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• Natural Disasters Essay for Students in English

Read Natural Disaster Essay on Vedantu

The planet earth has gone through many changes over these centuries. These changes are majorly due to natural disasters happening throughout time. When we talk about natural disasters, pollution, ozone depletion and global warming are the most common scenarios we witnessed.

Growing industrialisation and exploitation of natural resources have changed the echo system bringing on the verge of imbalance. However, over these decades, humans have also introduced many disaster warning systems helping to predict natural occurrence in advance. You can read more about Natural Disasters on Vedantu.

Different Faces of Natural Disasters

Nature possesses the character of a special balance in which all living beings live together in harmony with their environment. But whenever this balance is disturbed, we see the disastrous form of nature which wreaks havoc upon this world. Natural disasters come in various forms like earthquakes, Tsunami, Storms, Cyclones, droughts etc. These disasters have always occurred throughout history but the current threat of climate change has severely increased its risks. Man has to learn that he cannot control nature and his life should revolve around the conditions present in the environment and not the other way around.

We have tried to change the basic character of the Human-Nature relationship with every metric of development being centred on financial interest and the rise of global consumerism.  This way of life promotes greed and has fundamentally made human beings disoriented towards nature. Our festivals celebrate the intrinsic relationship between humans and the environment where we celebrate Mountains, Rivers, and Animals etc. Natural disasters are a reminder that humans must never take the gift of nature for granted and always reciprocate for the resources that we have received from the environment. Clean Air, Clean Water and harmony in the ecosystem is a prerequisite for Human well being.  

How to Deal with Natural Disasters?

India, due to its unique geographical character, faces natural disasters every year which cause massive harm to lives and property. Whether it be the floods of Uttarakhand in 2013 or the landslides in Western Ghats of Kerala. The cost of our blind exploitation of natural resources without showing reverence for the delicate balance of Nature has severely harmed us and we must learn lessons from these incidents.

One of the greatest stories of the Indian government in dealing with disaster readiness has been the story of the Indian state of Odisha. Odisha is a coastal state in eastern India that regularly faces cyclones that have caused great harm to the state. To deal with the menace of these cyclones the Odisha Government made an elaborate plan by taking the local communities in confidence and have successfully reduced the number of deaths in Odisha to a very small number which used to be in thousands earlier. Other Indian states should also learn from the experience of Odisha on how to improve disaster preparedness.

Keeping our environment safe and following the right process will help in bringing down the natural disasters. It is vital to learn about them.

FAQs on Natural Disasters Essay for Students in English

1.  What are natural disasters increasing?

Over the years, natural disasters have increased. Regular earthquakes, massive flooding, cyclones, etc. have increased. According to the office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) which maintains an emergency disaster database, if a natural disaster kills 10 people, then it leaves 100 people injured. Increase in hydro-meteorological disasters, the combination of natural and man-made factors is leading to an increase in natural disasters.

2. What are the natural disasters that happened in 2020?

From wildfires in the US to locusts attack in India and back-to-back cyclones in India, there are many natural disasters in 2020. According to the Global Catastrophe Recap’s First Half of 2020 report, there were more than 207 natural disasters in just the first six months of 2020, causing \[＄\]75 billion loss globally.

3. What natural disaster is the worst?

Every natural disaster causing the loss of both property and human lives is the worst. Be it the earthquake, wildfire or cyclone; each disaster can be the worst in its sense.

4. What are the causes of natural disasters?

Natural disasters are caused by a number of reasons which may or may not be linked to Human interference. Floods, for example, occur generally because of a sudden increase in water level which cannot be supported by the natural geography of the river, however, it has been observed that floods have also occurred due to human interference like encroachment of river banks, illegal sand mining and obstructions in the natural flow of the river. 

5. What are the agencies that deal with natural disasters?

On the National level, Natural disasters are dealt with by the National Disaster Relief Force or the NDRF. The NDRF has its own commissioned force which is highly experienced and trained to deal with situations when a disaster has occurred. Apart from the NDRF, there is also the SDRF which is present in every state. The central and state governments work in coordination during Natural disasters and saving lives along with restoration of normalcy is the primary concern of the relief operations.

6. What are the ways to deal with floods and droughts?

It may sound surprising to some people but India is a unique country where due to its vast geography, we have seen conditions where some parts of the country are facing floods while other parts suffer from drought in the same year. These are especially tough to deal with as the volume of water in floods just cannot be stored and once a region is facing drought, access to water becomes a question of survival. Linking rivers is a very grand scheme which can solve some of our problems but this also needs to be dealt with caution.

7. What can I do to contribute to disaster relief programmes?

The central and state governments carry out various programmes which are directly related to disaster relief work, coordinating with the agencies and donating to these relief operations are some things that we can do as citizens. There are various NGOs that provide relief material to people who are suffering from natural disasters. Creating awareness about such an important issue is also an essential activity. You can learn more about it on Vedantu website and download it in PDF format.

8. Which regions are the most affected by natural disasters in India?

Every part of the country has a unique geographical character and in some way or the other, they face the threat of natural disasters. Bihar and Assam are two such states which face floods on an annual basis, The Himalayan states have a very delicate ecology and save the menace of flash floods and landslides. Maharashtra has a problem of flooding in the Western Ghats while Vidarbha faces drought. Innovative ways must be discovered by states to deal with natural disasters.

EL Education Curriculum

You are here, the impact of natural disasters, in this module, guiding questions and big ideas.

• The Four T's

Content Connections

• Habits of Character

Performance Task

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In this module, students read literary and informational texts to understand the impact of natural disasters on places and people. In Unit 1, students work in expert groups to research a natural disaster, focusing on answering the question: "How do natural disasters affect the people and places that experience them?" As they research, they think about how authors use reasons and evidence to support particular points. Students then use their research to write and record a public service announcement (PSA) explaining how to stay safe during a natural disaster. In Unit 2, students read and analyze literary texts about the aftermath of natural disasters, including poems, songs, and Eight Days: A Story of Haiti  by Edwidge Danticat, a story about a boy trapped under his house for eight days after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. In the first half of the unit, students analyze the way illustrations in texts and visuals in videos contribute to the meaning, tone, and beauty of the text. In the second half of the unit, they analyze how the narrator's or speaker's point of view influences how events are described. In Unit 3, students take action to help others prepare for a natural disaster. They research supplies to include in an emergency preparedness kit and write opinion essays on the most important items to include. For the performance task, students present to a live audience about preparing for a natural disaster. They present their PSAs; unpack an emergency preparedness kit, giving the rationale for the items included; and distribute an informational leaflet. This performance task centers on CCSS ELA SL.5.4, SL.5.5, and SL.5.6.

• How do natural disasters affect the people and places that experience them?  
• Natural disasters can devastate people and places.
• A narrator's or speaker's point of view influences how events in a literary text are described.
• Visual elements in literature contribute to the meaning, tone, and beauty of the text.
• How can we prepare for a natural disaster?
• We can prepare for a natural disaster by learning about what to do in the event of a natural disaster and preparing an emergency preparedness kit.

The Four Ts

• Topic: The Impact of Natural Disasters
• Task: Presentation: Preparing for a Natural Disaster
• Targets : SL.5.4, SL.5.5, and SL.5.6
• Text:  Eight Days: A Story of Haiti

This module is designed to address English Language Arts standards and to be taught during the literacy block. But the module intentionally incorporates Science and Social Studies content that may align to additional teaching during other parts of the day. These intentional connections are described below.

Next Generation Science Standards:

Earth and Space Science Performance Expectation:

• 4-ESS3-2: Generate and compare multiple solutions to reduce the impacts of natural Earth processes on humans.
• ESS3.B: A variety of natural hazards result from natural processes. Humans cannot eliminate natural hazards but can take steps to reduce their impacts. (4-ESS3-2)

College, Career, and Civic Life C3 Framework for Social Studies State Standards:

• D2.Geo.9.3-5.

Habits of Character / Social Emotional Learning Focus

In this module, students work to contribute to a better world by putting their learning to use to improve communities (e.g., citizenship, service).

Each unit file includes teacher materials and student-facing materials.

ELA G5:M4:U1

Researching natural disasters: physical impact, ela g5:m4:u2, analyzing literature about natural disasters: human impact, ela g5:m4:u3, taking action: preparing for natural disasters.

Each unit in the 3-5 Language Arts Curriculum has two standards-based assessments built in, one mid-unit assessment and one end of unit assessment. The module concludes with a performance task at the end of Unit 3 to synthesize their understanding of what they accomplished through supported, standards-based writing.

Presentation: Preparing for a Natural Disaster

For this performance task, students share their learning about how to stay safe during a natural disaster by unveiling their PSAs to an audience in a live launch. As part of the presentation, students unpack the emergency preparedness kit they have created and share the rationale for the practical and personal items they have chosen to include. They also distribute an emergency preparedness leaflet. This task addresses CCSS ELASL.5.4, SL.5.5, and SL.5.6.

Texts to Buy

Texts that need to be procured. Please download the Trade Book List for procurement guidance.

Each module is approximately 6-8 weeks of instruction broken into 3 units. The "week at a glance" chart in the curriculum map gives the big picture, breaking down the module into a detailed week-by-week view. It shows how the module unfolds, the focus of each week of instruction, and where the six assessments and the performance task occur.

View the module-at-a-glance chart

The Additional Language and Literacy (ALL) Block is 1 hour of instruction per day. It is designed to work in concert with and in addition to the 1-hour Grades 3-5 ELA "module lessons." Taken together, these 2 hours of instruction comprehensively address all the Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts.

The ALL Block has five components: Additional Work with Complex Text; Reading and Speaking Fluency/GUM (Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics); Writing Practice; Word Study and Vocabulary; and Independent Reading.

The ALL Block has three 2-week units which parallel to the three units of the module.

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300 Words Paragraph On Natural Disasters For Class 5

Natural Disasters Paragraph example for children and students you can read here with causes of earthquake, Volcanic eruptions, drought, wildfire short paragraph

Introduction

Natural disasters are the unforeseen occurrence of events or catastrophic events that causes harms to society. It is a dangerous events that could cause injury , loss of life or damage to property. Ever since man came to this earth, man has faced various natural calamities at different times.

Table of Contents

Long Paragraph About Natural Disasters For Children

According to experts, natural disasters that have occurred from time to time over the centuries have had a profound effect on humans and those around them. Every year, 8 October is celebrated all over the world as a day of natural disasters.

In order to provide information to the people and make them aware of what to do in the event of any difficult or natural disaster. How to protect themselves in the case of natural disasters. Scientists around the world have researched about the causes of these disasters and made people aware of them.

Types of natural disasters

There are many kinds of natural disasters like volcanic eruption, storm, wild fire, lightning, hailstorm, ice storm, earthquake, thunderstorm, blizzard, tornado, tsunami, drought , flood and hurricane. Any kind of natural disasters bring with them destruction and ruin. They damage the environment and the people living in it. We will discuss some types of natural disasters here.

1.Volcanic eruptions

Volcanic eruptions occurs when lava or magma or hot material is released out from volcano. volcanoes emit hot lava, ash, and gas from underground. It comes up loudly. It is a system that can be slow and fast. After the eruption of the volcano, the lives of birds and animals are also affected, the birds die from the fire, smoke and heat emitted from it. Forest fires break out.

Human settlements, societies or cities are destroyed. Tambora produced the biggest volcanic eruption in 1815. It says roughly that 100,000 people died in it.

It is a prolonged period of unusual persistent of dry weather that causes serious problems such as shortage of water supply result in crops damage . A Drought can last for months or even year.

3. Earthquake

An earthquake is caused by a sudden shaking of the earth’s surface. Earthquakes cause cracks in the ground and strong tremors are felt.

According to scientists, due to the heat inside the last part of the earth, the heaviest object goes under the earth and the object which loses weight falls to the ground. As if oil is poured on the surface of the water comes. Similarly, when an object goes underground, it produces an electric current, which causes the earth’s plates to collide with each other, causing earthquakes. At the same time, many changes are taking place on the ground. For example , cracks in the ground, landslides, or the formation of mountains.

On October 8, 2005 a magnitude of 7.5 earthquake struck Pakistan . It is estimated that death toll could reach over 100,000.

4. Wild fire

Forest fires are fires that start naturally in forest trees or in an uninhabited green area. It is common to see wildfires in the summer. Due to the heat of the sun, the dry leaves catch fire and the whole forest comes under its grip. This type of fire is found in the pine forests of our country, Uttarakhand, India.

The effects of wildfires are devastating. Which also badly affects our natural environment. Over the past several centuries, it has emerged as a catastrophe. Recently, wildfire occur in California.

3+ Short Paragraphs On Topic Natural Disasters

1# – for class 5.

Natural disasters remain a significant threat to people, property, and infrastructure across the world. In 2018, natural disasters resulted in approximately $300 billion USD in damage, killed an estimated 350,000 people and displaced millions more.

In addition to direct physical damage caused by natural disasters, the resulting economic disruption can have significant consequences on both individuals and communities. At a personal level, the loss of financial resources can make it difficult for households to meet basic needs such as food and shelter. At a community level, disruption to transportation, utilities and other infrastructure can impact public health and lead to increased vulnerability to disease outbreaks.

To reduce the risks posed by natural disasters, communities must be prepared for the likelihood that they will occur. This includes understanding what types of natural hazards are likely to occur in their area and ensuring that adequate resources are available to respond quickly when disasters do occur.

2# – For Class 9

Natural disasters are one of the most unpredictable and dangerous forms of danger that can occur in any one’s life. Natural disasters – natural, man-made or otherwise – can be a global issue, affecting large parts of the world’s population at once. They can range from large-scale events to individual incidents, affecting everything from buildings to people.

Natural disasters can be caused by many factors, such as extreme weather conditions, landslides or earthquakes. While natural disasters are damaging, they are not always deadly. However, some natural disasters can lead to fatalities and injuries.

In addition, natural disasters can cause economic damage to businesses and property. Hence, it is important for individuals to be prepared for natural disasters and know how to act in the event of one.

3# – Natural disasters prevention and precautions

In addition to direct physical damage caused by natural disasters, the resulting economic disruption can have significant consequences on both individuals and communities. At a personal level, the loss of financial resources can make it difficult for households to meet basic needs such as food and shelter.

At a community level, disruption to transportation, utilities and other infrastructure can impact public health and lead to increased vulnerability to disease outbreaks. To reduce the risks posed by natural disasters, communities must be prepared for the likelihood that they will occur. This includes understanding what types of natural hazards are likely to occur in their area and ensuring that adequate resources are available to respond quickly when disasters do occur.

4# – Natural calamities

Natural calamities such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and tropical storms can have a devastating impact on property if not prepared for them. Property insurance policies are usually available to cover losses incurred due to natural disasters. However, homeowners should also have their own personal disaster plan in place in case they are forced to stay in their homes while the repairs are being made.

There are a number of things that homeowners can do to prepare for natural disasters. For example, they can make sure that their homes are well-stocked with emergency supplies such as food and water. They should also make sure that their properties are secure so that they won’t become easy targets for thieves and vandals who might be looking for an opportunity to take advantage of the situation.

Hello! Welcome to my Blog StudyParagraphs.co. My name is Angelina. I am a college professor. I love reading writing for kids students. This blog is full with valuable knowledge for all class students. Thank you for reading my articles.

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NCERT 5th Class (CBSE) Social Science: Natural Disasters

admin September 21, 2017 5th Class , Social Science 60,552 Views

Question: What is a disaster?

Answer:   Disaster us a calamity often causing sudden, widespread and serious damage to life and property. Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Volcanic eruptions, Floods, Droughts, Cyclones, Landslides and Forest fires are forms of natural disasters.

Question: How does an earthquake occur?

Answer: Earthquakes are violent vibration or tremors on the surface of the earth. These tremors are both minor and major in intensity. Minor earthquakes happen everyday but we do not feel them. But major earthquakes are the most dangerous, widespread and destructive of all natural disasters. It is quite difficult to predict when an earthquake will occur.

Question: What are volcanoes? What are the different types of  volcanoes? Give Examples.

Answer: Volcano is a vent or an opening in the earth’s crust through which hot molten magma from the interior (of the earth) comes out.

Different types of volcanoes:

• Active volcanoes:  that have erupted recently and are likely to erupt again, for E.g. – The eruptions of Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland in 2010.
• Dormant volcanoes:  are the ones which were active in the past but have remained quiet in recent times. They are also called ‘sleeping volcanoes’, for E.g. – Mauna Kea in Hawaii.
• Extinct volcanoes:  are the ones which have not erupted in recent history. This may be because the supply of lava has been cut off, the plates have moved or their vent have been closed due to hardening of the lava. E.g. – Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa.

Question: What is a flash flood? What are the precautions necessary in case of floods?

Answer:   Flash floods:  is a sudden flooding of water in low lying areas due to heavy rain or cloud break. It is sudden and extremely dangerous.

Precautions:

• People should be made aware via radio and TV for information and advice. In flood prone areas structures should be built to resist the forces of flood water. For instance, stilts are a good option for construction.
• People should plant more trees and deforestation must be controlled. Also, the drainge pattern in the cities must be effective.
• Use of all electrical items must be avoided.
• People should move to a higher ground and a good stock of food, water and medical supplies should be maintained.
• People should boil drinking water to avoid various diseases.

Question: How do we prepare for natural disasters like tsunami?

Answer:  Tsunami is a Japanese term comprised of two words, ‘tsu’ meaning ‘harbour’ and ‘namis’ which means ‘waves’. They are a serious of waves which occur due to underwater volcanic eruption or earthquake. This displaces a massive amount of water in the ocean. It can occur anytime during day or night and is hence dangerous for the fishing communities, inhabitants of low lying coastal areas, etc. Tsunamis can travel upstream as well.

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500+ Words Essay on Natural Disasters For Students

From the towering walls of water that sweep across coastlines to the ground-shaking tremors that ripple through the earth’s surface, natural disasters are a stark reminder of the immense power of nature and the fragility of our existence. These catastrophic events strike without warning, leaving in their wake a trail of destruction, displacement, and heartbreak.

Table of Content

Types of Natural Disasters

Causes of natural disasters, effects of natural disasters, precautions and preparedness, 500 words essay on natural disasters.

Natural disasters can take many forms, each with its unique characteristics and consequences. Some of the most devastating types include:

1. Earthquakes: Triggered by the sudden release of energy within the Earth’s crust, earthquakes can cause massive structural damage, trigger tsunamis, and disrupt vital infrastructure.

2. Tsunamis: Towering waves generated by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, tsunamis can inundate coastal regions with incredible force, sweeping away everything in their path.

3. Hurricanes and Cyclones: These powerful rotating storm systems, fueled by warm ocean waters, bring destructive winds, torrential rain, and storm surges that can devastate entire communities.

4. Floods : Caused by excessive rainfall, melting snow, or dam failures, floods can submerge vast areas, disrupting lives and destroying property.

5. Wildfires: Driven by dry conditions, high winds, and human activities, wildfires can consume vast swaths of land, threatening lives, homes, and natural habitats.

6. Volcanic Eruptions: The explosive release of molten rock, ash, and gases from the Earth’s interior can bury entire regions in a blanket of destruction.

7 . Droughts : Prolonged periods of abnormally low rainfall can lead to water scarcity, crop failures, and even famine in some regions.

While some natural disasters are triggered by geological processes deep within the Earth, others are influenced by human activities and the changing climate. Factors such as deforestation, urbanization, and the burning of fossil fuels can increase the risk and intensity of certain disasters.

Climate change, in particular, is playing an increasingly significant role in the frequency and severity of many natural disasters. Rising global temperatures are contributing to more intense hurricanes, prolonged droughts, and the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, which can exacerbate coastal flooding.

The impact of natural disasters can be catastrophic, affecting every facet of human life and the environment. Some of the most significant effects include:

1. Loss of Life: Natural disasters can claim countless lives, leaving families and communities devastated by the loss of loved ones.

2. Destruction of Infrastructure: Roads, bridges, buildings, and critical infrastructure can be severely damaged or destroyed, hampering relief efforts and hindering recovery.

3. Economic Losses: The damage caused by natural disasters can result in staggering economic losses, affecting businesses, industries, and entire economies.

4. Displacement of Populations: Disasters often force people to abandon their homes and seek shelter elsewhere, leading to humanitarian crises and long-term displacement.

5. Environmental Degradation: Natural disasters can disrupt ecosystems, pollute water sources, and contribute to soil erosion and habitat loss, threatening biodiversity and natural resources.

6. Psychological Trauma: Survivors of natural disasters often grapple with the psychological toll, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety.

While it is impossible to prevent many natural disasters, proactive measures can be taken to mitigate their impact and enhance preparedness. Some of these measures include:

1. Effective Early Warning Systems: Developing and implementing robust early warning systems can provide valuable lead time for evacuation and emergency response efforts.

2. Disaster Risk Reduction: Identifying and addressing vulnerabilities through measures such as land-use planning, building codes, and infrastructure improvements can minimize potential damages.

3. Community Preparedness: Educating and empowering communities on disaster preparedness, including emergency plans, evacuation routes, and survival skills, can save lives and facilitate quicker recovery.

4. Resilient Infrastructure: Investing in resilient infrastructure, such as earthquake-resistant buildings and flood control systems, can reduce the impact of natural disasters.

5. Environmental Protection: Conserving and restoring natural ecosystems, such as wetlands and forests, can act as natural buffers against certain disasters and mitigate their effects.

6. International Cooperation: Fostering global partnerships and collaborations can facilitate knowledge-sharing, resource allocation, and coordinated response efforts during disasters.

Throughout human history, civilizations have grappled with the unpredictable and often merciless power of nature. Natural disasters, ranging from earthquakes and tsunamis to hurricanes and wildfires, have left indelible scars on communities worldwide, reminding us of our fragility in the face of nature’s might.

At their core, natural disasters are events triggered by the Earth’s natural processes, such as tectonic shifts, atmospheric disturbances, or geological phenomena. However, their consequences extend far beyond the physical realm, profoundly impacting lives, livelihoods, and the very fabric of societies.

The destructive force of these events is unparalleled. Earthquakes can reduce towering structures to rubble in mere seconds, while hurricanes and cyclones unleash winds of incredible ferocity, capable of obliterating entire coastlines. Wildfires, fueled by dry conditions and strong winds, consume everything in their path, leaving smoldering landscapes and displaced communities in their wake.

The human toll of natural disasters is staggering. Lives are tragically lost, families are torn apart, and survivors are left to grapple with the psychological trauma of witnessing such overwhelming devastation. Beyond the immediate loss of life, the aftermath often brings a cascade of challenges, including displacement, lack of access to essential resources, and the daunting task of rebuilding shattered communities.

The economic impact of natural disasters is equally profound. Infrastructure is crippled, businesses are disrupted, and entire industries can be brought to a standstill. The ripple effects of these events can reverberate throughout local and global economies, hampering recovery efforts and exacerbating existing vulnerabilities.

Moreover, the environmental consequences of natural disasters are far-reaching. Ecosystems are disrupted, delicate habitats are destroyed, and biodiversity is threatened as species struggle to adapt to the altered landscapes. The long-term effects on the natural world can be felt for generations, further compounding the challenges faced by impacted communities.

Addressing the threat posed by natural disasters requires a multifaceted approach that spans prevention, preparedness, and resilience-building efforts. Investing in robust early warning systems, fortifying infrastructure, and promoting disaster risk reduction strategies are crucial steps in minimizing the impact of these events.

Furthermore, addressing the underlying drivers of climate change is paramount, as many natural disasters are exacerbated by the effects of global warming. By transitioning towards more sustainable practices and reducing our carbon footprint, we can mitigate the intensity and frequency of certain disasters, safeguarding both human and environmental well-being.

Ultimately, natural disasters serve as a humbling reminder of the immense power of nature and the fragility of our existence. While we cannot control the forces that give rise to these events, we can cultivate resilience, foster global cooperation, and prioritize preparedness efforts to better withstand their fury.

As we navigate the unpredictable landscape of natural disasters, let us embrace our shared responsibility to protect lives, safeguard communities, and forge a more sustainable relationship with the natural world. By doing so, we can forge a path towards a future where the devastating impacts of these events are minimized, and humanity emerges stronger and more resilient in the face of nature’s challenges.

Also Read: My Aim in Life Essay For Students: 100, 200 & 500 Words Essay My Village Essay in English For Students 500+ Words Essay on Importance of Education in English

Natural disasters underscore our need for resilience and preparedness. By bolstering infrastructure, safeguarding the environment, and addressing climate change, we can lessen their impact. Emphasizing risk reduction and sustainable practices, we aim to protect lives, economies, and ecosystems. Together, through resilience and cooperation, we can build a future where communities coexist with nature’s forces.

Essay on Natural Disasters- FAQs

What is disaster 1 paragraph.

A disaster is a major disturbance in the operation of a community or society resulting in widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses and impacts that surpass the afflicted community’s or society’s ability to manage using its own resources.

What are the 2 main types of disasters?

Disasters are typically divided into two categories: natural and man-made. Natural catastrophes are typically related with weather and geological occurrences such as severe temperatures, floods, storms, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and drought.

What are 5 man-made disasters?

A. Man-made disasters involve human intent, neglect, or error in the breakdown of a man-made system, as opposed to natural disasters caused by natural hazards. Such man-made calamities include crime, arson, civil unrest, terrorism, war, biological/chemical threats, cyber-attacks, and so on.

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Natural Disasters Class 5 Notes (Handwritten Short & Revision Notes)

Studying well and grasping the concepts of the chapter Natural Disasters is the most crucial part while preparing; doing this can help them to get average marks. But to score well in questions related to the chapter, for that students need to act smartly and use the important study material that is Natural Disasters Class 5 Notes. Through the Class 5 Notes one can keep a track of the performance in questions related to the chapter Natural Disasters and can progress accordingly.

Natural Disasters Class 5 Notes PDF

While completing the chapter Natural Disasters, students have the habit of noting down all the key concepts, topics in a separate notebook. To save their time and energy, students can look through the Natural Disasters Class 5 Notes PDF which is available on the Selfstudys website. With the help of PDF, students can simply complete the chapter Natural Disasters from their comfort zone. 

Where Can Students Find Natural Disasters Class 5 Notes?

Students can find the Natural Disasters Class 5 Notes from the Selfstudys website; steps to download are explained below: 

• Visit the Selfstudys website.

• Bring the arrow towards the CBSE from the navigation bar/ button. 
• A drop down menu will appear, select New Revision Notes from the list.

• A new page will appear, select Class 5th from the list of classes. 
• Now select Social Studies from the list. Again a new page will appear and select the chapter Natural Disasters from the given chapters. 

Features of Natural Disasters Class 5 Notes

The Natural Disasters Class 5 Notes are considered to be an essential source of study material as it has important features; those are discussed below: 

• Name of the Chapter is Mentioned: In the Natural Disasters Notes Class 5, name of the chapter as well as number of the chapter are mentioned. Through this, students don't need to search much for resources, they can just look for the chapter number. 
• Overview of the Chapter is Given: As students open up the PDF, an overview of the chapter is given; through the overview students can get a brief idea about the chapter. This overview of the chapter Natural Disasters can be a very useful one for teachers as accordingly they can teach their students. 
• Important Questions are Given: In the Class 5 Natural Disasters Notes, important questions are given for students to practise on a regular basis. Through the important questions of the chapter Natural Disasters, students can improvise their score if in case that particular question is asked in the exam. 
• Concepts are Discussed: Through the Class 5 Notes of Natural Disasters, students can understand the concepts properly as all concepts are discussed in a well defined manner. 
• For CBSE Board: These Class 5 Notes of Natural Disasters are designed specifically for students who are studying in CBSE board as the topics and concepts are according to the CBSE syllabus.  
• Point Wise Explanation: Each topic in the Class 5 Natural Disasters is explained in a point wise manner; through this students can also attempt the questions in the same approach. 

What Are the Benefits of Taking Natural Disasters Class 5 Notes?

We all know that now Notes have moved from pages to screen; accordingly these Natural Disasters Class 5 Notes can enhances academic success, apart from this there are more benefits: 

• Helps in Organisation: The Natural Disasters Notes Class 5 are organised in a systematic manner; with the help of it students can have an organised preparation. 
• Helps in Attempting Questions: The Class 5 Natural Disasters Notes helps in attempting questions in a very different approach as all the concepts are explained in a stepwise manner. 
• Can Help in Assignments: The Class 5 Social Studies Notes of the chapter Natural Disasters can help students in doing assignments in a good manner ; through this students can also score well in internal assessments. 
• Can Learn More About the Topic: Most students invest time in understanding topics; they can learn and understand more about the topics with the help of Class 5 Notes of the chapter Natural Disasters. 
• Boosts Comprehensive Skills: The topics and concepts in the Class 5 Notes of Natural Disasters are explained in a comprehensive way; accordingly it can also boost the comprehension skills while attempting questions. 
• Promotes Active Learning: By going through the Class 5 Notes of the chapter Natural Disasters can help students to get involved in active learning so that they can improve their productivity.  

Tips to Cover The Whole Lesson With the Help of Natural Disasters Class 5 Notes

Preparing for the Natural Disasters lesson with the help of Class 5 Natural Disasters Notes can be a challenging so, it is better to follow the below steps:

• Plan Ahead: Students are advised to make a proper study plan with goals to complete Natural Disasters Notes Class 5 so that they can be well prepared. Through this students don’t take a chance to procrastinate the topics of the chapter Natural Disasters. 
• Try to Reach Out to Classmates: One needs to reach out to their classmates while completing the Class 5 Natural Disasters Notes as they would be facing the same kind of struggles. Having a good study group while completing the chapter Natural Disasters can help students to explain the topics to one another, can build a healthy network, etc. 
• Find the Own Learning Style: Students need to find their own learning style by trial and error method like which method best suits one while completing the chapter Natural Disasters with the help of Class 5 Notes. 
• Take Breaks: As we all know that brains can absorb a required amount of information at a time so it is must to take breaks while completing the chapter Natural Disasters with the help of Class 5 Social Studies Notes . 
• Try to Cultivate a Productive Space: Surroundings are more important than the study resource, so it is advisable for students to select a place where there are no distractions and other essential items are also available: water bottle, snacks, study materials while completing the chapter Natural Disasters. 
• Try to Set Specific Goals: Students need to set specific goals while completing the chapter Natural Disasters with the help of Notes so that they can think about the progress. 

When is the Right Time to Look Through the Natural Disasters Class 5 Notes?

The right time to look through the Natural Disasters Class 5 Notes can totally depend on the way the students are trying to complete the chapter, those ways to look through are discussed below: 

• Before Starting the Chapter: Students can look through the Natural Disasters Notes Class 5 before starting the chapter so that they can engage themselves during the offline class. 
• While Completing the Chapter: Students can look through the Class 5 Natural Disasters Notes while completing the chapter as in it all topics and concepts are explained in brief ways. Through this self learning for the chapter Natural Disasters students can smoothly improvise their score. 
• After Completing the Chapter: It is advisable for students to examine the Class 5 Notes for the chapter Natural Disasters so that they can attempt questions in a good approach; with this they can also score good in those questions. 
• To Resolve Doubts: Students can seek help from the Class 5 Notes to solve any kind of confusions or doubts regarding the chapter Natural Disasters, they can also take the help of concerned teachers to solve doubts. 
• To Understand the Key Concepts: Students can refer to the Class 5 Notes for the chapter Natural Disasters if they are facing any kind of difficulties in understanding the key concepts as in it all topics are explained in a proper way. 
• To Solve Questions: Students can take the help of Class 5 Notes of the chapter Natural Disasters to solve questions regarding the concepts, accordingly they can understand the chapter in a better way and can score well. 

How to Use the Natural Disasters Class 5 Notes Effectively To Improve Student’s Marks?

Students need to use the Natural Disasters Class 5 Notes effectively so that they can improve their marks, below are some suggestions to use the study material effectively: 

• Identify the Learning Objectives: Students can identify the learning objectives of the chapter with the help of Natural Disasters Notes Class 5; by getting to know the learning objectives students can focus on main key points. 
• Solve Practice Questions: The Class 5 Natural Disasters Notes provides practice exercises for students so that they can apply the concepts learned in the given questions, accordingly they can improvise their score. 
• Go Through the Feedback: Students can utilise the Class 5 Notes for the chapter Natural Disasters for an immediate feedback; accordingly they can identify those areas which need more attention and focus. Through this students can also score well in questions related to the chapter Natural Disasters. 
• Gives Examples to Reinforce Learning: In the Class 5 Notes of the chapter Natural Disasters examples are given for some topics and concepts so that students can understand it in a better way; accordingly they can improvise their score. 
• Provides a Positive Learning Environment: To have a positive learning environment, students can utilise the Class 5 Notes of the chapter Natural Disasters, accordingly they can feel engaged and motivated throughout the preparation. 
• Visual Aids are Given: To understand the concepts with the help of visual aids, students can utilise the Class 5 Notes of the chapter Natural Disasters; through this they can visualise the concepts in the brain, this can help them to score well. 

Impact of Natural Disasters Class 5 Notes on Student’s Preparation

The impact of Natural Disasters Class 5 Notes can be significant, here are some ways that can have impact on student’s preparation: 

• Explained in a Comprehensive Way: The Natural Disasters Notes Class 5 provides a comprehensive understanding; accordingly students can have a better understanding of the key concepts, theories, and principles. 
• Enabled in Effective Revision: Revision helps students to recall the smallest detail of the topic for the chapter Natural Disasters; they can easily revise with the help of Class 5 Notes of Natural Disasters, this can have a positive impact on the preparation. 
• Helps to Improve the Performance in the Exam: Through the Class 5 Notes of the chapter Natural Disasters, students can have a clear view point of the concept; accordingly they can improvise the impact on the preparation. 
• Improvises Confidence: The Class 5 Natural Disasters Notes provides clear and concise information, through this students can improve their confidence while attempting questions of the chapter Natural Disasters. 
• Saves Time: Students don’t need to waste their time in searching for the relevant content to complete the chapter Natural Disasters, they can simply open the Selfstudys website and go through the Notes to cover the syllabus; this can have a positive impact on the preparation. 
•  Helps in Retaining Information: While preparing for the chapter Natural Disasters, it is normal to forget the studied topics, students can retain the key concepts with the help of Class 5 Social Studies Natural Disasters Notes. 

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Essay on Flood for Class 5

Flood is one of the most common natural disasters. Flood is an overflow of water, from reservoirs, rivers or any water body, over the adjacent lands nearby. Floods generally occur due to excessive rainfall of high intensity for a long time. Many factors lead to the occurrence of a flood.

We are providing two essay samples for students of class 5 on the topic ‘Flood’ for reference.

Short Essay on Flood of 100 Words

Flood means the overflow of water over an extensive land area for several days continuously. Flood is associated with rivers and is a result of the accumulation of large volumes of water coming out of the rivers. The role of human activities also plays an essential role in the occurrence of floods.

There are various types of floods. River floods refer to overflow of a river due to excessive rainfall. Coastal floods are common in coastal areas and occur at times of a storm. Local water-logged floods occur due to low maintenance of the local drainage system and often occur in urban areas.

Engage your Children into diverse thoughts and motivate them to improve their English with our  Essay for Class 5  and avail the Simple Essays suitable for them.

Long Essay on Flood of 150 Words

Flood is an environmental disaster and is mostly associated with torrential rainfall over a long period. Floods occur in the low-lying plains adjacent to a river or a water body during monsoon. This is a seasonal phenomenon. People living in flood-prone areas are often at high risk.

The primary natural factors causing flood are high intensity and long duration of rainfall and meandering courses of rivers. Besides, deforestation, faulty agricultural practices and blockage of the natural flow of the river are major human-made causes of flood. All these factors work together and cause significant loss to lands and people living there.

Floods cause massive damage to life and property. People living in flood-prone areas get homeless as a result of devastating floods. Agricultural lands are washed away. Floods often disrupt transport and communication. Floods distribute a large amount of alluvial deposits on the adjacent areas, which benefit the local people.

10 Lines on Flood in English

• Flood is the overflow of water from a river or water body over large areas.
• Flood affected areas remain water-logged for several days.
• Flood is a natural disaster which causes great loss to life and property, mainly houses, buildings and agricultural lands.
• Floods occur as a result of excessive rainfall and an after effect of a cyclone.
• It is an annual phenomenon in areas where it is expected.
• The water from rivers break the river banks and floods the adjacent low-lying areas.
• After the floodwater subsides, a massive amount of alluvial sediments is deposited in these areas.
• Urban floods occur as a result of low maintenance of the sewage system and cause troubles in transport, communication and power cuts.
• The role of government is vital in reducing the effects of flood in the flood-prone areas.
• Early warning system and precautions must be implemented to save the lives of people living in such areas.

Frequently Asked Questions on Flood Essay

Question: What causes floods?

Answer:  Torrential rainfall for a long time causes flood. As a result, the volume of river water increases which breaks the river banks and flows all over adjacent lands.

Question: What are the man-made factors causing floods?

Answer:  Deforestation, rapid urbanisation and faulty agricultural practices are major man-made causes of flood.

Question: How to prevent floods?

Answer:  Floods cannot be prevented, but safety measures can be taken to reduce the risks, like, early warning systems and better management of river banks. The government should take measures for provision of food, shelter and financial assurance for the distressed people.

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natural disasters

Introduction.

Predicting Natural Disasters

The best way to predict or tell when natural disasters will occur is to study ones that have already happened. This gives scientists important information about the events that lead up to disasters. It also helps the scientists understand the forces of nature that cause the disasters.

Scientists have developed a good understanding of the factors that lead to hurricanes, tornadoes, and flooding. Predicting events such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, however, is much more difficult. Volcanoes may give warning signs, such as leaking gases or spouting lava, before erupting, but sometimes they erupt with no warning at all.

Earthquakes are also difficult to predict. However, scientists are aware of the regions in the world where earthquakes are most likely to occur. In these places they use equipment to monitor any changes that might suggest an earthquake is about to happen.

Controlling Natural Disasters

Most natural disasters are impossible to prevent. The forces of nature that cause them are beyond the control of humans. Their effects, however, may be reduced in several ways: by preparing for natural disasters, by preventing them where possible, and by reducing the impact they have on people.

Preparing for Natural Disasters

Developed countries that suffer from earthquakes, such as Japan and the United States, have buildings that can stand up to all but the most powerful earthquakes. Storm shelters can be built to provide a safe place for people to stay during hurricanes and tornadoes.

Preventing Natural Disasters

Natural disasters that occur because of the movement of Earth’s plates cannot be prevented, but some others may be preventable. Protecting the environment, for example, may prevent disasters such as avalanches and landslides . Trees on hillsides help keep snow and soil in place. If too many trees are cut down, then avalanches and landslides are more likely to happen. Flooding can be prevented in some places by strengthening a river’s edges, building dams, and redirecting floodwater away from towns.

Reducing the Effects of Natural Disasters

Sensible planning can also prevent deaths from natural disasters. For example, people can choose not to build towns on the sides of volcanoes, in active earthquake zones, or on floodplains.

Early Warning Systems

Early warning systems can pick up clues that a natural disaster may occur. They can then send a warning message to the people it might affect. Flood and severe weather warning messages are often broadcast on television, radio, and the Internet.

Places at risk of natural disasters often have evacuation plans in place so people can get out of the area before the disaster happens. People are also taught how to cope when disaster strikes, such as keeping supplies of food and water nearby.

Relief Agencies

Relief agencies, such as the Red Cross and Red Crescent and Oxfam , help support the victims of natural disasters. These organizations set up temporary camps; provide food, medical care, and education; and help people rebuild their lives if necessary.

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Geography Notes

Essay on natural disasters: top 12 essays | geography.

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Here is a compilation of essays on ‘Natural Disasters’ for class 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Find paragraphs, long and short essays on ‘Natural Disasters’ especially written for school and college students.

Essay on Natural Disasters

Essay Contents:

• Essay on the Initiatives Taken by the Government

Essay on Natural Disaster # 1. Introduction:

The definition of natural disasters is any catastrophic event that is caused by nature or the natural processes of the earth. The severity of a disaster is measured in lives lost, economic loss, and the ability of the population to rebuild. Events that occur in unpopulated areas are not considered disasters. So a flood on an uninhabited island would not count as a disaster, but a flood in a populated area is called a natural disaster.

All natural disasters cause loss in some way. Depending on the severity, lives can be lost in any number of disasters. Falling buildings or trees, freezing to death, being washed away, or heat stroke are just some of the deadly effects. Some disasters cause more loss of life than others, and population density affects the death count as well.

Hence, there is loss of property, which affects people’s living quarters, transportation, livelihood, and means to live. Fields saturated in salt water after tsunamis take years to grow crops again. Homes destroyed by floods, hurricanes, cyclones, landslides and avalanches, a volcanic eruption, or an earthquake are often beyond repair or take a lot of time to become livable again. Personal effects, memorabilia, vehicles, and documents also take a hit after many natural disasters.

The natural disasters that really affect people worldwide tend to become more intense as the years go on. Frequency of earthquakes, mega storms, and heat waves has gone up considerably in the last few decades. Heavy population in areas that get hit by floods, cyclones, and hurricanes has meant that more lives are lost.

In some areas, the population has gotten somewhat prepared for the eventuality of disasters and shelters are built for hurricanes and tornadoes. However, loss of property is still a problem, and predicting many natural disasters isn’t easy.

Scientists, geologists, and storm watchers work hard to predict major disasters and avert as much damage as possible. With all the technology available, it’s become easier to predict major storms, blizzards, cyclones, and other weather related natural disasters. But there arestill natural disasters that come up rather unexpectedly, such as earthquakes, wildfires, landslides, or even volcanic eruptions.

Sometimes, a time of warning is there, but it’s often very short with catastrophic results. Areas that are not used to disasters affected by flash floods or sudden hail storms can be affected in an extreme way. However, despite the many natural disasters the world over, mankind has shown amazing resilience.

When an area or country is badly affected by a natural disaster, the reaction is always one of solidarity and aid is quick to come. There are organizations set up with the primary goal of being prepared for natural disasters. These groups work on global and local scale rescue work. Aside from those who have chosen to make disaster relief their life-work, when disasters hit, it’s the individuals who step in who help to make a difference.

Many people talk about when a disaster has hit and their neighbours and countrymen have come to aid, often to their own loss. People will step in and donate items, time, and skills in order to help those affected by a natural disaster. Celebrities will often do what they can to raise money through concerts, phone marathons, and visiting affected areas with aid.

People have also shown that they can rebuild, lives can be remade or start over. Trauma is a big after effect of natural disasters and getting counseling has been the focus of aid-to heal emotionally as well as physically. It’s clear that natural disasters are a part of life as we know it. However, science is making it more possible to predict, aid is faster at coming, and people are learning how to rebuild in safer areas.

Essay on Natural Disaster # 2. Earthquake :

India is having a high risk towards earthquakes. More than 58 per cent of India’s land area is under threat of moderate to severe seismic hazard. During the last 20 years, India has experienced 10 major earthquakes that have resulted in more than 35,000 deaths. The most vulnerable areas, according to the present seismic zone map of India include the Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan regions, Kutch and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Depending on varying degrees of seismicity, the entire country can be divided into the following seismic regions: Of the earthquake-prone areas, 12% is proneto very severe earthquakes, 18% to severe earthquakes and 25% to damageable earthquakes.

Though the regions of the country away from the Himalayas and other inter-plate boundaries were considered to be relatively safe from damaging earthquakes, the presence of a large number of non-engineering structures and buildings with poor foundations in these areas make these regions also susceptible to earthquakes.

In the recent past, even these areas also have experienced earthquake, of lower magnitude than the Himalayan earthquakes. The North-eastern part of the country continues to experience moderate to strong earthquakes. On an average, this region experiences an earthquake with magnitude greater than 5.0 every year.

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are situated on an inter-plate boundary and therefore are likely to experience damaging earthquakes frequently. The increase in earthquake risk in India in recent times is caused due to a spurt in developmental activities driven by urbanization, economic development and the globalization of India’s economy. The increase in the use of high-technology equipment and tools in manufacturing and service industries have also made them susceptible to disruption due to relatively moderate ground shaking.

Essay on Natural Disaster # 3. Flood and Drought :

The country receives an annual precipitation of 400 million hectare meters. Of the annual rainfall, 75% is received during four months of monsoon (June — September) and, as a result, almost all the rivers carry heavy discharge during this period. The flood hazard is compounded by the problems of sediment deposition, drainage congestion and synchronization of river floods with sea tides in the coastal plains.

The area vulnerable to floods is 40 million hectares and the average area affected by floods annually is about 8 million hectares. About 30 million people are affected by flood every year. Floods in the Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra plains are an annual feature. On an average, a few hundred lives are lost, millions are rendered homeless and several hectares of crops are damaged every year around 68% arable land of the country is prone to drought in varying degrees.

Drought prone areas comprise 108.11 million hectares out of a total land area of 329 million hectares. About 50 million people are affected annually by drought. Of approximately 90 million hectares of rain-fed areas, about 40 million hectares are prone to scanty or no rain.

Essay on Natural Disaster # 4. Cyclone :

India’s long coastline of 7,516 kilometer is exposed to nearly 10 per cent of the world’s tropical cyclones. Of these, the majority has their initial genesis over the Bay of Bengal and strike the east coast of India. On an average, five to six tropical cyclones form every year, of which two or three could be severe.

Cyclones occur frequently on both the Coasts (the West Coast —Arabian Sea; and the East Coast —Bay of Bengal). More Cyclones occur in the Bay of Bengal than in the Arabian Sea and the ratio is approximately 4:1.

An analysis of the frequency of cyclones on the East and West Coasts of India between 1891 and 1990 shows that nearly 262 cyclones occurred (92 severe) in a 50 km wide strip on the East Coast. Less severe cyclonic activity has been noticed on the West Coast, with 33 cyclones occurring in the same period, out of which 19 of these were severe.

In India, Tropical cyclones occur in the months of May-June and October-November. The cyclones of severe intensity and frequency in the north Indian Ocean are bi-modal in character, with their primary peak in November and secondary peak in May. The disaster potential is particularly high at the time of landfall in the north Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea) due to the accompanying destructive wind, storm surges and torrential rainfall.

Of these, storm surges are the greatest killers of a cyclone, by which sea water inundates low lying areas of coastal regions and causes heavy floods, erodes beaches and embankments, destroys vegetation and reduces soil fertility.

Essay on Natural Disaster # 5. Landslide :

In the hilly terrain of India including the Himalayas, landslides have been a major and widely spread natural disasters that often strike life and property and occupy a position of major concern. One of the worst tragedies took place at Malpa (Uttrakhand) on 11th and 17th August, 1998. When nearly 380 people were killed when massive landslides washed away the entire village. This included 60 pilgrims going to Lake.

Mansarovar in Tibet. In 2010 Cloud burst led flash mudslides and flash floods killed 196 people, including 6 foreigners and injured more than 400 and swept away number of houses, sweeping away buildings, bus stand and military installations in trans-Himalaya Leh town of Jammu and Kashmir.

Giving due consideration to the severity of the problem various land reform measures have been initiated as mitigation measures. Landslides occur in the hilly regions such as the Himalayas, North-East India, the Nilgiris, and Eastern and Western Ghats.

Essay on Natural Disaster # 6. Avalanche :

Avalanches are river like speedy flow of snow or ice descending from the mountain tops. Avalanches are very damaging and cause huge loss to life and property. In Himalayas, avalanches are common in Drass, Pir Panijat, Lahaul-Spiti and Badrinath areas.

As per Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE), of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), on an average around 30 people are killed every year due to this disaster in various zones of the Himalayas. Beside killing people, avalanches also damage the roads and others properties and settlements falling in its way.

Area Prone to Avalanches:

I. Avalanches are common in Himalayan region above 3500 m elevation.

II. Very frequent on slopes of 30-45°.

III. Convex slopes more prone to this disaster.

IV. North facing slope have avalanches in winter and south facing slopes during spring.

V. Slopes covered with grass more prone to this hazard.

Essay on Natural Disaster # 7. Tsunami:

Tsunami, or seismic sea waves, are large ocean waves generated by impulses from geophysical events occurring on the ocean floor or along the coastline, such as earthquakes, landslides and volcanic eruptions.

Mostly occurring in the Pacific Ocean, tsunamis, although hardly noticeable at sea, can reach gigantic proportions as they reach shallow, coastal waters. In Hawaii and Japan, for example, tsunamis have been known to reach 30 m in height. At least 22 countries along the rim of the Pacific are estimated to beat risk from potential tsunami.

The fact that tsunamis can travel 10,000 km at velocities exceeding 900 km per hour with little loss of energy and are, therefore, capable of hitting areas not directly affected by the inducing event, has led to the establishment of a tsunami early warning service for the whole circum-Pacific area.

However, only a few of the 22 countries most at risk are considered to have standard operating procedures for immediate evacuation or reliable, rapid communication systems capable of receiving real-time warnings from the Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre.

About 6,000-people have been killed by tsunami during 1977-1986 alone. Probably the best documented of these events is the occurrence at Noshiro, Japan, in 1983 which caused approximately 100 deaths and extensive property damage and flooding. The tsunami (Dec. 2004) in South East Asia lead to a death tool of over 2.5 lakhs peoples of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Sumatra and India.

Tsunamis have multiple origin—16.5 per cent resulted from tectonic earthquakes associated with the eruption, 20 per cent from pyroclastic (ash) flows or surges hitting the ocean, 14 per cent from submarine eruptions, 7 per cent resulted from the collapse of the volcano and subsequent caldera formation, 5 per cent from landslides or avalanches, 3 per cent from atmospheric shock waves and 25 per cent had no discernible origin, but probably were produced by submerged volcanic eruptions.

A partial geographical distribution of tsunamis is given in Table 30.2:

Over past two thousand years there have been 10, 00,000 deaths attributed to tsunami in the Pacific region alone. Earlier Pacific Tsunami warning system was established for forecasting the event. Now global network was established in all Oceans & Seas.

Essay on Natural Disaster # 8. Windstorms:

Judged by the frequency with which they cause damage and by the surface area of the regions they strike, windstorms can be said to be the most significant of all natural hazards. Windstorms influence precipitation systems floods and, most importantly, cause severe destruction to crops and properties.

Severe tropical cyclones (called “ hurricanes ” in the Atlantic, Caribbean and north-eastern Pacific; “ typhoons ” in the western Pacific; and “ cyclones ” in the Indian Ocean and in the sea around Australia), tornadoes, monsoons and thunderstorms between them affect every country in the world.

Today increasing attention is being paid to windstorms, particularly tropical cyclones as some scientists see their incidence as being a possible indicator of global climatic change and predict an increase in their frequency.

Have tropical cyclone frequencies or their intensities increased with global changes throughout the last century? At present, available evidence does not support this idea, perhaps because the warming is not yet large enough to make its impact felt (WMO/UNEP, 1990).

Global information on Kanor windstorms and their impact is collated by organisations such as UNDRO UNEP and AID/OFDA. However, global listings of disasters rarely include those which occur in small states such as island states, which in areas such as the Caribbean, Indian Ocean and South Pacific are particularly prone to tropical cyclones.

This is because listings often set a criteria based on magnitude of impact with which small states cannot compete against larger countries. However, the proportional impact upon small states is often far greater in terms of population, housing and economics.

The impact of cyclones goes far beyond just deaths and building damage. In developing countries destruction of infrastructure and primary agriculture can lead to a decrease in exports and gross national product, while increasing the likelihood of forfeiture of international loan repayments. Contamination of water supplies and destruction of crops can also lead to disease and starvation.

Many mid-latitude cyclonic depressions can give rise to exceptionally heavy rain and widespread flooding and snow fall too. Dust storms are windstorms accompanied by suspended clay, silt materials, usually but not always without precipitation. Average 130-800 million tonnes of dust are entrained by winds each year.

Severe windstorms with high level of flush rain often called thunderstorms associated with lightning, hail and tornadoes cause massive destruction of properties and also human lives through out the world. Early warning and emergency relief operation are the major management activity.

Essay on Natural Disaster # 9. Forest Fire :

Forest or bush fire, though not causing much loss to human life, is a major hazard for forest cover in the country. As per Forest Survey of India report, 50 per cent of the forest cover of the country is fire prone, out of which 6.17 per cent is prone to severe fire damage causing extensive loss to forest vegetation and environment. Average annual physical loss due to forest fire in the country is estimated to worth Rs.440 crores.

The major loss due to forest fire is caused to the environment which gets adversely affected by this calamity. The degradation of climate, soil and water quality, loss of wildlife and its habitat, deterioration of human health, depletion of ozone layer, etc., along with direct loss to timber are the major adverse impact of forest fires.

The coniferous forests in the Himalayan region are very susceptible to fire and every year there are one or more major fire incidences in these areas. The other parts of the country dominated by deciduous forest are also damaged by fire up to an extent. It is worth mentioning that in India 90 per cent of the forest fires are man-made (intentionally or unintentionally).

Essay on Natural Disaster # 10. Volcanoes:

Volcanoes are conduits in the earth’s crust through which gas enriched molten silicate rock magma reaches to the surface of earth crust.

An active volcano occurs where magma (molten rock) reaches the earth’s surface through a central vent or a long crack (fissure) Volcanic activity can release ejecta (debris), liquid lava and gases (H 2 O vapour C 2 , SO 2 , NO x , etc.) to the environment.

There are two types of magma ejected out of volcanoes —silica poor materials, and silica rich materials. The silica poor volcanoes called basaltic volcanoes, while the silica rich volcanoes are andesitic volcanoes.

There are many hazardous phenomena produced directly or as secondary effects, by volcanic eruptions.

The direct hazards of volcanic eruptions are:

a. Lava flow;

b. Ballistics and tephra clouds;

c. Pyroclastic flows and base surges;

d. Gases and acid rains;

e. Lahars (mud flows); and

f. Glacier bursts (Jokulhlamps).

In addition indirectly they are associated with earthquake and tsunami events. Volcanoes are visually one of the most spectacular natural hazardous to occur and probably most devastating in terms of loss of human life.

The volcano likes Mt. Vesurivs, Mt. St Helena, Krakatoa, and Mt, Pelee are significant because of either the enormity of the eruption or the resulting death tool. As per Gaius Pinius Caecilius secundus on 24 August, 79 AD the Nt. Vesuvius eruption causes 2,000 death and burying of the Pompeii city.

There is no doubt that the earth is experiencing on of the most intense periods of volcanism in the last 10,000 years. This period began at the beginning of the seventh century, concomitant with global cooling that peaked in the little ice age.

In contrast the volcanic events of the last century may be viewed as freak eruption of supposedly dormant volcanoes. In the present era, volcanic eruption are pervasive, unpredictable and deadly.

Land use planning better prediction of volcanic eruptions and development of effective evacuation plans reduce the loss of human life from volcanic eruption. The prediction systems related to volcanic activity has improved considerably during past few decades. The environmental consequence of volcanic eruption without or with anthropogenic emission is shown in Fig. 30.3.

Essay on Natural Disaster # 11. Planning For a Safer Tomorrow :

Natural disasters have a severe impact on the society, therefore it is important to plan and develop a safety programme and devise means to efficiently deal with natural disaster. Development programme that go into promoting development at the local level have been left to the general exercise of planning.

Measures need also to be taken to integrate disaster mitigation efforts at the local level with the general exercise of planning, and a more supportive environment created for initiatives towards managing of disasters at all levels: national, state, district and local.

The future blue-print for disaster management in India rests on the premise that in today’s society while hazards, both natural or otherwise, are inevitable, the disasters that follow need not be so and the society can be prepared to cope with them effectively whenever they occur.

The need of the hour is to chalk out a multi-pronged strategy for total risk management, comprising prevention, preparedness, response and recovery on the one hand, and initiate development efforts aimed towards risk reduction and mitigation, on the other. Only then can we look forward to “sustainable development”.

Prevention and Preparedness :

Disaster prevention is intrinsically linked to preventive planning.

Some of the important steps in this regard are:

1. Introduction of a comprehensive process of vulnerability analysis and objective risk assessment.

2. Building a Robust and Sound Information Database:

A comprehensive database of the landuse, demography, infrastructure developed at the national, state and local levels alongwith current information on climate, weather and man-made structures is crucial in planning, warning and assessment of disasters. In addition, resource inventories of governmental and non-governmental systems including personnel and equipment help inefficient mobilization and optimization of response measures.

3. Creating State-of-the-Art Infrastructure:

The entire disaster mitigation game plan must necessarily be anchored to front line research and development in a holistic mode. State-of-the art technologies available worldwide need to be made available in India for upgrading of the disaster management system; at the same time, dedicated research activities should be encouraged, in all frontier areas related to disasters like biological, space applications, information technology, nuclear radiation etc., for a continuous flow of high quality basic information for sound disaster management planning.

4. Establishing Linkages between all knowledge-based Institutions:

A National Disaster Knowledge Network, tuned to the felt needs of a multitude of users like disaster managers, decision-makers, community etc., must be developed as the network of networks to cover natural, man-made and biological disasters in all their varied dimensions.

Capacity Building :

Reconstruction and rebuilding is a long drawn process and those involved in this exercise have to draw upon knowledge of best practices and resources available to them. Information and training on ways to better respond to and mitigate disasters to the responders go a long way in building the capacity and resilience of the country to reduce and prevent disasters.

Training is an integral part of capacity building as trained personnel respond much better to different disaster sand appreciate the need for preventive measures. The multi-sectoral and multi-hazard prevention based approach to disaster management. Professional training in disaster management is essential and should be built into the existing pedagogic research and education.

Specialised courses should be treated as a distinct academic and professional discipline, the subject needs to be discussed and taught as a specific component in professional and specialised courses like medicine, nursing, engineering, environmental sciences, architecture, and town and country planning.

Secondly, there has to be a focus towards preventive disaster management and development of a national ethos of prevention calls for an awareness generation at all levels. An appropriate level of awareness at the school level will help increase awareness among children and, in many cases, parents and other family members through these children.

Curriculum development with a focus towards dissemination of disaster related information on a sustained basis, covering all school levels may be worked out by the different school boards in the country.

Training facilities for government personnel involved in disaster management are conducted at the national level by the National Centre for Disaster Management at the Indian Institute of Public Administration, in New Delhi which functions as the nodal institution in the country for training, research and documentation of disasters.

At the State level, disaster management cells operating within the State Administrative Training Institutes (ATIs) provide the necessary training. Presently, 24 ATIs have dedicated faculties. There is a need for strengthening specialized training, including training of personnel in disaster response.

Finally, capacity building should not be limited to professionals and personnel involved in disaster management but should also focus on building the knowledge, attitude and skills of a community to cope with the effects of disasters. Identification and training of volunteers from the community towards first response measures as well as mitigation measures is an urgent imperative.

A programme of periodic drills should be introduced in vulnerable areas to enable prompt and appropriate community response in the event of a disaster which can help save valuable lives.

Communi ty Level:

Disaster management programme must strive to build a disaster resilient community equipped with safer living and sustainable livelihoods to serve its own development purposes. The community is also the first responder in any critical situation there by emphasizing the need for community level initiatives in managing disasters.

There is a need to create awareness through education training and information dissemination, community based approach followed by most NGOs and Community Based Organizations (CBOs) should be incorporated in the disaster management sector as an effective means of community participation.

Finally, within a vulnerable community, there exist groups that are more vulnerable like women and children, aged and in firm and physically challenged people who need special care and attention especially during crisis. Efforts are required for identifying such vulnerable groups and providing special assistance in terms of evacuation, relief, aid and medical attention.

Management of disasters should therefore be an interface between a community effort to mitigate and prevent disasters as also an effort from the government machinery to buttress and support popular initiatives.

Developing a St ronger Plan:

Given the damage caused by disaster, planned expenditure on disaster management and prevention measures in addition to the CRF is required. The Central Sector Scheme of Natural Disaster Management Programme has been implemented since 1993-94 by the Department of Agriculture and Co-operation with the objective to focus on disaster preparedness with emphasis on mitigation and preparedness measures for enhanced capability to reduce the adverse impact of disasters.

The major activities undertaken within this scheme include the setting up of the National Centre for Disaster Management (NCDM) at the Indian Institute of Public Administration, creation of 24 disaster management faculties in 23 states, research and consultancy services, documentation of major disaster events and forging regional cooperation.

The Eighth Plan allocation of Rs.6.30 crore for this scheme was increased to Rs.16.32 crore in the Ninth Plan. Within this scheme, NCDM has conducted over 50 training programme, training more than 1000 people, while 24 disaster management centers with dedicated faculty have been established in the states.

Over 4000 people have been trained at the State level. In addition, some important publications and audio-visual training modules have been prepared and documentation of disaster events has been done.

Though limited in scope and outlays, the Scheme has made an impact on the training and research activities in the country. Creation of faculties in disaster management in all 28 states is proposed to be taken up in the Tenth Plan in addition to community mobilisation, human resource development, establishment of Control Rooms and forging international cooperation in disaster management.

There is also an urgent need for strengthening the disaster management pedagogy by creating disaster management faculties in universities, rural development institutes and other organisations of premier research. Sustainability is the key word in the development process.

Development activities that do not consider the disaster loss perspective fail to be sustainable. The compounded costs of disasters relating to loss of life, loss of assets, economic activities, and cost of reconstruction of not only assets but of lives can scarcely be borne by any community or nation.

Therefore, all development schemes in vulnerable areas should include a disaster mitigation analysis, where by the feasibility of a project is assessed with respect to vulnerability of the area and the mitigation measures required for sustainability. Environmental protection, afforestation programme, pollution control, construction of earthquake resistant structures etc., should therefore have high priority within the plans Mitigation measures on individual structures can be achieved by design standards building codes and performance specifications.

Building codes, critical front-line defence for achieving stronger engineered structures, need to be drawn up in accordance with the vulnerability of the area and implemented through appropriate techno-legal measures. Mitigation measures need to be considered in land use and site planning activities.

Constructions in hazardous areas like flood plains or steep soft slopes are more vulnerable to disasters. Necessary mitigation measures need to be built into the design and costing of development projects. Insurance is a potentially important mitigation measure in disaster-prone areas as it brings quality in the infrastructure consciousness and a culture of safety by its insistence on following building codes, norms, guidelines, quality materials in construction etc.

Disaster insurance mostly works under the premise of ‘higher the risk higher the premium, lesser the risk lesser the premium’, thus creating awareness towards vulnerable areas and motivating people to settle in relatively safer areas?

Essay on Natural Disaster # 12. Major Initiatives taken by Government of India:

Natural disasters have become a recurring phenomenon in the recent past. In the last twenty years or so three million people have been killed as a result of such events. There is a need to focus and develop a plan that would focus on disaster management planning for prevention, reduction, mitigation, preparedness and response to reduce life and property due to natural disaster.

If we take it in the Indian context, the five year plans have never really taken into consideration the issues relating to the management and mitigation of natural disasters. The traditional perception has been limited to the idea of “calamity relief”, which is seen essentially as a non-plan item of expenditure. Disasters can have devastating impact on the economy and is a significant setback to the development in a given region.

Two recent disasters, the Orissa Cyclone and the Gujarat Earthquake, are cases in point. The development process needs to be sensitive towards disaster prevention and mitigation aspects. There is thus a need to look at disasters from a development perspective as well.

Disaster management may not be directly associated with planned financing, but number of schemes are in operation, such as for drought proofing, afforestation, drinking water, etc., which deal with the prevention and mitigation of the impact of natural disasters. Extra assistance for post-disaster reconstruction and streamlining of management structures also is a major consideration of the plan.

A specific, centrally sponsored scheme on disaster management also exists. The plan thus already has a defined role in dealing with the subject. There have been an increasing number of natural disaster over the past years, and with it, increasing losses on account of urbanisation and population growth, as a result of which the impact of natural disasters is now felt to a larger extent.

According to the United Nations, in 2001 alone, natural disasters of medium to high range caused at least 25,000 deaths around the world, more than double the previous year, and economic losses of around US $ 36 billion. Devastations in the aftermath of powerful earthquakes that struck Gujarat, El Salvador and Peru; floods that ravaged many countries in Africa, Asia and elsewhere; droughts that plagued Central Asia including Afghanistan, Africa and Central America; the cyclone in Madagascar and Orissa; and floods in Bolivia are global events in recent memory.

However, what is disturbing is the knowledge that these trends of destruction and devastation are on the rise instead of being kept in check.

Natural disasters know no political boundaries and have no social or economic considerations. They are borderless as they affect both developing and developed countries. They are also merciless, and as such the vulnerable tend to suffer more at the impact of natural disasters.

For example, the developing countries are much more seriously affected in terms of the loss of lives, hardship borne by population and the percentage of their GNP lost. Since number of the most vulnerable regions is in India, natural disaster management has emerged as a high priority for the country.

Going beyond the historical focus on relief and rehabilitation after the event, we now have to look ahead and plan for disaster preparedness and mitigation, in order that the periodic shocks to our development efforts are minimized.

Physical vulnerabilities have a direct impact on the population their proximity to the hazard zone and standards of safety maintained to counter the effects. For instance, some people are vulnerable to flood only because they live in a flood prone area. Physical vulnerability also relates to the technical capacity of buildings and structures to resist the forces acting upon them during a hazard event.

However, physical calamities is not the only criteria, there are prevailing social and economic conditions and its consequential effect on human activities within a given society. Parts of the Indian sub-continent are susceptible to different types of disasters owing to the unique topographic and climatic characteristics.

About 54 per cent of the sub-continent’s land mass is vulnerable to earthquakes while about 4 crore hectares is vulnerable to periodic floods. The decade 1990-2000, has been one of very high disaster losses within the country, losses in the Orissa Cyclone in 1999, and later, the Gujarat Earthquake in 2001 alone amount to several thousand crore of Rupees, while the total expenditure incurred on relief and reconstruction in Gujarat alone has been to the tune of Rs.11,500 crore. Disasters often result in enormous economic losses that are both immediate as well as long term in nature and demand additional revenues.

Also, as an immediate fall-out, disasters reduce revenues from the affected region due to lower levels of economic activity leading to loss of direct and indirect taxes. In addition, unplanned budgetary allocation to disaster recovery can hamper development interventions and lead to unmet developmental targets.

Disasters may also reduce availability of new investment, further constricting the growth of the region. Besides, additional pressures may be imposed on finances of the government through investments in relief and rehabilitation work.

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Natural Disasters Essay

Natural Disasters Essay – Introduction

Natural disasters are powerful and dangerous events that are caused by nature. Disasters happen suddenly with little or no warning and cause severe damage to people, property, and the entire environment. It can be earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. This essay will further elaborate in detail on natural disasters.

Today, natural disasters are becoming increasingly common. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the number of disasters in the United States has tripled since the 1960s. It can be because of climate change, population growth, and urbanization. And as the Earth’s climate becomes warmer, such natural disasters will become more common.

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There are three levels of natural disasters: small, medium, and large-scale. The events that do not cause too much harm in the world are small-scale, like lightning, storms, etc. Medium Scale disasters are riskier and more harmful than small-scale disasters, like blizzards or landslides. Meanwhile, professionals who  write papers for money often analyze the impact of large-scale disasters, which cause significant environmental damage, including tsunamis, wildfires, etc.  The disasters that cause too much environmental damage, such as tsunamis, wildfires, etc., are large-scale disasters.

This natural disasters essay will talk about the types of natural disasters as well their causes and impacts.

List of Natural Disasters

Some common natural disasters, along with their nature of impact and consequences, are provided in the table below:

Types of Natural Disasters

There are different ways that natural disasters can happen. Some of the types are as follows,

Internal: It includes all the disasters that happen when there are some changes under the earth’s surface. These include earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, etc. We cannot easily predict these events.

External: It is when there is a disturbance above the earth’s surface. It is generally because of us humans who change the environment. These are usually landslides, floods, etc.

Temperature: When the temperature of the air or ocean changes, it can cause disasters like tornadoes and hurricanes. Even drought and glacier melt occurs because of the change in temperature of the environment.

Biological: These disasters occur because of viruses and bacteria that cause harmful diseases that can kill people. For instance, COVID-19, Ebola virus, etc., are some examples.

Causes of Natural Disasters

There are different causes for each natural disaster.

• Too much rain can overfill the dams and flood a large area near the dam. It can cause damage to nearby buildings and homes.
• When a storm forms over the ocean due to warm water, it is known as a Hurricane. There are also strong winds that can push the ocean water to the seashore and cause floods.
• Tornadoes form when two different air temperatures clash, i.e., damp air from the ground collides with dry air from above. It creates a spiral of air that can be very powerful.
• When two pieces of the Earth’s crust move against each other, it creates vibrations that we can feel on the ground. As these vibrations are too strong, they can cause buildings to fall and cause damage.
• Volcanoes are mountains that release hot gasses, ash, and lava from below the earth’s surface to the above ground.

Natural Disasters Effects

Natural disasters can have long-term impacts, including economic and social disruption, displacement, and health problems. The severity of the disaster depends on factors such as the event’s intensity, location, and effectiveness of the disaster management system.

Material and financial loss, social unrest, and political instability are common impacts of natural disasters. Homelessness and a lack of access to basic necessities can occur after a natural disaster, leading to social disruption and decreased economic activity.

Emotional and psychological damage, as well as long-term health problems, can result from natural disasters. Air pollution can cause respiratory problems, and trauma and stress can lead to mental health issues.

Natural disasters can also impact the environment, causing soil erosion, water pollution, and a decrease in biodiversity. These impacts can have long-term consequences and require efforts for recovery and rebuilding.

Natural Disaster Management

It’s really important to be ready for natural disasters and keep ourselves safe. Countries that are ready to face natural disasters have to suffer less damage. So, governments should have disaster management policies for prevention, response, and recovery. Here are a few precautions we can take for some common natural disasters:

Earthquake Preparedness

• Building strong structures so they don’t break during earthquakes.
• Creating early warning systems that can alert people before an earthquake happens.
• Educating people about the dangers of earthquakes and what to do when they happen.

Hurricane Preparedness

• Developing evacuation plans and identifying safe locations to stay during a hurricane.
• Establishing systems to provide early warnings and updates on approaching hurricanes.
• Ensuring proper drainage systems to mitigate flooding caused by heavy rain during hurricanes.

Flood Preparedness

• Implementing measures to manage water flow and prevent flooding.
• Educating individuals on flood risks and providing guidance on evacuation procedures.
• Creating emergency response plans to provide immediate assistance during and after a flood.

Wildfire Preparedness

• Promoting fire safety practices and educating individuals on the prevention of wildfires.
• Clearing dry leaves and vegetation around homes to reduce fire risks.
• Cooperating with firefighting agencies and having evacuation plans in place during wildfire emergencies.

Tsunami Preparedness

• Raising awareness about tsunamis and educating coastal communities on evacuation routes.
• Establishing warning systems near coastal areas to provide early alerts for tsunamis.
• Conducting drills and exercises to ensure that individuals know how to respond to a tsunami.

Volcano Preparedness

• Monitoring volcanic activities and studying eruption patterns to predict volcanic eruptions.
• Establishing communication systems to disseminate timely warnings about volcanic eruptions.
• Collaborating with scientists and experts to develop evacuation plans and safe zones during volcanic emergencies.

Overall Disaster Management

Individuals should develop personal emergency plans and be aware of the risks of different types of disasters. Governments and individuals can be better prepared to respond to natural disasters by having emergency plans. Thus, taking these precautions can lower the risk of disasters and protect ourselves and our communities.

Conclusion – Natural Disasters Essay

Natural disasters can cause immense destruction, pain, and loss of life. So, to lessen the impacts of these disasters, taking disaster management measures is necessary.

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Building Background Knowledge: The Science behind Natural Disasters

Description.

students will build their background knowledge about the science behind natural disasters. They will read two informational articles, one about hurricanes and the other about earthquakes. Students will focus on the relationships between scientific concepts in these informational texts, specifically how hurricanes and earthquakes form and what happens when they occur.

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In This Unit

• lesson 1: Building Background Knowledge and Making Inferences
• lesson 2: Relationships between Key Scientific Concepts: What Causes Earthquakes?
• lesson 3: Relationships between Key Scientific Concepts: What Causes Hurricanes?
• lesson 4: Mid-Unit Assessment: Text-Dependent Short-Answer Quiz—The Effects of Natural Disasters
• lesson 5: Synthesizing Information from Texts about Natural Disasters
• lesson 6: Organizing Evidence from Multiple Informational Texts to Prepare for Writing
• lesson 7: End-of-Unit-Assessment: On-Demand Essay “What Makes A Hurricane A Natural Disaster?”
• lesson 8: End of Unit Assessment Part II: Science Talk

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Home — Essay Samples — Environment — Natural Disasters — Natural Disasters: Causes and Impacts

Natural Disasters: Causes and Impacts

• Categories: Natural Disasters

About this sample

Words: 682 |

Published: Jan 31, 2024

Words: 682 | Page: 1 | 4 min read

Table of contents

Introduction, definition of natural disasters, causes of natural disasters, environmental effects of natural disasters, economic effects of natural disasters, social effects of natural disasters, mitigation and preparedness measures.

• Callaghan, K., & Alexander, M. (2018). Hurricane Harvey on the Gulf Coast: A Comprehensive Analysis of Impacts. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School.
• IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Cambridge University Press.
• McMahon, J., & Keefer, J. (2016). Social Vulnerability and Tropical Cyclones in Sint Maarten. Journal of Water and Climate Change , 7(2), 396-408.
• UNDRR. (2017). Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. United Nations.
• Vos, F., Dykes, J., & Pierce, L. (2017). Flood Preparedness and Early-warning System Effectiveness in the Philippines. Disasters, 41(S1), S16-S37.

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