the advisor to the Minister of Education and Science of Russian Federation. He is a fellow of the International Academy of Education.

Kirill A. Barannikov  is the vice-rector for strategy, Moscow City University. He is working in MCU since 2015 and has led a number of projects over Moscow schools and the university development. Among the most striking projects are the online platform for teachers to create curricula (www.prok.edu.ru), the electronic platform for assessing the quality of the educational environment (www.ecers.ru, www.sacers.ru), internet service for supporting and developing initiatives  (www.zamisli.pro). Over the past ten years, he headed the center for distance education of children with disabilities of the Pedagogical Academy of Postgraduate Education, the center of curricula design and standards of the Academy of Social Management. He coordinated over 40 research projects of the Department of Education of the City of Moscow, the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia. The main areas of interest are competency models in school education, issues of standardization and curricula design in an international context, change management in schools and universities. 

Jarkko Hautamäki  graduated from University of Helsinki (majors in experimental psychology and social psychology) and defended his Ph.D. Dissertation (Measurement and Distribution of Piagetian Stages of Thinking) in University Joensuu. He became a full professor in Special Education in Helsinki University, served also the dean and founded and directed Helsinki University Center for Educational Assessment. He is the honorary professor of Faculty of Psychology at Moscow State University, member of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters and member of The Russian Academy of Educational Sciences. His research interests include human development and schooling for thinking, interventions and special education and applying the science of development into schooling. He lives in Helsinki, Finland. 

Gemma Moss  is the professor of Literacy at UCL Institute of Education. She has been the president of the British Educational Research Association (2015–17), was a member of the European Education Research Association Council (2016–18), was director of the Centre for Critical Education Studies at the Institute of Education (2007–11) and was director of the International Literacy Centre at the Institute of Education, UCL (2017-22).  Her main research interests are in literacy as a social practice; literacy policy; knowledge transfer and knowledge exchange; evidence-informed practice and curriculum design; pedagogy and new technologies; primary assessment; and gender and literacy attainment.  Her research includes running multi-site ethnographic case studies, combining quantitative and qualitative methods in innovative ways and using rapid evidence assessment systematic review processes to bring knowledge to bear on contentious questions in education, where funders require rapid answers.  

Igor M. Remorenko  has been holding the post of the rector of the Moscow City University since 2013. He has a Ph.D. and full-doctor degree in Education. From 2009 to 2011, he held the post of the director of the Department of the State Policy and Legal Regulations in Education, Department of the State Policy in Education, Department of the Strategic Development of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation; supervised the top-priority national project “Education” and programs to support the innovative development of the higher education institutes. From 2011 to 2013, he is the deputy minister of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. He is the author of a number of the scientific publications, two monographs. He participates in the researches in the field of educational policy, development of managerial approaches in education and multiple international and national projects in the sphere of education.

Book Title : Key Competences and New Literacies

Book Subtitle : From Slogans to School Reality

Editors : Maria Dobryakova, Isak Froumin, Kirill Barannikov, Gemma Moss, Igor Remorenko, Jarkko Hautamäki

Series Title : UNIPA Springer Series

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23281-7

Publisher : Springer Cham

eBook Packages : Education , Education (R0)

Copyright Information : The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023

Hardcover ISBN : 978-3-031-23280-0 Published: 23 August 2023

Softcover ISBN : 978-3-031-23283-1 Due: 23 September 2023

eBook ISBN : 978-3-031-23281-7 Published: 22 August 2023

Series ISSN : 2366-7516

Series E-ISSN : 2366-7524

Edition Number : 1

Number of Pages : VI, 426

Number of Illustrations : 18 b/w illustrations, 27 illustrations in colour

Topics : Curriculum Studies , Study and Learning Skills , International and Comparative Education , Educational Policy and Politics

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