slang word for all but dissertation

Navigating ABD: All But Dissertation Insights And Strategies

Discover the journey of ‘All but Dissertation’ – a compelling exploration of unfinished scholarly pursuits.

For many doctoral candidates, the concluding stage known as the dissertation phase can be an elusive and challenging endeavor. This stage, commonly referred to as “All but Dissertation” or ABD, signifies the completion of all requirements for a doctoral degree, except the final dissertation. Doctoral candidates who find themselves in this unique academic position may wonder about the significance, challenges, and opportunities associated with ABD status. In this article, we will explain what ABD status entails, offering insights and strategies to navigate this phase with confidence and, ultimately, cross the academic finish line.

What Is ABD (All But Dissertation)?

ABD (All But Dissertation) is a term used in academic circles to describe a student who has completed all the requirements for a doctoral program, except for the dissertation. In a doctoral program, students typically go through a series of stages, including coursework, comprehensive exams, and the dissertation phase. The ABD designation is applied to a student who has successfully completed the coursework and passed the comprehensive exams, demonstrating their deep understanding of the subject matter. However, they have yet to complete the dissertation, which is the final and most significant component of a doctoral program. 

This status can be a transitional phase, as students work on their dissertations and conduct original research, moving closer to earning their coveted doctoral degree. The ABD phase can be both challenging and rewarding, as it represents the culmination of years of academic study and the final step toward becoming a recognized expert in the chosen field.

Reasons For Not Completing A Dissertation

Completing a dissertation is a significant academic accomplishment, but several reasons can lead to individuals not finishing this crucial component of their doctoral journey. These reasons include:

Lack of Time

Doctoral candidates often have demanding schedules, including jobs, family responsibilities, and other commitments. The extensive time required for researching, writing, and revising a dissertation can be a significant hurdle. Balancing these responsibilities while dedicating substantial time to dissertation work can become challenging.

Also read: Time Management for Researchers: A Comprehensive Toolkit

Academic Challenges

Doctoral-level research and writing are highly complex and require advanced critical thinking and analytical skills. Students may face difficulties in defining a research topic, conducting comprehensive literature reviews, collecting and analyzing data, or structuring and presenting their work. These academic challenges can create feelings of frustration and stagnation.

Financial Difficulties

Pursuing a doctoral degree can be financially burdensome. Tuition fees, research expenses, and the costs of educational materials can accumulate. Financial stress can become a barrier to dissertation completion, particularly for those who need to work while studying to cover these expenses.

Related article: Funding for Research — Why, Types of Funding, When, and How?

Emotional/Health Issues

Doctoral programs can be emotionally and mentally taxing. The stress associated with doctoral studies can take a toll on students’ emotional and mental well-being. The pressure to excel academically, meet deadlines, and complete a dissertation can lead to burnout, anxiety, or depression. Health issues, whether physical or mental, can emerge, disrupting a student’s ability to focus on their dissertation.

Professional Opportunities Elsewhere

Some doctoral candidates encounter compelling professional opportunities during their academic journey. These opportunities might include high-paying job offers, significant career advancements, or projects they are passionate about. In such cases, the potential career gains may divert their focus from completing their dissertations.

Benefits Of ABD Status

There are several benefits of ABD status. One of them is about universities that can hire ABD candidates to teach undergraduate courses, especially in cases where their expertise aligns with the course content. Additionally, ABD professionals might find opportunities in research roles or within organizations that value their extensive knowledge, research skills, and critical thinking abilities. While it’s essential to acknowledge the potential limitations of not completing the dissertation, such as being ineligible for tenured positions at research-focused universities, ABD status can still lead to fulfilling and successful careers in academia, research, or other fields. It offers an opportunity to contribute to their chosen field, apply their knowledge, and make a meaningful impact while maintaining a work-life balance.

Access to Academic Resources and Networks

One significant advantage of ABD status is the continued access to academic resources and networks. Doctoral students who have completed their coursework, comprehensive exams, and some or most of their research may still access university libraries, research databases, and academic advisors. They can continue to collaborate with professors, researchers, and fellow students, which can be invaluable for further research or career development.

Achieving Doctoral-Level Expertise Without Completing the Dissertation

Another noteworthy benefit is the achievement of doctoral-level expertise without completing the dissertation. ABD students have typically engaged in advanced coursework, gained comprehensive knowledge in their field, and passed rigorous qualifying exams. This level of expertise can open doors to teaching positions, research roles, or advanced positions in various fields.

Alternatives To Earning a Doctoral Degree Without Completing the Dissertation Process

Alternatives to earning a doctoral degree without completing the dissertation process recognize that there are different paths to expertise and career growth, and they allow individuals to tailor their educational journey to their specific goals and circumstances. The choice between these options should be based on an individual’s career objectives, field of study, and personal preferences.

Related article: Doctorate Without Thesis: Everything You Need to Know

ABD Status or Testing Out Options in Higher Education Programs

Some higher education institutions offer flexible options for individuals who have achieved ABD status. These options are designed to acknowledge the extensive knowledge and expertise ABD candidates have gained throughout their doctoral studies. Universities may provide avenues for ABD students to finalize their degrees without the traditional dissertation route.

ABD Status Option

In some cases, universities offer formalized ABD status programs where students can complete their doctoral degrees without writing a traditional dissertation. These programs may involve alternative research projects, comprehensive exams, or specialized coursework, allowing ABD students to demonstrate their expertise in different ways. The specific requirements can vary by institution and field of study.

Testing Out Option

Another approach is the “testing out” option, where ABD candidates can take comprehensive exams or defend their knowledge in front of a committee. If they successfully demonstrate their expertise, they may be awarded a doctoral degree. This method acknowledges that some individuals possess the necessary knowledge and skills without requiring a dissertation.

Professional Certificates in Place of a Doctoral Degree

In some cases, individuals may choose to pursue professional certificates instead of completing a doctoral degree. These certificates offer a more streamlined path to specialized expertise in a field. They are particularly beneficial for those interested in gaining targeted knowledge for practical applications, such as leadership roles, without the need for extensive research or the dissertation process.

Examples of Professional Certificates

Many professional organizations and universities offer specialized certificates in various fields, such as project management, healthcare administration, data science, and more. These certificates typically involve coursework tailored to the specific subject matter and may be completed in a shorter timeframe than a full doctoral program.

Career Advancement

Professional certificates can enhance career prospects, providing individuals with in-demand skills and qualifications. For many professionals, this may be a more direct and practical route to career advancement than pursuing a full doctoral degree.

How to Explain Your ABD Status In An Academic Or Professional Setting

Explaining your ABD status in an academic or professional context involves articulating that you’ve completed all the requirements for a doctoral program except for the dissertation. It’s crucial to clarify your achievements, such as coursework, exams, and any research accomplishments. Be honest about your reasons for not completing the dissertation, and express your future career goals. Confidence and positivity are key, as is highlighting the skills and knowledge you’ve acquired. Seek support and mentorship, be prepared to answer questions, and leverage your ABD status as an opportunity to network and collaborate with professionals who appreciate your expertise, recognizing it as a valuable phase in your academic journey. Here’s a step-by-step guide:

Choose the Right Moment

Decide when it’s appropriate to disclose your ABD status. It’s often best to bring it up during conversations about your academic background, career goals, or when discussing your qualifications.

Be Clear and Concise

When explaining your ABD status, use clear and straightforward language. You can say, “I’ve completed all the requirements for my doctoral program except for the dissertation.” Avoid jargon or overly technical explanations.

Highlight Achievements

Emphasize the coursework, research, and comprehensive exams you’ve successfully completed. Mention any notable academic achievements, such as publications or conference presentations, which demonstrate your expertise and commitment.

Explain Your Reasons

If relevant, share your reasons for not completing the dissertation. It might be due to personal circumstances, career opportunities, or a change in academic interests. Be honest but avoid dwelling on any negative aspects.

Express Future Intentions

Clarify your career goals and how your ABD status aligns with your professional aspirations. Mention your plans to complete the dissertation or how you intend to leverage your existing expertise.

Network and Collaborate

Use your ABD status as an opportunity to network with professionals and academics who appreciate your knowledge and skills. Seek collaborations and opportunities that align with your expertise.

Remember that ABD status is not a roadblock; it’s a stage in your academic journey. Many professionals and academics understand the challenges of doctoral studies and respect the dedication required to reach this point. By effectively explaining your ABD status, you can position yourself as a knowledgeable and committed individual in your field.

Below, you will find a comprehensive guide to programs designed for those who have reached the ‘All But Dissertation’ (ABD) stage in their doctoral journey. These programs offer various alternatives to help individuals complete their dissertations and earn their coveted doctoral degrees:

10 Best All But Dissertation Completion Programs [2024 ABD Guide]

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PhD ABD (All But Dissertation) [the scary reality]

All but dissertation is the equivalent of academic limbo. The scary reality is that there is a huge portion of students who make it to the dissertation stage but simply do not write up their thesis in order to finish their degree.

ABD stands for all but dissertation and refers to a PhD student who has completed all of the prerequisites (such as coursework, and research) but has not yet written up their dissertation.

There are a variety of reasons why people find themselves as an ABD student in this article will go through all of the important aspects of why people do not qualify despite having done most of the work of their doctoral degree.

What does ABD Mean?

ABD stands for “all but dissertation” and refers to someone who has successfully completed all the coursework and exam requirements for a doctoral program, but has yet to complete their final dissertation.

This means that they have often completed:

• literature review
• significant amount of research

but have still yet to write up their thesis.

ABD status is important because it signifies that someone has made significant progress towards earning their PhD, but it is not the same as having completed the degree program.

It is important to note that even though someone may be ABD, they are not yet a doctoral graduate until they have successfully written and defended their dissertation.

All But Dissertation: Why Do So Many PhD Candidates Quit?

It’s a surprising fact that many phd candidates quit at the ABD stage, for reasons that vary from personal to systemic.

There are many reasons why someone may not finish their degree and I have seen multiple students become stuck at the dissertation stage because:

• the supervisor does not help them with revisions
• they have left to get a job and say that they will “write up alongside a full-time job” – often this never ends up happening
• they don’t actually need a PhD for their current career directions so focus on growing and networking in their current role
• being overwhelmed by thought of writing such a large document

One major factor is the pressure and stress that the dissertation process entails.

Writing a dissertation takes a significant amount of time, research, and effort, and requires a student to write diligently every day for multiple weeks to complete.

There are loads of reasons why a PhD is hard to write – check on my YouTube video about the unglamorous truth about writing any graduate thesis.

Additionally, a lack of support from faculty members, financial struggles, and competing priorities, such as work or family, can also contribute to candidates dropping out of their PhD program.

Who is considered an ABD? Dissertation status?

If you are a PhD candidate and have completed all your coursework, passed comprehensive exams, and are now in the process of researching and writing your dissertation, you can consider yourself ABD (All but dissertation).

ABD means that you have finished all the requirements for the PhD except the dissertation. You are then considered a doctoral candidate, and not yet a doctor, until you have defended your dissertation.

ABD is a term used to describe the status of a graduate student who has completed everything for their PhD except the dissertation.

If you have submitted your dissertation proposal, conducted extensive research, and prepared your work for publication, but have yet to defend your dissertation, then you are considered ABD.

Once you have defended and successfully completed your dissertation, you will be awarded your PhD.

How Long Does the All But Dissertation Phase Last on the Doctoral Journey?

The length of the dissertation phase may vary significantly, depending on the program and the individual student’s progress.

Some doctoral programs require their students to complete the dissertation within a certain time frame, while others may not enforce strict deadlines.

I was able to write up my PhD thesis within three months . I had a very tight deadline and I spent eight hours a day in the library working in two sprints until my thesis have been written.

The ABD phase can last for a few months to several years, depending on the research work required, the amount of time the student can dedicate to the project, and the feedback provided by advisors.

I know of one person who took over 10 years to complete their PhD – much of it in the “all but dissertation” stage.

Here is my video on how to write up quickly if you just want to get over the all but dissertation hurdle:

Can You Get a “PhD ABD Degree”?

A PhD ABD degree refers to a student who has completed all the requirements of a PhD program, except for the dissertation.

It is not officially recognized or awarded as a degree but colloquially it is what many people refer to ADB students as.

While it is possible to have a successful career without completing a doctoral program, having an ABD status may limit some potential job opportunities.

Quite often it is recommended that you do not put your ABD degree on your CV if it has been many years of writing.

Should you list PhD ABD on your resume? Academic jobs could be harmed.

Listing PhD ABD (All But Dissertation) on your resume is a personal choice.

It is important to consider what message you want to convey to potential employers and if they see your lack of submission as a negative.

For example, I was able to apply for a job with an ADB because my thesis had been submitted but not yet reviewed. Andy Stapleton

If your thesis is about to be submitted, reviewed, it’s probably okay to put on your resume. However, it is been many years since you had last contact with your PhD program is probably best to leave it off.

Potential employers may view this as incomplete education or lacking the necessary qualifications.

It is your decision whether or not to list PhD ABD on your resume, but it is important to consider the potential impact it may have on your job search.

Endless ABD Status?

Being in an Endless ABD Status can be frustrating for graduate students who have completed their coursework, but have not successfully defended their dissertation.

This can be a difficult phase for students as they are often dealing with limited funding, competing demands on their time, and the pressure of completing their dissertation within a reasonable timeframe.

I know of people who spend up to 6 months waiting for their thesis to be examined which severely limited their career momentum and this is very frustrating.

Graduate school is an already challenging experience, and the ABD phase can make things even more daunting.

Challenges of Being All But Dissertation

Being All But Dissertation (ABD) presents a unique set of challenges for graduate students in a doctoral program.

The pressure to complete the dissertation can be daunting and overwhelming. So much so, that many people do not finish.

The research, writing, and revision required to complete a doctoral dissertation can be time-consuming and mentally exhausting.

ABD status can become a barrier to professional opportunities both inside and outside of academia.

It is difficult to secure academic positions without a completed dissertation, and non-academic employers may not fully recognize the value of an ABD status.

This creates a challenging environment for those trying to navigate this stage of their doctoral program.

My recommendation is that if you are an all but dissertation, you should focus 100% of your efforts on your goal of completion if your circumstances allow.

Many people say that they will return to their thesis after a little break – many people I know and are leaving their thesis for ever after the get a job and move away from academia.

If your current career projection doesn’t require a PhD and you are happy with our PhD there is also no pressure for you to actually finish your dissertation.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

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What is All But Dissertation?

If you’ve come across this article, chances are you’ve heard whispers about the enigmatic “ All But Dissertation ” (ABD) status.

But what is All But Dissertation and why should you care?

Picture this: you’ve spent years immersed in university life, tackling courses, seminars, and probably one too many all-nighters in the library. You’ve conquered exams, written papers longer than a Tolkien novel, and maybe even defended your master’s thesis. But then, just when you thought you were on the cusp of finally completing your studies, someone drops the ABD bombshell (cue the dramatic music).

In this article, we’ll take a look at what All But Dissertation actually means and maybe even unearth some nuggets of wisdom that can help you progress from ABD to the dissertation proofreading stage.

“All But Dissertation” (ABD) is a term commonly used in graduate education to describe students who have completed all the requirements for a doctoral degree except for the dissertation. In essence, they have finished all the coursework, examinations, and other prerequisites but have not yet completed the final research project required for the degree.

If you’ve yet to start on your dissertation, we have some handy tools and guides available that may help you along the way:

• Our free research question generator can help you create a SMART research question that is worthy of further investigation.
• If you’re looking for some research ideas, check out our examples of dissertation research topic ideas .
• You may also find out guide to writing a dissertation abstract handy.

Criteria for Achieving ABD Status

To achieve ABD status, you typically need to fulfill several key requirements set by your academic institution or program:

• Completion of Coursework: ABD students have finished all the required courses and seminars outlined in their program’s curriculum. This coursework typically covers foundational knowledge in their field of study and provides the necessary background for conducting research.
• Passing Qualifying Examinations: Many doctoral programs require students to pass comprehensive qualifying examinations, also known as “comps” or “prelims.” These exams assess the student’s understanding of their field and readiness to pursue independent research.
• Proposal Approval: Before beginning their dissertation research, ABD students often need to develop and gain approval for a dissertation proposal. This proposal outlines the research question, objectives, methodology, and significance of the proposed study.
• Advancement to Candidacy: Upon completing all coursework and passing qualifying exams, students may advance to candidacy status, indicating that they have reached a significant milestone in their doctoral journey and are now primarily focused on dissertation research.

Implications of Being ABD

Being ABD can have significant implications for your academic progress and completion:

• Extended Time to Degree: While ABD status signifies that you have completed the bulk of your doctoral requirements, it also indicates that you still have a substantial task ahead—the completion of your dissertation. As a result, ABD students may experience delays in completing their degree compared to their peers who have already defended their dissertations.
• Uncertainty and Stress: The ABD stage can be a period of uncertainty and stress for students as they grapple with the challenges of conducting original research, navigating the dissertation process, and managing other responsibilities such as teaching or professional development.
• Funding Considerations: Some funding sources, such as fellowships or grants, may have specific requirements regarding ABD status. You may need to clarify your status to maintain eligibility for funding or seek alternative sources of financial support.
• Career Planning: ABD students often need to balance their academic pursuits with career planning and exploration. While some may pursue academic positions that require a completed Ph.D., others may seek opportunities in industry, government, or non-profit sectors where ABD status may be less of a barrier.

If you have written your dissertation, you may need urgent dissertation proofreading services . Vappingo has a team of qualified academic editors on hand when you need it.

Overcoming the Challenges of All But Dissertation

While the path beyond ABD status may seem overwhelming, rest assured that you’re not alone.

Many students have traversed this terrain before you, each with their own tales of triumphs, setbacks, and unexpected twists.

Let’s explore some personal experiences and insights from those who have successfully progressed beyond ABD status:

The Rollercoaster Ride of Emotions

For many ABD students, the journey is not just an academic pursuit but an emotional rollercoaster ride. One day you’re brimming with excitement about your research potential, and the next you’re plagued by self-doubt and imposter syndrome.

Jennifer, a sociology Ph.D. candidate, reflects on her ABD experience:

There were moments of exhilaration when I made breakthroughs in my research, but also moments of despair when I felt like I was drowning in a sea of data. It’s a constant battle between confidence and insecurity.

The Myth of Linear Progress

Contrary to popular belief, progress in the ABD stage is rarely linear. It’s more like a winding maze with dead ends, detours, and occasional shortcuts.

Mark, a history doctoral student, shares his perspective:

I used to think that once I reached ABD status, everything would fall into place smoothly. But the reality is far messier. Some days I make significant strides in my research, while other days I feel stuck in a rut. Learning to embrace the ebb and flow of progress has been crucial for maintaining my sanity.

Finding Support in Unexpected Places

In the midst of academic challenges, ABD students often find solace and support in unexpected places. Whether it’s a supportive advisor, a peer study group, or an online community of fellow ABD students, the journey is made easier when you have companions by your side.

Sarah, a psychology Ph.D. candidate, reflects on the importance of community:

Having a support network of fellow ABD students has been a lifeline for me. We share resources, offer encouragement, and commiserate over shared struggles. It’s like having a built-in cheerleading squad whenever I hit a rough patch.

Read next: editing services for your dissertation

Celebrating Small Victories

In the marathon of dissertation research, it’s essential to celebrate the small victories along the way.

Whether it’s reaching a research milestone, overcoming a writing hurdle, or receiving positive feedback from your advisor, every achievement brings you one step closer to the finish line.

John, an education doctoral student, shares his approach:

I’ve learned to celebrate even the tiniest wins in my ABD journey. Whether it’s finally figuring out a tricky statistical analysis or getting a glowing review on a draft chapter, each victory fuels my momentum and reminds me that I’m making progress, however slow it may seem.

One thing is pretty clear with the All But Dissertation (ABD): The ABD journey is more than just a stage in your academic career—it’s a testament to your resilience, perseverance, and dedication. However, it’s also a time for self-discovery, growth, and transformation—a time to embrace the highs and lows, the victories and setbacks, with equal measure.

So, to all the ABD students out there, take heart. Lean on your support network, celebrate your achievements, and never lose sight of the passion that ignited your pursuit of knowledge in the first place.

The world awaits your contributions with bated breath, and your dissertation—though still in progress—is already shaping the future of your field.

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Last Updated on: 2nd February 2024, 05:30 am

What does ABD Mean?

The term “ABD” stands for All But Dissertation. This means that you have finished everything in a PhD program except for the dissertation. Someone who is ABD has successfully completed all of the required classwork and any required comprehensive exams. The term itself has no academic standing but is used to tell others where you are in your program.

Having completed in the neighborhood of two years of classwork, it is nice to have something to acknowledge this accomplishment. Many use the term “ABD” to let others know their position in their doctoral journey.

However, this should not be a destination. ABD should just be a way to tell people where you are on your journey, similar to telling someone that you just passed the hardware store on your way home. Home is your destination, not the hardware store.

Can You Get a “PhD ABD Degree”?

The short answer is no, there is no such thing as a “PhD ABD degree.” Rather, the term “PhD ABD” is used to refer to a place in one’s journey towards getting a PhD.

Another term that has begun to be used to connote a similar message to “PhD ABD” is “PhDc” (also expressed as “PhD(c)” or “PhD-c”). This term has gained popularity recently but there is concern about its use. The APA has expressed concern that the general public may not know what the term means and believe that the holder has completed her/his PhD. Similarly, the term “ABD Degree” makes claim to a degree that was never completed.

When a similar question was asked online, one user commented, “A PhD that’s All But Dissertation is like an espresso that is All But Coffee. It’s hot water with a bit of sugar, thus defeating the entire purpose of the exercise.”

Neither PhD ABD nor PhDc represents the achievement of a degree, so the use of either in a formal setting, such as your CV or in correspondence, should probably be avoided. Avoid making claims like holding an ABD Degree.

However, a new type of degree has arisen lately for those who stop their studies having completed all but their dissertation. This gives people something to show for their time in the PhD program. Called names such as Certificate of Doctoral Completion, this is a way to allow students who leave a program to do so with a degree–albeit, one not nearly as esteemed as a PhD. This may serve the purpose as an ABD degree.

All But Dissertation: Why Do So Many PhD Candidates Quit?

Around 50% of those who start a PhD program do not finish . Many of those who do not finish get to the All But Dissertation stage before they leave their program. Why would someone leave a PhD program after such a big time and effort investment?

There are many reasons why people leave at the ABD level. Among the reasons are:

Lack of funds

Getting a PhD takes time and money. For many people the money (or access to loans) can run out. If that happens, there may be no other option but to leave.

External obligations

Life happens and situations change. Maybe you have had two kids during the process and they need your time and attention, perhaps your aging parents need your care, or maybe your Aunt Melville died and left you her $30 million estate. We cannot predict the future, and valid reasons may arise to leave a program.

Bad situations

There are many stories about abusive advisors/mentors in PhD programs. There is an uneven power distribution between committees and doctoral students. This can turn into a reason to not finish a degree.

Realization that they don’t want/need a PhD

One of the things that you learn in PhD classes is critical thinking and asking questions. What is not part of these programs is solving problems. You learn to answer questions and leave the application/problem solving to others.

Some people get to the ABD stage and determine that they are more suited to being advocates and solving problems than answering questions, giving them an incentive to go out and begin solving the problems that they see. The world needs both types of people.

All But Dissertation: How Not to Stay There

Many people get stuck at the ABD phase of the journey and do not finish their degree. Most of the time, this leaves them with nothing to show for the considerable amount of coursework they completed.

If you decide to leave a program at the ABD stage, having loans can make it seem worse.  Eight months after you stop attending school, student loan payments kick in. No one really enjoys making student loan payments, and they can seem even worse if you left a program without a degree.

Here is my advice for powering through the all but dissertation phase and earning your degree.

Know what’s coming

When you were taking classes, your program was laid out in front of you. You knew which courses to take when and what grades you needed. As you enter the dissertation phase things are not as straightforward. You should read everything that your school provides on the process and become familiar with any templates that are provided. A good template can signal to you what sections are needed in each chapter and save you time.

Also understand the review process for the work you submit and plan accordingly. If it takes two weeks for your committee to review your Prospectus , then work on finding more literature for your eventual Chapter 2. If your Proposal is being reviewed, start preparing your IRB submission. Be as efficient as possible.

Work every day

There is a book titled “Writing Your Dissertation in 15 Minutes a Day.” The idea is that you need to work on your dissertation consistently, everyday. I find that people who put time in on a regular basis, daily if possible, tend to move forward faster than those who put in a lot of time on an irregular basis. If you have large amounts of time between sessions, you have to spend time remembering where you were. Make writing your dissertation a habit and you will move beyond the ABD stage.

Ask for help

In our society, we’re often taught that asking for help is a sign of weakness. But if you want to complete your PhD program, you’d better let go of that belief and recognize that asking for help is both wise essential for your success.

If you are in a graduate program there are people out there who can help you if you ask. For example, librarians can help you find material and save you lots of time. If your writing needs help, most schools have Writing Centers and if that is not enough, a good academic editor can save you a lot of time and help you move forward.

You dissertation chair and committee are resources as well. Ask the members of the committee for guidance (read: What to Do if Your Advisor is Ignoring You ).

If you are looking for more hands-on help, a dissertation coach can help you towards the finish line.

Be good to yourself

Graduate school is not a sprint. It can be a long, grueling process so you need to take care of yourself along the way. You don’t want to reach the end and be so burned out that you aren’t able to use the degree you worked so hard for.

Self care is very important. Try to add simple things like taking a walk of talking to a friend to your routine. This can save your sanity and help you move forward. For more on this see my article on self care .

Realize your progress

It is easy to get lost in the vastness of writing a dissertation and not realize how much you have actually accomplished. Sometimes it is good to stop and look back at what you have accomplished. For example, you have finished all of your coursework and comprehensive exams. You have done a great deal. Now you get to concentrate on something that truly interests you.

Reward yourself for genuine progress. Rather than paying attention to how much time you spent writing, set mile markers such as writing 2,000 words, finishing a draft of your Chapter One, or addressing all of your committee’s comments.

All But Dissertation: Summary

You have the chance to be one of the 2 percent of the population with a doctoral degree. Take care of yourself on the journey, stay dedicated to the process and call on all available resources. You can do this!

Steve Tippins

Steve Tippins, PhD, has thrived in academia for over thirty years. He continues to love teaching in addition to coaching recent PhD graduates as well as students writing their dissertations. Learn more about his dissertation coaching and career coaching services. Book a Free Consultation with Steve Tippins

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4 (page 32) p. 32 The words of slang: themes and development

• Published: February 2016
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Slang’s thematic range is not wide, though its synonymy runs very deep. It is stripped down, modern, and cutting edge. ‘The words of slang: themes and development’ outlines the main themes of slang: sex, money, alcohol. Slang is sexist, racist, nationalist, ageist, sizeist, and variously -phobic, but it is also urban. The history of slang is also the history of the urbanization of modern life as reflected in this influential subset of the language. The development of the slang vocabulary from the 16th and 17th centuries to the present day, and how British slang has been joined by slang from Australia and the New World, is also described.

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Generation Alpha Slang: 10 Terms That Will Help You Show More Rizz

Here’s hoping this doesn’t get us ratio’d.

By Nicole Pyles | Apr 24, 2024

A new generation has emerged: Generation Alpha. While the official age range for these youngsters is still heavily up for debate (some maintain the generation began in 2012 and runs through 2024, while others argue that it starts in 2010 with the release of the iPad), their shared love of screen time has helped them earn the memorable sobriquet Generation Glass.

Although the oldest among them are just now hitting their early teens, these kids today are already making a big impact on pop culture, especially thanks to their rather, um, interesting language choices. While certain terms come from streaming platforms like YouTube and Twitch, a lot of them actually originate from queer culture and African American Vernacular English (AAVE), an English-speaking dialect spoken by Black Americans.

Want to know more? Head to YouTube, cue up “ Sticking out Your GYAT for the Rizzler ,” and get ready to decipher the meanings behind 10 of the most common pieces of Gen Alpha slang today.

Table of Content

Cap and no cap, it’s giving.

If you’ve heard a kid ask if someone is skibidi (pronounced “skee-bee-dee”), it likely means that they are asking if someone is evil or up to no good. The term comes from a series of YouTube videos created by Alexey Gerasimov under the username DaFuq!?Boom! , and follows an army of human-headed toilets that are trying to take over the world.

Since the first video was released back in early 2023, Skibidi Toilet has become a viral sensation, inspiring memes and even online games (including Skibidi War - Toilets Attack and other versions ). While it usually indicates that something or someone is shady, the meaning can change based on context—especially within the gaming community, where its use has become even more widespread. You may have to muster up the courage to ask an iPad baby what they mean by it.

Dubbed Oxford’s Word of the Year in 2023, rizz —usually described as an abbreviation for charisma —suggests “style, charm or attractiveness” or “the ability to attract a romantic or sexual partner.”

But Gen Alpha has merely adopted the rizz; Gen Z is the group that actually birthed it. Twitch streamer Kai Cenat , who is credited with popularizing it around 2021, claimed in a 2023 interview with Complex that it “came from me and my group of friends ... one person said it, and then another person said it, and then I said it on my Twitch.” According to Cenat, it was never shorthand for charisma (despite what many outlets have suggested), it “just meant game.”

There are some variants on the term, too. A rizzler is a good person or simply charming , while to rizz up means “planning to seduce or chat someone up.”

A friend just grabbed a fry off your plate? Congrats, they just enacted the Fanum tax . Like rizz, this idiom originated on Twitch, after streamer Fanum (who is part of Any Means Possible, Cenat’s influencer crew) began “ taxing ” friends by stealing bites of their food during streams. While it might seem like a bad thing, Fanum claims that it’s not about taking—it’s just about “feeding your friends.”

Let’s start this off by describing how you actually say GYAT so you don’t sound skibidi to the Generation Glass crowd the next time you try and use it. The word sounds like “squat” or “caught” and is an acronym for Girl Your Ass Thicc , although it also gets used as an abbreviation for goddamn . You may even see it spelled with multiple t ’s, so it looks like gyatt . If you’re on the receiving end of this term, you don’t have to take it as a compliment about your booty, but it is probably meant as one—or as an overall expression of excitement and enthusiasm.

Folks who have received more dislikes or comments on a social media post than likes and retweets are said to have been ratio'd . The term hit the Gen Alpha slang waves around 2017, when Jason Chaffetz, chairman for the House Oversight Committee, made a post on X (formerly Twitter) that received far more replies than retweets. An X user, @85mf, then tweeted a screenshot of Chaffetz’s post, noting: “Nothing on this site makes me happier than reply-to-RT ratios like this. That is the ratio of someone who fuuuuucked up.” It generally suggests that whatever you or someone else just posted is controversial.

To cap can mean you’re lying about something or exaggerating, but if someone uses no cap after telling you a story or important piece of information, it means they’re neither lying nor exaggerating.

These two terms are also part of Gen Z slang, but the earliest mentions go back to the late 19th century. According to Green’s Dictionary of Slang, capping is defined as the “act of ensnaring a victim into a confidence game.” Dictionary.com notes that by 1900, it was part of AAVE and meant “to brag, exaggerate, or to lie” about something.

By the 1980s, cap / no cap made its way over to hip-hop thanks to rappers like Too Short and Willie D, and has grown even more popular in recent years due to songs like “ Just in Case ” by Chief Keef and Gino Marley, and Young Thug and Future’s 2017 track , “No Cap.”

Most of us are familiar with the meaning behind GOAT, an acronym for greatest of all time. It’s a title typically only bestowed on incredible athletes like Serena Williams, Simone Biles , or LeBron James who have dominated in their respective sports. Generation Alpha has now transformed it into a verb, so when something is goated, it means it’s become the greatest of all time.

Big yikes means exactly what you think it does: It’s another way of saying that something is awkward, cringe-inducing, or embarrassing. It’s been around since about 2010, which means it’s part of Millennial slang too (its own kind of big yikes if you’re an iPad kid). But Gen Alpha is keeping the idiom going strong.

If you’re on TikTok, you’ve probably heard about sigma males . The label refers to the archetype of a self-reliant lone wolf who sets himself apart from the crowd because he's neither alpha (the “most dominant, powerful, or assertive man in a particular group,” according to Dictionary.com) nor beta (a man seen as “weak, mild-mannered, and unimpressive”). Instead, the sigma male just confidently does his own thing.

While this might seem okay in theory, it’s received pushback from some critics , who describe it as another form of toxic masculinity and criticize its association with Patrick Bateman, the protagonist of American Psycho . Still, hasn’t stopped some Gen Alpha kids from latching onto the concept, at least online.

The phrase it's giving expresses the vibes someone is giving off. Although Gen Alpha has embraced this slang, its roots go back to the 1980s and New York City’s drag ballroom scene.

Read More Generations:

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Home > Open Access Theses & Dissertations > 2443

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The acquisition of colloquial speech and slang in second language learners of english in el paso, texas.

Patricia Brannon Bradford , University of Texas at El Paso Follow

Date of Award

Degree name.

Master of Arts

Linguistics

Maria Blume

Colloquial and idiomatic speech seem to be some of the more difficult areas for achieving native-like language competence in the acquisition of a second language (L2), though very few studies have been performed on this topic. Acquiring the colloquial speech of a community is crucial for second language learners who wish to achieve native-like proficiency in the target language. The majority of studies done on this area have focused on the attitude towards the teaching of colloquialisms in a formal classroom setting, or the attitude that native speakers have towards non-native speakers' use of colloquial speech and slang. Typically, L2 researchers' explain the lack of acquisition of L2 colloquial idiomatic speech by the learner's failure to achieve appropriate group membership (Fishman, 1965). This study sets out to explore linguistic aspects that could also be responsible for the hindering or helping the acquisition of English L2 slang. The main claim of the study is that in the borderland of El Paso, Texas, speakers of Spanish attempting to acquire English will acquire more rapidly colloquial speech that is lexical as opposed to colloquial speech that is phrasal. Frequency will also be tested. The test items will be divided into four groups: high-frequency lexical, high-frequency phrasal, low-frequency lexical, and low-frequency phrasal. The hypothesized pattern of colloquial speech acquisition is: high-frequency lexical, low-frequency lexical, high-frequency phrasal, low-frequency phrasal. This pattern will be limiting for the L2 learners since English colloquial speech is often phrasal, varied, and low in frequency. This hypothesis will also be followed by a commentary based upon observations and non-official surveys that lead me to believe that colloquial English is very phrasal oriented and often the phrases are neither fixed nor high in frequency.

V. Background and Significance:

For this study, colloquial speech will be defined only as informal, conversational speech. Slang is considered a part of colloquial speech. Below are some of the background studies found on colloquial speech and slang in the L2.

According to McAlpine and Xu (2008) each variety of language has special, culturally conditioned vocabulary and the character of a particular region or country is often represented by its distinct vocabulary. Therefore, this culturally conditioned vocabulary will exist in all languages, making its' acquisition important in order to achieve native-like abilities such as proper comprehension of media (television, film, etc.) and the capacity to engage in casual conversation. McAlpine and Xu used two instruments to questions whether ESL learners in Canada acquired Canadianisms. Results indicated that ESL learners' knowledge of Canadianisms was limited. They found no correlation between the time learners have spent in Canada and their knowledge of Canadianisms, but the ESL speaker's proficiency in English did play a part. However, it seems that the more relevant a Canadianism was to their life, the more likely the ESL learner was to acquire it. In analyzing the results, McAlpine and Xu came up with a conclusion that supports the present study. They listed two factors as to why overall the ESL learners demonstrated such a limited knowledge of Canadianisms: 1) A disproportionate quantity of culture-specific and culturally freighted vocabulary consists of multiword units. 2) Multiword units are more difficult for learners to recognize, to look up, and to use appropriately. This result supports the theory of my study that English colloquial speech is very highly phrasal, and thus often difficult for L2 speakers to acquire.

A research goal of other existing studies has been to compare native and non-native speakers of American English on their attitude toward American English slang (see Charkova, 2007 for a review). In 1996, Register investigated taboo knowledge in L2 learners of English. The results showed that international students knew more taboo words than neutral slang. Thus, many L2 students were able to learn isolated, more offensive words, but were unable to make a full acquisition of neutral and colloquial lexicon.

Charkova (2007) reports that the acquisition of slang in L2 has not been very highly examined. Some questions that have not been investigated are: How is slang acquired in L2 contexts? Is it governed by the same principles as the acquisition of L1 slang? What sources and methods do L2 learners use to learn L2 slang, as it is not formally taught? In what situations do L2 learners use slang? Charkova proposed these questions but did not answer all of them. Of the questions she did answer one was how is slang acquired in L2 contexts? She found that Bulgarian Foreign Language learners of English use intuition, discussion with friends, and media (i.e. song lyrics, television, etc.) as a means of learning slang. Their motivation for learning slang was to understand American media, and express themselves better with native speakers. Finally, the EFL speakers reported that they used slang with friends or in chat rooms, but 51% of college students reported that they didn't use their slang at all. Of the limited research performed on this topic, L2 researchers' have typically looked at group membership for an explanation of the lack of acquisition of slang (Fishman, 1965).

Exploring colloquial speech, slang, and culturally conditioned vocabulary is very important for the field of second language acquisition if the goal of SLA is native like fluency and competence. Colloquial speech is so much a part of a language that failing to acquire colloquialisms, or even slang, could result in the failure of mastering the language. Even if the L2 learner might not produce some of the colloquial language or slang language himself, it is still necessary to understand this language for comprehension in movies, television, other forms of media, and basic conversation with peers. However, in order to understand how this type of language is acquired, we must first define it and understand it linguistically before we can go about devising the best ways of acquiring it.

VI. Method, Design, and Proposed Statistical Analysis:

The research instrument will be a multiple choice vocabulary survey. The survey consists of 40 colloquial speech items that are split into four groups of ten: high frequency

lexical, high frequency phrasal, low frequency lexical, and low frequency phrasal. The frequencies were determined from the Brigham Young University corpus on American English

from the years 1990-2010. I used only the spoken data from the corpus and thus the number of words was limited to spoken 80 million. I checked all the items in my test for frequency to group them as high or low frequency. There is at least an 80 word difference between low frequency items and high frequency items, meaning that any high frequency item occurs at least 80 times more in the corpus than a given low frequency item . Each participant will also fill out a language questionnaire to assess their linguistic background and their proficiency in the L2. As a control, ten native English speakers will be asked to answer the vocabulary survey as well. The native English speakers will be UTEP students and peers of the researcher. The survey will be administered to thirty L2 English speakers whose first language is Spanish. The participants will be tested at the University of Texas at El Paso, and they will be selected from classes of English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) 1309, 1406, and 1312. ESOL 1309 and 1406 are intermediate classes, and ESOL 1312 is an advanced class. It is anticipated that we will see a difference between the intermediate and advanced classes, with the intermediate classes having acquired at least the high frequency lexical items and many low frequency items. However, it is anticipated that the advanced class will have acquired to some degree high frequency lexical, low frequency lexical, and high frequency phrasal.

In the vocabulary survey the participants will be asked to determine the meaning of a colloquial word or phrase. The participant will not write in his or her own response, but instead will be given four answers to choose from; three choices will be incorrect and one choice will be correct. An example is given below;

If someone says, "That woman is a cougar" what does this mean?

a. That woman dates older guys

b. That woman dates younger guys

c. That woman dates older women

d. That woman dates many people

All of the answers are in a uniform sentence structure. The word or phrase that is the target is not used in the multiple choice answers. For example, in the above example with the word "Cougar" a possible choice in the answer section could not include the word cougar, i.e. That woman has a baby cougar.

The survey is expected to show that the SLA learner's have a greater knowledge of lexical items and a lesser knowledge of phrasal colloquialisms.

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Bradford, Patricia Brannon, "The Acquisition of Colloquial Speech and Slang in Second Language Learners of English in El Paso, Texas" (2010). Open Access Theses & Dissertations . 2443. https://scholarworks.utep.edu/open_etd/2443

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79 More on Slang and Idioms

Words are the basis of how a reader or listener judges you, the writer and speaker. When you write an academic paper or speak in a business interview, you want to be sure to choose your words carefully. In our casual, everyday talk, we often use a lot of “ums,” “likes,” “yeahs,” and so on. This everyday language is not appropriate for formal contexts, such as academic papers and business interviews. You should switch between different ways of speaking and writing depending on whether the context is formal or informal.

Hey guys, let’s learn about slang and other cool stuff like that! It will be awesome, trust me. This section is off the hook!

What do you notice about the previous paragraph? You might notice that the language sounds informal, or casual, like someone might talk with a friend or family member. The paragraph also uses a lot of slang . Slang is a type of language that is informal and playful. It often changes over time. The slang of the past is different than the slang of today, but some slang has carried over into the present. Slang also varies by region and culture. The important thing to understand is that slang is casual talk, and you should avoid using it in formal contexts. There are literally thousands of slang words and expressions. Table 5.17 “Slang Expressions” explains just a few of the more common terms.

Edit the business e-mail by replacing any slang words and phrases with more formal language.

Idioms are expressions that have a meaning different from the dictionary definitions of the individual words in the expression. Because English contains many idioms, nonnative English speakers have difficulties making logical sense of idioms and idiomatic expressions. The more you are exposed to English, however, the more idioms you will come to understand. Until then, memorizing the more common idioms may be of some help.

What if you come across an idiom that you do not understand? There are clues that can help you. They are called context clues . Context clues are words or phrases around the unknown word or phrase that may help you decipher its meaning.

Definition or explanation clue. An idiom may be explained immediately after its use.

Sentence: I felt like I was sitting on pins and needles I was so nervous .

Restatement or synonym clues. An idiom may be simplified or restated.

Sentence: The young girl felt as though she had been sent to the dog house when her mother punished her for fighting in school.

Contrast or Antonym clues. An idiom may be clarified by a contrasting phrase or antonym that is near it.

Sentence: Chynna thought the 5k marathon would be a piece of cake , but it turned out to be very difficult .

Pay attention to the signal word but , which tells the reader that an opposite thought or concept is occurring.

Exercise: Writing Application

Write a short paragraph about yourself to a friend. Write another paragraph about yourself to an employer. Examine and discuss the differences in language between the two paragraphs.

Text Attributions

• This chapter was adapted from “ Slang and Ideoms ” in English for Business Success by a publisher who has requested that they and the original author not receive attribution is under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 Licence . Adapted by Allison Kilgannon.

Advanced English Copyright © 2021 by Allison Kilgannon is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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