thesis type endnote

EndNote 20/21 Guide / APA Referencing Guide

• About EndNote 20/21 and APA referencing
• Accessing EndNote 20/21 on campus computers
• Setting the reference style to APA 7th edition
• Navigating EndNote 20/21
• Manually adding references
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• Inserting a secondary citation
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• What is new in EndNote 21...
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Which fields are required for dissertation & thesis references in EndNote?

Important instructions:

• Capitalise the first word in the title and for a two-part title also capitalise the first word of the second part.  Proper nouns in the title require the first letter to be capitalised (e.g. The making of a journalist: The New Zealand way).
• If there is a publication number, enter this number in the Document Number field.
• Enter the name of the granting institution in the University field.
• Enter the name of the repository or database in the Name of Database field. 
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University of Tasmania, Australia

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• Adding page numbers in-text

Combining thesis chapters

How to combine thesis chapters.

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• EndNote and combining chapters using Word

Many students who are writing a thesis keep each chapter as a separate Word document with

EndNote creating a bibliography in each document. The steps below detail how to create a single

document and bibliography from separate chapter documents.

Step 1. Copy each chapter

Make a copy of each chapter, e.g. chapter1-copy.doc; chapter2-copy.doc. You will work with

these copies. If something goes wrong, you can return to your original documents and start again.

Step 2. Unformat citations

If you have been using EndNote's instant formatting, your references will already be formatted,

for example (Smith, 1999), and you will have a bibliography at the end of each chapter.

Open each document (chapter1-copy.doc, etc.) in Word, and from the EndNote menu in Word

select the Convert Citations and Bibliography >>> Convert to Unformatted Citations command.

(In earlier versions of EndNote, use the Unformat Citations command.) This will remove the

bibliography at the end of each chapter and change the references in the text into their

unformatted form, for example {Smith, 1999 #13}. Save these changes.

Step 3. Combine the chapters

Open chapter1-copy.doc in Word. Then open chapter2-copy.doc and select the whole document

(Ctrl+A), copy it and paste it at the end of chapter1-copy.doc.

Continue copying and pasting each chapter at the end of chapter1-copy.doc, until the whole thesis

is in one document.

Rename chapter1-copy.doc to thesis-master.doc. This is the master copy of your thesis, and any

subsequent changes should be made to this document. Save this document.

Step 4. Format citations in the thesis

Open thesis-master.doc in Word. From the EndNote menu in Word select the Update Citations

and Bibliography command. (In earlier versions of EndNote, use the Format Bibliography

command.) EndNote will format all the references in your document and create a single

bibliography at the end of the thesis. Save the changes.

Note: Unformatting the citations (at Step 2 above) disables the instant formatting in Word. If you

prefer to work with instant formatting, go to the Bibliography Preferences by clicking on the

small arrow at the very bottom of the Bibliography group on the EndNote menu in Word, and

then select the Instant Formatting tab and click on the Turn On button. (In earlier versions of

EndNote, access the Instant Formatting tab via the Format Bibliography command.)

Step 5. Remove field codes (Final step before submitting thesis)

Your thesis-master.doc contains hidden field codes which link it to EndNote. The final step before submitting your thesis is to  is to

create a copy which is not linked to EndNote. From the EndNote menu in Word select the

Convert Citations and Bibliography>Convert to Plain Text command. (In earlier versions of

EndNote, use the Remove Field Codes command.)

This will create a copy of your thesis which is no longer linked to EndNote. Save this copy as

thesis-unlinked.doc. This is the copy which you should submit. This is not your master copy.

Any changes must be made to thesis-master.doc.

If you need to make changes to your thesis, make them in thesis-master.doc and then use the

Remove Field Codes command to make a new copy of thesis-unlinked.doc.

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• Last Updated: Mar 7, 2024 4:09 PM
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Applying APA 7th

Journal articles, conferences, figure (image), film, tv & video/dvd, pamphlet or brochure, powerpoint slides, social media, theses & dissertations, websites & webpages.

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References imported into EndNote often need corrections to ensure they are in the APA 7th style when inserted into Word using CWYW . 

This section provides some workarounds to achieve the correct APA 7th output when inserting your references in Word.

• Ensure  APA 7th is selected in the style box in your EndNote Library as well as in the EndNote tab in your Word document.
• If the following instructions do not work, you can create a plain text version (without the EndNote connection) of your final document and make corrections in the text.
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Best Practices for Document Management

Importing from databases.

Because a dissertation or thesis is an extended project, and because of the anticipated timeline and number of references, certain methods of working with the computer files are recommended that will avoid common frustrations with the EndNote program as the document grows and the final copy is produced:

1.  Whenever an entry is made in the EndNote Library, verify immediately that the formatting is correct for the style that is in use (i.e. APA, Turabian). The Bibliography/Reference list entry can be checked using the Preview tab. Any changes that may be required should be made immediately. Edit the Output Styles for non-standard resources as soon as possible, and do not procrastinate. Waiting until when the final copy is needed is inviting major frustration.

2. Use only one EndNote library file for the entire dissertation. Check routinely for duplicates, and carefully avoid using duplicate entries of the same source in the dissertation/thesis.

3. The working copy of the dissertation/thesis and the EndNote library should be kept in the same folder at all times. All new work on the document or in the library should use these exclusively. Backup copies can and should be routinely stored elsewhere, but all new work should be continued using the original document and library files.

4. Unless specifically requested, all readers and editors should work on a Plain Text copy of the dissertation. This retains all Word processor formatting, but the embedded codes that link the EndNote library are removed. This avoids any software conflicts that might get in the way of the reader/editor. It also avoids conflicts between the working EndNote Library and the travelling EndNote library associated with the document, such as become evident when readers attempt to edit or change a reference.

EndNote is a tool that can improve efficiency in managing bibliography and incorporating reference styles in a document. But it is not a substitute for the author's competence in using it effectively and correctly.

Importing bibliographic details from databases is an efficient method of entering references into the EndNote library.

1. The overall accuracy of the bibliographic details varies from database to database. Imported citation entries must always be verified.

•  Importing citations from periodical databases such as those from Ebsco, ProQuest and JSTOR may be reasonably reliable, but doing this from other databses such as Google Scholar need careful scrutiny (when Google Scholar harvests the bibliographic details from a major publisher, it will probably be fine; but if the bibliographic details are harvested from an institutional repository, a government website, a library catalog, etc., interesting irregularities are common). This category of import must be corrected.
•  All records imported from a library database, whether JeWeL, MelCat, or WorldCat, will be entered with the Reference Type of book as default, even though it might be an edited book, e-book, dissertation, or audio-visual item. This category of import must be corrected.

2. Styles have differing requirements.The bibliographic details that are imported into EndNote do not necessarily reflect the style in use, so some elements may not be reflected. This category of import must be corrected. For example,

•    Turabian uses headline style for titles, APA uses a modified sentence style.
•    Turabian uses the full author name, APA uses last name with initials. 
•    Turabian uses series titles, APA does not.

GARBAGE IN, GARBAGE OUT

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EndNote & EndNote Web

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A common request from graduate students who are writing their thesis or dissertation is for instructions on how to use EndNote and Cite While You Write to create a "journal-style" bibliography - one where each chapter of the document has its own bibliography rather than the document as a whole having one big one at the end. There are different ways to accomplish this that depend on whether you are using the full EndNote software or EndNote Web.

EndNote Software

The full EndNote software can leverage the document structure tools within Microsoft Word itself to accomplish this.

The first thing to do is to make sure that you have created a new Section for each segment of your document that you wish to have its own bibliography. You do this by placing the cursor where you wish the current section to end, then from the Layout tab select the Breaks dropdown and select the Section break type that matches your preference.

The second required element is simply to be using a citation style in Cite While You Write that uses these section breaks. If the one you've already selected is set to do so and you've already inserted the citations into your paper, the above step should have resulted in the new bibliographies automatically. If you're unsure, it's an easy thing to check in EndNote itself.

If you're using EndNote 20 or later, click in the Tools menu and then go to Output Styles and click on Open Style Manager. If you're using EndNote X9 or earlier, you start in the Edit menu instead of Tools.

From there, find the style that you're interested in using and double click (or click once to select it and then click the Edit button). In the window this opens, browse into the Sections area.

From there you can select the option that matches how you wish to have Cite While You Write manage the document sections. That is, you can have one bibliography at the end, a new bibliography for each section (with or without continuous numbering throughout the document), or both.

EndNote Web

Unfortunately, the free web-based version of EndNote cannot support multiple bibliographies, even if the citation style selected in Cite While You Write is configured to do so. As such, we need to use a work-around of one form or another. All of which simply require that you save each "section" of your final document as its own Word file while you're working and simply use Cite While You Write normally within each document.

Most of this process from here on will assume that you've completed your writing and are simply preparing the final document.

You will want to make sure that all documents have used the same citation style in Cite While You Write so that everything is consistent and that the bibliographies are complete. Additionally, they should be titled such that alphabetical ordering has them in the correct sequence - the methods we'll be using to combine them later default to file name order.

Now that you have your collection of separate files for your various chapters, there are two main methods to combine them: using Word itself or Adobe Acrobat. Both programs have methods of building a new file from a series of existing ones.

Instructions for Microsoft Word

It is strongly advised that you save a backup copy of all of your files at this point . We are about to make one-way transformations that cannot be undone, so having a backup is important.

In each document, in the EndNote tab there is a drop-down menu for Convert Citations and Bibliography. Click into that and then on Convert to Plain Text and save the new document separately so that you do not overwrite the old version. This command strips out all of the internal "hooks" in the document that EndNote and Cite While You Write use to edit your document automatically.

Once that is done for all sections, open a new blank document and click into the Insert menu. One option available is for Object with a sub-option of Text From File.

The window this opens allows you to select all of the files to be combined into a single Word Document. In my testing, this appears to be a one-time event so editing the base documents does not edit the final one so this step will need to be repeated if you do make any edits to the base documents. You may find that you need to add page breaks between your sections, but because we're still within a Word context you can still use automated page numbering.

Because we stripped out all of the EndNote "hooks" in the previous step, you cannot edit the imported text using Cite While You Write. If we had not done so, you could still edit the citations here, but any editing "event" that triggers CWYW to update the citations and bibliography will simply create an updated, full-document bibliography at the end of the file and will not update any internal bibliographies. It's simpler and less likely to cause problems if you strip out that functionality ahead of time.

Instructions for Adobe Acrobat

You will likely want to edit the page numbering of every file in turn so that they begin on the page following the end of the previous file. You can do this in Word by clicking into the Header/Footer to bring up the appropriate menu. From there select the Page Number option and click on Format Page Numbers. In the window that brings up, simply select the Start At radio button and enter the appropriate page to begin the current document.

In Adobe Acrobat (either on its own or via the Adobe Creative Cloud package), you can combine discrete Word documents into a single file. Under the Tools menu there is a Combine Files option. Simply drag the files you wish to combine into the designated space in the order you wish them to appear and click on Combine. This option will automatically start each document on a new page, but won't renumber them, which is why we needed to do that step earlier. Additionally, since Acrobat doesn't have any equivalent functionality to Cite While You Write further edits can't be made using EndNote directly.

Comprehensive Bibliography

If you wish to also have a bibliography at the end of your document, it's relatively straightforward do create one in one of two ways.

The first option requires you to have done some organizational work ahead of time or to do so now. The EndNote Web interface itself can generate a bibliography for you based on a "Group" of references. If you've already been organizing the references you're using for this project into a single Group you're all set, otherwise you'll have to build that Group now.

Once that's done, you can click into the Format --> Bibliography section of your account. In the three drop-down menus, select the name of the Group that your references are in, the citation style you've used for your paper, and RTF format (the other options are a Text file which wouldn't be able to include things like italicized text and HTML which would likely work, but Rich Text is more likely to copy and paste into Word cleanly).

Clicking Save should process the references and save a .rtf file in your usual downloads location. You will want to open that file in Word and edit it to use the same formatting style as the rest of your document (typeface, font size, margins, etc.). From there you can either include it in the "combining" steps above or if working in Word you can simply copy and paste the text at the end of the document.

The other option for creating a comprehensive bibliography is a bit messy. We'll just be opening each file comprising your documents various sections, copying the contents, and then pasting everything into a single Word file. If you had already written your paper before coming to this guide, you likely already have a suitable file saved somewhere. Once you've got all of your content in this one file, click on Update Citations and Bibliography button in the EndNote menu of Word and it should build the single bibliography at the end of your document. Save a backup and go through the Convert To Plain Text steps mentioned in the "Instructions for Microsoft Word" section above to get a version of the bibliography that you can copy and paste freely without worrying about CWYW making further edits. At that point you can add it to your paper using the methods described above.

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EndNote: A Beginner's Guide : Getting Started with EndNote

• Subject Guides Home
• Adding references to your EndNote Library
• Editing references
• CWYW Windows
• Troubleshooting

This guide is intended to introduce EndNote Online and EndNote Desktop to new users. Core concepts include: setting up an EndNote Online account, installing EndNote Desktop, populating your EndNote library with references, adding PDFs, inserting citations with Cite While You Write, and troubleshooting frequent issues.

EndNote in Action: How to use EndNote in 7 minutes

What is EndNote?

EndNote is a citation management software program designed to assist with formatting citations, so you can focus on your research. The University of Tennessee maintains a campus-wide annual subscription for EndNote and it is available at no cost to students, staff, and faculty. Below are descriptions of the two types of EndNote software as well as some helpful tools for using EndNote.

EndNote Desktop

The desktop version of EndNote helps you store and organize your research, download new references from library databases, create bibliographies using over 5,000 styles, use your references as you write, share with colleagues, and access and manage your research from anywhere by syncing with your EndNote online account. EndNote may be installed on a maximum of three machines per license.

Installing EndNote Desktop

• Your UTC password  must  be up to date. If you have not changed your password recently, visit  https://ds.utk.edu/passwords  and follow the steps to reset it (existing users)
• Visit the  UTK Software Distribution site . Log in using your UTCID and password.
• Choose Clarivate Analytics (EndNote). Choose EndNote X20 for either Windows or Mac and click Download selected item
• The software and instructions will download as a zipped file on your computer
• You MUST extract (unzip) the files before you can install EndNote.
• Once EndNote is successfully installed, you can use the sync button to connect your desktop version to your EndNote Online account if you have one (highly recommended).

EndNote Online

EndNote online is a limited online-only version of EndNote and is perfect when you're new to research and writing. When you find yourself in need of more robust capabilities, move up to the desktop version of EndNote.

While not required in order to use EndNote Desktop, an EndNote Online account offers the important ability to sync your EndNote library to the cloud. By connecting an EndNote Online account to your EndNote Desktop, your library of references is safely backed-up to the cloud and can quickly be accessed from any computer. Note: while EndNote Online can be accessed from anywhere, you are only allowed to install EndNote Desktop on a maximum of three machines.

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Citing in Word

Editing or deleting citations, creating separate bibliographies, working with styles, using a footnote style, word bibliography settings.

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EndNote can add citations in Word almost automatically and also change from one citation style to another.

After you've added references to your EndNote library, to cite them in Word, one recommended way is to go to Word, open a document, then click on the EndNote ribbon in Word, then click the magnifying glass icon at the left of the ribbon. A new window should open. In the Find field, you can search for the citation to add by any word in the reference or search for * and all references in your EndNote library will be listed. Click on the reference you want to cite, and then click the Insert button. You can also use the control key to select more than one reference to cite at one time. Word will use the citation style that is selected in the EndNote ribbon, and you can change the style by clicking the Style list or click Select Another Style to search for a style that is installed on the computer but not yet listed. If the style needed is not installed, you can download the style from EndNote's website, save it in EndNote desktop, and then select it in Word.

Some other ways to add citations in Word (other than using the magnifying glass icon to search for the citations) are: click the lower part of the magnifying glass icon (says "Insert Citation"). The option "Insert Citation" simply opens the find citation window like the magnifying glass does. The option "Insert  Selected Citation(s)" adds the citation that is selected in the EndNote library. Another way to add a citation is to select the needed reference in EndNote and then click the "Insert Citation" icon in the EndNote desktop toolbar or click the EndNote Tools menu + point at Cite While You Write + click Insert Selected Citation(s). Or you could select the needed reference and click Alt + 2 to add that citation to the current location in Word. Yet another way to add the citation is to drag the reference (the one-line listing) from the EndNote library to the correct location in the Word document.

Some ways to change an in-text citation are: when using the magnifying glass icon to find and add a citation, instead of clicking directly on the Insert button, click the down arrow that is part of that button; this provides the options of adding the citation as Author (Year) or Excluding the Author or Excluding the Year or adding the item in the Bibliography only (not as an in-text citation). If an in-text citation has already been added and one of these options is needed, you can right-click the in-text citation, then point at the sub-menu Edit Citations and click the appropriate option. One addition option in this menu is Exclude Author & Year. Yet another way to access these same option is to click the in-text citation, then click Edit & Manage Citation(s) in the EndNote ribbon. This opens a new window. Make sure the correct in-text citation is selected in the upper part of the window. Then the same options can be selected using the Formatting list. In addition, this window allows adding Prefix, Suffix, or Pages to the in-text citation. Most citation styles as implemented in EndNote (as I understand) do not make use of the Pages field. The APA style is the only one I know of that does use the Pages field. If paging is needed in another citation style, you may have to provide the appropriate punctuation and paging in the Suffix field (for example, ", pp. 23-24").

Some ways to delete an in-text citation are: completely select the in-text citation and press the delete key. Or backspace through the in-text citation. (This should result in the in-text citation being deleted before having to backspace all the way through.) Another way is to right-click the in-text citation, then click the More sub-menu, this opens the Edit & Manage Citations window. Make sure the intended in-text citation is selected at the top, then click the down arrow on the Edit Reference button for that citation and then click Remove Citation. This option can also be accessed by clicking the in-text citation and then click Edit & Manage Citation(s) in the EndNote ribbon. This window also provides direct access to deleting one reference from a multiple-reference citation. Find the multiple-citation in the window and then click the citation for the specific reference, then click the down arrow beside the Edit Reference button and click Remove Citation.

Subject Bibliographies

Click the Tools menu + Subject Bibliography. Example: for creating an Author name bibliography—click Author, possibly uncheck “list each author separately”, click OK, then click “Select All”, then click OK. Next, click the Layout button, click the “Bibliography Layout” tab and delete any data under “Start each Reference with”, click the Terms tab, and uncheck “Subject Term Counts”, then click the Print or Save button. You can save the file as rich text (includes font formatting and can be opened in Word), HTML, or as text.

Copying Formatted Citations

Select the references in EndNote that you want to use in the bibliography and then click the EndNote Edit menu + Copy Formatted, then paste into Word or email

Copying a Citation from Preview

In EndNote desktop with the desired citation format selected, in the library panel click the item you want to cite and in the PDF viewer panel (the tabbed panel) at the right, with the Preview tab selected, you can highlight and copy the formatted citation.

Styles in EndNote Desktop and Word

EndNote desktop. To select a citation style in EndNote desktop, select the style in the list of styles at the top left of EndNote. If the needed style is not showing in the list, click Select Another Style in the list and a Choose a Style window will display with a list of all styles presently installed with EndNote on your computer. Click the style you need and click the Choose button. If the needed style is not in the list, see the next section, "Adding a Style".

Some options: you can sort the list of styles in the Choose a Style window by either the name of the style or by its Category (usually a subject discipline) by clicking on the Name or Category labels at the top of the listing. Click into the list and depending on how the list is sorted, you can type the first letter (or quickly type the first few letters) and EndNote will display that part of the list. (If the list is sorted by Name, EndNote will use the Name ordering; if sorted by Category, the Category ordering.) If you click the Style Info/Preview button, you can see how the selected style cites a few example references. This can be helpful if you need to choose a style with certain attributes (for example, a style that is numbered and that italicizes the journal title) or if you are looking for a style that is like another style (trying to find one that is more completely defined).

Word. The list of styles available in Word is the same as what is available in EndNote. To add a new style in Word, you would add the style in EndNote. To select a style in Word, click the EndNote ribbon in Word and then click the Style list in the ribbon. You can simply select a style from the list and Word will reformat all EndNote citations in the current document in the newly selected style. If the style you need is not in the list, click Select Another Style. You can navigate this window with some of the same options as in EndNote desktop's Choose a Style window (described above). Click the needed style and then click the OK button. If the needed style is not included in the list, you can add the needed style to EndNote desktop (see the information in the next section, Adding a Style).

Adding a Style

If you need to add a new style to EndNote desktop, go to the EndNote website , click the Downloads menu, scroll down to Output styles and click Add output styles. Search for the citation style using the style name or the journal name (or using the other search options). If you find the style, click the style name and then click the Download this style button. The browser should download the style. Next double-click the downloaded file and EndNote should open the style in an EndNote style window. To add the style to your EndNote styles, click File + Save as. If you do not have the style yet, you can delete the word Copy in the style name. After that, the style should be findable in EndNote or Word's list of styles.

Viewing/Editing a Style

To view or edit a style in EndNote, click Edit + point at Output Styles. Two options listed here are editing the currently selected style or Open Style Manager where you can select any of the installed styles. For an example to see more of these details, select the option to edit the currently selected style. This opens the style editing window. The window has a table of contents type column to the left with many elements of the style that are accessible from the table of contents. The top section of the table of contents includes general settings for the style; the Citations section has settings for how the in-text citations will be formatted; the Bibliography (or Footnotes) section has settings for how the references will be formatted.

One very important section is Bibliography (or Footnotes) Templates. Click Templates under Bibliography. Each template defines how EndNote will create references for items of that template's Reference Type (for example, the Book Reference Type or the Journal Article Reference Type). Styles vary significantly in how many reference types are defined in EndNote's version of the style. If you are citing a Reference Type that is not defined in the selected style (for example, perhaps a Patent), EndNote will use the Generic Reference Type (which will probably not be entirely correct). If you click the Reference Types button at the top of the window, you can see a list of all possible Reference Types with check-marks indicating the ones that are defined in that style. A further comment about EndNote's version of a citation style. I have been told by EndNote technical support that employees from their company take the instructions to authors from journal websites to create the style in EndNote. If the instructions to the author only give a few examples of types of references, the EndNote style is likely to also have few templates defined. Some strategies for dealing with this are: 1) if possible, choose a citation style that has more reference types defined; 2) if a citation style is based on another style (for example, a given journal's style being based on the Chicago Manual of Style) it may be possible to add templates from the original style (though changes may be required); 3) it may be possible to edit a template from another style by reference to citations in journal articles from the journal (it may be easy to make mistakes editing the templates because of the special characters in the templates!); 4) EndNote support can help (their contact information is on the EndNote.com website).

You can click Reference Types and then select a Reference Type that is not yet defined and EndNote will add that Reference Type to the list of templates. However, the template details still have to be created. Most of the information in the template appears to be the names of fields in the EndNote reference data. When citing a reference, where a field name appears in the template, EndNote will put the data that is in that field (so, where the template says Author, EndNote will put the data from the Author field). Most of the punctuation in the template is also used as punctuation in the resulting citations (it is just copied into the citation). There are a few special characters in the templates that have a special meaning: the straight line (forced separation), a diamond symbol (link adjacent text), single backquotes (used for actually displaying text that happens to be a field name, such as DOI), and up arrows (that are used to offer alternate versions of singular and plural terms). Many of these items can be selected from the Insert Field button at the top right of the style editing window.

For much more information, see the EndNote Style Editing Guide . (On that screen there are links for the Windows and Mac PDFs beneath the video.) Be sure to check the last section, "An Easier Way: Editing Existing Styles" which begins "A far easier way to create an EndNote Style is to edit a style that already exists and save it with a new name." Also helpful is a table beginning on page 37 about the special characters used in creating the templates for reference types.

Accuracy of EndNote's citations

There are several contributing factors that result in the citations being accurate or not. Among these are: EndNote has around 6,000 styles. Only about 500 are typically installed, however, it is easy to add styles. EndNote creates these style files (files that the program uses to format citations in the different citation styles) from the instructions to authors on journal and style organization (such as APA) sites. I am more confident of this point in regard to particular journal’s citation styles. I’m not sure if the entire APA style as implemented in EndNote is based on instruction to authors. EndNote may well have referred to that style’s published manual. Very often, journals' instructions to authors will only give a few types of citations, maybe books, journal articles, conference papers, book chapters, and websites. If that is all the journal shows a definition for, that’s what EndNote will include in their file. And when a reference that you are citing has a reference type (for example, Thesis) that happens to not be defined in the style that you are using, then EndNote will format the citation using its Generic reference type. So, it can be important when working with a new style to see how thoroughly it is defined and in particular to see whether all of the reference types you are citing are defined in the style. And I think it is also important to review the citations in Word to see that things are being cited as expected. It’s likely that if one uses a well-established and often-used style such as APA that some level of confidence will develop. Some of the other factors for inaccurate citations include wrong data in a database. This might be more likely in Google Scholar since editors do not check the data, however, any database could have wrong data. Another possibility of error is in the data transfer because there is an assignment of a given database field to an EndNote field. Typically these details do not result in an abundance of inaccuracies, however, I would not expect no errors in the citations. There is certainly variation between the databases (one EBSCO database was including author’s emails with author’s names in the author name field for a while because EBSCO obtained the data from the data provider that way—however that is not the usual case) and variation between the citation styles (especially individual journal styles). One other significant source of inaccurate citations is that there could be an error in the template in a citation style that tells EndNote how to format a citation for a given reference type. These templates have two specific characters (for "forced separation" and "link adjacent text") that perform a certain function in the citations and are intended to cause citations to format as well as possible when there is some missing data (such as no journal issue number). If you see a case where EndNote is incorrectly formatting a citation and the template for the reference type is defined in EndNote's style file, you may want to contact EndNote technical support (or me). They can route the request to colleagues who can edit their citation style file.

Most of this guide talks about adding citations as endnotes, not as footnotes, however, in this section is some information about using a footnote style. I will use the Chicago 16th Footnote style as an example. I only have limited experience in working with footnotes, so these are just introductory comments. When you have this style selected in Word, to add a footnote, you place the cursor in the document where you want to add a footnote and then use the Word menus and ribbons to insert the footnote number. In Word 2016 on the PC, the command to add a footnote is accessed through the References menu, then by clicking the Insert Footnote icon. This is in the Footnotes section toward the left of the ribbon. The Insert Footnote icon has the image AB ¹. Clicking that icon in Word will add the superscript footnote number in the text and will start a footnote field at the foot of that page. While the cursor is in the footnote field, to add the actual reference, click the EndNote menu in Word, click the Insert Citation icon (the double quotes with the magnifying glass), in the window that opens in Word, search for the needed citation in the list of references from your open EndNote library or libraries, and then click the Insert button. That should add the selected citation into the footnote field. The Chicago footnote style is configured to also create a list of references that by default is displayed at the last of the text document. (The list can appear before a footnote if one appears on that same page.) If you need to add cited page(s) to the footnote, right-click the footnote reference, then point at Edit Citation(s) in the context menu, then click More in the sub-menu and put the cited page(s) in the Pages field. The information added for the cited page(s) will appear in the footnote reference, however, not in the list of references at the last of the document. (One journal article I cited had the same page number as part of the journal article reference, so that page number did appear in the reference list.) If you're citing a footnote in a document, you can input the cited page where the cited footnote appears (for example, page 100) followed by the footnote number (for example 1) as 100n1

Although it is fairly easy to change from one EndNote style to another, it is not automatic to change from a footnote style to an endnote style (a style that does not use footnotes). The problem likely has to do with the fact that Word adds the footnote numbers and footnote fields and EndNote is inputting only the reference information into the footnote fields. So, EndNote does not remove the footnote fields when trying to change to a non-footnote style. I have been told before that EndNote technical support may have some extra software tools to help change from a footnote style to an endnote style.

In Word's EndNote Ribbon in the middle column of the ribbon beside the word Bibliography is a small icon (square with an arrow) that opens the Bibliography Dialog Window. On the Format Bibliography tab, some of the elements are: Temporary Citation Delimiters--these are the symbols that are used to enclose EndNote's temporary citations. If you unformat citations or are working with Instant Formatting off and add a new citation, these symbols will appear around the temporary citation (a code version of the in-text citation). In some circumstances, if you are using the symbols elsewhere in the document for some other purpose, it can create additional prompting from EndNote if EndNote is trying to process the symbols as part of a temporary citation. For that or another reason, a person might want to change the temporary citation delimiters, however, this is not a typical case (where the delimiters need to be changed), just an option. Link in-text citations to references in the bibliography--this causes Word to create links from the in-text citation to the references. The linking can interfere with editing the in-text citations (when editing is needed--because when clicking the in-text citation to edit, the linking goes to the bibliography), and sometimes people will turn off (uncheck) this option until later in the editing (perhaps just before finalizing the document). On the Layout tab, some elements are: The font and font size used for the bibliography, the bibliography title and text formatting for the title, the starting number for a numbered bibliography (this might be useful for cases where one has earlier numbering in another document), indenting for the references in the bibliography and line spacing within references and between references in the bibliography.

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Selecting a referencing style

• EndNote versions
• Accessing EndNote
• Navigating EndNote Desktop
• Creating and saving an EndNote library
• Exporting from online resources
• Searching from within EndNote
• Adding a reference manually
• Editing a reference
• Importing PDFs
• EndNote Click
• Using the 'capture' bookmarklet
• Searching your library
• Using Groups
• Deleting references
• Dealing with duplicates
• Managing full text documents
• Synchronising your library
• Sharing a library
• Tagging your references
• Adding keywords to your references
• Using EndNote for systematic reviews
• Cite While You Write (CWYW) toolbar
• Inserting citations
• Editing citations
• Installing a referencing style
• Editing a referencing style
• Creating an independent bibliography
• Using Term Lists
• Inserting figures / notes
• Preparing a paper for publication / Turnitin
• Working with long documents
• Inserting citations in PowerPoint
• Navigating EndNote Web
• Adding references
• Organising your library
• Using EndNote Web with Word or Google Docs
• Cite While You Write (CWYW) FAQs
• Further help
• Training activities

You can choose which referencing style, also known as output styles, you want EndNote to use to format your citations and references.

• In the EndNote toolbar, click on the drop-down menu next to Style .
• Click on Select another style to view a list of output styles.
• Click on OK .
• Your document with be reformatted to the style of your choice.

Some output styles use full journal titles, some use abbreviated. If your journal titles don’t display as you expect, you may need to edit the Term list .

Which Harvard style?

There are many variations of the Harvard style. You may find that the Cite Them Right-Harvard style available in EndNote is currently the closest to the style you require. 

For more information on referencing using Harvard, see our guide to Harvard.

• UCL Library Harvard Referencing Guide Our guide to Harvard style referencing. Includes advice on how to reference a range of different types of source.
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EndNote Library Management

• EndNote Quick Start
• EndNote for APA
• EndNote for AMA 11
• Using the EndNote Tools in Word
• Getting Citations from EndNote to MS Word
• Formatting EndNote Citations in MS Word
• Creating Bibliographies with EndNote
• Bibliography from Multiple Documents
• Hyperlink Citations in a Bibliography
• Manuscript Templates and Matcher in Word
• Grouping Multiple Citations
• Missing EndNote Toolbar in Word
• EndNote terminology
• Setting EndNote Preferences
• Working with Libraries in EndNote
• EndNote Term Lists
• EndNote Output Styles
• Endnote Reference Types

In This Guide

Working with endnote reference types, getting references into endnote manually.

• EndNote Quick Edit
• Importing into EndNote
• EndNote Export/Import Table
• Searching EndNote Libraries
• Organizing References in Endnote
• Enter References Manually
• Insert EndNote References into PowerPoint This link opens in a new window
• EN Common Questions
• EndNote with Google Docs CWYW (Cite While You Write) This link opens in a new window

The basis of reference management in EndNote -- from importing citations to formatting references in a bibliography – is the reference type. Each reference type consists of a collection of labeled fields, which vary based on the reference type. For example, the book type includes fields for publisher and place of publication, two fields that are not available in the journal article type.

Each EndNote reference contains the information needed to cite the reference in a bibliography plus extra fields such as abstracts, notes, keywords, URLs, etc. References can be added manually or imported from a database (see Importing from databases into EndNote ). The References menu contains the options for manipulating references, such as creating a new reference, editing or deleting an existing reference, or showing and hiding selected records.

 It is best to select the reference type before entering the bibliographic information in a reference; however, it can be changed at any time using the Reference Type drop-down menu at the top of the reference window.

Customizing reference types

Field labels for all reference types except generic can be modified. To modify field labels for a type:

• Go to the Preferences option under the Edit menu
• Click on the Reference Types option
• click on the Modify Reference Types button
• Choose the reference type to be modified from the drop-down menu

For any reference type, only those fields with a label are displayed in the reference window. For example, Number of volumes will not be a field option for a journal article.

Modifying field names and adding new fields to a reference type

The left column of the table lists the field names for the generic reference type, which cannot be modified. The column to the right of the generic reference type contains name of the reference type selected and the field names for the selected reference type -- both be edited. There are five fields that are undefined for all reference types - Custom 2 through Custom 7 (Custom 1 is used for a couple of reference types).

Adding new reference types

Three reference types (Unused 1, Unused 2, and Unused 3) are provided specifically for customization. Change the reference type name and label fields as desired. If additional reference types are needed, existing reference types that are not intended to be used (perhaps map or artwork) can be renamed and modified.

Hiding reference types from the drop-down menu in the reference window

To keep the reference types that are not used from being displayed in the drop-down menu, open the reference types table and add a period in front of the name of the type to hide. For example, if the Artwork type is never used, change the name of the type to .Artwork.

Resetting EndNote default settings

To reset the default settings for reference types, click the EndNote defaults button on the Reference type preferences window.

From the References menu, select New reference . . . This calls up a window in which citation data can be entered by hand. Select the appropriate reference type from the drop-down menu, and enter data into fields as described below. Not all fields have to be used. Use the Enter key to begin a new line in the same field; use the Tab key to jump to the next field.

Names:  Author and editor names must be listed one name per line. Using the format lastname, firstname is recommended. Use periods after initials, such as Smith, A. A., or a space between initials, Smith, A A

By default, the author field is set to work with the author term list. Subsequent occurrences of a name will automatically be filled in. To accept a suggested name, press the Enter or Tab key. If a name hasn’t already been used in the library, it will be in red text. To disable this feature, go to the Preferences option in the Edit menu.

• For anonymous works , leave the author field blank, unless the author is actually listed as “Anonymous”
• For works with many authors , include as many authors as known. If all authors are not known, enter et al. or and others as the last author name, followed by a comma.
• For corporate authors (such as the U. S. Centers for Disease Control), enter the name followed by a comma. (This prevents EndNote from inverting the name.)  For multi-layered corporate authors, like U. S. Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Health Statistics, enter the name like this: U. S. Centers for Disease Control,,National Center for Health Statistics (that’s two commas between the two levels, none at the end). For three- or more level names, use two commas between the first two levels, one between other levels, none at the end.
• For complex author names , enter names in this format: de Gaulle, Charles and Smith, Alfred, Jr.

Year:  Enter the four-digit year (such as 1987) or in press or in preparation, as appropriate.

Titles:  Enter titles without a period or any other punctuation at the end. For long titles, do not use the Enter key; just allow the title to wrap around to the next line. It is best to enter the title capitalized as it will appear in the bibliography, as output styles cannot handle more than one type of title capitalization per reference (such as an article title and a journal title).

Journal:  Enter the full journal title. By default, the journal title field is set to work with the journal term list. Subsequent occurrences of a title will automatically be filled in. To accept a suggested journal title, press the Tab key.  If desired, enter the journal title abbreviation in the Alternate Journal field.  See the  Term List LibGuide  for information about the journals term list and importing the NLM medical journal and other types of journal title abbreviations.

Pages: Page ranges can be entered in full (342-346) or condensed (342-6) format. Do not use commas in page numbers in the thousands.

Edition: Enter 1st, 2nd, etc. as appropriate; do not include edition or ed. When EndNote formats a bibliography, it does not reformat the information in this field.

Date: Enter dates as appropriate. When EndNote formats a bibliography, it does not reformat the information in this field.

ID Numbers: EndNote has a number of fields for identifying numbers.  The DOI is for the DOI (digital object identifier) for online articles.  The Accession Number is for numbers identifying references in a database, like the PMID number in MEDLINE and PubMed.

Keywords: Enter keywords associated with the reference, such as subject descriptors, class name, project title, etc. By default, the Keyword field is set to work with the keyword term list. Subsequent occurrences of a keyword will be automatically filled in. To accept a suggested keyword, press the Enter or Tab key.

Notes: Enter personal notes about the work.

Abstract: Enter a brief description of the work. When references are imported from databases, often the abstracts are imported too.

URL : Enter the uniform resource locator (Web address). With a URL in this field, use the Open Link command from the References menu to launch the browser and open that site. For this to work properly, the URL, beginning with http://, must be the only information in this field. This can also be used to link to files on a local computer.

For information on the use of other fields, consult Help in EndNote toolbar.

Importing from databases

This is a quicker and easier method of getting citations into EndNote rather than entering references manually. Depending on the electronic resource you use, there will be different steps to follow in export and import your references.  To export, select the desired references and follow the instructions in the tables from the  Endnote Import/Export Guide . To import into EndNote, go to the File menu, then select Import ... then follow the instructions listed in the table. Note: Import filters must be saved in the c:\program files\endnote x- \filters. [ Note: Replace x- with version of EndNote used]

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• Last Updated: Feb 9, 2024 10:29 AM
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What Are Endnotes? | Guide with Examples

Published on March 29, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on June 7, 2022.

Endnotes are notes that appear at the end of your text in a piece of academic writing. They’re indicated in the text with numbers (or occasionally other symbols). Endnotes are used:

• For citations in certain styles
• To add extra information that doesn’t fit smoothly into the main text

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Table of contents

Endnotes vs. footnotes, how to use endnotes, endnotes in chicago style, endnotes in apa style, endnotes in mla style, how to insert endnotes in word, frequently asked questions about footnotes and endnotes.

Endnotes are sometimes confused with footnotes . Footnotes are also used to provide citations and/or supplementary information, but they appear at the bottom of the relevant page instead of all together at the end.

• Clutter your writing less than footnotes, since they’re all grouped together instead of spread throughout the text
• Are less convenient, since the reader has to flip to the back to read the notes
• Are convenient, since the reader finds the additional information on the same page as the relevant part of the text
• Can make your text appear messy, especially if there are a lot of them

You should usually choose either footnotes or endnotes and use them consistently. Your instructor may tell you which style of note to use.

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Endnote numbers appear at the end of the clause or sentence the endnote relates to. The number appears after any punctuation, unless the clause ends with an em dash, in which case it appears before it. There’s no space added after the number.

The general consensus now—though there are dissenting voices 1 —is that this experiment was simply too methodologically flawed to produce valid results. 2

Endnotes are numbered consecutively in the order they appear in your text. Each note has a unique number; don’t repeat the same number even if you cite the same source more than once.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , you use endnotes (or footnotes) for citations. Either kind of note can also be used to add extra information: further examples, commentary on the sources you cite, or more detailed discussion of ideas you mention in the text.

Place your Chicago endnotes at the end of the relevant clause or sentence. A citation endnote provides full information about a source the first time you cite it, and shortened information for any further citations of that source.

                    1. Hanna Pickard, “What Is Personality Disorder?” Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology 18, no. 3 (September 2011): 182. https://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2011.0040.

          2. Pickard, “What Is Personality Disorder?” 182.

You should still include a full list of your sources in a bibliography after the endnotes, unless you’re writing a very short paper and have been told you don’t need to.

The endnotes page appears just before the bibliography and starts with the title “Notes” written in bold and centered. The notes themselves are formatted as follows:

• Leave a blank line between endnotes, and single-space the notes themselves.
• Indent the start of each endnote.
• Write the note numbers in normal text, not superscript, followed by a period and then a space.

Either endnotes or footnotes may be used in APA Style to provide additional information. They’re not used for citation; for that you’ll use APA in-text citations instead.

APA endnotes are used to provide copyright attributions where necessary. They can also be used, for example, to elaborate on ideas in the text or provide further examples. Do this sparingly, however; APA cautions against adding unnecessary details.

1 Copyright 2022 by Scribbr. Reprinted with permission.

        2 Admittedly, the issue is not as straightforward as this brief summary suggests. See Prakash (2019) for a more in-depth consideration of …

Endnotes appear on a separate page after the reference list , with the heading “Footnotes” (confusingly, APA doesn’t use the term “endnotes”) in bold and centered at the top.

The notes are written as double-spaced indented paragraphs. Start each note with its number, in superscript and followed by a space.

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MLA in-text citations appear in parentheses in the text, but you can use endnotes to avoid cluttering the text if you need a lot of citations in one place.

MLA endnotes may also be used to provide additional information—any necessary clarifications, further examples, or expansions of ideas covered briefly in the text.

      1 See James 35; Lanning 15–25; and Johnson 77.

       2 Other nations, including Italy and France, were undergoing similar political convulsions during the same period.

List your endnotes on a separate page before the Works Cited list, and title them either “Notes” or “Endnotes.” Indent the first line of each endnote, and start the note with the number in superscript followed by a space. Endnotes should be double-spaced.

It’s straightforward to insert endnotes automatically in many word processors, including Microsoft Word. Just follow these steps:

• Click on the point in the text where you want the endnote number to appear.
• Open the “References” tab at the top, and click on “Insert Endnote.”
• Type something in the endnote that appears at the end of your document.

But if you’re following one of the styles covered above, do adjust the formatting to match their requirements and add a heading for the endnotes page.

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page they refer to. This is convenient for the reader but may cause your text to look cluttered if there are a lot of footnotes.

Endnotes appear all together at the end of the whole text. This may be less convenient for the reader but reduces clutter.

Both footnotes and endnotes are used in the same way: to cite sources or add extra information. You should usually choose one or the other to use in your text, not both.

To insert endnotes in Microsoft Word, follow the steps below:

• Click on the spot in the text where you want the endnote to show up.
• In the “References” tab at the top, select “Insert Endnote.”
• Type whatever text you want into the endnote.

If you need to change the type of notes used in a Word document from footnotes to endnotes , or the other way around, follow these steps:

• Open the “References” tab, and click the arrow in the bottom-right corner of the “Footnotes” section.
• In the pop-up window, click on “Convert…”
• Choose the option you need, and click “OK.”

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, June 07). What Are Endnotes? | Guide with Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved March 25, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/endnotes/

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• Installation
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• EndNote Online

⦁ EndNote is installed with 500 styles, which can be found under C:\Program Files\Endnote 21\Styles\.

⦁ To find a style requested by a journal in which you would like to publish, see the 7500 styles provided by EndNote .

⦁ All other styles downloaded and opened with EndNote will be saved on your computer under :

C:\ Users\<UserName>\Documents\EndNote\Styles for Windows; /Users/<UserName>/Documents/EndNote/Styles for macOS.

See this path in EndNote ➞ Edit ➞ Preferences... ➞ Folder Locations. The styles found here have priority over the styles automatically installed with EndNote.

⦁ Unless a specific style has been recommended by your department for your assignments, thesis, or dissertation, the Library strongly suggests that you adopt the APA 7th or IEEE styles.

⦁ APA7th_PolyMTL  (last updated August 21, 2023)

If you want to publish in a journal that requires a reference list in APA style, use EndNote's APA 7th style. Download the styles in French , if you need them.

⦁ To import references  from your EndNote library into the Canadian Common CV , use the style:

• CV_commun_canadien (last updated July 30, 2015)

IMPORTANT: Do not use Internet Explorer to download the style CV_commun_canadien .

Required Information in the EndNote Fields

The fields in EndNote should contain information in an appropriate format , so that the references can be created correctly according to the chosen style.

Also, use these recommendations to check if your references have been imported correctly.

Authors (Author, Editor) – Enter author and editor names one name per line. Enter whole names whenever possible, because EndNote can abbreviate first names. If you enter initials instead of full names, type a period or a space between initials.   •  Aubin, Carl-Éric   • Aubin, C. E.   • Aubin, C E   • Brochu, Miriam   • Smith, Dan L., Jr.   • Peterson, J E C, III – Press Enter/Return before entering the name of the second author, etc. – For organizations, add a comma at the end of the name.   • Ex.: Photon Inc., – If the name of the organization contains a comma, put two commas instead of the first comma in the organization name and do not put any punctuation at the end.   • Ministry of Community,, Sport and Cultural Development – If there is no information provided about the author, leave the field empty. – The newly entered names appear in red. As these names are included in the index of authors, they will be displayed in black.

Year, Year of Conference – Enter only the publication year (4 figures).   • 2011

Title – Enter the full title of the document without capital letters.   • Integrated microstrip and rectangular waveguide in planar form

Journal – Capitalize the English journal titles. (Write an uppercase letter at the beginning of each word of the name of the journal, except for little words such as a, an, the, but, as, if, and, or, nor, or prepositions, regardless of their length.)   • Journal of Applied Physics – Do not put a period at the end of the title and do not press Enter/Return.

Place Published – Enter the city and the abbreviation of the province or state (for Canada and the United States) or the city and the country (for other countries) where the document was published.   • Montreal, QC   • Paris, France

Publisher – Enter the publisher name (publishing company or organization).   • Springer

Edition – Enter the edition as you would like it to appear in the reference list.   • 5 (for APA7th_fr_PolyMTL in French)   • 5th (for APA7th and IEEE in English)

Volume, Issue – Enter only the volume number.   • 10 – Enter only the issue number.   • 4

Pages – Enter the page ranges of the articles or book chapters and do not use commas for page numbers in the thousands.   • 10-20

Conference Name – Enter only the conference name, without « Proceedings of » and without the date of the conference.   • 17th European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering (CSMR 2013)

Conference Location – Enter the city and the abbreviation of the province or state (for Canada and the United States) or the city and the country (for other countries).   • Montreal, QC   • Paris, France

DOI – Enter only the DOI (a unique ID for locating a digital version of a document).   • 10.1002/mrm.22279

URL – Enter the URL (the address of the web page) used to locate the specific document.   • https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=00914305

Name of Database – Enter the name of the database in which the document was found.   • Compendex

Access Date (optional, but recommended for wikis) – Enter the date when you accessed the resource as:   • day, non-abbreviated month, and year for the styles in French: 6 juin 2010   • month, day, and year for the styles in English: June 6, 2010

Examples of information in EndNote for several types of documents, according to the APA7th_fr_PolyMTL style

However, book titles in English should be capitalized for IEEE.

⦁ For 21 authors and more, APA requires listing in the references the first 19 authors ... and the last. The APA7th_PolyMTL and APA7th_fr_PolyMTL styles for EndNote only mention the first 6 authors ... and the last.   How to set up the APA styles to display the first 19 authors … and the last in the references

⦁ Click Tools ➞ Output Styles ➞ Edit "name of style" (here, Edit "APA7th_PolyMTL").

Book, handbook, dictionary, encyclopedia

⚊⚊> Book in print version

Ashby, M. F. (2017). Materials selection in mechanical design (5th ed.). Elsevier.

⚊⚊> Edited book in print version

Vital, J.-M. (Ed.). (2016). Anatomie de la colonne vertébrale: Nouveaux concepts . Sauramps Médical.

⚊⚊> Electronic book with DOI

Alexander, M., Bentur, A., & Mindess, S. (2017). Durability of concrete: Design and construction . CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315118413

⚊⚊> Edited electronic book without DOI

Geng, H. (Ed.). (2016). Internet of things and data analytics handbook . Wiley. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/polymtl-ebooks/detail.action?docID=4771458

Book or handbook chapter

⚊⚊> Edited book chapter in print version

Kamalapurkar, R., Dixon, W. E., & Walters, P. (2016). Model-based reinforcement learning for approximate optimal regulation: Stability analysis. In K. G. Vamvoudakis & J. Sarangapani (Eds.), Control of complex systems: Theory and applications (pp. 255-259). Elsevier.

⚊⚊> Edited electronic book chapter with DOI, 2nd edition

Berg, D. E. (2017). Wind energy resource. In D. Y. Goswami & F. Kreith (Eds.), Energy conversion (2nd ed., pp. 137-176). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315374192-7

⚊⚊> Edited electronic book chapter without DOI, 3rd edition

Marcilla, A., Garcia, J. C., & Beltran, M. (2017). Plasticization steps. In G. Wypych (Ed.), Handbook of plasticizers (3rd ed., pp. 195-208). ChemTec Publishing. https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/toc/id:kpHPE00024/handbook-plasticizers/handbook-plasticizers

Entry in an encyclopedia (including Wikipedia)

⚊⚊> Print version

Rivera, M. (2007). Groundwater: Soil moisture. In F. Pedro, Jr. & E. K. Nyer (Eds.), The water encyclopedia: Hydrologic data and Internet resources (3rd ed., pp. 6-76). CRC Taylor & Francis.

⚊⚊> Electronic with DOI

Wohlgemuth, J. (2017). Photovoltaic cells. In Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology . Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.16081520070125.a01.pub3

⚊⚊> Electronic without DOI

Carrington, C. D., & Bolger, P. M. (2014). Toxic metals: Lead. In Y. Motarjemi, G. G. Moy, & E. C. D. Todd (Eds.), Encyclopedia of food safety (pp. 349-351). Elsevier. https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/toc/id:kpEFS00001/encyclopedia-food-safety/encyclopedia-food-safety

⚊⚊> Article in the Techniques de l'ingénieur without editor and without DOI

Boyer, F., Alamir, M., Chablat, D., Khalil, W., Leroyer, A., & Lemoine, P. (2006). Robot anguille sous-marin en 3D. In Techniques de l'ingénieur . Éditions T.I. https://bit.ly/2AHybZQ

⚊⚊> Electronic without author and without DOI

Image and video capture. (2006). In B. Furht (Ed.), Encyclopedia of multimedia (pp. 287-288). Springer. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/polymtl-ebooks/detail.action?docID=3036336

⚊⚊> Entry in Wikipedia

Corrosion. (2020, June 5). In Wikipedia . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corrosion&oldid=960805536

Entry in a dictionary

Atkins, T., & Escudier, M. (2013). Fluidization. In A dictionary of mechanical engineering (p. 140). Oxford University Press.

⚊⚊> Electronic entry with author and without DOI

Petersen, E. L., & Madsen, P. H. (2015). Wind farm. In C. J. Cleveland & C. Morris (Eds.), Dictionary of energy (2nd ed., p. 650). Elsevier. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/polymtl-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1821967

⚊⚊> Electronic entry without author and without DOI

Lanthanoids. (2010). In J. Daintith & E. Martin (Eds.), A dictionary of science (6th ed.). Oxford University Press. http://www.knovel.com/web/portal/browse/display?_EXT_KNOVEL_DISPLAY_bookid=3287

⚊⚊> Entry in an online dictionary with group author

Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d). Cryptocurrency. In Cambridge Dictionary . Retrieved June 15, 2020, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/cryptocurrency

Journal article

Comeau, Y., Rabinowitz, B., Hall, K. J., & Oldham, W. K. (1987). Phosphate release and uptake in enhanced biological phosphorus removal from wastewater. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation , 59 (7), 707-715.

Birglen, L., & Schlicht, T. (2018). A statistical review of industrial robotic grippers. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing , 49 , 88-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2017.05.007

Restrepo, J. D., Labelle, M.-A., Parent, S., Villemur, R., Juteau, P., & Comeau, Y. (2009). Biological phosphorus removal and denitrification of a fish farm effluent in a sequencing moving bed biofilm reactor. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada , 44 (3), 233-242. https://www.cawq.ca/cgi-bin/journal/abstract.cgi?language=english&pk_article=432

⚊⚊> Advance online publication with DOI

Shabanian, J., & Chaouki, J. (xxxx). Title of the article. Powder Technology , 375 , 125-130. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/xxxxx

⚊⚊> In press

Shabanian, J., & Chaouki, J. (in press). Title of the article. Powder Technology .

Newspaper article

Croteau, M. (2013, February 6). Risques de marée noire: Le fédéral et les provinces ne sont pas prêts. La Presse , p. A14.

⚊⚊> Electronic with a news agency as author

The Canadian Press. (2020, June 14). Déversement à une station de pompage de Trans Mountain. Le Devoir . https://www.ledevoir.com/societe/environnement/580806/deversement-a-une-station-de-pompage-de-trans-mountain

⚊⚊> Electronic without author (editorial)

Montreal Gazette Editorial Board. (2017, October 6). Editorial: The end of Energy East. The Montreal Gazette . http://montrealgazette.com/opinion/editorials/editorial-the-end-of-energy-east

⚊⚊> Electronic with author

Paquin, G. (2012, December 7). Le nouveau message des sociétés. La Presse . http://affaires.lapresse.ca/portfolio/industrie-pharmaceutique/201212/07/01-4601739-le-nouveau-message-des-societes.php

⚊⚊> Webpage on a news website (HuffPost, CNN, Reuters, etc.)

Woods, M. (2020, May 7). How do coronavirus contact tracing apps work? HuffPost. https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/contact-tracing-app-canada_ca_5eb45f6fc5b6aec3671350a8?ncid=other_huffpostre_pqylmel2bk8&utm_campaign=related_articles

Magazine article

Robinson, M. (2016, November 7). Student downloaders beware. Maclean's , 129 (44), 56-57.

Bilodeau, M. (2019). E-nundation: Le logiciel qui met en échec les inondations. Québec Science . https://www.quebecscience.qc.ca/inventions-de-lannee/inventions-2019/e-nundation-logiciel-inondations/

Conference paper

Zarrabi, H., Al-Khalili, A. J., & Savaria, Y. (2009, May 10-12). An interconnect-aware delay model for dynamic voltage scaling in nm technologies [Paper presentation]. ACM Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI, GLSVLSI, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1145/1531542.1531557

Neocleous, P., Pike, E. R., & De Villiers, G. D. (2004, March 28-31). Singular value decomposition applied to wire antennas [Paper presentation]. PIERS 2004 - Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Pisa, Italy. http://www.piers.org/piers2k4Pisa/session_64/64_01.pdf

⚊⚊> Published in a volume (in print or electronic version)

Nguyen, T.-H., Hoang, T.-A., Nejdl, W. (2019). Efficient summarizing of evolving events from Twitter streams. In T. Berger-Wolf & N. Chawla (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2019 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining (pp. 226-234). SIAM. https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611975673.26

Master's thesis, PhD dissertation

Fournier, S. (2007). Gestion des changements et systèmes d'informations pour le développement de produits complexes et personnalisés [Master's thesis, École Polytechnique de Montréal].

⚊⚊> Retrieved in a database (Ex.: Proquest Dissertations & Theses)

Beguin, C. (2011). Modélisation des écoulements diphasiques: Amortissement, forces interfaciales et turbulence diphasique [Doctoral dissertation, École Polytechnique de Montréal]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. http://search.proquest.com/docview/898600503?accountid=40695

⚊⚊> Retrieved in an institutional repository or on the Internet

Abbaszadeh, S. (2019). Six-motor unmanned aerial vehicle design performance [Master's thesis, Concordia University]. Spectrum Research Repository. https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/985364/

⚊⚊> Unpublished dissertation or thesis

Morin, A. (2020). Title of thesis [Unpublished master's thesis]. Polytechnique Montreal.

Technical report, research report, government report

De Santis, R. M. (2002). Enhanced tuning of industrial controllers via a dual loop pid form (Report No. EPM/RT 01-06). École Polytechnique de Montréal.

⚊⚊> Electronic

Environics Research Group. (2019). Canadians' awareness of and confidence in automated vehicles: Final report (Registration No. POR 073-18). Transport Canada. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2019/tc/T46-60-2019-eng.pdf

⚊⚊> American patent (granted, in print or electronic version)

Schirmer, A., Rude, M., & Brubaker, S. (2012). Method for producing a fatty alcohol or fatty aldehyde (Patent No. US8268599). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patents.google.com/patent/US8268599B2/en

⚊⚊> Canadian patent (granted, in print or electronic version)

Cazzanti, L., Downs, O. B., & Danielson, M. G. (2020). Automated identification of device status and resulting dynamic modification of device operations (Patent No. CA3060877). Canadian Intellectual Property Office. https://www.ic.gc.ca/opic-cipo/cpd/eng/patent/3060877/summary.html?query=%283060877%29&type=advanced_search

Canadian Standards Association. (2015). Canadian electrical code, part I: Safety standard for electrical installations (ACNOR Standard C22.1-15). CSA Group.

IEEE Power and Energy Society. (2018). IEEE Standard for the specification of microgrid controllers (IEEE Standard 2030.7-2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2018.8340204

ASTM International. (2017). Standard test method for ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA) in soaps or synthetic detergents (ASTM Standard D1767–(2017)). https://compass.astm.org/EDIT/html_annot.cgi?D1767+89(2017)

PowerPoint presentation, lecture notes

⚊⚊> PowerPoint presentation retrieved on the Internet

Audevart, A. (2018). Big data, Hadoop & Spark [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/AlexiaAudevart/big-data-hadoop-spark-87171048

⚊⚊> PowerPoint presentation retrieved on Moodle

Keraron, M. (2020). ELE3000 - La propriété intellectuelle: La connaître et l’utiliser à son avantage [PowerPoint slides]. Moodle@Polytechnique Montreal. https://moodle.polymtl.ca/

⚊⚊> Lecture notes and other documents retrieved on Moodle

ELE3000 - Siège auto pour bébé . (2020). Moodle@Polytechnique Montreal. https://moodle.polymtl.ca/

Web page (and not website)

Ministère du Développement durable, Environnement et Lutte contre les changements climatiques. (2016). Les gaz à effet de serre.   http://www.mddelcc.gouv.qc.ca/air/questce-ges.htm

Thompson, L. (2020, June 29). The state of coral reefs in the Solomon Islands.  Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation. https://www.livingoceansfoundation.org/the-state-of-coral-reefs-in-the-solomon-islands/

Blog post, blog comment

Rouhi, S. (2019, December 4). “To preprint or not to preprint?” What’s the opportunity cost of early, non-peer-reviewed publicly available research? The Official PLOS Blog . https://theplosblog.plos.org/2019/12/to-preprint-or-not-to-preprint-whats-the-opportunity-cost-of-early-non-peer-reviewed-publicly-available-research/

Facebook post, Tweet

News from Science. (2020, June 20). Remote wilderness areas and national parks in the western United States are getting a dusting of plastic every year [Facebook post]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/ScienceNOW/posts/10157243217645108

MIT Technology Review [@techreview]. (2020, June 24). "This is why we keep seeing race science emerging time and again," writes a research scientist at MIT  [Tweet]. X. https://twitter.com/techreview/status/1275705954479353857?s=20

Software, mobile app, apparatus, equipment

Druide. (2020). Antidote (Version 10) [Computer software]. https://www.antidote.info/en/

Simple Design. (2020). Pedometer - Step counter free & calorie burner [Mobile App]. Google Play Store. https://tinyurl.com/yattsgmq

Film, streaming video

⚊⚊> Film

Couture, P. (Director). (2008). Mort aux pesticides [Film]. CinéFête.

⚊⚊> Streaming video (ex.: YouTube)

Guttag, J. (2011). MIT 6.00SC: Introduction to computer science and programming: Core elements of a program [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLvTCHhu5SE

Recorded interview

Prévost, M. (2013, August 18). Protection de l'eau potable [Interview]. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.radio-canada.ca/audio-video/pop.shtml#urlMedia=http://www.radio-canada.ca/Medianet/2013/CBF/LesAnneeslumiere201308181212_1.asx

⦁ For 21 authors and more, APA requires mentioning the first 19 authors ... and the last. The APA7th_PolyMTL style for EndNote, because of EndNote's limitations, only mentions the first 6 authors ... and the last.

Hinton, T. J., Jallerat, Q., Palchesko, R. N., Park, J. H., Grodzicki, M. S., Shue, H.-J., . . . Feinberg, A. W. (2016). Three-dimensional printing of complex biological structures by freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels [Data set]. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.tp4cp

• << Previous: Installation
• Next: Filters & Importation >>
• Last Updated: Feb 12, 2024 1:29 PM
• URL: https://libguides.biblio.polymtl.ca/endnote

Vancouver referencing style

• About Vancouver referencing style
• Additional referencing information
• EndNote and Vancouver referencing
• Reference list / Bibliography
• In-text citations
• Indirect citation / Secondary source
• ChatGPT and other generative AI tools
• Dictionaries / Encyclopaedias
• Specialised health resources
• Journal articles
• Conferences
• Government / Reports

Thesis - print

Thesis retrieved from fulltext database or internet.

• Other Internet sources
• Social media
• Pamphlets / Brochures / Package inserts
• Lecture notes
• Audiovisual material
• Personal communication
• Legal material
• Tables / Figures / Images / Appendices
• << Previous: Government / Reports
• Next: Webpages >>
• Last Updated: Mar 26, 2024 11:09 AM
• URL: https://guides.library.uq.edu.au/referencing/vancouver

EndNote Online

• Register for EndNote Online
• Downloading EndNote Plug-ins
• Adding in References

EndNote Reference Examples

• Referencing Styles and Bibliography
• Using EndNote in Microsoft Word
• Organize References
• Sharing References
• Troubleshooting - FAQ

The following examples show the fields required in EndNote Online for each reference type and an example in the ATU (Galway/Mayo) Harvard reference style.

Access date

MURPHY, P., 2021. 'Ireland’s sculptures: Where are the women?'.  The Irish Times . 21 April. Available from:  https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/art-and-design/visual-art/ireland-s-sculptures-where-are-the-women-1.4539459  [Viewed 25 May 2021].

Edit reference to add in 'URL' and 'Date accessed'.

Series title

Date recorded

Date accessed

Type of work

Year released

Distributor

Date released

Liveline,  2021 RTE Radio 1. 24 May 13:45. Available from:  https://www.rte.ie/radio/radioplayer/html5/#/radio1/21957668  [Viewed 25 May 2021].

Edit reference to delete title repeated after year of publication and add in 'URL' and 'Access date'.

Series Title

DOYLE, M., 2021. Communication through body language [Recorded lecture]. Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Available from: https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/12345 [Viewed 10 May 2021].

Institution

Place published

NATIONAL STANDARDS AUTHORITY OF IRELAND, 2015. IS EN ISO 14644-1: Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments. Classification of air cleanliness by particle concentration . Dublin: National Standards Authority of Ireland.

Name of Act

Statute number

ACAMPORA, H., 2017.  Interactions between seabirds and pollution in Irish waters.  Ph.D. Thesis, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology. Available from:  https://research.thea.ie/handle/20.500.12065/2214  [viewed 19 April 2021].

Edit reference to add in 'URL' and 'Access date'.

TOLU_IBIXX, 2021.  Dublin TikTokers with Nigerian heritage do hilarious take on accent challenge  [TikTok]. 15 April. Available from:  https://www.tiktok.com/@tolu_ibixx?lang=en%22  [Viewed 5 May 2021].

Síle Seoige: Deireadh Tochta .  2021. TG4. 7 April: 20.00.

Edit reference to have name of programme appear once (as above).

‘Iarnród Enda’.  2021.  Ennis to Kilkee,  Series 1, episode 3. RTE 1, 19 April, 20.30.

Edit reference to have name of programme appear once (as above) and replace with name of episode, series number and episode number..

NOLAN, B., 2021.  Pretty pastel swirls grace the sky as #twilight subsumes the #sunset, lifting yellow, blue, cream, ochre, and violet hues off the artist’s palette, creating Mother Nature’s spring wardrobe, this evening at Barna  [Twitter]. 7 April. Available from:  https://twitter.com/GalwayWalks  [Viewed 6 May 2021].

Edit reference to ​​​​insert date before URL. 

ATU CHANNEL, 2021.  ATU Virtual Choir performs Bohemian Rhapsody  [Online video]. Available from:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7NXIv53jyQ  [Viewed 4 May 2021].

Edit reference to make title in italics. 

• << Previous: Adding in References
• Next: Referencing Styles and Bibliography >>
• Last Updated: Feb 26, 2024 10:50 AM
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Endnotes – Guide to How to Use Them Correctly

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Citing sources properly is required to give acknowledgement to the writers whose work influenced your own, to direct readers to the sources you used, and to demonstrate the scope of your research. Although endnotes are used less frequently in student or academic papers than in-text citations or footnotes, they are extremely prevalent in books, where they contribute to a cleaner page. This article provides a thorough guide to using endnotes correctly with examples.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1 Endnotes – In a Nutshell
• 2 Definition: Endnotes
• 3 Endnotes vs. footnotes
• 4 How to use endnotes
• 5 How to insert endnotes in Word

Endnotes – In a Nutshell

• They may be used instead of a list of cited sources, depending on the writing style.
• Even with the advent of word-processing software, these notes are considerably simpler to include in a document.
• Unlike footnotes, they don’t take up much space on the page.

Definition: Endnotes

Endnotes are the notes that come at the end of the text in an academic paper. They are denoted in the text by numbers or, occasionally, other symbols.

They are employed:

• for citations in particular styles
• to add supplementary material that does not flow with the primary text

Endnotes vs. footnotes

Endnotes and footnotes are commonly mistaken. Footnotes are similarly used to offer citations or additional information; however, they appear at the bottom of each page rather than at the conclusion .

Footnotes or endnotes should typically be used consistently. Your instructor may advise you on the appropriate note format.

How to use endnotes

Endnote numbers are placed after the clause or sentence to which they pertain. Unless an em dash concludes the sentence, the number comes before the punctuation , after which it is displayed. There is no space following the number.

The general agreement now—though there are dissenting voices 1 —is that this experiment was too methodologically faulty to provide valid results. 2

Notes are consecutively numbered in the order that they occur in the text. Each endnote is assigned a unique number; do not reuse a number, even when citing the same source multiple times.

Endnotes in Chicago style

Using footnotes or endnotes for citations is standard practice in Chicago style bibliographies and notes. Either type of note may also provide additional information, such as more examples, commentary on the sources you quote, or a more in-depth analysis of concepts mentioned in the text.

Place Chicago endnotes after the clause or sentence to which they pertain. A citation note provides complete information on a source the first time it is cited, and simplified information for subsequent citations.

You should still provide a complete list of your sources in a bibliography following the notes unless you are writing a brief paper and have been instructed otherwise.

The notes page follows the bibliography and begins with the word “Notes” printed in bold and centered. The basic format of the notes is as follows:

• A blank line should separate the notes, and the notes should be single-spaced.
• Start each note with an indentation.
• Place a period and a space after the note numbers, which should be written in regular text rather than a superscript.

Endnotes in APA style

Additional information can be included in endnotes or footnotes when writing in APA style . They are not used for citations; instead, use APA in-text citations .

When applicable, copyright attributions are included using APA endnotes. In addition, they can be used to build on the text’s themes or provide further instances. However, do so sparingly, as the APA advises against including redundant information.

The notes are placed on a separate page following the reference list, with the heading “Footnotes” (APA does not use the phrase “endnotes”) bold and centered at the top.

The notes are formatted as indented, double-spaced paragraphs. Each note should begin with its number in superscript, followed by a space.

Endnotes in MLA style

Endnotes can be used instead of MLA in-text citations if you must include many references in a single paragraph.

MLA notes may also convey more information, including clarifications, further illustrations, or elaboration of concepts briefly discussed in the text.

They should appear on a separate page before the Works Cited list and be titled “Notes” or “Endnotes.” Each endnote’s first line should be indented, and the number should be superscripted, followed by a space. They must use double spacing.

How to insert endnotes in Word

Many word processors, such as Microsoft Word, make it simple to insert notes automatically. Follow the steps below:

• Click the point within the text where the note number should appear.
• Click “Insert Endnote” after opening the “References” tab at the top.
• Input text in the note that appears at the end of your manuscript.

However, if you use one of the above styles, you must alter the formatting to meet their criteria and include a heading for the notes page.

What should I write in an endnote?

Footnotes and endnotes perform the same function. These are brief clarifications, additions, or copyright information. You can improve the reader’s experience by adding an endnote example outside the text.

How do I make the endnote numbers?

Don’t enter the numbers manually! The “Insert Citation” or “Insert Reference” function in your word processing software (such as MS Word) will add the note numbers and make room for the note automatically. This function’s name differs slightly between programs.

How is an endnote supposed to look?

A five-space indentation marks the first line of each endnote, and subsequent lines are flush to the left margin. Each endnote number should be preceded by a period and space, with the right note following the space.

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Chemical Society Reviews

X-type silyl ligands for transition-metal catalysis.

* Corresponding authors

a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heilongjiang Provincial, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, China

b Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China E-mail: [email protected]

Given the critical importance of novel ligand development for transition-metal (TM) catalysis, as well as the resurgence of the field of organosilicon chemistry and silyl ligands, to summarize the topic of X-type silyl ligands for TM catalysis is highly attractive and timely. This review particularly emphasizes the unique σ-donating characteristics and trans -effects of silyl ligands, highlighting their crucial roles in enhancing the reactivity and selectivity of various catalytic reactions, including small molecule activation, Kumada cross-coupling, hydrofunctionalization, C–H functionalization, and dehydrogenative Si–O coupling reactions. Additionally, future developments in this field are also provided, which would inspire new insights and applications in catalytic synthetic chemistry.

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J. Gao, Y. Ge and C. He, Chem. Soc. Rev. , 2024, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D3CS00893B

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