google scholar research proposal pdf

Research Proposal Example/Sample

Detailed Walkthrough + Free Proposal Template

If you’re getting started crafting your research proposal and are looking for a few examples of research proposals , you’ve come to the right place.

In this video, we walk you through two successful (approved) research proposals , one for a Master’s-level project, and one for a PhD-level dissertation. We also start off by unpacking our free research proposal template and discussing the four core sections of a research proposal, so that you have a clear understanding of the basics before diving into the actual proposals.

• Research proposal example/sample – Master’s-level (PDF/Word)
• Research proposal example/sample – PhD-level (PDF/Word)
• Proposal template (Fully editable) 

If you’re working on a research proposal for a dissertation or thesis, you may also find the following useful:

• Research Proposal Bootcamp : Learn how to write a research proposal as efficiently and effectively as possible
• 1:1 Proposal Coaching : Get hands-on help with your research proposal

FAQ: Research Proposal Example

Research proposal example: frequently asked questions, are the sample proposals real.

Yes. The proposals are real and were approved by the respective universities.

Can I copy one of these proposals for my own research?

As we discuss in the video, every research proposal will be slightly different, depending on the university’s unique requirements, as well as the nature of the research itself. Therefore, you’ll need to tailor your research proposal to suit your specific context.

You can learn more about the basics of writing a research proposal here .

How do I get the research proposal template?

You can access our free proposal template here .

Is the proposal template really free?

Yes. There is no cost for the proposal template and you are free to use it as a foundation for your research proposal.

Where can I learn more about proposal writing?

For self-directed learners, our Research Proposal Bootcamp is a great starting point.

For students that want hands-on guidance, our private coaching service is recommended.

Psst… there’s more!

This post is an extract from our bestselling short course, Research Proposal Bootcamp . If you want to work smart, you don't want to miss this .

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University Library

Anth 5810: writing a research proposal.

• Research Methods
• Literature Reviews
• Search Techniques
• Finding Books
• Finding Articles
• Google Scholar
• Citation Searching
• Citing Your Sources
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• Thesis Writing

Viewing Results in Google Scholar

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To change your preferences:

1) Go to the  Google Scholar  homepage :

http://scholar.google.com/

3) Click on Library links

4) Type in California State University Los Angeles

5) Select the following 3 boxes:

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Reference management. Clean and simple.

Google Scholar: the ultimate guide

What is Google Scholar?

Why is google scholar better than google for finding research papers, the google scholar search results page, the first two lines: core bibliographic information, quick full text-access options, "cited by" count and other useful links, tips for searching google scholar, 1. google scholar searches are not case sensitive, 2. use keywords instead of full sentences, 3. use quotes to search for an exact match, 3. add the year to the search phrase to get articles published in a particular year, 4. use the side bar controls to adjust your search result, 5. use boolean operator to better control your searches, google scholar advanced search interface, customizing search preferences and options, using the "my library" feature in google scholar, the scope and limitations of google scholar, alternatives to google scholar, country-specific google scholar sites, frequently asked questions about google scholar, related articles.

Google Scholar (GS) is a free academic search engine that can be thought of as the academic version of Google. Rather than searching all of the indexed information on the web, it searches repositories of:

• universities
• scholarly websites

This is generally a smaller subset of the pool that Google searches. It's all done automatically, but most of the search results tend to be reliable scholarly sources.

However, Google is typically less careful about what it includes in search results than more curated, subscription-based academic databases like Scopus and Web of Science . As a result, it is important to take some time to assess the credibility of the resources linked through Google Scholar.

➡️ Take a look at our guide on the best academic databases .

One advantage of using Google Scholar is that the interface is comforting and familiar to anyone who uses Google. This lowers the learning curve of finding scholarly information .

There are a number of useful differences from a regular Google search. Google Scholar allows you to:

• copy a formatted citation in different styles including MLA and APA
• export bibliographic data (BibTeX, RIS) to use with reference management software
• explore other works have cited the listed work
• easily find full text versions of the article

Although it is free to search in Google Scholar, most of the content is not freely available. Google does its best to find copies of restricted articles in public repositories. If you are at an academic or research institution, you can also set up a library connection that allows you to see items that are available through your institution.

The Google Scholar results page differs from the Google results page in a few key ways. The search result page is, however, different and it is worth being familiar with the different pieces of information that are shown. Let's have a look at the results for the search term "machine learning.”

• The first line of each result provides the title of the document (e.g. of an article, book, chapter, or report).
• The second line provides the bibliographic information about the document, in order: the author(s), the journal or book it appears in, the year of publication, and the publisher.

Clicking on the title link will bring you to the publisher’s page where you may be able to access more information about the document. This includes the abstract and options to download the PDF.

To the far right of the entry are more direct options for obtaining the full text of the document. In this example, Google has also located a publicly available PDF of the document hosted at umich.edu . Note, that it's not guaranteed that it is the version of the article that was finally published in the journal.

Below the text snippet/abstract you can find a number of useful links.

• Cited by : the cited by link will show other articles that have cited this resource. That is a super useful feature that can help you in many ways. First, it is a good way to track the more recent research that has referenced this article, and second the fact that other researches cited this document lends greater credibility to it. But be aware that there is a lag in publication type. Therefore, an article published in 2017 will not have an extensive number of cited by results. It takes a minimum of 6 months for most articles to get published, so even if an article was using the source, the more recent article has not been published yet.
• Versions : this link will display other versions of the article or other databases where the article may be found, some of which may offer free access to the article.
• Quotation mark icon : this will display a popup with commonly used citation formats such as MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, and Vancouver that may be copied and pasted. Note, however, that the Google Scholar citation data is sometimes incomplete and so it is often a good idea to check this data at the source. The "cite" popup also includes links for exporting the citation data as BibTeX or RIS files that any major reference manager can import.

Pro tip: Use a reference manager like Paperpile to keep track of all your sources. Paperpile integrates with Google Scholar and many popular academic research engines and databases, so you can save references and PDFs directly to your library using the Paperpile buttons and later cite them in thousands of citation styles:

Although Google Scholar limits each search to a maximum of 1,000 results , it's still too much to explore, and you need an effective way of locating the relevant articles. Here’s a list of pro tips that will help you save time and search more effectively.

You don’t need to worry about case sensitivity when you’re using Google scholar. In other words, a search for "Machine Learning" will produce the same results as a search for "machine learning.”

Let's say your research topic is about self driving cars. For a regular Google search we might enter something like " what is the current state of the technology used for self driving cars ". In Google Scholar, you will see less than ideal results for this query .

The trick is to build a list of keywords and perform searches for them like self-driving cars, autonomous vehicles, or driverless cars. Google Scholar will assist you on that: if you start typing in the search field you will see related queries suggested by Scholar!

If you put your search phrase into quotes you can search for exact matches of that phrase in the title and the body text of the document. Without quotes, Google Scholar will treat each word separately.

This means that if you search national parks , the words will not necessarily appear together. Grouped words and exact phrases should be enclosed in quotation marks.

A search using “self-driving cars 2015,” for example, will return articles or books published in 2015.

Using the options in the left hand panel you can further restrict the search results by limiting the years covered by the search, the inclusion or exclude of patents, and you can sort the results by relevance or by date.

Searches are not case sensitive, however, there are a number of Boolean operators you can use to control the search and these must be capitalized.

• AND requires both of the words or phrases on either side to be somewhere in the record.
• NOT can be placed in front of a word or phrases to exclude results which include them.
• OR will give equal weight to results which match just one of the words or phrases on either side.

➡️ Read more about how to efficiently search online databases for academic research .

In case you got overwhelmed by the above options, here’s some illustrative examples:

Tip: Use the advanced search features in Google Scholar to narrow down your search results.

You can gain even more fine-grained control over your search by using the advanced search feature. This feature is available by clicking on the hamburger menu in the upper left and selecting the "Advanced search" menu item.

Adjusting the Google Scholar settings is not necessary for getting good results, but offers some additional customization, including the ability to enable the above-mentioned library integrations.

The settings menu is found in the hamburger menu located in the top left of the Google Scholar page. The settings are divided into five sections:

• Collections to search: by default Google scholar searches articles and includes patents, but this default can be changed if you are not interested in patents or if you wish to search case law instead.
• Bibliographic manager: you can export relevant citation data via the “Bibliography manager” subsection.
• Languages: if you wish for results to return only articles written in a specific subset of languages, you can define that here.
• Library links: as noted, Google Scholar allows you to get the Full Text of articles through your institution’s subscriptions, where available. Search for, and add, your institution here to have the relevant link included in your search results.
• Button: the Scholar Button is a Chrome extension which adds a dropdown search box to your toolbar. This allows you to search Google Scholar from any website. Moreover, if you have any text selected on the page and then click the button it will display results from a search on those words when clicked.

When signed in, Google Scholar adds some simple tools for keeping track of and organizing the articles you find. These can be useful if you are not using a full academic reference manager.

All the search results include a “save” button at the end of the bottom row of links, clicking this will add it to your "My Library".

To help you provide some structure, you can create and apply labels to the items in your library. Appended labels will appear at the end of the article titles. For example, the following article has been assigned a “RNA” label:

Within your Google Scholar library, you can also edit the metadata associated with titles. This will often be necessary as Google Scholar citation data is often faulty.

There is no official statement about how big the Scholar search index is, but unofficial estimates are in the range of about 160 million , and it is supposed to continue to grow by several million each year.

Yet, Google Scholar does not return all resources that you may get in search at you local library catalog. For example, a library database could return podcasts, videos, articles, statistics, or special collections. For now, Google Scholar has only the following publication types:

• Journal articles : articles published in journals. It's a mixture of articles from peer reviewed journals, predatory journals and pre-print archives.
• Books : links to the Google limited version of the text, when possible.
• Book chapters : chapters within a book, sometimes they are also electronically available.
• Book reviews : reviews of books, but it is not always apparent that it is a review from the search result.
• Conference proceedings : papers written as part of a conference, typically used as part of presentation at the conference.
• Court opinions .
• Patents : Google Scholar only searches patents if the option is selected in the search settings described above.

The information in Google Scholar is not cataloged by professionals. The quality of the metadata will depend heavily on the source that Google Scholar is pulling the information from. This is a much different process to how information is collected and indexed in scholarly databases such as Scopus or Web of Science .

➡️ Visit our list of the best academic databases .

Google Scholar is by far the most frequently used academic search engine , but it is not the only one. Other academic search engines include:

• Science.gov
• Semantic Scholar
• scholar.google.fr : Sur les épaules d'un géant
• scholar.google.es (Google Académico): A hombros de gigantes
• scholar.google.pt (Google Académico): Sobre os ombros de gigantes
• scholar.google.de : Auf den Schultern von Riesen

➡️ Once you’ve found some research, it’s time to read it. Take a look at our guide on how to read a scientific paper .

No. Google Scholar is a bibliographic search engine rather than a bibliographic database. In order to qualify as a database Google Scholar would need to have stable identifiers for its records.

No. Google Scholar is an academic search engine, but the records found in Google Scholar are scholarly sources.

No. Google Scholar collects research papers from all over the web, including grey literature and non-peer reviewed papers and reports.

Google Scholar does not provide any full text content itself, but links to the full text article on the publisher page, which can either be open access or paywalled content. Google Scholar tries to provide links to free versions, when possible.

The easiest way to access Google scholar is by using The Google Scholar Button. This is a browser extension that allows you easily access Google Scholar from any web page. You can install it from the Chrome Webstore .

Planning and Writing a Research Proposal

• First Online: 25 February 2021

Cite this chapter

• C. George Thomas 2  

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Research is a costly venture. In a research organization inclusive of university and college departments, funds for research are released only after careful scrutiny of the merit of the proposed work. A formal research proposal and its approval are also necessary for thesis works of students. In addition to the in-house funds of the organization, scientists may get funds from external agencies—both national and international. Fortunately, there are several funding agencies to promote research and development in specified areas, usually on project mode, by providing grants to individuals and groups. Therefore, instead of waiting for the meagre resources of parent institutions, scientists can approach a suitable external agency for financing research projects. Your success in obtaining a research grant means that you and your institution are benefited in various ways.

Good fortune is what happens when opportunity meets with planning . Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931)

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Thomas, C.G. (2021). Planning and Writing a Research Proposal. In: Research Methodology and Scientific Writing . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64865-7_7

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18 Google Scholar tips all students should know

Dec 13, 2022

[[read-time]] min read

Think of this guide as your personal research assistant.

“It’s hard to pick your favorite kid,” Anurag Acharya says when I ask him to talk about a favorite Google Scholar feature he’s worked on. “I work on product, engineering, operations, partnerships,” he says. He’s been doing it for 18 years, which as of this month, happens to be how long Google Scholar has been around.

Google Scholar is also one of Google’s longest-running services. The comprehensive database of research papers, legal cases and other scholarly publications was the fourth Search service Google launched, Anurag says. In honor of this very important tool’s 18th anniversary, I asked Anurag to share 18 things you can do in Google Scholar that you might have missed.

1. Copy article citations in the style of your choice.

With a simple click of the cite button (which sits below an article entry), Google Scholar will give you a ready-to-use citation for the article in five styles, including APA, MLA and Chicago. You can select and copy the one you prefer.

2. Dig deeper with related searches.

Google Scholar’s related searches can help you pinpoint your research; you’ll see them show up on a page in between article results. Anurag describes it like this: You start with a big topic — like “cancer” — and follow up with a related search like “lung cancer” or “colon cancer” to explore specific kinds of cancer.

Related searches can help you find what you’re looking for.

3. And don’t miss the related articles.

This is another great way to find more papers similar to one you found helpful — you can find this link right below an entry.

4. Read the papers you find.

Scholarly articles have long been available only by subscription. To keep you from having to log in every time you see a paper you’re interested in, Scholar works with libraries and publishers worldwide to integrate their subscriptions directly into its search results. Look for a link marked [PDF] or [HTML]. This also includes preprints and other free-to-read versions of papers.

5. Access Google Scholar tools from anywhere on the web with the Scholar Button browser extension.

The Scholar Button browser extension is sort of like a mini version of Scholar that can move around the web with you. If you’re searching for something, hitting the extension icon will show you studies about that topic, and if you’re reading a study, you can hit that same button to find a version you read, create a citation or to save it to your Scholar library.

Install the Scholar Button Chrome browser extension to access Google Scholar from anywhere on the web.

6. Learn more about authors through Scholar profiles.

There are many times when you’ll want to know more about the researchers behind the ideas you’re looking into. You can do this by clicking on an author’s name when it’s hyperlinked in a search result. You’ll find all of their work as well as co-authors, articles they’re cited in and so on. You can also follow authors from their Scholar profile to get email updates about their work, or about when and where their work is cited.

7. Easily find topic experts.

One last thing about author profiles: If there are topics listed below an author’s name on their profile, you can click on these areas of expertise and you’ll see a page of more authors who are researching and publishing on these topics, too.

8. Search for court opinions with the “Case law” button.

Scholar is the largest free database of U.S. court opinions. When you search for something using Google Scholar, you can select the “Case law” button below the search box to see legal cases your keywords are referenced in. You can read the opinions and a summary of what they established.

9. See how those court opinions have been cited.

If you want to better understand the impact of a particular piece of case law, you can select “How Cited,” which is below an entry, to see how and where the document has been cited. For example, here is the How Cited page for Marbury v. Madison , a landmark U.S. Supreme Court ruling that established that courts can strike down unconstitutional laws or statutes.

10. Understand how a legal opinion depends on another.

When you’re looking at how case laws are cited within Google Scholar, click on “Cited by” and check out the horizontal bars next to the different results. They indicate how relevant the cited opinion is in the court decision it’s cited within. You will see zero, one, two or three bars before each result. Those bars indicate the extent to which the new opinion depends on and refers to the cited case.

In the Cited by page for New York Times Company v. Sullivan, court cases with three bars next to their name heavily reference the original case. One bar indicates less reliance.

11. Sign up for Google Scholar alerts.

Want to stay up to date on a specific topic? Create an alert for a Google Scholar search for your topics and you’ll get email updates similar to Google Search alerts. Another way to keep up with research in your area is to follow new articles by leading researchers. Go to their profiles and click “Follow.” If you’re a junior grad student, you may consider following articles related to your advisor’s research topics, for instance.

12. Save interesting articles to your library.

It’s easy to go down fascinating rabbit hole after rabbit hole in Google Scholar. Don’t lose track of your research and use the save option that pops up under search results so articles will be in your library for later reading.

13. Keep your library organized with labels.

Labels aren’t only for Gmail! You can create labels within your Google Scholar library so you can keep your research organized. Click on “My library,” and then the “Manage labels…” option to create a new label.

14. If you’re a researcher, share your research with all your colleagues.

Many research funding agencies around the world now mandate that funded articles should become publicly free to read within a year of publication — or sooner. Scholar profiles list such articles to help researchers keep track of them and open up access to ones that are still locked down. That means you can immediately see what is currently available from researchers you’re interested in and how many of their papers will soon be publicly free to read.

15. Look through Scholar’s annual top publications and papers.

Every year, Google Scholar releases the top publications based on the most-cited papers. That list (available in 11 languages) will also take you to each publication’s top papers — this takes into account the “h index,” which measures how much impact an article has had. It’s an excellent place to start a research journey as well as get an idea about the ideas and discoveries researchers are currently focused on.

16. Get even more specific with Advanced Search.

Click on the hamburger icon on the upper left-hand corner and select Advanced Search to fine-tune your queries. For example, articles with exact words or a particular phrase in the title or articles from a particular journal and so on.

17. Find extra help on Google Scholar’s help page.

It might sound obvious, but there’s a wealth of useful information to be found here — like how often the database is updated, tips on formatting searches and how you can use your library subscriptions when you’re off-campus (looking at you, college students!). Oh, and you’ll even learn the origin of that quote on Google Scholar’s home page.

18. Keep up with Google Scholar news.

Don’t forget to check out the Google Scholar blog for updates on new features and tips for using this tool even better.

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Thesis and Dissertation Guide

• Starting your Dissertation/Thesis
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• Literature Reviews
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• Peer Reviewed
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What is Google Scholar and Why Should You Care?

Google Scholar is a special division of Google that searches for academic content. It is not as robust as Google, and as such it can be harder to search. However, if you are looking for a specific article it is a fantastic resource for finding out if you can access it through your library or if it's available for free.

Below are a few videos on how to use Google Scholar (you can skip the intros if you want) that will show you tips and tricks on how to best use Google Scholar.

Did you know that you can use Google Scholar in addition to Primo to help search Kemp library materials? You just have to add us to your Google Scholar and our results will show up in your searches showing you what you have access to as an ESU community member!

• Go to  Google Scholar 
• Make sure you're logged into your Google Account -  you'll see your initials or your icon in the top right hand corner of the screen if you're logged in. 
• Click on  Settings  (either from the top of the Scholar home page, or from the drop-down on the right hand side of the results page).

Choose  Library Links .

Type ‘East Stroudsburg University’ into the search box.

Click the boxes next to “ESU” and "Kemp Library"

Click  Save .

If you have other institutions you're affilitated with, or ResearchGate, you can add them too!

Getting to Google Scholar Settings:

The Library Link Screen: Search, Select and Save!

What your search results will look like: 

 Add / Reorder  

Databases have more sophisticated search features than Google Scholar , but if you have a one or two word topic Google Scholar can be useful.  You can also try using the Advanced Search in Google Scholar (see the first video below). 

However, if you're having trouble finding something specific, i.e. a specific article, try Google Scholar. For example you want " Game of Thrones and Graffiti" and you don't see it in a database, search the title of the article in Google Scholar (here you'd search "Game of Thrones and Graffiti"). You may find it freely available OR discover it is available through the library, but in a database you didn't look at. 

If we don't have it and you can't access it on Google Scholar, you can always request it via interlibrary loan .

"If Google Scholar isn’t turning up what you need, try an open Google search with the article title in quotes, and type the added filter “filetype:pdf”. This scours the open web for papers hosted somewhere, by someone, in PDF format. Google Books provides limited preview access to many copyrighted books. Other alternate services include  SemanticScholar ,  Microsoft Academic ,  Dimensions , or  GetTheResearch . Here too there are subject-specific portals like  EconBiz  or the  Virtual Health Library , some of which offer multilingual search options." -  Paragraph taken from A Wikipedia Librarian. 

The other services like Microsoft Academic mentioned above are also useful when looking for freely available journal article and research! Don't forget to cite everything you use in your paper/project/presentation/etc. 

Google Scholar Videos

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A Practical Guide to Writing Quantitative and Qualitative Research Questions and Hypotheses in Scholarly Articles

Edward barroga.

1 Department of General Education, Graduate School of Nursing Science, St. Luke’s International University, Tokyo, Japan.

Glafera Janet Matanguihan

2 Department of Biological Sciences, Messiah University, Mechanicsburg, PA, USA.

The development of research questions and the subsequent hypotheses are prerequisites to defining the main research purpose and specific objectives of a study. Consequently, these objectives determine the study design and research outcome. The development of research questions is a process based on knowledge of current trends, cutting-edge studies, and technological advances in the research field. Excellent research questions are focused and require a comprehensive literature search and in-depth understanding of the problem being investigated. Initially, research questions may be written as descriptive questions which could be developed into inferential questions. These questions must be specific and concise to provide a clear foundation for developing hypotheses. Hypotheses are more formal predictions about the research outcomes. These specify the possible results that may or may not be expected regarding the relationship between groups. Thus, research questions and hypotheses clarify the main purpose and specific objectives of the study, which in turn dictate the design of the study, its direction, and outcome. Studies developed from good research questions and hypotheses will have trustworthy outcomes with wide-ranging social and health implications.

INTRODUCTION

Scientific research is usually initiated by posing evidenced-based research questions which are then explicitly restated as hypotheses. 1 , 2 The hypotheses provide directions to guide the study, solutions, explanations, and expected results. 3 , 4 Both research questions and hypotheses are essentially formulated based on conventional theories and real-world processes, which allow the inception of novel studies and the ethical testing of ideas. 5 , 6

It is crucial to have knowledge of both quantitative and qualitative research 2 as both types of research involve writing research questions and hypotheses. 7 However, these crucial elements of research are sometimes overlooked; if not overlooked, then framed without the forethought and meticulous attention it needs. Planning and careful consideration are needed when developing quantitative or qualitative research, particularly when conceptualizing research questions and hypotheses. 4

There is a continuing need to support researchers in the creation of innovative research questions and hypotheses, as well as for journal articles that carefully review these elements. 1 When research questions and hypotheses are not carefully thought of, unethical studies and poor outcomes usually ensue. Carefully formulated research questions and hypotheses define well-founded objectives, which in turn determine the appropriate design, course, and outcome of the study. This article then aims to discuss in detail the various aspects of crafting research questions and hypotheses, with the goal of guiding researchers as they develop their own. Examples from the authors and peer-reviewed scientific articles in the healthcare field are provided to illustrate key points.

DEFINITIONS AND RELATIONSHIP OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES

A research question is what a study aims to answer after data analysis and interpretation. The answer is written in length in the discussion section of the paper. Thus, the research question gives a preview of the different parts and variables of the study meant to address the problem posed in the research question. 1 An excellent research question clarifies the research writing while facilitating understanding of the research topic, objective, scope, and limitations of the study. 5

On the other hand, a research hypothesis is an educated statement of an expected outcome. This statement is based on background research and current knowledge. 8 , 9 The research hypothesis makes a specific prediction about a new phenomenon 10 or a formal statement on the expected relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable. 3 , 11 It provides a tentative answer to the research question to be tested or explored. 4

Hypotheses employ reasoning to predict a theory-based outcome. 10 These can also be developed from theories by focusing on components of theories that have not yet been observed. 10 The validity of hypotheses is often based on the testability of the prediction made in a reproducible experiment. 8

Conversely, hypotheses can also be rephrased as research questions. Several hypotheses based on existing theories and knowledge may be needed to answer a research question. Developing ethical research questions and hypotheses creates a research design that has logical relationships among variables. These relationships serve as a solid foundation for the conduct of the study. 4 , 11 Haphazardly constructed research questions can result in poorly formulated hypotheses and improper study designs, leading to unreliable results. Thus, the formulations of relevant research questions and verifiable hypotheses are crucial when beginning research. 12

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES

Excellent research questions are specific and focused. These integrate collective data and observations to confirm or refute the subsequent hypotheses. Well-constructed hypotheses are based on previous reports and verify the research context. These are realistic, in-depth, sufficiently complex, and reproducible. More importantly, these hypotheses can be addressed and tested. 13

There are several characteristics of well-developed hypotheses. Good hypotheses are 1) empirically testable 7 , 10 , 11 , 13 ; 2) backed by preliminary evidence 9 ; 3) testable by ethical research 7 , 9 ; 4) based on original ideas 9 ; 5) have evidenced-based logical reasoning 10 ; and 6) can be predicted. 11 Good hypotheses can infer ethical and positive implications, indicating the presence of a relationship or effect relevant to the research theme. 7 , 11 These are initially developed from a general theory and branch into specific hypotheses by deductive reasoning. In the absence of a theory to base the hypotheses, inductive reasoning based on specific observations or findings form more general hypotheses. 10

TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES

Research questions and hypotheses are developed according to the type of research, which can be broadly classified into quantitative and qualitative research. We provide a summary of the types of research questions and hypotheses under quantitative and qualitative research categories in Table 1 .

Research questions in quantitative research

In quantitative research, research questions inquire about the relationships among variables being investigated and are usually framed at the start of the study. These are precise and typically linked to the subject population, dependent and independent variables, and research design. 1 Research questions may also attempt to describe the behavior of a population in relation to one or more variables, or describe the characteristics of variables to be measured ( descriptive research questions ). 1 , 5 , 14 These questions may also aim to discover differences between groups within the context of an outcome variable ( comparative research questions ), 1 , 5 , 14 or elucidate trends and interactions among variables ( relationship research questions ). 1 , 5 We provide examples of descriptive, comparative, and relationship research questions in quantitative research in Table 2 .

Hypotheses in quantitative research

In quantitative research, hypotheses predict the expected relationships among variables. 15 Relationships among variables that can be predicted include 1) between a single dependent variable and a single independent variable ( simple hypothesis ) or 2) between two or more independent and dependent variables ( complex hypothesis ). 4 , 11 Hypotheses may also specify the expected direction to be followed and imply an intellectual commitment to a particular outcome ( directional hypothesis ) 4 . On the other hand, hypotheses may not predict the exact direction and are used in the absence of a theory, or when findings contradict previous studies ( non-directional hypothesis ). 4 In addition, hypotheses can 1) define interdependency between variables ( associative hypothesis ), 4 2) propose an effect on the dependent variable from manipulation of the independent variable ( causal hypothesis ), 4 3) state a negative relationship between two variables ( null hypothesis ), 4 , 11 , 15 4) replace the working hypothesis if rejected ( alternative hypothesis ), 15 explain the relationship of phenomena to possibly generate a theory ( working hypothesis ), 11 5) involve quantifiable variables that can be tested statistically ( statistical hypothesis ), 11 6) or express a relationship whose interlinks can be verified logically ( logical hypothesis ). 11 We provide examples of simple, complex, directional, non-directional, associative, causal, null, alternative, working, statistical, and logical hypotheses in quantitative research, as well as the definition of quantitative hypothesis-testing research in Table 3 .

Research questions in qualitative research

Unlike research questions in quantitative research, research questions in qualitative research are usually continuously reviewed and reformulated. The central question and associated subquestions are stated more than the hypotheses. 15 The central question broadly explores a complex set of factors surrounding the central phenomenon, aiming to present the varied perspectives of participants. 15

There are varied goals for which qualitative research questions are developed. These questions can function in several ways, such as to 1) identify and describe existing conditions ( contextual research question s); 2) describe a phenomenon ( descriptive research questions ); 3) assess the effectiveness of existing methods, protocols, theories, or procedures ( evaluation research questions ); 4) examine a phenomenon or analyze the reasons or relationships between subjects or phenomena ( explanatory research questions ); or 5) focus on unknown aspects of a particular topic ( exploratory research questions ). 5 In addition, some qualitative research questions provide new ideas for the development of theories and actions ( generative research questions ) or advance specific ideologies of a position ( ideological research questions ). 1 Other qualitative research questions may build on a body of existing literature and become working guidelines ( ethnographic research questions ). Research questions may also be broadly stated without specific reference to the existing literature or a typology of questions ( phenomenological research questions ), may be directed towards generating a theory of some process ( grounded theory questions ), or may address a description of the case and the emerging themes ( qualitative case study questions ). 15 We provide examples of contextual, descriptive, evaluation, explanatory, exploratory, generative, ideological, ethnographic, phenomenological, grounded theory, and qualitative case study research questions in qualitative research in Table 4 , and the definition of qualitative hypothesis-generating research in Table 5 .

Qualitative studies usually pose at least one central research question and several subquestions starting with How or What . These research questions use exploratory verbs such as explore or describe . These also focus on one central phenomenon of interest, and may mention the participants and research site. 15

Hypotheses in qualitative research

Hypotheses in qualitative research are stated in the form of a clear statement concerning the problem to be investigated. Unlike in quantitative research where hypotheses are usually developed to be tested, qualitative research can lead to both hypothesis-testing and hypothesis-generating outcomes. 2 When studies require both quantitative and qualitative research questions, this suggests an integrative process between both research methods wherein a single mixed-methods research question can be developed. 1

FRAMEWORKS FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES

Research questions followed by hypotheses should be developed before the start of the study. 1 , 12 , 14 It is crucial to develop feasible research questions on a topic that is interesting to both the researcher and the scientific community. This can be achieved by a meticulous review of previous and current studies to establish a novel topic. Specific areas are subsequently focused on to generate ethical research questions. The relevance of the research questions is evaluated in terms of clarity of the resulting data, specificity of the methodology, objectivity of the outcome, depth of the research, and impact of the study. 1 , 5 These aspects constitute the FINER criteria (i.e., Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical, and Relevant). 1 Clarity and effectiveness are achieved if research questions meet the FINER criteria. In addition to the FINER criteria, Ratan et al. described focus, complexity, novelty, feasibility, and measurability for evaluating the effectiveness of research questions. 14

The PICOT and PEO frameworks are also used when developing research questions. 1 The following elements are addressed in these frameworks, PICOT: P-population/patients/problem, I-intervention or indicator being studied, C-comparison group, O-outcome of interest, and T-timeframe of the study; PEO: P-population being studied, E-exposure to preexisting conditions, and O-outcome of interest. 1 Research questions are also considered good if these meet the “FINERMAPS” framework: Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical, Relevant, Manageable, Appropriate, Potential value/publishable, and Systematic. 14

As we indicated earlier, research questions and hypotheses that are not carefully formulated result in unethical studies or poor outcomes. To illustrate this, we provide some examples of ambiguous research question and hypotheses that result in unclear and weak research objectives in quantitative research ( Table 6 ) 16 and qualitative research ( Table 7 ) 17 , and how to transform these ambiguous research question(s) and hypothesis(es) into clear and good statements.

a These statements were composed for comparison and illustrative purposes only.

b These statements are direct quotes from Higashihara and Horiuchi. 16

a This statement is a direct quote from Shimoda et al. 17

The other statements were composed for comparison and illustrative purposes only.

CONSTRUCTING RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES

To construct effective research questions and hypotheses, it is very important to 1) clarify the background and 2) identify the research problem at the outset of the research, within a specific timeframe. 9 Then, 3) review or conduct preliminary research to collect all available knowledge about the possible research questions by studying theories and previous studies. 18 Afterwards, 4) construct research questions to investigate the research problem. Identify variables to be accessed from the research questions 4 and make operational definitions of constructs from the research problem and questions. Thereafter, 5) construct specific deductive or inductive predictions in the form of hypotheses. 4 Finally, 6) state the study aims . This general flow for constructing effective research questions and hypotheses prior to conducting research is shown in Fig. 1 .

Research questions are used more frequently in qualitative research than objectives or hypotheses. 3 These questions seek to discover, understand, explore or describe experiences by asking “What” or “How.” The questions are open-ended to elicit a description rather than to relate variables or compare groups. The questions are continually reviewed, reformulated, and changed during the qualitative study. 3 Research questions are also used more frequently in survey projects than hypotheses in experiments in quantitative research to compare variables and their relationships.

Hypotheses are constructed based on the variables identified and as an if-then statement, following the template, ‘If a specific action is taken, then a certain outcome is expected.’ At this stage, some ideas regarding expectations from the research to be conducted must be drawn. 18 Then, the variables to be manipulated (independent) and influenced (dependent) are defined. 4 Thereafter, the hypothesis is stated and refined, and reproducible data tailored to the hypothesis are identified, collected, and analyzed. 4 The hypotheses must be testable and specific, 18 and should describe the variables and their relationships, the specific group being studied, and the predicted research outcome. 18 Hypotheses construction involves a testable proposition to be deduced from theory, and independent and dependent variables to be separated and measured separately. 3 Therefore, good hypotheses must be based on good research questions constructed at the start of a study or trial. 12

In summary, research questions are constructed after establishing the background of the study. Hypotheses are then developed based on the research questions. Thus, it is crucial to have excellent research questions to generate superior hypotheses. In turn, these would determine the research objectives and the design of the study, and ultimately, the outcome of the research. 12 Algorithms for building research questions and hypotheses are shown in Fig. 2 for quantitative research and in Fig. 3 for qualitative research.

EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS FROM PUBLISHED ARTICLES

• EXAMPLE 1. Descriptive research question (quantitative research)
• - Presents research variables to be assessed (distinct phenotypes and subphenotypes)
• “BACKGROUND: Since COVID-19 was identified, its clinical and biological heterogeneity has been recognized. Identifying COVID-19 phenotypes might help guide basic, clinical, and translational research efforts.
• RESEARCH QUESTION: Does the clinical spectrum of patients with COVID-19 contain distinct phenotypes and subphenotypes? ” 19
• EXAMPLE 2. Relationship research question (quantitative research)
• - Shows interactions between dependent variable (static postural control) and independent variable (peripheral visual field loss)
• “Background: Integration of visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive sensations contributes to postural control. People with peripheral visual field loss have serious postural instability. However, the directional specificity of postural stability and sensory reweighting caused by gradual peripheral visual field loss remain unclear.
• Research question: What are the effects of peripheral visual field loss on static postural control ?” 20
• EXAMPLE 3. Comparative research question (quantitative research)
• - Clarifies the difference among groups with an outcome variable (patients enrolled in COMPERA with moderate PH or severe PH in COPD) and another group without the outcome variable (patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH))
• “BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in COPD is a poorly investigated clinical condition.
• RESEARCH QUESTION: Which factors determine the outcome of PH in COPD?
• STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We analyzed the characteristics and outcome of patients enrolled in the Comparative, Prospective Registry of Newly Initiated Therapies for Pulmonary Hypertension (COMPERA) with moderate or severe PH in COPD as defined during the 6th PH World Symposium who received medical therapy for PH and compared them with patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) .” 21
• EXAMPLE 4. Exploratory research question (qualitative research)
• - Explores areas that have not been fully investigated (perspectives of families and children who receive care in clinic-based child obesity treatment) to have a deeper understanding of the research problem
• “Problem: Interventions for children with obesity lead to only modest improvements in BMI and long-term outcomes, and data are limited on the perspectives of families of children with obesity in clinic-based treatment. This scoping review seeks to answer the question: What is known about the perspectives of families and children who receive care in clinic-based child obesity treatment? This review aims to explore the scope of perspectives reported by families of children with obesity who have received individualized outpatient clinic-based obesity treatment.” 22
• EXAMPLE 5. Relationship research question (quantitative research)
• - Defines interactions between dependent variable (use of ankle strategies) and independent variable (changes in muscle tone)
• “Background: To maintain an upright standing posture against external disturbances, the human body mainly employs two types of postural control strategies: “ankle strategy” and “hip strategy.” While it has been reported that the magnitude of the disturbance alters the use of postural control strategies, it has not been elucidated how the level of muscle tone, one of the crucial parameters of bodily function, determines the use of each strategy. We have previously confirmed using forward dynamics simulations of human musculoskeletal models that an increased muscle tone promotes the use of ankle strategies. The objective of the present study was to experimentally evaluate a hypothesis: an increased muscle tone promotes the use of ankle strategies. Research question: Do changes in the muscle tone affect the use of ankle strategies ?” 23

EXAMPLES OF HYPOTHESES IN PUBLISHED ARTICLES

• EXAMPLE 1. Working hypothesis (quantitative research)
• - A hypothesis that is initially accepted for further research to produce a feasible theory
• “As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness .” 24
• “In conclusion, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response . The difference in perceived safety of these agents in COVID-19 illness could be related to the more potent efficacy to reduce fever with ibuprofen compared to acetaminophen. Compelling data on the benefit of fever warrant further research and review to determine when to treat or withhold ibuprofen for early stage fever for COVID-19 and other related viral illnesses .” 24
• EXAMPLE 2. Exploratory hypothesis (qualitative research)
• - Explores particular areas deeper to clarify subjective experience and develop a formal hypothesis potentially testable in a future quantitative approach
• “We hypothesized that when thinking about a past experience of help-seeking, a self distancing prompt would cause increased help-seeking intentions and more favorable help-seeking outcome expectations .” 25
• “Conclusion
• Although a priori hypotheses were not supported, further research is warranted as results indicate the potential for using self-distancing approaches to increasing help-seeking among some people with depressive symptomatology.” 25
• EXAMPLE 3. Hypothesis-generating research to establish a framework for hypothesis testing (qualitative research)
• “We hypothesize that compassionate care is beneficial for patients (better outcomes), healthcare systems and payers (lower costs), and healthcare providers (lower burnout). ” 26
• Compassionomics is the branch of knowledge and scientific study of the effects of compassionate healthcare. Our main hypotheses are that compassionate healthcare is beneficial for (1) patients, by improving clinical outcomes, (2) healthcare systems and payers, by supporting financial sustainability, and (3) HCPs, by lowering burnout and promoting resilience and well-being. The purpose of this paper is to establish a scientific framework for testing the hypotheses above . If these hypotheses are confirmed through rigorous research, compassionomics will belong in the science of evidence-based medicine, with major implications for all healthcare domains.” 26
• EXAMPLE 4. Statistical hypothesis (quantitative research)
• - An assumption is made about the relationship among several population characteristics ( gender differences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of adults with ADHD ). Validity is tested by statistical experiment or analysis ( chi-square test, Students t-test, and logistic regression analysis)
• “Our research investigated gender differences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of adults with ADHD in a Japanese clinical sample. Due to unique Japanese cultural ideals and expectations of women's behavior that are in opposition to ADHD symptoms, we hypothesized that women with ADHD experience more difficulties and present more dysfunctions than men . We tested the following hypotheses: first, women with ADHD have more comorbidities than men with ADHD; second, women with ADHD experience more social hardships than men, such as having less full-time employment and being more likely to be divorced.” 27
• “Statistical Analysis
• ( text omitted ) Between-gender comparisons were made using the chi-squared test for categorical variables and Students t-test for continuous variables…( text omitted ). A logistic regression analysis was performed for employment status, marital status, and comorbidity to evaluate the independent effects of gender on these dependent variables.” 27

EXAMPLES OF HYPOTHESIS AS WRITTEN IN PUBLISHED ARTICLES IN RELATION TO OTHER PARTS

• EXAMPLE 1. Background, hypotheses, and aims are provided
• “Pregnant women need skilled care during pregnancy and childbirth, but that skilled care is often delayed in some countries …( text omitted ). The focused antenatal care (FANC) model of WHO recommends that nurses provide information or counseling to all pregnant women …( text omitted ). Job aids are visual support materials that provide the right kind of information using graphics and words in a simple and yet effective manner. When nurses are not highly trained or have many work details to attend to, these job aids can serve as a content reminder for the nurses and can be used for educating their patients (Jennings, Yebadokpo, Affo, & Agbogbe, 2010) ( text omitted ). Importantly, additional evidence is needed to confirm how job aids can further improve the quality of ANC counseling by health workers in maternal care …( text omitted )” 28
• “ This has led us to hypothesize that the quality of ANC counseling would be better if supported by job aids. Consequently, a better quality of ANC counseling is expected to produce higher levels of awareness concerning the danger signs of pregnancy and a more favorable impression of the caring behavior of nurses .” 28
• “This study aimed to examine the differences in the responses of pregnant women to a job aid-supported intervention during ANC visit in terms of 1) their understanding of the danger signs of pregnancy and 2) their impression of the caring behaviors of nurses to pregnant women in rural Tanzania.” 28
• EXAMPLE 2. Background, hypotheses, and aims are provided
• “We conducted a two-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate and compare changes in salivary cortisol and oxytocin levels of first-time pregnant women between experimental and control groups. The women in the experimental group touched and held an infant for 30 min (experimental intervention protocol), whereas those in the control group watched a DVD movie of an infant (control intervention protocol). The primary outcome was salivary cortisol level and the secondary outcome was salivary oxytocin level.” 29
• “ We hypothesize that at 30 min after touching and holding an infant, the salivary cortisol level will significantly decrease and the salivary oxytocin level will increase in the experimental group compared with the control group .” 29
• EXAMPLE 3. Background, aim, and hypothesis are provided
• “In countries where the maternal mortality ratio remains high, antenatal education to increase Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness (BPCR) is considered one of the top priorities [1]. BPCR includes birth plans during the antenatal period, such as the birthplace, birth attendant, transportation, health facility for complications, expenses, and birth materials, as well as family coordination to achieve such birth plans. In Tanzania, although increasing, only about half of all pregnant women attend an antenatal clinic more than four times [4]. Moreover, the information provided during antenatal care (ANC) is insufficient. In the resource-poor settings, antenatal group education is a potential approach because of the limited time for individual counseling at antenatal clinics.” 30
• “This study aimed to evaluate an antenatal group education program among pregnant women and their families with respect to birth-preparedness and maternal and infant outcomes in rural villages of Tanzania.” 30
• “ The study hypothesis was if Tanzanian pregnant women and their families received a family-oriented antenatal group education, they would (1) have a higher level of BPCR, (2) attend antenatal clinic four or more times, (3) give birth in a health facility, (4) have less complications of women at birth, and (5) have less complications and deaths of infants than those who did not receive the education .” 30

Research questions and hypotheses are crucial components to any type of research, whether quantitative or qualitative. These questions should be developed at the very beginning of the study. Excellent research questions lead to superior hypotheses, which, like a compass, set the direction of research, and can often determine the successful conduct of the study. Many research studies have floundered because the development of research questions and subsequent hypotheses was not given the thought and meticulous attention needed. The development of research questions and hypotheses is an iterative process based on extensive knowledge of the literature and insightful grasp of the knowledge gap. Focused, concise, and specific research questions provide a strong foundation for constructing hypotheses which serve as formal predictions about the research outcomes. Research questions and hypotheses are crucial elements of research that should not be overlooked. They should be carefully thought of and constructed when planning research. This avoids unethical studies and poor outcomes by defining well-founded objectives that determine the design, course, and outcome of the study.

Disclosure: The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

Author Contributions:

• Conceptualization: Barroga E, Matanguihan GJ.
• Methodology: Barroga E, Matanguihan GJ.
• Writing - original draft: Barroga E, Matanguihan GJ.
• Writing - review & editing: Barroga E, Matanguihan GJ.

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Google's privacy research reaches across multiple teams, focusing on different aspects of privacy to advance the state of the art and develop tools to protect users and give them control over their data. This includes work on privacy-preserving technologies using cryptography and differential privacy, machine learning for privacy, user interface design and human-computer interactions to make communication clear and empower users, privacy policy to define Google's guiding principles for user protection, and system analysis and measurement to develop techniques to evaluate the privacy health of Google's systems.

Google's security and anti-abuse research team brings together experts from multiple disciplines to defend users from a wide range of threats. This includes work on access control, information security, networking, operating systems, language design, cryptography, fraud detection, machine learning for abuse detection, denial of service, emerging threats, user interfaces, and other human-centered aspects of security.

Systems and networking systems

Google's systems and networking systems research is focused on building and deploying novel systems at unprecedented scale. Our work spans the entire spectrum of computing, from large-scale distributed systems to individual machines to accelerator technologies.

We address fundamental questions around data center architecture, cloud virtual networking, wide-area network interconnects, software-defined networking, machine learning for networking, large-scale management infrastructure, congestion control, bandwidth management, capacity planning, and designing networks to meet traffic demands.

What is the evaluation criteria when assessing proposals?

To ensure fairness, we use a scoring rubric for consistency across reviews. We look at the criteria below to assess proposals. Proposals must comply with the required format and other Research Scholar Program guidelines.

• Faculty Merit : Faculty is accomplished in research, community engagement, and open source contributions, with potential to contribute to responsible innovation.
• Research Merit : Faculty's proposed research is aligned with Google Research interests, innovative, and likely to have a significant impact on the field.
• Proposal Quality : The research proposal is clear, focused, and well-organized, and it demonstrates the team's ability to successfully execute the research and achieve a significant impact.
• Broadening Participation : Faculty is committed to broadening participation in computing through their work on a variety of initiatives, including, for example, designing and deploying programs, and training and mentoring students from historically marginalized groups.
• AI Ethics Principles : The research proposal strongly aligns with Google's AI Principles .

What are the steps for the selection process?

• November: Applications open
• December/January: Proposal reviews and scoring
• February: Committee reviews proposals, scoring and make selections
• March: Approval process for selected proposals
• April: Applicants are notified of decision

We completely understand the desire to receive feedback and do our best to meet this request. However, due to the high volume of applications received, you may not receive feedback on your proposal.

To ensure fairness, we use a scoring rubric for consistency across reviews.

How many times can I apply for the Research Scholar program?

Faculty may apply up to a maximum of 3 times within the 7 years they received their PhD.

Can I receive this award more than once?

Faculty can receive a Research Scholar award only once. Previous Faculty Research Award recipients are still eligible to receive a Research Scholar award.

Who is eligible to apply for the Research Scholar Program?

Institutions:

• We accept applications from full-time faculty at universities around the world. Funding is focused on supporting the faculty’s research. We do not allow applications from non-degree-granting research institutions.
• Since our funding is structured as unrestricted gifts to degree-granting Universities, we cannot process awards to other institutions (e.g. not-for-profits institutions, hospitals, non-degree-granting research institutes, etc) even if they are affiliated with a University. A Principal Investigator must apply in his or her capacity as a university professor and must be able to accept an award through that University.

Principal Investigator Requirements:

• Global faculty who have received their PhD less than 7 years from submission from degree-granting institutions who are doing research within fields relevant to Google.
• An applicant may only serve as Principal Investigator or co-Principal Investigator on one proposal per round, they cannot be listed on two separate proposals.
• We understand that titles may differ globally. In order for someone without the title of professor to apply, he or she must be a full-time faculty member at an eligible institution and serve as a formal advisor to masters or PhD students. We may, at our discretion, provide funding for Principal Investigators who advise undergraduate students at colleges that do not award advanced degrees.

Past Applicants:

• If an applicant’s proposal was not selected for funding the previous round, they are welcome to apply with a new proposal (or substantively revised proposal) the following round. A Principal Investigator can apply a maximum of 3 times within the 7 years post-PhD.

How do I apply for the Research Scholar Program?

The application process includes filling out an online form requesting basic information and uploading a PDF proposal via the form. As part of the online form, you will be asked to select a topic area. Please select carefully, as this will help us in ensuring your proposal is read by the appropriate reviewers. Do not send any confidential or proprietary information in your proposal. Any information you send us as part of your application will be considered not confidential regardless of any markings or designations on it.

I have a social science background, can I still apply?

Yes. We focus on funding social science research that looks at technology's implications and impacts on individuals and society. We typically review submissions from fields like human-computer interaction, psychology, and science and technology studies, as well as research in computer science fields with a strong emphasis on the human experience.

What is the proper format for a Research Scholar proposal?

• The proposal should be a maximum of 5 pages if you are a sole Principal Investigator.
• If you choose not to include the co-Principal Investigator’s CV then your proposal should only be 5 pages.
• The extra 2 pages will only accommodate for an additional CV, not for additional proposal content.
• The maximum page limit includes the 2-page CV of the primary Principal Investigator, which is required for all applications (again a 2-page CV for a co-Principal Investigator is optional).
• To be fair to you and others, we do not consider proposals longer than the maximum page limit.
• We request a Google Scholar profile link as part of the online application form. Our reviewers find it helpful to be able to easily reference a Principal Investigator's publication history to see how the current proposal relates to past work the Principal Investigator has done in relevant fields. The Google Scholar profile complements, but does not replace, the Principal Investigator's 2-page CV.
• We do not require a budget breakdown since we have flat funding amounts we will grant based on region.
• We would prefer proposals to respect a minimum 10pt font size and 1-inch (2.5-cm) margins. Our reviewers value readability.
• Below is an example of what a proposal may look like (though the relative length of each section may differ by proposal).

Proposal Format

• Proposal Title
• Principal Investigator full name, contact information (postal address, email address, phone), affiliation (university, school, college and/or department)
• Research goals, including a problem statement.
• Description of the work you'd like to do, as well as the expected outcomes and results.
• How this relates to prior work in the area (including your own, if relevant)
• References, where applicable.
• Our goal is to support work where the output will be made available to the broader research community. To that end, we ask that you provide us with a few sentences sharing what you intend to do with the output of your project (e.g. open sourcing code, making data sets public, etc.). Please note that the awards are structured as unrestricted gifts, so there are no legal requirements once a project is selected for funding. This is simply a statement of your current intentions.
• The maximum length of a Principal Investigator CV is two pages. Any submitted CV that is longer than 2 pages may be cut off at two pages before the proposal review process begins.
• We require a CV for at least the primary Principal Investigator on the proposal. We will accept CVs from each of the Principal Investigators listed on the proposal (up to two are allowed). Each CV must be limited to two pages.

Should I add a budget breakdown in my proposal?

Please do not include budget details in your proposal. We will be providing flat funding amounts based on the cost of student tuition on a regional basis.

How much funds will I get if I am awarded?

We provide support up to $60,000 USD depending on the cost of student tuition on a regional basis.

I am not eligible for this program, how can I apply to other programs?

Our website is consistently updated with new programs we offer. We encourage you to connect with our Google researchers at conferences to build more opportunities for applying to research grants.

Are Research Scholar Awards eligible for extensions?

The program is designed to support one year of work. If you are selected as a recipient of a Research Scholar award, we will partner you with a Google sponsor who can navigate the potential of an extension.

Does the co-PI need to meet the same eligibility criteria as the primary PI?

Yes, the co-PI must meet the same eligibility criteria as the primary PI. We are providing an exception if the co-PI is a postdoctoral researcher.

Can I speak to someone from the Research Scholar team to ask additional questions?

We will be providing limited email support via [email protected] . Due to the volume of emails we receive, we may not be able to respond to questions where the answer is available on the website.

Open advice to Google Research Awards proposal writers

As a part of the group of engineers that review proposals for this program, we read a lot of proposals. We'd like to read more good proposals. Here's some advice on how you can improve the content of your short proposal and make reviewing it easier.

A good research grant proposal:

• Clearly specifies a problem. Good research is driven by a great problem or question, and a good proposal starts with a clearly specified one.
• Describes a specific, credible, relevant outcome. Try to identify a specific and appropriately sized outcome, to give us a clear notion of what the research award would be enabling. What will likely come to be that might otherwise not happen? While this outcome should be a decisive step towards achieving your vision, it generally won't be adequate to completely achieve it. It often helps to describe both the minimum that is likely to be accomplished and a potential best-case. Since picking the right datasets and test cases is often important, tell us which ones you plan to use.
• Crisply differentiates the proposed contribution from prior work. Please apply normal practices (citations, etc.) for documenting how your work will materially advance the state of the art. Make it clear how your work will be changing the state of the art, and not simply trying to match it.
• Tells us how the research challenge(s) will be addressed. Successful research projects combine a great problem with ideas for solutions, too. We recognize that all the answers won't be known yet, but we'd like to feel that the direction has been established, and a plausible path has been identified. (Try to avoid proposals of the form "We want to look at problem X".) It's hard to have a big impact without taking risks, but please identify what the difficulties are likely to be and how you plan to mitigate them. It may help to explain how you succeeded in addressing analogous problems in other projects.
• Puts the proposed work in context. Most projects we fund also have support from other sources. To help us understand the expected impact of Google support, please explain what funding you already have for this area of research and how the proposed work relates to your existing plans. Do you plan to build a capability for other research, provide a tool, reproduce a prior result, collaborate with others to try something out, follow up on a promising idea, or explore a new one? All are potentially of interest; we just want to know.
• Makes the case to a non-expert. While we try to have your proposal reviewed by a Google expert in your field, it will also be read by non-experts, so please make at least the motivation and outcomes broadly accessible.

See past Research Scholar program recipients

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Home » 500+ Google Scholar Research Topics

500+ Google Scholar Research Topics

Google Scholar is a powerful search engine designed to help researchers find scholarly articles, books, and other academic resources. It’s a fantastic tool for exploring new research topics and staying up-to-date with the latest developments in your field.

In this article, we’ll be exploring a wide range of research topics that you can explore using Google Scholar. Whether you’re a student, an academic, or a curious mind looking to expand your knowledge, you’ll find something of interest here.

We’ll cover topics from various fields, including science, technology, engineering, mathematics, social sciences, and humanities. We’ll also discuss how to use Google Scholar effectively to find relevant research and explore new ideas.

Google Scholar Research Topics

Google Scholar Research Topics ideas are as follows:

• The impact of artificial intelligence on the job market
• Climate change mitigation strategies for small island states
• Analysis of social media and its effects on mental health
• The role of education in reducing income inequality
• Investigating the potential use of gene editing for disease prevention
• The impact of globalization on cultural diversity
• A critical analysis of corporate social responsibility practices in multinational corporations
• Understanding the mechanisms of drug resistance in cancer cells
• Exploring the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for stress reduction
• Investigating the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function in aging adults.
• Investigating the effects of music therapy on mental health disorders
• Examining the relationship between childhood trauma and adult mental health outcomes
• A critical analysis of police brutality and the use of excessive force
• The role of renewable energy in mitigating climate change
• Understanding the mechanism of action of novel drugs for treating Alzheimer’s disease
• Investigating the impact of cultural diversity on team performance in multinational corporations
• The use of virtual reality in pain management
• The impact of COVID-19 on mental health outcomes and healthcare systems
• Examining the use of big data in predicting and preventing disease outbreaks
• Investigating the relationship between diet and mental health outcomes
• A critical analysis of the use of surveillance technology in public spaces
• The role of social support in promoting mental health resilience
• Investigating the relationship between air pollution and respiratory disease
• A comparative analysis of different approaches to conflict resolution
• The use of gene therapy for treating genetic disorders
• The impact of microplastics on marine ecosystems
• The role of early childhood education in reducing the achievement gap
• Examining the effects of mindfulness meditation on emotional regulation
• Investigating the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes
• A critical analysis of the ethics of artificial intelligence
• The use of stem cells in regenerative medicine
• The impact of climate change on food security
• Examining the effects of exercise on mental health outcomes in adolescents
• Investigating the role of social media in political polarization
• A comparative analysis of different healthcare systems around the world
• The use of virtual reality in treating phobias
• The impact of gentrification on urban communities
• The role of nutrition in preventing chronic diseases
• Investigating the relationship between personality traits and job satisfaction
• A critical analysis of the impact of social media on body image
• The use of nanotechnology in drug delivery
• The impact of technology on social relationships
• Examining the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy for treating anxiety disorders
• Investigating the relationship between cultural values and mental health outcomes
• The role of public policy in reducing income inequality
• The use of precision medicine in cancer treatment
• The impact of social inequality on health outcomes
• Examining the effects of social isolation on mental health outcomes in older adults
• Investigating the role of the microbiome in human health
• A critical analysis of the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports
• The use of biotechnology in food production
• The impact of gentrification on affordable housing availability
• Examining the effects of early childhood trauma on brain development
• Investigating the relationship between gender and mental health outcomes
• The role of the arts in promoting mental health and well-being
• The use of artificial intelligence in healthcare diagnostics
• The impact of social media on political participation
• Examining the effects of meditation on immune function
• Investigating the relationship between income and health outcomes
• A critical analysis of the use of social media in promoting mental health literacy.
• Investigating the impact of artificial light at night on wildlife behavior
• The role of nutrition in brain development and cognitive function
• Examining the effects of mindfulness interventions on workplace productivity
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in law enforcement
• The use of genetic engineering for crop improvement
• The impact of media on body dissatisfaction and eating disorders
• Examining the effects of physical exercise on brain function in older adults
• Investigating the relationship between cultural identity and mental health outcomes
• The use of personalized medicine for treating rare diseases
• The impact of air pollution on cognitive function
• A critical analysis of the use of surveillance capitalism in data collection
• Investigating the relationship between music and mental health outcomes
• The role of nature exposure in promoting mental health and well-being
• Examining the effects of cognitive training on brain plasticity
• Investigating the impact of climate change on infectious disease transmission
• The use of robotics in healthcare delivery
• The impact of social media on romantic relationships
• A critical analysis of the use of autonomous weapons in military conflicts
• Investigating the relationship between spirituality and mental health outcomes
• The role of nutrition in preventing chronic inflammation
• Examining the effects of meditation on stress and anxiety in college students
• Investigating the impact of climate change on water availability and quality
• The use of artificial intelligence in finance and investment
• The impact of social media on self-esteem and body image in adolescents
• A critical analysis of the use of autonomous vehicles in transportation
• Investigating the relationship between sleep disorders and mental health outcomes
• The role of traditional medicine in improving healthcare access in developing countries
• Examining the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on addiction recovery
• Investigating the impact of climate change on biodiversity loss
• The use of gene editing for treating inherited diseases
• The impact of social media on political polarization and civic engagement
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in public spaces
• Investigating the relationship between socioeconomic status and mental health outcomes
• The role of community-based interventions in promoting mental health in marginalized populations
• Examining the effects of physical exercise on academic achievement in children
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in vulnerable populations
• The use of artificial intelligence in customer service and sales
• The impact of social media on romantic relationships and intimacy
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive policing algorithms in law enforcement
• Investigating the relationship between spirituality and aging well-being
• The role of dietary supplements in improving immune function
• Examining the effects of sleep on athletic performance
• Investigating the impact of climate change on human migration patterns
• The use of 3D printing in medicine and healthcare
• The impact of social media on political participation and civic knowledge
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in workplace monitoring
• Investigating the relationship between cultural competence and mental health outcomes
• The role of community gardens in promoting mental health and well-being
• Examining the effects of outdoor adventure programs on adolescent mental health.
• The use of virtual reality in treating phobias and anxiety disorders
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in indigenous communities in the Arctic region
• The role of family therapy in improving mental health outcomes in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• Investigating the relationship between childhood trauma and mental health outcomes in adulthood
• The role of yoga therapy in improving mental health outcomes in individuals with anxiety disorders
• Examining the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on stress and burnout in healthcare professionals
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in low-income communities
• The use of virtual reality in treating social anxiety disorder in adolescents
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in healthcare fraud detection
• Investigating the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes in individuals with bipolar disorder
• The role of animal-assisted therapy in promoting mental health and well-being in individuals with intellectual disabilities
• Examining the effects of expressive arts therapy on self-esteem and resilience in individuals with depression
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in refugees and asylum seekers
• The use of artificial intelligence in predicting and preventing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military personnel
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in law enforcement and criminal justice systems
• Investigating the relationship between physical activity and mental health outcomes in individuals with schizophrenia
• The role of play therapy in promoting mental health and well-being in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• Examining the effects of music therapy on anxiety and depression in individuals with chronic pain
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in urban communities
• The use of virtual reality in treating phobias in adults
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD)
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in disaster response and emergency management
• Investigating the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• The role of art therapy in improving mental health outcomes in individuals with schizophrenia
• Examining the effects of dance/movement therapy on anxiety and depression in individuals with anxiety disorders
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in coastal fishing communities
• The use of artificial intelligence in predicting and preventing relapse in individuals with substance use disorders
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with postpartum depression
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in public safety and security
• Investigating the relationship between physical activity and mental health outcomes in individuals with eating disorders
• The role of occupational therapy in promoting mental health and well-being in individuals with spinal cord injuries
• Examining the effects of art therapy on anxiety and depression in individuals with chronic illnesses
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in rural fishing communities
• The use of virtual reality in treating depression in older adults
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with hoarding disorder
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in financial fraud detection
• Investigating the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes in individuals with multiple sclerosis
• The role of drama therapy in improving mental health outcomes in individuals with personality disorders
• Examining the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on self-compassion and self-criticism in individuals with eating disorders
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in urban heat island effects
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in rural farming communities
• The use of virtual reality in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in adults
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with borderline personality disorder
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in online privacy and security
• Investigating the relationship between physical activity and mental health outcomes in individuals with multiple sclerosis
• The role of music therapy in improving mental health outcomes in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Examining the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on anxiety and depression in individuals with chronic pain
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in small island developing states (SIDS)
• The use of artificial intelligence in predicting and preventing suicide risk in adolescents
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in election forecasting
• Investigating the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes in individuals with diabetes
• The role of group therapy in improving mental health outcomes in individuals with substance use disorders
• Examining the effects of horticultural therapy on stress and anxiety in individuals with depression
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in nomadic communities
• The use of virtual reality in treating body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) in adolescents
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with schizophrenia
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in education and student privacy
• Investigating the relationship between physical activity and mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• The role of art therapy in improving mental health outcomes in individuals with eating disorders
• Examining the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on depression and anxiety in individuals with postpartum depression
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in coastal tourism communities
• The use of artificial intelligence in predicting and preventing depression relapse in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD)
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD)
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in cybersecurity
• Investigating the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes in individuals with anxiety disorders
• The role of occupational therapy in promoting mental health and well-being in individuals with Parkinson’s disease
• Examining the effects of dance/movement therapy on self-esteem and body image in individuals with eating disorders
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in indigenous communities in the South Pacific
• The use of virtual reality in treating panic disorder in adults
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with bipolar disorder
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in border security and immigration policies
• Investigating the relationship between physical activity and mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic pain
• The role of peer support in mental health recovery for individuals with eating disorders
• Examining the effects of art therapy on self-esteem and body image in individuals with chronic illnesses
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in urban development and infrastructure projects
• The use of artificial intelligence in predicting and preventing workplace violence
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
• The use of virtual reality in treating post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans
• The role of mindfulness-based interventions in improving cognitive function in older adults
• The impact of social media on body image and self-esteem in adolescent girls
• Investigating the relationship between physical activity and mental health outcomes in individuals with Parkinson’s disease
• The role of family-based interventions in improving mental health outcomes in refugees
• Examining the effects of animal-assisted therapy on stress and anxiety in college students
• The use of artificial intelligence in detecting and predicting mental health disorders in children and adolescents
• The impact of social media on interpersonal communication and social skills development in young adults
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in the criminal justice system
• Investigating the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• The role of group therapy in improving mental health outcomes in individuals with borderline personality disorder
• Examining the effects of music therapy on anxiety and depression in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in indigenous communities in the Amazon region
• The use of virtual reality in treating anxiety and stress in healthcare professionals
• The impact of social media on the self-perception of physical appearance and body satisfaction in men
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in the workplace
• Investigating the relationship between physical activity and mental health outcomes in individuals with heart disease
• The role of art therapy in improving mental health outcomes in individuals with traumatic brain injury
• Examining the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on stress and anxiety in individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in urban slum communities
• The use of artificial intelligence in predicting and preventing mental health crises in college students
• The role of occupational therapy in promoting mental health and well-being in individuals with intellectual disabilities
• Examining the effects of dance/movement therapy on depression and anxiety in individuals with fibromyalgia
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in Pacific island communities
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with eating disorders
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in border control and migration management
• Investigating the relationship between physical activity and mental health outcomes in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis
• The role of peer support in mental health recovery for individuals with bipolar disorder
• Examining the effects of art therapy on depression and anxiety in individuals with cancer
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in refugee camps
• The use of artificial intelligence in predicting and preventing workplace burnout
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with substance use disorders
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in housing and real estate markets
• Investigating the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic kidney disease
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in indigenous populations
• The role of exercise in managing symptoms of depression and anxiety during pregnancy
• The impact of social media on academic achievement and performance in college students
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in healthcare decision-making
• Investigating the relationship between diet and mental health outcomes in individuals with eating disorders
• The use of cognitive behavioral therapy in treating insomnia and sleep disorders
• The impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in urban communities
• The role of art therapy in improving mental health outcomes in individuals with autism spectrum disorder
• Examining the effects of physical exercise on immune function and health outcomes in older adults
• Investigating the impact of social media on mental health outcomes in individuals with disabilities
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in border control and immigration
• The use of mindfulness-based interventions in treating substance use disorders
• The impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in disaster-affected communities
• Investigating the relationship between socioeconomic status and mental health outcomes in children and adolescents
• The role of occupational therapy in promoting successful aging and quality of life
• Examining the effects of music therapy on pain and anxiety in cancer patients
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in rural communities
• The use of artificial intelligence in predicting and preventing suicide risk
• The impact of social media on body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors in young adults
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in public policy decision-making
• The role of family-based interventions in promoting mental health and well-being in children and adolescents
• Examining the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on pain management in chronic pain patients
• The use of telepsychiatry in improving access to mental health care in underserved areas
• The impact of social media on body image and self-esteem in men and boys
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in public protests and demonstrations
• Investigating the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes in college students
• The role of dance/movement therapy in improving mental health outcomes in individuals with PTSD
• Examining the effects of physical exercise on depression and anxiety in individuals with chronic pain
• The use of virtual reality in pain management for burn patients
• The impact of social media on mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic pain
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in employment decision-making
• Investigating the relationship between physical activity and mental health outcomes in individuals with diabetes
• The role of peer support in mental health recovery for individuals with schizophrenia
• Examining the effects of art therapy on anxiety and depression in older adults
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in agricultural communities
• The use of artificial intelligence in diagnosing and treating mental health disorders in emergency departments
• The impact of social media on romantic relationships and satisfaction
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in education and schools
• Investigating the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes in older adults
• The role of occupational therapy in promoting mental health and well-being in the workplace
• Examining the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on anxiety and depression
• The use of virtual reality in education and training
• Examining the effects of job stress on mental health outcomes in healthcare workers
• Investigating the relationship between social media use and sleep quality in adolescents
• The role of nutritional supplements in preventing age-related cognitive decline
• The impact of climate change on crop yields and food security in developing countries
• Investigating the relationship between childhood trauma and addiction
• The use of telemedicine in improving healthcare access and outcomes in rural areas
• Examining the effects of physical exercise on mental health outcomes in individuals with schizophrenia
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in refugees
• The role of mindfulness-based interventions in addiction recovery
• The use of artificial intelligence in predicting and preventing falls in older adults
• The impact of social media on political polarization and echo chambers
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in public transportation
• Investigating the relationship between sleep disorders and mental health outcomes in children
• The role of animal-assisted therapy in improving mental health outcomes
• Examining the effects of cognitive training on executive function in older adults
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in coastal communities
• The use of virtual reality in pain management and rehabilitation
• The impact of social media on interpersonal relationships and communication
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in financial decision-making
• Investigating the relationship between chronic pain and mental health outcomes in adults
• The role of peer support in mental health recovery for veterans
• Examining the effects of music therapy on anxiety and depression in individuals with autism
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in Arctic populations
• The use of artificial intelligence in early detection and prevention of heart disease
• The impact of social media on self-disclosure and privacy
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in retail marketing
• Investigating the relationship between physical activity and mental health outcomes in pregnant women
• The role of community-based interventions in promoting healthy aging and well-being
• Examining the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on emotional regulation in individuals with borderline personality disorder
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in low-income populations
• The use of telemedicine in improving mental health access and outcomes in prisons
• The impact of social media on adolescent substance use and addiction
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in criminal justice decision-making
• Investigating the relationship between social support and mental health outcomes in individuals with HIV/AIDS
• The role of creative arts therapies in improving mental health outcomes in children and adolescents
• Examining the effects of physical exercise on cognitive function in individuals with Parkinson’s disease
• The use of artificial intelligence in diagnosing and treating mental health disorders in primary care
• The impact of social media on mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic illnesses
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in workplace surveillance
• Investigating the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes in shift workers
• The role of occupational therapy in mental health recovery
• Examining the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on cognitive function in individuals with traumatic brain injury
• Investigating the impact of parental divorce on children’s mental health
• The role of artificial intelligence in healthcare diagnosis and treatment
• Examining the effects of workaholism on employee well-being and productivity
• Investigating the impact of climate change on coastal erosion
• A critical analysis of the use of biometric data in online security
• The use of genetic testing in personalized nutrition and fitness plans
• The impact of technology on romantic relationships and communication
• Examining the effects of mindfulness interventions on chronic pain management
• Investigating the relationship between trauma and addiction recovery
• The use of wearable technology in improving sports performance and injury prevention
• The impact of climate change on urban heat islands
• A critical analysis of the use of blockchain technology in healthcare
• Investigating the relationship between exercise and depression in older adults
• The role of natural disasters in mental health outcomes
• Examining the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on anxiety and depression in adolescents
• Investigating the impact of climate change on food security
• The use of virtual reality in mental health treatment
• The impact of social media on mental health outcomes in LGBTQ+ populations
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in education
• Investigating the relationship between diet and mental health outcomes in children and adolescents
• The role of music therapy in improving mental health outcomes in cancer patients
• Examining the effects of physical exercise on cognitive function in individuals with multiple sclerosis
• Investigating the impact of climate change on wildfire frequency and severity
• The use of robotics in agriculture and food production
• The impact of social media on workplace communication and productivity
• A critical analysis of the use of algorithmic decision-making in hiring and recruitment
• Investigating the relationship between personality traits and mental health outcomes
• The role of peer support in addiction recovery
• Examining the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on sleep quality and quantity
• Investigating the impact of climate change on air quality and respiratory health
• The use of artificial intelligence in predicting and preventing medication errors
• The impact of social media on mental health outcomes in older adults
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in border security
• The role of physical activity in preventing chronic diseases
• Examining the effects of cognitive training on academic achievement in children
• The use of 3D printing in creating prosthetics and assistive devices
• The impact of social media on body positivity and self-acceptance
• Investigating the relationship between social support and mental health outcomes in college students
• The role of community-based interventions in promoting healthy eating habits in children
• Examining the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on caregiver burden and stress
• Investigating the impact of climate change on water scarcity and conflicts
• The use of artificial intelligence in improving mental health diagnosis and treatment
• The impact of social media on mental health outcomes in individuals with eating disorders
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in retail surveillance
• Investigating the relationship between social isolation and mental health outcomes in older adults
• The role of complementary and alternative medicine in mental health treatment
• Examining the effects of physical exercise on executive function in individuals with ADHD.
• Investigating the impact of workplace bullying on mental health outcomes in healthcare workers
• The use of cognitive behavioral therapy in improving sleep outcomes in individuals with insomnia
• Examining the effects of music therapy on social skills and communication in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
• The role of narrative therapy in improving mental health outcomes in individuals with complex trauma histories
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in credit scoring
• Investigating the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes in individuals with schizophrenia
• The role of dance/movement therapy in promoting mental health and well-being in individuals with intellectual disabilities
• Examining the effects of cognitive remediation therapy on cognitive functioning in individuals with traumatic brain injuries
• The use of artificial intelligence in predicting and preventing workplace accidents
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in retail environments
• The role of drama therapy in promoting mental health and well-being in incarcerated individuals
• Examining the effects of art therapy on emotional regulation in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD)
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in Indigenous youth
• The use of virtual reality in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in social media advertising
• The role of horticulture therapy in improving mental health outcomes in individuals with depression
• Examining the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on emotional dysregulation in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD)
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in migrant populations
• The use of artificial intelligence in predicting and preventing cyberbullying
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with personality disorders
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in airport security
• Investigating the relationship between physical activity and mental health outcomes in individuals with cardiovascular disease
• The role of expressive writing therapy in promoting mental health and well-being in individuals with trauma histories
• Examining the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on pain management in individuals with chronic pain
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in First Nations communities
• The use of virtual reality in treating phobias in individuals with developmental disabilities
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with chronic illnesses
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in criminal justice reform
• The role of bibliotherapy in promoting mental health and well-being in individuals with anxiety disorders
• Examining the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on rumination and worry in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
• The role of equine-assisted therapy in promoting mental health and well-being in individuals with trauma histories
• Examining the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on anxiety and depression in individuals with chronic pain
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in Indigenous communities
• The use of virtual reality in treating phobias in children
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs)
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in public health surveillance
• Investigating the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes in individuals with Huntington’s disease
• The role of music therapy in improving mental health outcomes in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
• Examining the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on self-regulation and emotion regulation in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD)
• The use of artificial intelligence in predicting and preventing domestic violence
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in immigration enforcement
• The role of art therapy in promoting mental health and well-being in individuals with traumatic brain injuries
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in disaster survivors
• The use of virtual reality in treating anxiety and depression in individuals with chronic illnesses
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with gender dysphoria
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in hiring and recruitment processes
• Investigating the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease
• The role of play therapy in promoting mental health and well-being in children with trauma histories
• Examining the effects of art therapy on self-esteem and body image in individuals with eating disorders
• The use of artificial intelligence in predicting and preventing school violence
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with intellectual disabilities
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in public transportation systems
• Investigating the relationship between physical activity and mental health outcomes in individuals with spinal cord injuries
• The role of drama therapy in improving mental health outcomes in individuals with substance use disorders
• Examining the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on emotional regulation and impulsivity in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in forest-dependent communities
• The use of virtual reality in treating postpartum depression in new mothers
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with gambling disorder
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in sports performance analysis
• Investigating the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes in individuals with fibromyalgia
• The role of animal-assisted therapy in promoting mental health and well-being in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• The use of cognitive behavioral therapy in treating depression in individuals with chronic pain
• The role of art therapy in promoting mental health and well-being in survivors of sexual assault
• Examining the effects of music therapy on pain management in individuals with fibromyalgia
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in border control
• Investigating the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• The role of animal-assisted therapy in improving mental health outcomes in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Examining the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on impulsivity in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD)
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in farming communities
• The use of virtual reality in treating agoraphobia in individuals with anxiety disorders
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with chronic pain
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in the hiring process
• Investigating the relationship between physical activity and mental health outcomes in individuals with cancer
• The role of narrative therapy in promoting mental health and well-being in refugees
• Examining the effects of art therapy on body image in individuals with eating disorders
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in coastal Indigenous communities
• The use of artificial intelligence in predicting and preventing traffic accidents
• Investigating the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome
• The role of dance/movement therapy in promoting mental health and well-being in older adults
• Examining the effects of cognitive remediation therapy on social cognition in individuals with schizophrenia
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in Arctic communities
• The use of virtual reality in treating acrophobia in individuals with anxiety disorders
• The impact of social media on the mental health outcomes of individuals with gambling disorders
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in healthcare resource allocation
• Investigating the relationship between physical activity and mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic kidney disease on dialysis
• The role of bibliotherapy in promoting mental health and well-being in individuals with postpartum depression
• Examining the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on self-esteem in individuals with social anxiety disorder
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in Pacific Islander communities
• The use of animal-assisted therapy in treating anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in public protests
• Investigating the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes in individuals with traumatic brain injuries
• The role of drama therapy in promoting mental health and well-being in LGBTQ+ individuals
• Examining the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on anxiety and depression in individuals with Parkinson’s disease
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in refugee communities
• The use of virtual reality in treating claustrophobia in individuals with anxiety disorders
• The impact of childhood trauma on mental health outcomes in adulthood
• The use of music therapy in improving cognitive function in individuals with dementia
• Examining the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on depression in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in Indigenous communities in Australia
• The role of mindfulness-based interventions in promoting mental health and well-being in college students
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in criminal justice sentencing
• Investigating the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes in individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• The use of art therapy in improving self-esteem in individuals with substance use disorders
• Examining the effects of animal-assisted therapy on aggression in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
• The role of cognitive remediation therapy in improving executive functioning in individuals with traumatic brain injuries
• A critical analysis of the use of facial recognition technology in the criminal justice system
• The use of narrative therapy in promoting resilience in individuals who have experienced trauma
• Examining the effects of dance/movement therapy on body image in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
• The use of virtual reality in treating fear of flying in individuals with anxiety disorders
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in predicting student performance in higher education
• The role of mindfulness-based interventions in promoting mental health and well-being in older adults
• Examining the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on insomnia in individuals with depression
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in Arctic Indigenous communities
• The use of animal-assisted therapy in improving social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
• The role of art therapy in promoting mental health and well-being in individuals with chronic pain
• Examining the effects of cognitive remediation therapy on attention in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• The use of virtual reality in treating fear of needles in children with medical conditions
• A critical analysis of the use of predictive analytics in predicting criminal behavior
• Investigating the relationship between sleep and mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic kidney disease not on dialysis
• The role of drama therapy in promoting mental health and well-being in individuals with schizophrenia
• Examining the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on pain management in individuals with chronic migraines
• Investigating the impact of climate change on mental health outcomes in communities affected by natural disasters

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Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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Computer Science > Computation and Language

Title: related work and citation text generation: a survey.

Abstract: To convince readers of the novelty of their research paper, authors must perform a literature review and compose a coherent story that connects and relates prior works to the current work. This challenging nature of literature review writing makes automatic related work generation (RWG) academically and computationally interesting, and also makes it an excellent test bed for examining the capability of SOTA natural language processing (NLP) models. Since the initial proposal of the RWG task, its popularity has waxed and waned, following the capabilities of mainstream NLP approaches. In this work, we survey the zoo of RWG historical works, summarizing the key approaches and task definitions and discussing the ongoing challenges of RWG.

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