Unit 1- Business Environment Assignment 1- The Business Environment Research Notes P1

Unit 1- Business Environment Assignment 1- The Business Environment Research Notes P1, Describe the type of business, purpose and ownership of two contrasting businesses Firstly, I am going to write a research notes about two businesses and I have chosen the two businesses which is H&M and British Heart Foundation. I will start this by introducing the both business in brief and I will also descript about the types of sectors they operate in. Afterwards I will talk about their purposes of the both business and the ownership of both business including liability of the owners. Finally, I will also talk about the different stakeholders they have who influence their both business purposes. A brief introduction to your two businesses Business No1: H&M (Hennes and Mauritz) H&M is named by Hennes and Mauritz which just 80% of people knows about it and it is a second largest multinational Swedish clothing retail company. H&M is known as a fast fashion clothing for men, women, teenagers and children. They have approximately 4,000 stores in all around 60 countries which means, they have also hired a lot of employers or employees to work for them. Business No2: British Heart Foundation British Heart Foundation is a charity business which was founded in 1961 by a group of medical professionals. They founded this company by researching about the past increasing death rate from cardiovascular diseases. They have several stores in United Kingdom to make it easier for them to attract their customers to involve in helping people who suffer from lot of disease.

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A description of the sectors your business operate in Business No1: H&M (Hennes and Mauritz) H&M is a Public Limited Company (PLC) and is the main headquarters is located in Stockholm, Sweden. The type of business they are in operate is a tertiary sector as their provide goods/services to its customers and it could also be called as a Primary sector because they also design their own product style of clothing. They also provide service to its customer by offering them a delivery services option if they buy online.

Business No2: British Heart Foundation British Heart Foundation is a Voluntary and private limited Company (PLC) as well as it’s for non-profit organisation which just sell some product like Furniture, clothing and shoes to raise funding for disease people within United Kingdom. By looking at this, it’s also consider as this is a tertiary sector because they sell their products to individual by stores or warehouse. They also satisfy their customer by selling product in cheap so, people can afford it and get products by thinking it’s just going for funding.

A description of the purpose of your businesses Business No1: H;M (Hennes and Mauritz) The purpose of H;M business is to make sure that fashion continues to be enjoyed today and generations to come. Their purposes is also to be a responsible for fashion industry that is good for people, communities and the planet by developing a great opportunity to lead change towards more sustainable fashion and design industry. The vision of H;M is to make changes in renewable fashion industry, being fair to everyone and equal company. Business No2: British Heart Foundation A description of the ownership of your businesses including information about liability of the owners P2, Describing the different stakeholders who influence the purpose of two contrasting businesses A description of the different stakeholders who influence the purpose of your businesses.

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Mendelian randomization for cardiovascular diseases: principles and applications

Affiliations.

  • 1 Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
  • 2 Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
  • 3 British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
  • 4 Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Papworth Road, Cambridge, UK.
  • 5 British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
  • 6 Health Data Research UK, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Hinxton, UK.
  • 7 NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
  • 8 MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
  • PMID: 37935836
  • PMCID: PMC10719501
  • DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad736

Large-scale genome-wide association studies conducted over the last decade have uncovered numerous genetic variants associated with cardiometabolic traits and risk factors. These discoveries have enabled the Mendelian randomization (MR) design, which uses genetic variation as a natural experiment to improve causal inferences from observational data. By analogy with the random assignment of treatment in randomized controlled trials, the random segregation of genetic alleles when DNA is transmitted from parents to offspring at gamete formation is expected to reduce confounding in genetic associations. Mendelian randomization analyses make a set of assumptions that must hold for valid results. Provided that the assumptions are well justified for the genetic variants that are employed as instrumental variables, MR studies can inform on whether a putative risk factor likely has a causal effect on the disease or not. Mendelian randomization has been increasingly applied over recent years to predict the efficacy and safety of existing and novel drugs targeting cardiovascular risk factors and to explore the repurposing potential of available drugs. This review article describes the principles of the MR design and some applications in cardiovascular epidemiology.

Keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Genetics; Mendelian randomization; Single nucleotide polymorphisms.

© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.

Publication types

  • Cardiovascular Diseases* / epidemiology
  • Cardiovascular Diseases* / genetics
  • Genome-Wide Association Study
  • Mendelian Randomization Analysis / methods
  • Risk Factors

Grants and funding

  • NIHR203312/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom
  • 225790/Z/22/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
  • SP/09/002/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom
  • MC_UU_00002/7/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom
  • 204623/Z/16/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
  • WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom
  • 100114/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom

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