a&e biography vladimir lenin

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Biography Vladimir Lenin ● Voice Of Revolution

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Vladimir Lenin: Voice of Revolution (A&E Biography)

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Documents released since the fall of the Soviet Union shed new light on one of the most controversial and influential figures of the century.

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• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Parcel Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 18.03 x 13.76 x 1.48 cm; 81.65 g
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• Media Format ‏ : ‎ Color, DVD-Video, Closed-captioned, NTSC
• Run time ‏ : ‎ 50 minutes
• Release date ‏ : ‎ Sept. 27 2005
• Studio ‏ : ‎ eOne Films
• ASIN ‏ : ‎ B000AABKX6
• Number of discs ‏ : ‎ 1

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• Released: September 27, 2005
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Documents released since the fall of the Soviet Union shed new light on one of the most controversial and influential figures of the century.

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• Is Discontinued By Manufacturer ‏ : ‎ No
• MPAA rating ‏ : ‎ Unrated (Not Rated)
• Package Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 7.1 x 5.42 x 0.58 inches; 2.88 ounces
• Media Format ‏ : ‎ Closed-captioned, Color, NTSC, DVD
• Run time ‏ : ‎ 50 minutes
• Release date ‏ : ‎ September 27, 2005
• Studio ‏ : ‎ A&E Home Video
• ASIN ‏ : ‎ B000AABKX6
• Number of discs ‏ : ‎ 1
• #4,316 in Documentary (Movies & TV)

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A & E's Biography: 100 Most Influential People of the Millennium

On October 10, 1999, the American cable network A&E started counting down a list of the 100 most influential people (good or bad) of the millennium, compiled by a group of 360 journalists, scientists, theologians, historians, and scholars from all over the world. At that time, they considered these to be the 100 people who did the most to shape the world we live in today.

- Musicians on the list are bolded and marked by an asterisk [*]--

1          Johann Gutenberg (mass media--movable type for printing)    

2           Isaac Newton (physics: gravity, laws of motion)

3           Martin Luther (Protestant Reformation)

4           Charles Darwin (evolutionist writer)

5           William Shakespeare (Renaissance playwright)

6           Christopher Columbus (explorer)

7           Karl Marx (19th c. political writer)

8           Albert Einstein (physicist)

9           Nicolaus Copernicus (astromony: heliocentric solar system)

10         Galileo Galilei (astromony: perfected the telescope, confirmed Copernicus)

11         Leonardo da Vinci (for science)

12         Sigmund Freud (psychoanalysis)

13         Louis Pasteur (bacteria)

14         Thomas Edison (inventor)

15         Thomas Jefferson (3rd US president, Declaration of Independence)

16         Adolf Hitler (Nazi leader during WWII)

17         Mahatma Gandhi (led peaceful revolution in modern India)

18         John Locke (17th c. philosopher: natural rights of people)

19         Michelangelo (Renaissance artist/sculptor)

20         Adam Smith (18th c. Scottish philosopher and economist)

21         George Washington (1st US president, General of Revolutionary War)

22         Ghengis Khan (12th c Mongul conqueror)

23         Abraham Lincoln (16th US president)

24         St. Thomas Acquinas (Catholic philosopher)

25         James Watt (Scottish inventor; steam engine, industrial revolution)

*26        Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Classic composer; most influential musician)

27         Napoleon Bonaparte (French general, president and self-proclaimed emperor)

*28        Johann Sebastian Bach (Baroque composer)

29         Henry Ford (mass production of automobile)

*30        Ludwig van Beethoven (late Classic/early Romantic composer)

31         James Watson and Francis Crick (DNA)

32         Rene Descartes (philosopher)

33         Martin Luther King Jr (US civil rights leader)

34         Jean-Jacques Rousseau (great philosopher of French "Enlightenment")

35         Vladimir Lenin (Russian political revolutionary/leader/writer)

36         Alexander Fleming (penicilin)

37         Voltaire (philosopher of French "Enlightenment")

38         Francis Bacon (deductive reasoning)

39         Dante Alighieri (Medieval writer)

40         Wright Brothers (first human flight)

41         Bill Gates (computer software giant)

42         Gregor Mendel (genetics)

43         Mao Zedong [Mao Tse Tung] (1st Chairman of Chinese Communist party)

44         Alexander Graham Bell (telephone)

45         William the Conquerer (11th c. leader of Normans and English)

46         Nicolo Machiavelli (political philospher)

47         Charles Babbage (17th c. early "computer" pioneer)

48         Mary Wollstonecraft (women's rights)

49         Mikhail Gorbachev (1st Soviet premier to establish good relations with US)

50         Margaret Sanger (crusader for birth control legislation)

51         Edward Jenner (smallpox vaccination)

52         Winston Churchill (Prime Minister of Britain during WWII)

53         Marie Curie (radioactivity)

54         Marco Polo (explorer: silk road to China)

55         Ferdinand Magellan (explorer: circumnavigated the earth)

56         Elizabeth Stanton (womens rights)

*57        Elvis Presley (first major icon of Rock and Roll)

58         Joan of Arc (French religious martyr)

59         Immanuel Kant (philosopher)

60         Franklin Delano Roosevelt (longest serving US President)

61         Michael Faraday (chemist/physicist; electricity & magnetism)

62         Walt Disney (early animation)

63         Jane Austen (writer)

64         Pablo Picasso (painter)

65         Werner Heisenberg (physicist; "uncertainty principle")

66         D W Griffith (film)

67         Vladamir Zworkin (TV/RCA)

68         Benjamin Franklin (inventor, writer, statesman)

69         William Harvey (blood circulation)

70         Pope Gregory VII (separated church & state)

71         Harriet Tubman (underground railroad)

72         Simon Bolivar (great South American general and freedom fighter)

73         Diana, Princess of Wales (human rights)

74         Enrico Fermi (nuclear physicist; quantum theory)

75         Gregory Pincus (birth control pill)

*76        The Beatles (most influential band in rock history)

77         Thomas Hobbes (17th c. philosopher)

78         Queen Isabella I (Queen of Portugal, supporter of Columbus' voyages)

79         Joseph Stalin (ruthless Russian leader during WWII)

80         Queen Elizabeth I (Queen of England in late Renaissance)

81         Nelson Mandela (imprisoned leader against Apartheid)

82         Niels Bohr (atomic structure and quantum mechanics)

83         Peter the Great (Russian Czar)

84         Guglielmo Marconi (radio)

85         Ronald Reagan (40th US President)

86         James Joyce (author)

87         Rachel Carson (environment)

88         J. Robert Oppenheimer (atomic bomb)

89         Susan B. Anthony (US women's suffrage)

90         Louis Daguerre (photo)

91         Steven Spielberg (film)

92         Florence Nightingale (medicine)

93         Eleanor Roosevelt (United Nations and human rights)

94         Patient Zero (1st AIDS victim)

95         Charlie Chaplan (silent film star)

*96        Enrico Caruso (famous opera singer and early recording star)

97         Jonas Salk (polio vaccine)

*98        Louis Armstrong (jazz trumpeter and scat singer, civil rights)

99         Vasco de Gama (explorer)

100       Suleiman I (greatest Sultan of the Ottoman Empire)

Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin ruled the Soviet Union for more than two decades, instituting a reign of death and terror while modernizing Russia and helping to defeat Nazism.

(1878-1953)

Who Was Joseph Stalin?

On December 18, 1879, in the Russian peasant village of Gori, Georgia, Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili - later known as Joseph Stalin - was born.

The son of Besarion Jughashvili, a cobbler, and Ketevan Geladze, a washerwoman, Stalin was a frail child. At age 7, he contracted smallpox, leaving his face scarred.

A few years later he was injured in a carriage accident which left arm slightly deformed (some accounts state his arm trouble was a result of blood poisoning from the injury).

The other village children treated him cruelly, instilling in him a sense of inferiority. Because of this, Stalin began a quest for greatness and respect. He also developed a cruel streak for those who crossed him.

Stalin's mother, a devout Russian Orthodox Christian , wanted him to become a priest. In 1888, she managed to enroll him in church school in Gori. Stalin did well in school, and his efforts gained him a scholarship to Tiflis Theological Seminary in 1894.

A year later, Stalin came in contact with Messame Dassy, a secret organization that supported Georgian independence from Russia. Some of the members were socialists who introduced him to the writings of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Stalin joined the group in 1898.

Though he excelled in seminary school, Stalin left in 1899. Accounts differ as to the reason; official school records state he was unable to pay the tuition and withdrew. It's also speculated he was asked to leave due to his political views challenging the tsarist regime of Nicholas II .

Stalin chose not to return home, but stayed in Tiflis, devoting his time to the revolutionary movement. For a time, he found work as a tutor and later as a clerk at the Tiflis Observatory. In 1901, he joined the Social Democratic Labor Party and worked full-time for the revolutionary movement.

Russian Revolution

In 1902, he was arrested for coordinating a labor strike and exiled to Siberia, the first of his many arrests and exiles in the fledgling years of the Russian Revolution . It was during this time that he adopted the name Stalin, meaning "steel" in Russian.

Though never a strong orator like Vladimir Lenin or an intellectual like Leon Trotsky , Stalin excelled in the mundane operations of the revolution, calling meetings, publishing leaflets and organizing strikes and demonstrations.

After escaping from exile, he was marked by the Okhranka, (the tsar's secret police) as an outlaw and continued his work in hiding, raising money through robberies, kidnappings and extortion. Stalin gained infamy being associated with the 1907 Tiflis bank robbery, which resulted in several deaths and 250,000 rubles stolen (approximately $3.4 million in U.S. dollars).

In February 1917, the Russian Revolution began. By March, the tsar had abdicated the throne and was placed under house arrest. For a time, the revolutionaries supported a provisional government, believing a smooth transition of power was possible.

But in April 1917, Bolshevik leader Lenin denounced the provisional government, arguing that the people should rise up and take control by seizing land from the rich and factories from the industrialists. By October, the revolution was complete and the Bolsheviks were in control.

Communist Party Leader

The fledgling Soviet government went through a violent period after the revolution as various individuals vied for position and control.

In 1922, Stalin was appointed to the newly created office of general secretary of the Communist Party. Though not a significant post at the time, it gave Stalin control over all party member appointments, which allowed him to build his base.

He made shrewd appointments and consolidated his power so that eventually nearly all members of the central command owed their position to him. By the time anyone realized what he had done, it was too late. Even Lenin, who was gravely ill, was helpless to regain control from Stalin.

Great Purge

After Lenin's death, in 1924, Stalin set out to destroy the old party leadership and take total control. At first, he had people removed from power through bureaucratic shuffling and denunciations.

Many were exiled abroad to Europe and the Americas, including presumed Lenin successor Leon Trotsky. However, further paranoia set in and Stalin soon conducted a vast reign of terror, having people arrested in the night and put before spectacular show trials.

Potential rivals were accused of aligning with capitalist nations, convicted of being "enemies of the people" and summarily executed. The period known as the Great Purge eventually extended beyond the party elite to local officials suspected of counter-revolutionary activities.

Reform and Famine

In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Stalin reversed the Bolshevik agrarian policy by seizing land given earlier to the peasants and organizing collective farms. This essentially reduced the peasants back to serfs, as they had been during the monarchy.

Stalin believed that collectivism would accelerate food production, but the peasants resented losing their land and working for the state. Millions were killed in forced labor or starved during the ensuing famine.

Stalin also set in motion rapid industrialization that initially achieved huge successes, but over time cost millions of lives and vast damage to the environment. Any resistance was met with swift and lethal response; millions of people were exiled to the labor camps of the Gulag or were executed.

World War II

As war clouds gathered over Europe in 1939, Stalin made a seemingly brilliant move, signing a nonaggression pact with Germany's Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party.

Stalin was convinced of Hitler's integrity and ignored warnings from his military commanders that Germany was mobilizing armies on its eastern front. When the Nazi blitzkrieg struck in June 1941, the Soviet Army was completely unprepared and immediately suffered massive losses.

Stalin was so distraught at Hitler's treachery that he hid in his office for several days. By the time Stalin regained his resolve, German armies occupied all of the Ukraine and Belarus, and its artillery surrounded Leningrad.

To make matters worse, the purges of the 1930s had depleted the Soviet Army and government leadership to the point where both were nearly dysfunctional. After heroic efforts on the part of the Soviet Army and the Russian people, the Germans were turned back at the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943.

By the next year, the Soviet Army was liberating countries in Eastern Europe, even before the Allies had mounted a serious challenge against Hitler at D-Day .

Stalin and the West

Stalin had been suspicious of the West since the inception of the Soviet Union , and once the Soviet Union had entered the war, Stalin had demanded the Allies open up a second front against Germany.

Both British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt argued that such an action would result in heavy casualties. This only deepened Stalin's suspicion of the West, as millions of Russians died.

As the tide of war slowly turned in the Allies' favor, Roosevelt and Churchill met with Stalin to discuss postwar arrangements. At the first of these meetings, in Tehran, Iran, in late 1943, the recent victory in Stalingrad put Stalin in a solid bargaining position. He demanded the Allies open a second front against Germany, which they agreed to in the spring of 1944.

In February 1945, the three leaders met again at the Yalta Conference in the Crimea. With Soviet troops liberating countries in Eastern Europe, Stalin was again in a strong position and negotiated virtually a free hand in reorganizing their governments. He also agreed to enter the war against Japan once Germany was defeated.

The situation changed at the Potsdam Conference in July 1945. Roosevelt died that April and was replaced by President Harry S. Truman . British parliamentary elections had replaced Prime Minister Churchill with Clement Attlee as Britain's chief negotiator.

By now, the British and Americans were suspicious of Stalin's intentions and wanted to avoid Soviet involvement in a postwar Japan. The dropping of two atomic bombs in August 1945 forced Japan's surrender before the Soviets could mobilize.

Stalin and Foreign Relations

Convinced of the Allies' hostility toward the Soviet Union, Stalin became obsessed with the threat of an invasion from the West. Between 1945 and 1948, he established Communist regimes in many Eastern European countries, creating a vast buffer zone between Western Europe and "Mother Russia."

Western powers interpreted these actions as proof of Stalin's desire to place Europe under Communist control, thus formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to counter Soviet influence.

In 1948, Stalin ordered an economic blockade on the German city of Berlin, in hopes of gaining full control of the city. The Allies responded with the massive Berlin Airlift , supplying the city and eventually forcing Stalin to back down.

Stalin suffered another foreign policy defeat after he encouraged North Korean Communist leader Kim Il Sung to invade South Korea, believing the United States would not interfere.

Earlier, he had ordered the Soviet representative to the United Nations to boycott the Security Council because it refused to accept the newly formed Communist People's Republic of China into the United Nations. When the resolution to support South Korea came to a vote in the Security Council, the Soviet Union was unable to use its veto.

How Many People Did Joseph Stalin Kill?

It's estimated that Stalin killed as many as 20 million people, directly or indirectly, through famine, forced labor camps, collectivization and executions.

Some scholars have argued that Stalin's record of killings amount to genocide and make him one of history's most ruthless mass murderers.

Though his popularity from his successes during World War II was strong, Stalin's health began to deteriorate in the early 1950s. After an assassination plot was uncovered, he ordered the head of the secret police to instigate a new purge of the Communist Party.

Before it could be executed, however, Stalin died on March 5, 1953. He left a legacy of death and horror, even as he turned a backward Russia into a world superpower.

Stalin was eventually denounced by his successor, Nikita Khrushchev , in 1956. However, he has found a rekindled popularity among many of Russia's young people.

QUICK FACTS

• Name: Joseph Stalin
• Birth Year: 1878
• Birth date: December 18, 1878
• Birth City: Gori, Georgia
• Birth Country: Russia
• Gender: Male
• Best Known For: Joseph Stalin ruled the Soviet Union for more than two decades, instituting a reign of death and terror while modernizing Russia and helping to defeat Nazism.
• War and Militaries
• World Politics
• Astrological Sign: Sagittarius
• Tiflis Theological Seminary
• Church school (Gori, Georgia, Russian Empire)
• Death Year: 1953
• Death date: March 5, 1953
• Death City: Moscow
• Death Country: Russia

We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us !

CITATION INFORMATION

• Article Title: Joseph Stalin Biography
• Author: Biography.com Editors
• Website Name: The Biography.com website
• Url: https://www.biography.com/political-figures/joseph-stalin
• Access Date:
• Publisher: A&E Television Networks
• Last Updated: September 4, 2019
• Original Published Date: April 3, 2014
• History shows that there are no invincible armies.
• I believe in one thing only, the power of human will.
• It is enough that the people know there was an election. The people who cast the votes decide nothing. The people who count the votes decide everything.
• In the Soviet army, it takes more courage to retreat than advance.

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• Pages & Files
• In 1887, his brother was hanged after an attempted assassination of Tsar Alexander III. This act radicalized Lenin.
• Arrested in 1895 and sent to Siberia for radical propaganda against the Russian state.
• 1900-1917 Lenin is in and out of Russia; periodically exiled and allowed to return. This is his most productive philosophical period, before the Revolution and Russian Civil War.
• Led Russia in the Revolution of 1917 and through the Russian Civil War. Diminished impact on Russian governance after 1921, when he suffered the first of 4 strokes.
• Warned colleagues about the danger posed by Stalin in his last papers.

Lenin's Most Important Works

• The Development of Capitalism in Russia (1900)
• What is to be Done? (1906)
• The State and Revolution (1917)
• Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder (1920)

Lenin's Re-imagination of Marxist Theory

• Vanguard Party - Necessary class consciousness could only be developed thought the efforts of a leading party, a vanguard, who would inculcate the values of communism and lead the revolution. The purpose of the Leninist vanguard party is to establish a democratic dictatorship of the proletariat; supported by the working class, the vanguard party would lead the revolution to depose the incumbent Tsarist government, and then transfer power of government to the working class, which change of ruling class — from bourgeoisie to proletariat — makes possible the full development of socialism
• Democratic Centralism - As Lenin described it, democratic centralism consisted of "freedom of discussion and criticism, unity of action". In effect, the party should freely debate issues before making decisions, but once a decision was made, the party should act in a unified means.
• Imperialism- Lenin believed that imperialism was the highest form of capitalism. Lenin believed that the advanced industrialized nations were avoiding revolution by forcing their excess production to colonies and exploiting the resources of those nations. Essentially, Lenin believed that Marx failed to anticipate the impact of imperialism and added this to his theory. He wrote, "the outcome of the struggle will be determined by the fact that Russia, India, China, etc,. account for the overwhelming majority of the population of the globe. And during the last few years it is this majority that has been drawn into the struggle for emancipation with extraordinary rapidity, so that in this respect there cannot be the slightest doubt what the final outcome of the world struggle will be. In this sense the complete victory of socialism is fully and absolutely assured."
• Necessity of Revolution -Before the Revolution, despite supporting political reform (including Bolsheviks elected to the Duma, when opportune), Lenin proposed that capitalism could ultimately only be overthrown with revolution, not with gradual reforms — from within (Fabianism) and from without (social democracy) — which would fail, because the ruling capitalist social class, who hold economic power (the means of production), determine the nature of political power in a bourgeois society. 
• War Communism -Forced war effort to develop communism and win the war in Russia—harsh measures combined with education/indoctrination. The goals of the Bolsheviks in implementing war communism are a matter of controversy. Some commentators, including a number of Bolsheviks, have argued that its sole purpose was to win the war. Lenin, for instance, said that "the confiscation of surpluses from the peasants was a measure with which we were saddled by the imperative conditions of war-time." [3] Other commentators, such as the historian Richard Pipes, the philosopher Michael Polanyi,[4] and the economists such as Paul Craig Roberts [5] or Sheldon L. Richman,[6] have argued that War communism was actually an attempt immediately to eliminate private property, commodity production and market exchange, and in that way to implement communist economics, and that the Bolshevik leaders expected an immediate and large scale increase in economic output. This view was also held by Nikolai Bukharin, who said that "We conceived War Communism as the universal, so to say 'normal' form of the economic policy of the victorious proletariat and not as being related to the war, that is, conforming to a definite state of the civil war"

Additional Resources

• Lenin Biography

Vladimir Lenin

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Wednesday 17 april 2024, 'biography channel' - vladimir lenin: voice of revolution - comment..

Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov known to the world as Lenin created a form of Marxism that influenced revolutionaries throughout the twentieth century, including Castro, Mao and Ho Chi Mien. Leninism flies in the face of pure Marxism in so far as forcing capitalism to crumble through extreme violence and revolution. Marx would say that history would take care of itself, and capitalism would eventually wither away once the proletariat realized their plight and a class struggle would ensue, communism would emerge from this struggle leading to a type of classless utopia. Lenin certainly forced the issue, believing capitalism needed a big push through revolutionary tactics and strategies. This fine biography of Lenin from the History Channel, adeptly describes the man's life, including new information that came to light after the fall of communism and the USSR in 1992.

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  Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov known to the world as Lenin created a form of Marxism that influenced revolutionaries throughout the twentieth cent...

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This Day In History : August 30

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Vladimir Lenin shot

After speaking at a factory in Moscow, Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin is shot twice by Fanya Kaplan, a member of the Social Revolutionary party. Lenin was seriously wounded but survived the attack. The assassination attempt set off a wave of reprisals by the Bolsheviks against the Social Revolutionaries and other political opponents. Thousands were executed as Russia fell deeper into civil war.

Born Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov in 1870, Lenin was drawn to the revolutionary cause after his brother was executed in 1887 for plotting to assassinate Czar Alexander III. He studied law and took up practice in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg), where he associated with revolutionary Marxist circles. In 1895, he helped organize Marxist groups in the capital into the “Union for the Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class,” which attempted to enlist workers to the Marxist cause. In December 1895, Lenin and the other leaders of the Union were arrested. Lenin was jailed for a year and then exiled to Siberia for a term of three years.

After the end of his exile, in 1900, Lenin went to Western Europe, where he continued his revolutionary activity. It was during this time that he adopted the pseudonym Lenin. In 1902, he published a pamphlet titled What Is to Be Done? which argued that only a disciplined party of professional revolutionaries could bring socialism to Russia. In 1903, he met with other Russian Marxists in London and established the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party (RSDWP). However, from the start there was a split between Lenin’s Bolsheviks (Majoritarians), who advocated militarism, and the Mensheviks (Minoritarians), who advocated a democratic movement toward socialism. These two groups increasingly opposed each other within the framework of the RSDWP, and Lenin made the split official at a 1912 conference of the Bolshevik Party.

After the outbreak of the Russian Revolution of 1905, Lenin returned to Russia. The revolution, which consisted mainly of strikes throughout the Russian empire, came to an end when Nicholas II promised reforms, including the adoption of a Russian constitution and the establishment of an elected legislature. However, once order was restored, the czar nullified most of these reforms, and in 1907 Lenin was again forced into exile.

Lenin opposed World War I , which began in 1914, as an imperialistic conflict and called on proletariat soldiers to turn their guns on the capitalist leaders who sent them down into the murderous trenches. For Russia, World War I was an unprecedented disaster: Russian casualties were greater than those sustained by any nation in any previous war. Meanwhile, the economy was hopelessly disrupted by the costly war effort, and in March 1917 riots and strikes broke out in Petrograd over the scarcity of food. Demoralized army troops joined the strikers, and on March 15 Nicholas II was forced to abdicate, ending centuries of czarist rule. In the aftermath of the February Revolution (known as such because of Russia’s use of the Julian calendar), power was shared between the ineffectual Provincial Government and the soviets, or “councils,” of soldiers’ and workers’ committees.

After the outbreak of the February Revolution, German authorities allowed Lenin and his lieutenants to cross Germany en route from Switzerland to Sweden in a sealed railway car. Berlin hoped (correctly) that the return of the anti-war Socialists to Russia would undermine the Russian war effort, which was continuing under the Provincial Government. Lenin called for the overthrow of the Provincial Government by the soviets, and he was condemned as a “German agent” by the government’s leaders. In July, he was forced to flee to Finland, but his call for “peace, land, and bread” met with increasing popular support, and the Bolsheviks won a majority in the Petrograd soviet. In October, Lenin secretly returned to Petrograd, and on November 7 the Bolshevik-led Red Guards deposed the Provisional Government and proclaimed soviet rule.

Lenin became the virtual dictator of the world’s first Marxist state. His government made peace with Germany, nationalized industry, and distributed land but beginning in 1918, had to fight a devastating civil war against czarist forces. In 1920, the czarists were defeated, and in 1922 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was established. Upon Lenin’s death in early 1924, his body was embalmed and placed in a mausoleum near the Moscow Kremlin. Petrograd was renamed Leningrad in his honor. After a struggle of succession, fellow revolutionary Joseph Stalin succeeded Lenin as leader of the Soviet Union .

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