presentation about nasa company

There is unequivocal evidence that Earth is warming at an unprecedented rate. Human activity is the principal cause.

• While Earth’s climate has changed throughout its history , the current warming is happening at a rate not seen in the past 10,000 years.
• According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ), "Since systematic scientific assessments began in the 1970s, the influence of human activity on the warming of the climate system has evolved from theory to established fact." 1
• Scientific information taken from natural sources (such as ice cores, rocks, and tree rings) and from modern equipment (like satellites and instruments) all show the signs of a changing climate.
• From global temperature rise to melting ice sheets, the evidence of a warming planet abounds.

The rate of change since the mid-20th century is unprecedented over millennia.

Earth's climate has changed throughout history. Just in the last 800,000 years, there have been eight cycles of ice ages and warmer periods, with the end of the last ice age about 11,700 years ago marking the beginning of the modern climate era — and of human civilization. Most of these climate changes are attributed to very small variations in Earth’s orbit that change the amount of solar energy our planet receives.

The current warming trend is different because it is clearly the result of human activities since the mid-1800s, and is proceeding at a rate not seen over many recent millennia. 1 It is undeniable that human activities have produced the atmospheric gases that have trapped more of the Sun’s energy in the Earth system. This extra energy has warmed the atmosphere, ocean, and land, and widespread and rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and biosphere have occurred.

Earth-orbiting satellites and new technologies have helped scientists see the big picture, collecting many different types of information about our planet and its climate all over the world. These data, collected over many years, reveal the signs and patterns of a changing climate.

Scientists demonstrated the heat-trapping nature of carbon dioxide and other gases in the mid-19th century. 2 Many of the science instruments NASA uses to study our climate focus on how these gases affect the movement of infrared radiation through the atmosphere. From the measured impacts of increases in these gases, there is no question that increased greenhouse gas levels warm Earth in response.

Scientific evidence for warming of the climate system is unequivocal.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Ice cores drawn from Greenland, Antarctica, and tropical mountain glaciers show that Earth’s climate responds to changes in greenhouse gas levels. Ancient evidence can also be found in tree rings, ocean sediments, coral reefs, and layers of sedimentary rocks. This ancient, or paleoclimate, evidence reveals that current warming is occurring roughly 10 times faster than the average rate of warming after an ice age. Carbon dioxide from human activities is increasing about 250 times faster than it did from natural sources after the last Ice Age. 3

The Evidence for Rapid Climate Change Is Compelling:

Global Temperature Is Rising

The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 2 degrees Fahrenheit (1 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere and other human activities. 4 Most of the warming occurred in the past 40 years, with the seven most recent years being the warmest. The years 2016 and 2020 are tied for the warmest year on record. 5 Image credit: Ashwin Kumar, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic.

The Ocean Is Getting Warmer

The ocean has absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 100 meters (about 328 feet) of ocean showing warming of 0.67 degrees Fahrenheit (0.33 degrees Celsius) since 1969. 6 Earth stores 90% of the extra energy in the ocean. Image credit: Kelsey Roberts/USGS

The Ice Sheets Are Shrinking

The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass. Data from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment show Greenland lost an average of 279 billion tons of ice per year between 1993 and 2019, while Antarctica lost about 148 billion tons of ice per year. 7 Image: The Antarctic Peninsula, Credit: NASA

Glaciers Are Retreating

Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska, and Africa. 8 Image: Miles Glacier, Alaska Image credit: NASA

Snow Cover Is Decreasing

Satellite observations reveal that the amount of spring snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere has decreased over the past five decades and the snow is melting earlier. 9 Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Sea Level Is Rising

Global sea level rose about 8 inches (20 centimeters) in the last century. The rate in the last two decades, however, is nearly double that of the last century and accelerating slightly every year. 10 Image credit: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District

Arctic Sea Ice Is Declining

Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades. 11 Credit: NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio

Extreme Events Are Increasing in Frequency

The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950. The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events. 12 Image credit: Régine Fabri,  CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons

Ocean Acidification Is Increasing

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30%. 13 , 14 This increase is due to humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the ocean. The ocean has absorbed between 20% and 30% of total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions in recent decades (7.2 to 10.8 billion metric tons per year). 1 5 , 16 Image credit: NOAA

1. IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, WGI, Technical Summary . B.D. Santer et.al., “A search for human influences on the thermal structure of the atmosphere.” Nature 382 (04 July 1996): 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1038/382039a0. Gabriele C. Hegerl et al., “Detecting Greenhouse-Gas-Induced Climate Change with an Optimal Fingerprint Method.” Journal of Climate 9 (October 1996): 2281-2306. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2281:DGGICC>2.0.CO;2. V. Ramaswamy, et al., “Anthropogenic and Natural Influences in the Evolution of Lower Stratospheric Cooling.” Science 311 (24 February 2006): 1138-1141. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1122587. B.D. Santer et al., “Contributions of Anthropogenic and Natural Forcing to Recent Tropopause Height Changes.” Science 301 (25 July 2003): 479-483. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1084123. T. Westerhold et al., "An astronomically dated record of Earth’s climate and its predictability over the last 66 million years." Science 369 (11 Sept. 2020): 1383-1387. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094123

2. In 1824, Joseph Fourier calculated that an Earth-sized planet, at our distance from the Sun, ought to be much colder. He suggested something in the atmosphere must be acting like an insulating blanket. In 1856, Eunice Foote discovered that blanket, showing that carbon dioxide and water vapor in Earth's atmosphere trap escaping infrared (heat) radiation. In the 1860s, physicist John Tyndall recognized Earth's natural greenhouse effect and suggested that slight changes in the atmospheric composition could bring about climatic variations. In 1896, a seminal paper by Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius first predicted that changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels could substantially alter the surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. In 1938, Guy Callendar connected carbon dioxide increases in Earth’s atmosphere to global warming. In 1941, Milutin Milankovic linked ice ages to Earth’s orbital characteristics. Gilbert Plass formulated the Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climate Change in 1956.

3. IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, WG1, Chapter 2 Vostok ice core data; NOAA Mauna Loa CO2 record O. Gaffney, W. Steffen, "The Anthropocene Equation." The Anthropocene Review 4, issue 1 (April 2017): 53-61. https://doi.org/abs/10.1177/2053019616688022.

4. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/monitoring https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/temperature/ http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp

5. https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/20170118/

6. S. Levitus, J. Antonov, T. Boyer, O Baranova, H. Garcia, R. Locarnini, A. Mishonov, J. Reagan, D. Seidov, E. Yarosh, M. Zweng, " NCEI ocean heat content, temperature anomalies, salinity anomalies, thermosteric sea level anomalies, halosteric sea level anomalies, and total steric sea level anomalies from 1955 to present calculated from in situ oceanographic subsurface profile data (NCEI Accession 0164586), Version 4.4. (2017) NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/3M_HEAT_CONTENT/index3.html K. von Schuckmann, L. Cheng, L,. D. Palmer, J. Hansen, C. Tassone, V. Aich, S. Adusumilli, H. Beltrami, H., T. Boyer, F. Cuesta-Valero, D. Desbruyeres, C. Domingues, A. Garcia-Garcia, P. Gentine, J. Gilson, M. Gorfer, L. Haimberger, M. Ishii, M., G. Johnson, R. Killick, B. King, G. Kirchengast, N. Kolodziejczyk, J. Lyman, B. Marzeion, M. Mayer, M. Monier, D. Monselesan, S. Purkey, D. Roemmich, A. Schweiger, S. Seneviratne, A. Shepherd, D. Slater, A. Steiner, F. Straneo, M.L. Timmermans, S. Wijffels. "Heat stored in the Earth system: where does the energy go?" Earth System Science Data 12, Issue 3 (07 September 2020): 2013-2041. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020.

7. I. Velicogna, Yara Mohajerani, A. Geruo, F. Landerer, J. Mouginot, B. Noel, E. Rignot, T. Sutterly, M. van den Broeke, M. Wessem, D. Wiese, "Continuity of Ice Sheet Mass Loss in Greenland and Antarctica From the GRACE and GRACE Follow-On Missions." Geophysical Research Letters 47, Issue 8 (28 April 2020): e2020GL087291. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087291.

8. National Snow and Ice Data Center World Glacier Monitoring Service

9. National Snow and Ice Data Center D.A. Robinson, D. K. Hall, and T. L. Mote, "MEaSUREs Northern Hemisphere Terrestrial Snow Cover Extent Daily 25km EASE-Grid 2.0, Version 1 (2017). Boulder, Colorado USA. NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.5067/MEASURES/CRYOSPHERE/nsidc-0530.001 . http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/sotc/snow_extent.html Rutgers University Global Snow Lab. Data History

10. R.S. Nerem, B.D. Beckley, J. T. Fasullo, B.D. Hamlington, D. Masters, and G.T. Mitchum, "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era." PNAS 15, no. 9 (12 Feb. 2018): 2022-2025. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717312115.

11. https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/sotc/sea_ice.html Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS, Zhang and Rothrock, 2003) http://psc.apl.washington.edu/research/projects/arctic-sea-ice-volume-anomaly/ http://psc.apl.uw.edu/research/projects/projections-of-an-ice-diminished-arctic-ocean/

12. USGCRP, 2017: Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I [Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, 470 pp, https://doi.org/10.7930/j0j964j6 .

13. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F

14. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification

15. C.L. Sabine, et al., “The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2.” Science 305 (16 July 2004): 367-371. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097403.

16. Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate , Technical Summary, Chapter TS.5, Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities, Section 5.2.2.3. https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/technical-summary/

Header image shows clouds imitating mountains as the sun sets after midnight as seen from Denali's backcountry Unit 13 on June 14, 2019. Credit: NPS/Emily Mesner Image credit in list of evidence: Ashwin Kumar, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic.

Discover More Topics From NASA

Explore Earth Science

Earth Science in Action

Earth Science Data

Facts About Earth

Collection of Interactive PowerPoint Slides to be Used in Public Engagement

For students in Grade: 3rd to 12th

A set of slides designed to help teachers and Subject Matter Experts explain complex topics in a fun way. List of slides:

• Comparison of Exoplanets’ Locations
• Comparison of Exoplanets’ Locations (Kelvin)
• Comparison of Host Stars
• Comparison of Host Stars (Kelvin)
• Comparison of Metal Phases on Exoplanets – Quiz
• Comparison of Planet Sizes – Exoplanets
• Comparison of Planet Sizes - Solar Systems
• Comparison of Space Telescopes
• Comparison of TRAPPIST-1 – with Inner Solar System
• Habitable Zones Compared to the Size of the Hosting Star - with different types of stars
• Habitable Zones Compared to the Size of the Hosting Star
• Planet Formation
• Planets vs Stars - Brightness, Size, and Weight (Mass)
• Spectroscopy - Detection of Bio Signatures
• Speed Comparison – Jet Airliner vs. Small Astronomical Bodies

NOTE : This PowerPoint file has built-in interactive elements. To view them, you must be in "Slide Show" mode; you can then move to the next view either by clicking your mouse, the spacebar, or the arrow keys. This slide will not work in "regular viewing mode."

NASA/JPL-Caltech

Explore Alien Worlds

Exoplanet Travel Bureau

Strange New Worlds

Historic Timeline

Safety Culture

Nasa safety culture...it's in our dna.

Safety Culture’s mission at NASA is to create an environment where everyone works safely, feels comfortable communicating safety issues, learns from mistakes and successes, feels confident balancing challenges and risks while keeping safety in the forefront, and trusts that safety is a priority.

NASA’s Safety Culture Model is based on five criteria, or factors. Click on the buttons below to learn more about each of the five factors, and the DNA analogy that inspired the program's logo.

Safety Culture News

Cordero Receives Yes, If Award for Mission Security Approach

Manuel “Manny” Cordero, Information Technology security specialist for NASA’s Independent Verification and Validation (IV&V) Program and advisor for the agency’s Enterprise Protection Program (EPP), recently received a “Yes, If” coin for proactively increasing awareness about software security risks to protect NASA missions.

Yes, If Coins Awarded at Ames

NASA Chief of Safety and Mission Assurance Russ DeLoach recently presented two “Yes, If” coins to Ames Research Center personnel while visiting the center for the SMA Directors Meeting.

Reynolds Receives Yes, If Coin for Commitment to Customer Service

NASA Chief of Safety and Mission Assurance Russ DeLoach recently presented a “Yes, If” coin to Kaci Reynolds, associate director for NASA’s Independent Verification and Validation Program, for her attention to detail, proactive approach and commitment to customer service. 

John Livacich Receives Yes, If Coin for Approach to Safety

John Livacich, Safety and Occupational Health manager at Ames Research Center, recently received a “Yes, If” coin for his proactive approach to mitigating risks and ensuring safe and reliable lifting operations.

O’Connor Honored for Career Embodying Yes, If Attitude

Ken O’Connor, Mishap program executive at the NASA Safety Center, received the “Yes, If” coin from Chief of Safety and Mission Assurance Russ DeLoach during his retirement celebration on May 5. O’Connor retired after more than 30 years of NASA service. 

Lt. Col. Denise Zona

Safety culture interagency advisor.

Learn more about Safety Culture Interagency Advisor Lt. Col. Denise Zona.

Tracy Dillinger

Safety culture program manager.

Learn more about Safety Culture Program Manager Tracy Dillinger.

Points of Contact

For details on contacting a Safety Culture Point of Contact (PoC), click below.

Safety Culture Working Group

“Our vision for Safety Culture at NASA is to create an environment characterized by safe attitudes and behaviors, modeled by leaders and embraced by all. This environment should foster an atmosphere of open communication and mutual trust, as well as shared values and lessons. It should also instill confidence that will balance challenges and risks that are consistent with our safety core value to successfully accomplish our mission.”

— Safety Culture Working Group Charter

The Artemis program will land the first woman and first person of color on the Moon, using innovative technologies to explore more of the lunar surface than ever before. To return to the moon, a strong Safety Culture across the agency will be key. Together we can ensure this mission is safe and successful for those most at risk. They’re counting on our boots on the ground to get their boots on the moon.

To return to the moon, a strong Safety Culture across the agency will be key. Together we can ensure this mission is safe and successful for those most at risk.

We're back, with "Boots on the Moon II." The Artemis program will land the first woman and first person of color on the Moon, using innovative technologies to explore more of the lunar surface than ever before. To return to the Moon, a strong Safety Culture across the agency will be key. Together we can ensure this mission is safe and successful for those most at risk. They’re counting on our boots on the ground to get their boots on the Moon.

We're back, with "Boots on the Moon II." To return to the Moon, a strong Safety Culture across the agency will be key.

Safety Culture Program Manager Tracy Dillinger and the Safety Culture Working Group members discuss the NASA Safety Culture model and each of its five factors in this video. 

Safety Culture Program Manager Tracy Dillinger and the Safety Culture Working Group members discuss the NASA Safety Culture model and each of its five factors in this video.

This course covers the definition of safety culture, NASA Safety Culture Five Factors and the learners’ responsibilities for supporting NASA’s Safety Culture.

This course covers the definition of safety culture, NASA Safety Culture Five Factors, supervisors' responsibilities for supporting NASA’s Safety Culture and making supervisory decisions that reinforce NASA’s Safety Culture.

Policy and Guidance

• Employee Safety Culture Checklist
• Supervisor Safety Culture Checklist

• 2022 Version 1
• 2022 Version 2

"Yes, If" Program

The “Yes, If” recognition coin is emblematic of the culture we would like to promote at NASA. When asked, “Is this possible?” our response should be, “Yes, if…” instead of “No, because….” Recipients of the “Yes, If” coin exemplify the spirit of ingenuity, creativity and commitment to safety that the agency was built upon. We invite you to nominate a NASA colleague who you believe has earned the “Yes, If” coin, which will be presented by the chief of Safety and Mission Assurance. The recognition coin was developed by Safety Culture Program Manager Tracy Dillinger for former Chief of Safety and Mission Assurance Bryan O’Connor.

Caught Doing Right

The Caught Doing Right initiative celebrates the NASA family’s commitment to practicing proper safety procedures. All too often we are quick to point out when our colleagues are being careless with safety, and although it's important to correct unsafe behavior, we should put equal emphasis on those who faithfully incorporate safety measures into their daily work.

What You Can Do

When you see an employee or group working safely

• Take a photo
• Submit your photo and complete the form by using the "Submit Photos" button

The photos, or "safies," can be accessed by any NASA employee or contractor within the NASA firewall.

By posting your “safies” on this site, you are not only sharing your commitment to safety with the rest of the agency, but sharing great work practices with them as well.

The Bottom Line

At the end of the year, a team of NASA safety professionals will assess the "safies" and decide on one to feature on a poster for all NASA centers. Be a part of celebrating your team's outstanding safety practices while encouraging others to do the same agencywide.

Assessments

The NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance (OSMA), along with subject matter experts from each of the NASA centers, developed the NASA Safety Culture Survey. It is designed to provide center directors with a tool to identify and correct latent organizational conditions that may lead to accidents and implement strategies to improve safety. The surveys are distributed to each center every three years and questions will vary for each round.

Each survey lists general questions, along with center-specific questions. Below are general questions from Round 1, Round 2, Round 3, Round 4, Round 5 and Round 6 of the survey.

Change Management

Feedback collected from the latest round of Safety Culture Surveys revealed an opportunity to enhance NASA’s ability to adapt to change. While the agency scored highly in most categories, the “people in our organization manage change well” question showed room for improvement. The following SATERN courses provide training on how to accept, communicate and react to change positively across the agency or specifically at your center.

Important Reports

A key part of NASA's Safety Culture is learning from our mistakes. It is only by assessing our mishaps that we are able to learn from them and move toward a better and safer future. Below are key agency mishap reports that provide important information that can benefit safety professionals both within the agency and beyond.

Interagency Advisor

Lt. Col. Denise Zona is an aerospace psychologist and interagency advisor at NASA. She supports the Department of the Air Force through her role in the Office of Safety and Mission Assurance at NASA and serves as a Safety Culture and Human Factors Subject Matter Expert (SME).  Most recently, Zona served as the division chief of Human Performance at the Air Force Safety Center. She was also the Aviation Psychology Fellowship director and career field manager for Air Force Aviation Psychology. Zona managed safety programs including the Air Force Combined Mishap Reduction System and Organizational Safety Assessments. She served on numerous Department of Defense, Air Force and interagency working groups in the areas of human performance, Human Factors and operational psychology. Zona is part of a multidisciplinary team that includes experts in engineering, analytics, epidemiology, risk management, air/space craft operations and air/space craft maintenance. She has experience with Safety Culture surveys, analysis and organizational assessments. Zona contributes to the training of NASA safety professionals in Human Factors principles and in the NASA Human Factors Analysis and Classification System. She focuses on Safety Culture, prevention and identifying how human factors and our interaction with tools, tasks, working environments and other people influence human performance. Throughout her career, Zona served as chief of the Traumatic Stress Response and Disaster Mental Health Teams, chief of the Crisis Response Team, Suicide Prevention program manager, director of Psychological Health and on community action boards. During her time at Lackland Air Force Base, Zona led the 802 Security Forces Squadron Unit Consultation Team. While assigned to Ramstein Air Base, she was the director of Psychological Health and the sole Behavioral Medicine Optimization Program trainer for United States Air Forces Europe. Zona was twice an invited speaker at the annual North Atlantic Treaty Organization Aerospace Medicine Summit as a behavioral sleep medicine SME. She also worked in medical treatment facilities leading mental health clinics, alcohol and drug abuse prevention and treatment programs, family advocacy programs, and coordinating psychological treatment embedded in primary care clinics.  Zona completed post-doctoral fellowships in clinical health psychology and aviation psychology. She ran the Clinical Health Psychology specialty clinic at Wilford Hall Medical Center. While completing her Aviation Psychology fellowship, Zona was concurrently the 58th Special Operations Wing psychologist as well as the director of the Human Performance and Leadership Center. Zona earned Bachelor of Arts degrees in psychology and studio art from State University of New York at Oswego, a Master of Science degree in psychology and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in clinical psychology from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri.

John Livacich

Ames Research Center Safety and Occupational Health Manager John Livacich recently received a “Yes, If” coin for his proactive approach to mitigating risks and ensuring safe and reliable lifting operations.

Livacich serves as the Lifting Devices and Equipment Manager at Ames and chairs the Ames Lifting Devices and Equipment Committee. Due to Livacich’s diligence, Ames has safely completed hundreds of lifts since he was appointed to this role in 2019.

Round 6 Questions

• Please rate your immediate work area with respect to its Reporting Culture.
• I know how to report safety concerns.
• People are encouraged to report safety concerns.
• Reported safety concerns are addressed at my Center.
• Please rate your immediate work area with respect to its Just Culture.
• I am comfortable discussing unsafe conditions without fear of reprisal.
• People are recognized for their contributions to safety.
• Appropriate action is taken when safety rules are not followed.
• Please rate your immediate work area with respect to its Flexible Culture.
• My Center uses information from past experiences to improve safety.
• People in our organization manage change well.
• Processes change to improve safety at my Center.
• Please rate your immediate work area with respect to its Learning Culture.
• We learn from our successes and our failures.
• People at my Center actively share safety information from past experiences.
• Employees in my work area share knowledge with each other.
• Please rate your immediate work area with respect to its Engaged Culture.
• I share responsibility for improving safety at my center.
• Supervisors share responsibility for improving safety at my Center.
• Leaders demonstrate they value safety by "walking the talk."
• I have not been pressured to cut corners or compromise safety.
• I have sufficient resources (e.g., people materials, budget) to get my job done safely.
• What can you do to improve your Center's Safety Culture?
• What is going well in your department/directorate regarding safety?

NPR 8705.6D

Safety and mission assurance (sma) audits, reviews, and assessments.

NPR 8705.6 , Safety and Mission Assurance (SMA) Audits, Reviews, and Assessments establishes requirements for conducting audits, reviews and assessments to verify compliance with applicable NASA SMA requirements as required by  NPD 1000.3 , The NASA Organization and  NPD 8700.1 , NASA Policy for Safety and Mission Success in accordance with  NPD 1210.2 , NASA Surveys, Audits, and Reviews Policy.

Round 5 Questions

Round 4 questions.

• My CENTER uses information from past experiences to improve safety (new)
• People at my CENTER actively share safety information from past experiences.
• Supervisors share responsibility for improving safety at my Center. (new)
• In the last 12 months, I’ve been asked or felt pressured to compromise safety to get my job done.

Manuel Dominguez

Safety Culture Co-Chair

Manuel B. Dominguez is the Safety Culture co-chair. He is one of the original members of the Safety Culture Work Group and serves as assistant to the Safety Program manager. Prior to his current position, Dominguez was the chief of the Safety, Health and Environmental Division at Glenn Research Center. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in biology at the University of Puerto Rico and his Master of Science degree in industrial safety at Central Missouri State University. He is a Certified Safety Professional. His specialty areas are industrial safety, fire protection and mishap investigation and organizational safety.

Round 3 Questions

• I share responsibility for improving safety at my Center.
• Employees are protected from health and safety hazards on the job.

SSME 0523 Failure Investigation Final Report

June 16, 2000.

Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) 0523 was assembled as a unique development engine for a series of tests to demonstrate safe operation of the Pratt & Whitney High Pressure Fuel Turbopump (HPFTP/AT) at the High Pressure Fuel Turbine discharge temperature redline values. During the assembly of SSME 0523, Permacel P-670 tape was introduced into the fuel system during some “hands-on” process. The tape contamination went unnoticed and was left in the fuel system during the remainder of assembly and pretest activities. On June 16, 2000, a test of SSME 0523 was conducted at Stennis Space Center. During the test, the tape contamination debris set off a series of events that caused the first stage blades to fail. Post incident inspection of the engine revealed significant hardware damage to the HPFTP/AT with less significant damage to the powerhead and Main Combustion Chamber. There was no facility damage and no personnel were injured.

Rogers Commission Report (Challenger)

Jan. 28, 1986.

The consensus of the Commission and participating investigative agencies is that the loss of the Space Shuttle Challenger was caused by a failure in the joint between the two lower segments of the right Solid Rocket Motor.  The specific failure was the destruction of the seals that are intended to prevent hot gases from leaking through the joint during the propellant burn of the rocket motor.  The evidence assembled by the Commission indicates that no other element of the Space Shuttle system contributed to this failure. 

Return to Flight Task Group Report

The Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) elected to delve deeper in the accident than simply determining the physical cause. It was obvious to the board very early on that there was an underlying problem with leadership, management and culture at NASA, specifically within the Space Shuttle Program. The CAIB released the first volume of its final report, containing 29 specific recommendations for changes to the vehicle, to the Space Shuttle Program and to NASA in general. Among those recommendations were 15 that the accident board believed should be implemented prior to returning the Space Shuttle to flight. 

Helios Mishap Report

June 26, 2003.

The Helios Prototype HP03 vehicle was a remotely piloted aircraft designed for long-duration flight. On June 26, 2003, HP03-2 took off from the Navy’s Pacific Missile Range Facility, Kauai, Hawaii. The aircraft encountered turbulence and morphed into an unexpected, persistent, high-dihedral configuration. The aircraft became unstable and its design airspeed was subsequently exceeded, causing the wing leading edge to fail and the solar cells and skin on the upper surface of the wing to rip off. The aircraft impacted the ocean and was destroyed.

Glory Mishap Investigation Results

March 4, 2011.

The Glory spacecraft was a NASA satellite mission launched March 4, 2011, as the primary payload aboard an Orbital Science Corporation Taurus XL T9 launch vehicle at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. The fairing failed to separate as planned, and the additional mass of the fairing caused the trajectory to deviate and the vehicle failed to reach orbital velocity. The vehicle reentered the atmosphere and likely broke up or burned up, or both. 

Genesis Mishap Investigation Board Report

Sept. 8, 2004.

Genesis was one of NASA’s Discovery missions, and its purpose was to collect samples of solar wind and return them to Earth. Launched on Aug. 8, 2001, Genesis was to provide fundamental data to help scientists understand the formation of our solar system. On Sept. 8, 2004 the Genesis sample return capsule drogue parachute did not deploy during entry, descent and landing operations. After the point of expected drogue deployment, the sample return capsule began to tumble and impacted the test range.

DART Mishap Investigation Results

April 15, 2005.

On April 15, 2005, the Demonstration of Autonomous Rendezvous Technology (DART) spacecraft was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. DART was designed to rendezvous with and perform a variety of maneuvers in close proximity to the Multiple Paths, Beyond-Line-of-Sight Communications (MUBLCOM) satellite. Approximately 11 hours into what was supposed to be a 24-hour mission, DART detected that its propellant supply was depleted. Although it was not known at the time, DART had actually collided with MUBLCOM.

CONTOUR Mishap Investigation Board Report

The Comet Nucleus Tour, CONTOUR, is part of the NASA Discovery series of solar system exploration satellites. Launched on July 3, 2002, CONTOUR was intended to encounter at least two comets and perform a variety of investigations and analyses of the comet material. It remained in an eccentric Earth orbit until Aug. 15, 2002, when it left orbit and began the transit to the comet Encke. The mission design did not provide for telemetry coverage during the solid rocket motor burn and no provision was made to observe the burn optically. CONTOUR was programmed to re-establish telemetry contact with the ground following the burn. However, no signal was received. Active attempts to contact CONTOUR were unsuccessful. On Aug. 16, 2002, limited ground observations identified what appeared to be three separate objects on slightly divergent trajectories near but behind CONTOUR’s expected position. Further attempts to contact CONTOUR were made through Dec. 20, 2002, when NASA and Johns Hopkins University’s Applied Physics Laboratory concluded that the spacecraft had been lost.

Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report

Feb. 1, 2003.

The Columbia Accident Investigation Board’s independent investigation into the Feb. 1, 2003, loss of the Space Shuttle Columbia and its seven-member crew lasted nearly seven months. The physical cause of the loss of Columbia and its crew as a breach in the Thermal Protection System on the leading edge of the left wing, cause by a piece of insulating foam which separated from the left bipod ramp section of the External Tank at 81.7 seconds after launch, and struck the wing. The organizational causes of this accident are rooted in the Space Shuttle Program’s history and culture, including the original compromises that were required to gain approval for the Shuttle, subsequent years of resource constraints, fluctuating priorities, schedule pressures, mischaracterization of the Shuttle as operational rather than developmental, and lack of an agreed national vision for human space flight. 

Apollo 204 Review Board Final Report

Jan. 27, 1967.

On Jan. 27, 1967, tragedy struck the Apollo program when a flash fire occurred in command module 012 during a launch pad test of the Apollo/Saturn space vehicle being prepared for the first piloted flight, the AS-204 mission. Three astronauts died in this tragic accident. A seven-member board conducted a comprehensive investigation to pinpoint the cause of the fire. The final report presented the results of the investigation and made specific recommendations that led to major design and engineering modifications, and revisions to test planning, test discipline, manufacturing processes and procedures, and quality control. The AS-204 mission was redesignated Apollo I in honor of the crew.

Round 2 Questions

• Please rate your immediate work area with respect to its Reporting Culture.
• Please rate your immediate work area with respect to its Just Culture.
• I am comfortable discussing unsafe conditions with my manager if/when I see them although it may impact my work.
• Appropriate action is taken if safety rules are violated.
• Please rate your immediate work area with respect to its Flexible Culture.
• I have contributed to creative solutions to make things safer.
• Safety processes change to prevent future mishaps at my Center.
• Please rate your immediate work area with respect to its Learning Culture.
• My CENTER uses safety information from past experiences in future decision making.
• Please rate your immediate work area with respect to its Engaged Culture.
• Employees get involved when concerned about safety.

Round 1 Questions

• Please rate your  Immediate  work area with respect to its Reporting Culture.
• Please rate your  Department  with respect to its Reporting Culture.
• Please rate your  Center  with respect to its Reporting Culture.
• Please rate your  Agency  with respect to its Reporting Culture.
• Please rate your  Immediate  work area with respect to its Just Culture.
• Please rate your  Department  with respect to its Just Culture.
• Please rate your  Center  with respect to its Just Culture.
• Please rate your  Agency  with respect to its Just Culture.
• Please rate your  Immediate  work area with respect to its Flexible Culture.
• Please rate your  Department  with respect to its Flexible Culture.
• Please rate your  Center  with respect to its Flexible Culture.
• Please rate your  Agency  with respect to its Flexible Culture.
• Please rate your  Immediate  work area with respect to its Learning Culture.
• Please rate your  Department  with respect to its Learning Culture.
• Please rate your  Center  with respect to its Learning Culture.
• Please rate your  Agency  with respect to its Learning Culture.
• Please rate your  Immediate  work area with respect to its Engaged Culture.
• Please rate your  Department  with respect to its Engaged Culture.
• Please rate your  Center  with respect to its Engaged Culture.
• Please rate your  Agency  with respect to its Engaged Culture.

Watch First Coin

Addressing NASA's employees for the last time as administrator, Mike Griffin on Friday, Jan. 16, 2009, displayed the first NASA Yes-If coin.

NASA-HDBK-8709.24

Nasa safety culture handbook.

The purpose of this Handbook is to define the NASA Safety Culture Program and to provide guidance in the development and implementation — sustainment, growth, and practice — of Safety Culture at the center level. It defines the NASA Safety Culture model, describes the Safety Culture Survey (SCS) process, and outlines training and other related resources to support the practices of Safety Culture throughout NASA.

NASA Policy for Safety and Mission Success

The purpose of this NASA policy is to protect the public, NASA workforce, high-value equipment and property, and the environment from potential harm as a result of NASA activities and operations by factoring safety as an integral feature of programs, projects, technologies, operations and facilities.

NASA-HDBK-8709.22

Safety and mission assurance acronyms, abbreviations and definitions.

This standard defines uniform Safety, Reliability, Maintainability and Quality Assurance (SRM&QA) and risk management terms to support effective communication within NASA and with its contractors. The definitions in this standard are the official NASA SRM&QA community definitions for commonly used terms. The terms and definitions contained within this standard support the interpretation and use of documentation associated with NASA’s SRM&QA activities.

Safety Culture for Supervisors

Course:  HQ-SMA-SCS

Length:  1.00 hour

Audience:  This course is intended for leads, supervisors and managers in the NASA workforce. This includes civil service employees, contractor employees, students and co-ops, military detailees, IPA assignees, and presidential appointees.

Orientation to NASA Safety Culture

Hq-sma-onsc.

Course Number :  HQ-SMA-ONSC

Length:  2.00 hours

Audience:   This course is intended for everyone in the NASA workforce. This includes civil service employees, contractor employees, students and co-ops, military detailees, IPA assignees, and presidential appointees.

Safety Culture Points of Contact

Every NASA center has a Safety Culture Point of Contact (PoC). For more information, contact the PoC at your center.

Dr. Tracy Dillinger is the manager for three programs: Safety Culture, Human Factors in Mishap Investigations and Human Reliability Assessment at NASA Headquarters (HQ). Dillinger is the chair of the Safety Culture Working Group and is responsible for the NASA Safety Culture Survey, Safety Culture courses and NASA Organizational Safety Assessments (OSA).

Dillinger received the NASA HQ Exceptional Performer Award in 2013. She came to NASA in 2011 after 21 years in the United States Air Force (USAF), when she retired as lieutenant colonel. Dillinger was stationed at USAF Safety Center HQ as the chief of the Safety Assessment Division from 2005 to 2008, and was the USAF chief of Aviation Psychology from 1998 to 2008. Earlier, she developed and instituted the OSA program and the Air Force Culture Assessment Safety Tool as safety prevention tools for leadership.

In 2006, she was awarded the USAF Chief of Staff Individual Safety Award for her record-breaking contributions to reducing mishap rates while ensuring mission success. Dillinger has expertise in pilot personality, witness interviewing, human factors, safety culture and organizational dynamics.

She conducted human factors portions of USAF investigations, developed a witness interview guide for use by investigation teams published in Air Force guidance, and spearheaded assessment efforts to identify risks and hazards imbedded in USAF organizations.

As USAF major, Dillinger was a member of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board in 2003 and the Space Shuttle Independent Assessment Team in 1999.

Dillinger received a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology and a Bachelor of Arts degree in dance from the University of Iowa, a Master of Art in counseling psychology from the University of Iowa, a Doctor of Psychology degree in clinical psychology from the Chicago School of Professional Psychology (CSPP), a Post-Doctoral Fellowship from the University of Illinois in aviation psychology in 2003, and an Honorary Doctor of Psychology degree in business and organizational psychology from CSPP in 2006.

She has taught and conducted human factors investigations, organizational assessments, and witness interviewing; authored several articles on these subjects; and has held a license in clinical psychology for the past 20 years.

The DNA Analogy

Think of NASA’s Safety Culture as the organization’s DNA. Just as DNA contains the genetic instructions that guide the development and function of every living organism, Safety Culture guides and defines safety within NASA. The NASA Safety Culture logo is designed as a DNA strand consisting of five factors to remind everyone of the importance of safety as a component of NASA work life.

Each factor in the DNA model is dependent upon the others. If one component is missing, the entire system will fail. That’s why everyone — from the newest technician to top NASA leadership — should take an active role in the agency’s safety.

Everyone Does Their Part

An Engaged Culture ties together the other four cultures. Regardless of status or occupation, all NASA employees actively participate in safely accomplishing the agency’s mission. The key is having engaged leaders and employees who demonstrate they value safety and get involved.

We Learn From Our Successes and Mistakes

In a Learning Culture, employees collect, assess and share information, both formally and informally. That includes continuing education programs such as SATERN and the Safety and Mission Assurance Technical Excellence Program, as well as resources on the NASA Engineering Network and NASA Safety Center websites. It is important for employees to learn from their experiences and apply that knowledge to their jobs.

We Change To Meet New Demands

A Flexible Culture is one that builds in resilience from the beginning. It enables an organization to adapt to unforeseen developments and make changes based on incoming trend information. It also allows an organization to push past obstacles when something new or different happens. In a Flexible Culture, operations aren’t disrupted by additional demands, but continue to operate in a steady state to successfully complete the mission.

We Treat Each Other Fairly

A Culture that is Just balances the need for discipline when warranted, with rewards when earned. People clearly understand acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. There’s a sense of fairness in how business is conducted for everyone. In a Just Culture, those in authority do not “shoot the messenger” for bringing up safety concerns.

We Report Our Concerns

In a Reporting Culture, everyone is encouraged to report safety concerns. An atmosphere of trust exists between leadership and employees, with employees knowing that important information will be heard and acted upon appropriately. No one should ever be afraid to speak up; it could save a life.

NASA ambassador to give free presentation on Staten Island: ‘The Mysteries of the Sun’

• Published: Mar. 29, 2024, 10:31 a.m.

Harold Kozak, a NASA solar system ambassador and a retired astronomy professor, will lead a free presentation, “The Mysteries of the Sun,’' on Saturday, April 6, at the Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve. Here, Staten Island children view the solar eclipse in 2017. (Staten Island Advance/ Jan Somma-Hammel) Staff-Shot

• Ann Marie Barron | [email protected]

STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. — A presentation about the sun and the rare April 8 total solar eclipse will be held on Saturday, April 6, at the Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve, Charleston.

Harold Kozak, a NASA solar system ambassador and a retired college astronomy professor, will lead the free presentation, “The Mysteries of the Sun,’' in the Clay Pit Ponds Interpretive Center, 2351 Veterans Rd. West, at 2 p.m.

It is appropriate for all ages.

On April 8, the moon will pass between the sun and Earth during an historic solar eclipse , visible across North America.

New York state has several cities in the path of totality , which means hundreds of thousands of people are expected to visit to see the phenomenon. Those cities include Niagara Falls, Buffalo and Rochester.

During the free event, Kozak will discuss the sun and share details about what to expect on April 8. He’ll also share his knowledge about the sun and point out interesting features about it.

Free NASA eclipse glasses for safely viewing the April 8 event will be available, along with other NASA souvenirs, Kozak said.

He added that Staten Islanders can expect most of the sun to be blocked by the moon, but it won’t be a total eclipse.

CAUTION URGED

“It’s very exciting to see it,’' said Kozak, a Great Kills resident, stressing the importance of people viewing the eclipse safely, while protecting their eyes with special eclipse glasses. Not doing so is very dangerous, he said.

“It’d be very easy for you to look up at the sun, because it’ll be hidden by the moon, but that’s when you don’t look,’' he said. “If you look at the sun during an eclipse, the radiation from the sun will go through the pupil of your eye ... and you’ll burn out your retina.”

The American Astronomical Society Solar Eclipse Task Force recently stated that counterfeit and fake eclipse glasses are now polluting the marketplace.

Here are three solar eclipse glasses, approved by the AAS, sold on Amazon.

LUNT SOLAR 5 Pack Premium Eclipse Glasses, AAS Approved 2024 Solar Glasses — $14.95

Solar Eclipse Glasses AAS Approved 2024 - Made in the USA CE and ISO Certified Safe Shades for Direct Sun Viewing (2 Pack) — $14.99

Medical king Solar Eclipse Glasses AAS Approved 2024 (10 Pack) CE and ISO Certified Safe Shades for Direct Sun Viewing — $14.99

Kosak said he’ll also ask a host of trivia questions about the sun. (We’ll keep those classified, to prevent cheating.) A NASA lecturer for more than 20 years and a retired Wagner College professor, Kozak said the trivia is always the best part.

“It gives them a chance to show how smart they are,’' he said.

TIMING OF THE ECLIPSE

On April 8, the path of totality will start in Mexico and move across Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, before heading out over the North Atlantic. Small portions of Kentucky, Michigan and Tennessee will also experience almost the entirety of the eclipse.

According to NASA’s interactive map that traces the path of the eclipse , Staten Island should have full sun until 2:10 p.m. and will have totality, when the sun is nearly completely blocked, at 3:25 p.m. Full sun will return at 4:36 p.m. Staten Island should experience 89.5% totality, according to the NASA map.

Registration for the presentation is required, as seating is limited to 100 guests.

To register, visit the the Clay Pit Ponds Eventbrite Page .

More stories on Solar eclipse

• Viewing April 8 solar eclipse in N.Y.: Information on glasses, the weather, projected timeline and more
• Solar eclipse 2024: Staten Island watch party planned at FerryHawks stadium
• Urgent warning issued about fake solar eclipse glasses: How to tell if yours are safe ahead of April 8
• N.Y. issues cell phone warning ahead of April 8 solar eclipse

If you purchase a product or register for an account through a link on our site, we may receive compensation. By using this site, you consent to our User Agreement and agree that your clicks, interactions, and personal information may be collected, recorded, and/or stored by us and social media and other third-party partners in accordance with our Privacy Policy.

• Faculty/Staff
• Find People

NASA scientist to give livestream presentation on nutrition during USI Solarpalooza

March 27, 2024

As part of Solarpalooza on Monday, April 8, Dr. Sara R. Zwart, Senior Scientist and Deputy Manager for Nutritional Biochemistry at the NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, will give a virtual presentation, “Nutritional Biochemistry of Spaceflight” from 3-4 p.m. livestreamed in the Health Professions Center, room 3122/3123.  

“We are excited to host this Zoom presentation following the total solar eclipse,” says Dr. Beth Young, Chair of USI Food and Nutrition. “Dr. Zwart will explain the science behind space nutrition and how gravity impacts nutrient absorption and metabolism.”  

Zwart is a 1999 graduate of the University of Notre Dame. She earned her doctorate in nutritional sciences from the University of Florida in Gainesville and completed a postdoc in nutritional biochemistry in 2005 from the NASA Johnson Space Center. She started working as a research scientist with NASA in 2005, and over the years has received several awards, including the NASA Exceptional Public Service Medal Award in 2017 and the American Astronautical Society’s Compelling Results in Human Health in Space Award in 2016.  

Before and after the NASA presentation, faculty and staff from the College of Nursing and Health Professions will be available to lead tours of the Health Professions Center and answer questions for prospective students and their families.  

USI will host Solarpalooza Sunday and Monday, April 7-8, beginning with a talk by trailblazing electrical engineer and retired NASA astronaut Joan Higginbotham, at 7 p.m. Sunday, April 7 in the Screaming Eagles Arena, followed by a full day of experiential learning and engagement on Monday, April 8, the day of the eclipse.   

For more information and to RSVP to attend, visit USI.edu/solarpalooza .  

Related Stories

Jeff Bezos's Blue Origin passes 4 key milestones for its $172 million NASA contract to build a new space station

• NASA awarded Blue Origin $172 million to develop a space station for both astronauts and tourists.
• The space station, called Orbital Reef, will need to be able to support human life. 
• Recently, Blue Origin passed four milestones in helping prove Orbital Reef is well on its way.

The International Space Station won't be around forever, and NASA is pouring hundreds of millions of dollars into its potential replacements.

One promising candidate is Orbital Reef — a joint venture between Jeff Bezos's space company Blue Origin and Sierra Space.

On Wednesday, NASA reported that Orbital Reef passed four key milestones for some of its most crucial technology, including a system to recycle future astronauts' and tourists' urine.

"These milestones are critical to ensuring that a commercial destination can support human life," Angela Hart, manager of NASA's Commercial Low Earth Orbit Development Program, said in NASA's announcement.

The milestones involved passing a series of tests on Orbital Reef's regenerative system. This system will provide clean air and water for humans to breathe and drink while on the space station.

Some of the tests included the system's ability to remove impurities from the air, recover urine for recycling, and maintain a water tank, NASA reported.

The ISS has a similar system that recycles water and oxygen from, as NASA puts it, "normal human activities" — a.k.a mostly breathing, sweating, and peeing. That's right, the system turns pee into drinking water .

Related stories

"Before you cringe at the thought of drinking your leftover wash water and your leftover urine , keep in mind that the water that we end up with is purer than most of the water that you drink on a daily basis at home," said former ISS Commander Chris Hadfield in a 2013 video .

In fact, astronauts on the ISS have been drinking each other's crystal-clean recycled urine for about 15 years, and for good reason. It helps reduce the amount of water NASA would need to launch into space to keep astronauts alive, thereby cutting launch costs and saving money.

Blue Origin's future space station

NASA awarded Blue Origin and Sierra Space $172 million as part of its goal to develop commercialized, American-led space stations in low-Earth orbit that could replace the ISS after it retires.

These replacements will be a place where NASA can continue to send its astronauts, leasing its own quarters and laboratory space. However, because commercial companies would own the stations, they can also be open to space tourists.

"Think spacious modules with large windows to view Earth, our blue origin, while experiencing the thrill of weightlessness in complete comfort," Blue Origin states on its website .

NASA is handing the next generation of space stations over to commercial companies because it has bigger priorities that need funding. It costs NASA about $3 billion per year to maintain the ISS program, right now.

"The agency is committed to continuing to work with industry with the goal having one or more stations in orbit to ensure competition, lower costs, and meet the demand of NASA and other customers," Hart said in a NASA statement in January.

Without the ISS, that will free up NASA's budget to focus its efforts on establishing a permanent human presence on the moon , including a space station in lunar orbit and a base on the lunar surface, via its Artemis missions .

"Overall, we projected that total Artemis costs will reach $93 billion between 2012 and 2025," George Scott, NASA's acting inspector general said during a government hearing in January adding that this didn't include the cost of launches, which will be about $4.2 billion per launch for the first four Artemis missions.

Eventually, NASA hopes to channel its budget toward sending astronauts to Mars.

The ISS is on its way out already

It's not just the money. The ISS is aging anyway. Cracks have appeared on one Russian module . Another section has been leaking air . In recent years the station has also experienced toilet failure, mysterious temperature variation, and an oxygen-supply system breakdown.

The Biden administration has committed to keep the ISS running through at least 2030. By then, NASA aims to already have made the transition to at least one privately owned space station. If all goes according to plan, the empty and decommissioned ISS will push itself into Earth's atmosphere and burn up as it plummets toward the ocean.

So there's still some time to save up to catch a ride to Orbital Reef. Ticket costs are not available, yet. For reference, a trip to skim the edge of space for just a few minutes via Blue Origin's New Shepard rocket can cost tens of millions of dollars .

Watch: This asteroid dirt might explain the origins of life on Earth

• Main content

We've detected unusual activity from your computer network

To continue, please click the box below to let us know you're not a robot.

Why did this happen?

Please make sure your browser supports JavaScript and cookies and that you are not blocking them from loading. For more information you can review our Terms of Service and Cookie Policy .

For inquiries related to this message please contact our support team and provide the reference ID below.