essay on responsibilities of voters for the success of democracy

Lift Every Voice: The Urgency of Universal Civic Duty Voting

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July 20, 2020

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The following is the preamble to “Lift Every Voice: The Urgency of Universal Civic Duty Voting,” a report from the Working Group on Universal Voting convened by The Brookings Institution and The Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation at Harvard Kennedy School. Download the full PDF report here.

Imagine an American democracy remade by its citizens in the very image of its promise, a society where the election system is designed to allow citizens to perform their most basic civic duty with ease. Imagine that all could vote without obstruction or suppression. Imagine Americans who now solemnly accept their responsibilities to sit on juries and to defend our country in a time of war taking their obligations to the work of self-government just as seriously. Imagine elections in which 80 percent or more of our people cast their ballots—broad participation in our great democratic undertaking by citizens of every race, heritage and class, by those with strongly-held ideological beliefs, and those with more moderate or less settled views. And imagine how all of this could instill confidence in our capacity for common action.

This report is offered with these aspirations in mind and is rooted in the history of American movements to expand voting rights. Our purpose is to propose universal civic duty voting as an indispensable and transformative step toward full electoral participation. Our nation’s current crisis of governance has focused unprecedented public attention on intolerable inequities and demands that Americans think boldly and consider reforms that until now seemed beyond our reach.

“Our purpose is to propose universal civic duty voting as an indispensable and transformative step toward full electoral participation.”

We see voting as a civic responsibility no less important than jury duty. If every American citizen is required to participate as a matter of civic duty, the representativeness of our elections would increase significantly and those those responsible for organizing elections will be required to resist all efforts at voter suppression and remove barriers to the ballot box. Civic duty voting would necessarily be accompanied by a variety of legislative and administrative changes aimed at making it easier for citizens to meet their obligation to participate in the enterprise of self-rule.

Our intervention reflects a sense of alarm and moral urgency, but also a spirit of hope and patriotism. Members of our working group undertook this work to fight back against legal assaults on voting rights guarantees and the proliferation of new techniques and laws to keep citizens from casting ballots. We did so mindful of the public’s declining trust in our democratic institutions. We joined together to end a vicious cycle in which declining trust breeds citizen withdrawal which, in turn, only further increases the sense of distance between citizens and our governing institutions.

It would, however, be a great mistake to see only negative portents in our current situation. If some states have engaged in voter suppression, others have enhanced voting rights through automatic voter registration, same day voting, increased opportunities for early voting, and mail ballots. These reforms have had a measurable and positive impact on participation—and enjoyed enthusiastic citizen support.

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Our nation’s struggle to realize the fullness of the franchise began in the battles for the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution after the Civil War that constituted our nation’s Second Founding. 1 It continued with the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Native Americans were not granted full citizenship until the passage of the Snyder Act in 1924 and were not fully granted voting rights until Utah did so in 1962, the last state to formally guarantee the franchise to indigenous peoples. Nearly a decade later, amidst the Vietnam War in which the youngest Americans were drafted but could not vote, the 26th Amendment extended the franchise to 18-year-olds.

In calling for what has been known as mandatory attendance at the polls (the phrase makes clear that no citizen would be forced to vote for anyone against his or her will), and might now, with the spread of mail voting, be called mandatory participation in elections, we hope to underscore that rights and duties are intimately related. During Reconstruction and the Civil Rights eras, few reforms were more important or more empowering than the right of Black Americans to sit on juries. They demanded that they be included in the pool of those who might be required to sit through trials because their own liberties depended upon being included in the process of judging whether a fellow citizen would be jailed, fined, or set free. In the case of jury service, the right and the duty are one in the same. The same can be said of voting. The franchise, said a voting rights advocate of the Reconstruction era, is “an essential and inseparable part of self-government, and therefore natural and inalienable.” W.E.B. Du Bois saw voting as central to the larger aspiration of being treated as an equal, “a co-worker in the kingdom of culture.” 2

We also believe our proposals would pass constitutional scrutiny. Our report includes a careful and detailed legal analysis because the issue of the constitutionality has regularly arisen in debates over the idea. Knowing that it would face legal challenge if adopted, we examine the constitutional implications of various implementation and enforcement policies at every level of government. Universal civic duty voting, we argue, should survive legal challenges. It is consistent with our Constitution’s guarantees of free speech, robust forms of collective action, and effective government.

“A large majority of Americans share our view that voting is both a right and a duty.”

In the course of our report, we present public opinion data, gathered explicitly for this study by the Democracy Fund + UCLA Nationscape Project. We freely acknowledge that—for now—there is far more opposition than support for the idea of requiring everyone to vote. At the same time, a large majority of Americans share our view that voting is both a right and a duty. Our conclusion from the data is that while nearly two-thirds of Americans oppose mandatory electoral participation, about half the country is at least open to persuasion, a significant opening for a novel concept that has never been advanced in an organized and energetic way. To begin this process, this report seeks to answer legitimate criticisms and practical objections. We propose, for example, that all who have a conscientious objection to voting and all who present any reasonable excuse for not doing so would be exempted from the obligation and any penalty. Voters would be free to return a blank or spoiled ballot, and a ‘None of the Above’ option would also be included.

We also address equity concerns related to penalties. Even small fines could be discriminatory against poor people, and immigrants’ rights activists raise legitimate concerns that inadvertent voting by noncitizens could subject them to unfair penalties. These concerns shaped our recommendations which make clear that the fine for not voting be very small and be set aside for those willing to meet a very modest community service requirement. The fine would be limited to no more than $20, it could not be compounded over time, nor would civil or criminal penalties be imposed for not paying the fine. If the experience in Australia and other nations with versions of compulsory voting can be taken as a guide, most nonvoters would never face a fine. We also detail protections for noncitizens to prevent exploitation of the system by public officials hostile to immigrants.

Our emphasis is not on imposing sanctions but on sending a strong message that voting is a legitimate expectation of citizenship. Nations that have embraced carefully implemented versions of universal civic duty voting have enjoyed dramatic increases in participation. “Compulsory voting makes democracy work better,” concluded Lisa Hill of the University of Adelaide, “enabling it to function as a social activity engaged in by all affected interests, not just a privileged elite.” 3

“Nations that have embraced carefully implemented versions of universal civic duty voting have enjoyed dramatic increases in participation.”

The country’s politics typically places the interests of older Americans over the interests of the younger generations—which, by definition, makes our system less forward-looking. This problem is aggravated by the under-representation of the young in the voting process. Their participation is held down by rules and requirements that are easier for older and more geographically settled Americans to follow and to meet. As part of our proposal to declare that all adults are required to vote, we propose many ideas, beginning with election day registration and an expansion of voting opportunities, that would welcome the young into full participation. Since the economic fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic is placing particular burdens on young Americans, especially those just entering the workforce, their engagement in the democratic project is more vital than ever.

Universal civic duty voting would also help ensure increased political participation in communities of color that have long confronted exclusion from our democracy. With the reforms that would necessarily accompany it, civic duty voting would permanently block voter suppression measures. The reprehensible police killing of George Floyd shocked the conscience of the nation and forced its attention to entrenched racial injustice. Floyd’s death, and those of Rayshard Brooks and Breonna Taylor, called forth large-scale protests around the country against police violence that has long been an enraging fact-of-life in Black neighborhoods. The new movement is demanding a thoroughgoing overhaul of policing but also a larger confrontation with racism. The demand for equal treatment has been reinforced by unequal suffering during a pandemic whose costs to health, life, and economic well-being have been borne disproportionately by communities of color. Voting rights, equal participation, and an end to exclusion from the tables of power are essential not only for securing reform, but also for creating the democratic conditions that would make social change durable. Police brutality, as an expression of systemic racism, is not merely about how Americans are policed but whose voices are heard on policing. Universal voting could amplify long voter-suppressed voices so that long-denied solutions to systemic racism are represented in the voting booth and enacted in legislatures.

“Universal civic duty voting would also help ensure increased political participation in communities of color that have long confronted exclusion from our democracy.”

“Give us the ballot,” Martin Luther King Jr. declared in 1957, “and we will transform the salient misdeeds of bloodthirsty mobs into the calculated good deeds of orderly citizens.” 4 As our nation opens its mind and its heart to forms of social reconstruction that were far removed from the public agenda only months ago, we believe that transformative adjustments to our voting system are now in order.

The new activism points to the need for a renewed civic life, and universal voting would assist in its rebirth. Citizens, political campaigns and civil rights and community organizations could move resources now spent on protecting the right to vote and increasing voter turnout to the task of persuading and educating citizens. Media consultants would no longer have an incentive to drive down the other side’s turnout, which only increases the already powerful forces working to make our campaigns highly negative in character. Candidates would be pushed to appeal beyond their own voter bases. This imperative would raise the political costs of invoking divisive rhetoric and vilifying particular groups. Low turnout is aggravated by the hyper-polarization in our political life that is so widely and routinely denounced. Intense partisans are drawn to the polls while those who are less ideologically committed and less fervent about specific issues are more likely to stay away. Of course, democratic politics will always involve clashes of interests and battles between competing, deeply held worldviews. But by magnifying the importance of persuasion, universal voting could begin to alter the tenor of our campaigns and encourage a politics that places greater stress on dialogue, empathy, and the common good. 5 And some citizens, initially empowered by their votes, would be drawn to deepen their participation in other aspects of civic life.

To say that everyone should vote is the surest guarantee that everyone will be enabled to vote. Stressing the obligation to participate will, we believe, expand the freedom to participate. As we will detail in these pages, civic duty voting must be accompanied by other voting reforms. They include automatic voter registration at state agencies; restoration of voting rights for citizens with felony convictions; early voting; expanded mail-in voting; and no-excuse absentee voting.

But we also need to recognize the disparities in American society that affect participation. This has been put in sharp focus in the 2020 primaries. The high turnout and willingness of voters to adapt to the changes in elections in the face of the pandemic deserves to be celebrated. But we must also recognize that barriers to voting were often concentrated in lower income and Black or Latinx communities, where turnout was suppressed by dramatically curtailed opportunities for in-person voting and distrust of voting by mail. “Long lines are voter suppression in action,” election lawyer Marc Elias observed—one reason the 2014 bipartisan Presidential Commission on Election Administration insisted that no voter should have to wait more than 30 minutes to cast a ballot. 6

And while the polemics around easier voting have often taken on a partisan cast—the recriminations around the April 2020 primary and State Supreme Court election in Wisconsin in the midst of the pandemic are an unfortunate example—we would note that a number of Republican secretaries of state and many conservatives support mail ballots and other reforms to ease access to voting. Writing in National Review in support of broad participation through no-excuse absentee and drive-through voting during the pandemic, Rachel Kleinfeld and Joshua Kleinfeld warned: “The United States is already at high levels of polarization and historically low levels of trust in government and fellow citizens. We cannot afford an election our people don’t believe in.” 7 This captures the spirit behind our proposals.

“[Civic duty voting is] a full embrace of democracy: It insists that every citizen has a role to play in our nation’s public life and in constructing our future.”

Essential as these various enhancements and repairs to our system are, we believe that civic duty voting itself is the necessary prod to the changes we need because it would clarify the priorities of election officials at every point in the process: Their primary task is to allow citizens to embrace their duties, not to block their participation. We see it as a message to political leaders: It will encourage them to understand that their obligations extend to all Americans, not just to those they deem to be “likely voters.” And we see it as a full embrace of democracy: It insists that every citizen has a role to play in our nation’s public life and in constructing our future.

Our hope is that this report will spur national discussion in two spheres: the need to make our system more voter-friendly, and the obligation of citizens themselves to embrace the tasks of self-government. Ultimately, we hope our country as a whole can embrace this idea as a decisive step in our long struggle to ensure that all Americans are included in our Constitution’s most resonant phrase, “We, the people.”

This report was authored by the Universal Voting Working Group. The members of our Working Group have participated in meetings, conference calls, drafting, and editing in an 18-month path to this final report. While we may not all agree on every word in the report or every item in the recommendations section, we are all in agreement that the concept of making voting a universal civic duty in the United States would significantly enhance our democracy by broadening civic participation in all communities. We believe it is worthy of a broad public discussion, which we hope to initiate with this report. (Organizations are listed for identification purposes only.)

• E.J. Dionne Jr., The Brookings Institution
• Miles Rapoport, The Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, Harvard Kennedy School

Working group members:

• Michelle Bishop, National Disability Rights Network
• Cornell William Brooks, Harvard Kennedy School
• Nick Chedli Carter, Resilient Democracy Fund*
• Allegra Chapman, Chapman Consulting and Common Cause
• Cheryl Clyburn Crawford, Mass VOTE
• Joshua A. Douglas, University of Kentucky Rosenberg College of Law
• Anthony Fowler, The University of Chicago
• Archon Fung, The Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, Harvard Kennedy School
• William A. Galston, The Brookings Institution
• Amber Herrle, The Brookings Institution
• Cecily Hines, The Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, Harvard Kennedy School
• María Teresa Kumar, Voto Latino
• Carolyn J. Lukensmeyer, National Institute for Civil Discourse
• Thomas E. Mann, The Brookings Institution
• Terry Ao Minnis, Asian Americans Advancing Justice | AAJC
• Janai Nelson, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund
• Nick Nyhart, Nyhart Consulting
• Norman J. Ornstein, American Enterprise Institute
• Andre M. Perry, The Brookings Institution
• Whitney Quesenbery, Center for Civic Design
• Ian Simmons, Blue Haven Initiative*
• Shane P. Singh, University of Georgia
• Tova Wang, The Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, Harvard Kennedy School
• Dorian Warren, Community Change
• Brenda Wright, Demos

An asterisk denotes organizations that contributed financial support.

Brookings, Harvard, and the working group members are grateful for the financial support provided for this project by the Carnegie Corporation, the Resilient Democracy Fund, and the Blue Haven Initiative. This report reflects the views of its authors and not those of the Brookings Institution, the Ash Center, the John F. Kennedy School of Government, or Harvard University.

• See Eric Foner, The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution (New York: Norton, 2019).
• Foner, p. 94-95.
• Lisa Hill, “Compulsory Voting Defended,” in Jason Brennan and Lisa Hill, Compulsory Voting: For and Against (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014), p. 197.
• King quoted in Barbara Arnwine and John Nichols, “Martin Luther King’s Call to ‘Give Us the Ballot’ Is As Relevant Today as It was in 1957,” The Nation, January, 15, 2018, https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/martin-luther-kings-call-to-give-us-the-ballot-is-as-relevant-today-as-it-was-in-1957/tnamp/.
• This section draws on William A. Galston and E. J. Dionne Jr., “The case for universal voting: Why making voting a duty would enhance our elections and improve our government,” The Brookings Institution Center for Effective Public Management (September 2015).
• Marc Elias tweet is available here: https://twitter.com/marceelias/status/1273616769706602496?s=21.
• Joshua Kleinfeld and Rachel Kleinfeld, “How to Hold Elections during a Pandemic,” April 7, 2020, https://www.nationalreview.com/2020/04/coronavirus-response-holding-elections-during-pandemic/.

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Promoting civics education in America

Four important responsibilities of voters

More Voting Rights :

• Exercising the right to vote is essential to being a good citizen
• Reasons why you should vote
• The right to vote should not be taken for granted
• Voting rights you might not know about

During his presidency, Abraham Lincoln preached the importance of the government being of, for, and by the people. He argued that voters played the most important role in making sure the government reflected their desires and functioned according to the guidelines of the Constitution.

Despite Lincoln’s appeal to the public, it can be argued that many people today fail to appreciate or acknowledge their role in shaping the government. As U.S. citizens, people maintain these four important responsibilities as eligible voters.

Registering to Vote

Most notably, people’s most important responsibility as citizens involves registering to vote. If they are legal U.S. citizens, 18 years of age or older, and have no felony convictions on their record, people are eligible to vote in local, state, and federal elections. Registering to vote can be done online or in person. The process of becoming a registered voter is simple and can be taken care of in a matter of minutes.

Voting in Elections

Once they are registered to vote, people should then make every effort to vote in local, state, and federal elections. Many people dismiss this responsibility by saying that they do not care about the issues on the ballot or that they are unfamiliar with the candidates up for election. However, by failing to use their privilege to vote, people essentially allow other voters to make decisions for them, to let their voices be heard over voters who make no effort go to the polls. This is one of the primary reasons why you need to vote !

The outcomes of elections can impact voters’ personal freedoms, taxes, and other aspects of daily life that they take for granted. Because of the far reaching impact that an election can have, people have the duty to cast their vote if they want a say in how their futures play out.

Casting Absentee Votes

People who have a legitimate reason for not making it to the polls can still cast their vote by requesting an absentee ballot. The ballot can be mailed to them or they can cast an absentee vote in person at their local election office. Despite not being able to vote on Election Day, they can still make sure that their voice is heard and that they make use of their voting privilege.

Updating Personal Information Regularly

State and federal election laws can change at a moment’s notice, so it is important for people to keep their voting information updated as needed. If they move or want to change their party affiliation, for example, they should update this information well before the next election takes place.

They should also stay up-to-date about the location of their polling place. The locations of polling places change regularly. A school, church, or business that was utilized as a polling place during the last election may not be used again for the next. Voters can find out their polling places online or by contacting their local election office.

Voters play a central role in shaping the government and their very futures. They can satisfy their duty as voters by observing these four important responsibilities.

The Role of Voter Education in Strengthening Democracy

“Democracy in the contemporary world demands, among other things, an educated and informed people.” ~ Elizabeth Bishop “The control of information is something the elite always does, particularly in a despotic form of government. Information, knowledge, is power. If you can control information, you can control people.” ~ Tom Clancy 

In the information age, when the fate of nations hinges on the choices of their citizens, voter education emerges as a beacon of hope. It’s not just an accessory to the democratic process, but rather the cornerstone upon which a thriving democracy is built. 

However, this is also an era of rapidly evolving political landscapes and information overload. In such an environment, the importance of voter education cannot be overstated. When we understand how voter education empowers citizens and strengthens democracy — and apply that knowledge at the ballot box — we ensure that the voices of the people truly guide the course of our country.

Read on to learn more about the significance of voter education and the state of civic education in America. 

What Does Voter Education Mean?

Voter education comes in many forms. It starts with a basic understanding of civics and how our electoral system is supposed to work, and it extends to researching candidates and issues before we cast our votes. 

How many times have you looked at a ballot and wondered who half of the candidates are and what they stand for? It’s no longer enough to look at a D or an R behind a name. There are many more choices on a ballot than whichever establishment candidate is running for president.

For example:

What is the function of a Secretary of State?

What does a circuit court judge do, and what is the record of the people running for this position in your area?

Who are your local school board candidates and how do they affect public education?

What are the ballot initiatives and how might they impact your life? 

These questions are much more fundamental to your everyday quality of life, and most people can't answer them. 

For example, the right to work seems like a people-powered concept, but a careful reading of what’s in Right to Work proposals will uncover that they are actually pro-business and anti-union. Whether you’re a business owner or a worker, that distinction is fundamental to how you choose to vote on such a proposal. 

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Voter Education and Candidate Research

Voter education takes various forms to ensure that citizens are well-prepared to perform their civic duties. For example, general voter education focuses on the foundational knowledge needed to navigate the electoral process. 

It includes:

Understanding the election timeline, such as key dates like voter registration deadlines, primary elections, and general elections.

Voter registration procedures like how to register to vote or update voter information.

The mechanics of voting, including how to cast a ballot, where to vote, and what to expect at the polling place.

Knowing the difference between primary, general, and special elections, and understanding their significance

Beyond the basics, voter education should equip citizens with the skills to thoroughly research candidates and their policy positions. This includes:

Candidate profiles : Accessing information about candidates running for various offices, including their background, experience, and priorities.

Policy analysis : Using tools and resources to help voters assess the policy platforms of candidates and parties.

Fact-checking and media literacy: Learning how to discern credible sources of information and identify misinformation.

Candidate forums and debates : Participating in forums where candidates discuss their views and answer questions from the public.

By providing citizens with these essential types of voter education, we empower them to make informed decisions and actively participate in the democratic process. In the current climate of abundant and easily manipulated information, these skills are more critical than ever.

The State of Voter Education in America

Ours is a country that prides itself on the power of the people. As such, the saying that knowledge is power couldn’t be more true. 

However, the state of civic education in America demonstrates that we are giving that power away. The earlier we learn basic civics, the better informed and engaged we are as a country. 

Unfortunately, most Americans couldn’t pass a standard civics test . While many states do require civics classes at the high school level, there is no federal mandate requiring education in civics . 

Many Americans don’t formally study civics or political science until they’re in college, if at all. 

According to data collected from state departments of education and the Education Commission of the States:

Only nine states and Washington, D.C. schools require a full year of civics to graduate from high school

30 states require one semester of civics 

11 states have no civics requirement for graduation

States with the highest rates of youth civic engagement also prioritize civics education

Here are four big reasons why voting matters , and why voter education matters more:

#1: Voting is the Foundation of Democracy

Democracy, as it’s known today, traces its roots to ancient Greece. It’s a system of government where power rests with the people, and they exercise it through periodic elections. However, for democracy to function, an informed and engaged electorate is required. 

The United States is a representative democracy , and this complicates matters somewhat. As we’ve seen over the past three years, knowledge of how our electoral system works is critical to ensuring that our voices are truly heard and that the people we entrust to represent our interests are doing so in an honest, transparent manner. 

This is where voter education steps in as a fundamental requirement.

#2: Voting Means Empowering Citizens

Voter education is akin to the proverbial key that unlocks the door to active participation in the democratic process. When citizens are well-informed about their rights, responsibilities, and the issues at stake, they become more confident and motivated to engage in the electoral process.

This extends to:

Knowledge of Rights and Responsibilities: Voter education provides knowledge about the rights and responsibilities of citizens. Understanding the electoral system, voter registration procedures, and how to cast a vote ensures that citizens can fully exercise their power without intimidation or confusion.

Informed Decision-Making: Informed voters make better choices. They’re better equipped to evaluate candidates, parties, and their policy positions critically. This leads to a more enlightened electorate that selects their representatives based on merit and alignment with their values rather than being swayed by personalities, empty promises, or divisive rhetoric.

Civic Engagement: Voter education extends beyond the act of voting. It encourages citizens to actively participate in civic life while fostering a sense of community and shared responsibility for the well-being of society. This can include volunteering, attending town hall meetings, and advocating for causes they believe in.

#3: Voting Strengthens Democracy

A well-informed electorate is the bedrock of a strong and resilient democracy. Here are four ways in which voter education contributes to the overall health of our democratic institutions:

Accountability : Elected officials are more likely to be held accountable when voters are educated. Citizens can monitor their representatives' actions, assess their performance, and vote them out if they fail to deliver on their promises or act against the public interest.

Reduced Polarization: Voter education encourages rational discourse and informed decision-making. When citizens understand the nuances of various issues, they are less susceptible to the polarization driven by sensationalism and misinformation.

Inclusivity: Voter education promotes inclusivity by ensuring that all eligible citizens have access to information about the electoral process. It helps bridge the gap between different socio-economic groups, reducing the risk of marginalized communities being disenfranchised.

Long-Term Planning: Educated voters are more likely to support policies that have long-term benefits for society, rather than short-sighted solutions. This contributes to the stability and sustainability of a nation.

#4: Voting Ensures that the Voices of the People Are Heard

One of the central tenets of democracy is that it should reflect the will of the people. However, this can only happen if every citizen's voice is heard and their vote counts. 

Voter education plays a pivotal role in ensuring that the democratic process remains inclusive and representative by:

Mitigating Voter Suppression: In some cases, voter suppression tactics are employed to prevent certain groups from voting. Voter education can help citizens recognize and resist such tactics, safeguarding the integrity of the electoral process.

Countering Disinformation: In an age of digital misinformation, voter education is a powerful antidote. It equips citizens with the critical thinking skills needed to discern credible information from fake news, preventing manipulation and misinformation from distorting their decisions.

Increasing Voter Turnout: A well-informed electorate is more likely to turn out to vote. When voter education campaigns are robust and accessible, voter turnout tends to increase, leading to a more representative democracy.

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Voter education is the lynchpin that holds our democracy together. It empowers citizens, strengthens democratic institutions, and ensures that the voices of the people are able to shape the destiny of their nation. In a world where information is everywhere but often misleading, voter education steers us towards a more just and equitable society.

The true power of democracy lies not just in the act of voting, but in the informed choices we make at the ballot box. Voter education isn’t a luxury; it’s a necessity.

Learn more about the choices that make our country more progressive, functional, and inclusive. Good Party offers a treasure trove of candidate resources and information about exciting independent candidates running for office at all levels of government. 

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Growing Voters: Engaging Youth Before they Reach Voting Age to Strengthen Democracy

When more—and more diverse—young people are politically engaged earlier in life, they are more likely to remain engaged in the future and to be part of an electorate that is more representative of the country, which should be a key goal of our democracy. The 2018 midterm elections saw an extraordinary increase in youth participation, but the youngest eligible voters —those aged 18 and 19— still voted at significantly lower rates . That age disparity in youth turnout has long  been intractable, but it is far from inevitable. At the national, state, and local levels, there are steps we can take to eliminate this gap and to move from a paradigm focused on merely mobilizing voters, to one centered on Growing Voters.

How We “Miss” the Youngest Eligible Voters

We don’t automatically become engaged, informed, and empowered to participate in our democracy when we turn 18. Instead, young people begin to understand and experience democracy, and what role they are expected to play in it, well before they reach voting age. Before youth reach 18, they can have (or miss out on) experiences and receive implicit or explicit messages that shape whether they believe their voice matters and that change is possible. They also may or may not get practical information about how, where, and when to vote. All of these factors are shaped by the specific community conditions that surround young people: in their town or city, school, neighborhood, etc. The availability and quality of opportunities to develop as a voter and active community member is frequently unequal across these settings.

Community Conditions Matter

With youth voting in particular, a vicious cycle has developed. Because, for decades, young people have voted at lower rates than those aged 30+, there are often negative media narratives that suggest youth are apathetic. Many young people get the message that they’re being dismissed. What’s worse, these narratives very rarely focus on the real systemic barriers young people can face. Every community has a variety of assets and constraints to creating a culture where engagement is encouraged and facilitated. Because of the way engagement is often set up or administered, those challenges can be especially acute for youth from low-income households and from communities of color. For example, school clubs, youth organizations, and other extracurricular activities can be important “incubators” of civic behaviors, but depending on their race and ethnicity, or socioeconomic status,  young people may have very inequitable access to those opportunities .

Basic Voting Information Is Not Obvious or Ubiquitous

In addition, some young people don’t know basic information about elections and aren’t sure where to get accurate information, especially when it comes to local elections. As with other obstacles, this barrier to voting is exacerbated by broader inequities. In  our recent study of low-income youth , 39% said they did not know where to vote. And while some young people can rely on family, co-workers of peers who are experienced voters, many others lack that support system and are unaware of other resources (like county or state elections office websites) where they could find out what they need. Election administrators can do more to understand issues of youth access, especially for young people who aren’t on college campuses.

Campaigns Aren’t Talking to the Youngest Eligible Voters

We can use the 2018 election cycle as a case study of how youth can get left behind by traditional electoral engagement strategies, and  why we need a paradigm shift to increase and diversify voting among 18- and 19-year-olds, and youth engagement more broadly. 

In our pre-midterm election poll, conducted in September 2018, we found that the youngest voters intended to vote at about the same rate as their slightly older peers: 31% of youth aged 18-21 said it was “extremely likely” that they’d vote, and 34% of youth aged 18-24 said the same. This suggests that the interest in casting a ballot was relatively equal among all youth and, far from being a product of apathy, the age gap in turnout is due to the various factors that influence whether someone who wants to vote actually does so.

One of the major factors is contact by political parties and campaigns. Research has shown that contact correlates strongly with voting, but campaigns reach out to the youngest potential voters much less, and less often. In 2018, for example,  less than a third of young people aged 18-20 who were not in college and/or had no college experience were contacted , whereas 60% of 18 to 24-year-olds were contacted. There are several reasons: first, campaigns rely heavily on previous voter rolls when coordinating outreach, so newly eligible voters are frequently left out. In addition, many political campaigns focus their youth outreach efforts on college campuses, and 18- or 19-year olds who may still be in high school, new to college and still acclimating to campus life, or not college-bound, can miss out. These are systemic issues that call for broad-based solutions.

A New Paradigm: Growing Voters

While electoral reforms and campaign mobilization strategies that reach youth when they near or reach voting age are important, in order to achieve a more representative electorate and sustained increases in youth participation efforts to prepare young people for electoral and civic engagement must start much earlier. Young people’s ability and desire to participate are shaped by many factors throughout their childhood and adolescence, and many youth become political actors long before they turn 18. As young people showed last year, especially in the aftermath of the Parkland school shooting, youth are raising awareness about issues, leading movements, and persuading friends and peers—all while being affected by the decisions of their political leaders.

Many different people in a community can play a role in Growing Voters, and the strategies they pursue can shift given the resources and constraints in a given community. Here are some ways to advance the work of Growing Voters:

CIRCLE Growing Voters

In June 2022 we released a major CIRCLE Growing Voters report, which expands on this research and introduces a new framework for how to reach all youth, eliminate inequities in voter turnout, and prepare the next generations to participate in democracy.

K-12 Civics and Teaching about Elections

One key element of the Growing Voters paradigm is equitable, comprehensive K-12 civic education that incorporates teaching about voting and elections. Schools are uniquely able to reach nearly all youth in systematic ways, and to identify and address any gaps by race, socioeconomic status, etc. In our extensive research on the relationship between civic education and voting in the 2012 election, we found that teaching about voting increased the likelihood of students (self-reported) voting when they turn 18 by 40%. While more research on how districts and schools institutionalize this practice is needed, we know that there are ways to implement this beyond specific lesson plans. When schools and districts commit to teaching about elections and voting, it can reduce negative messages about politics and youth voice.

We know that educators can be hesitant to help students learn the ins-and-outs of the political process and of political participation out of fear of being accused of partisanship. However, it is possible and necessary for schools to reduce constraints on political engagement, create a climate that supports youth civic development, and incorporate non-partisan lessons that address the importance of voting and even the basics of how to fill out a ballot. Schools can also work with election officials and community-based organizations to facilitate voter registration for students who turn 18 and for younger students where pre-registration is available. CIRCLE coordinates a  national alliance  committed to supporting districts and schools’ efforts to create a school climate that support political learning and teach all students about elections and voting.

When implemented and properly supported statewide, a mandatory k-12 civics course that incorporates effective instructional practices can build young people’s civic knowledge, skills, and efficacy. Research has also shown that a civics test that is a graduation requirement can positively influence subsequent political engagement. (Importantly, this research did not include analysis of requirements to pass the American citizenship test , which some states have proposed or used as a civics test.) Relatedly, we recently found that 27 states now have language in their state codes that encourages, supports, and/or in a few cases requires a school or a local elections office to facilitate voter registration (and occasionally some basic education about voting, separate from course requirements and curricular standards) in high schools.

Facilitative Voting and Registration Laws

The 2018 election illustrates not just what’s not working, but what can make an impact. Youth voting, including turnout in 2018, can vary greatly at the state level. Youth turnout varied widely from state to state, including among 18- and 19-year-olds. While the national average was 23%, in six states (Colorado, Oregon, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada and Washington) the turnout rate for these “youngest youth” was above 30%. Five of those states (CO, OR, MN, NV, WA) have at least one of what we have termed facilitative election laws that make it easier for young people to register to vote and actually cast a ballot, such as automatic voter registration or pre-registration for youth before they turn 18. Our research has found that several of these policies have effects on youth voting:

• Online voter registration -  A positive correlation between enacted state policy and turnout of youth aged 18-19, and a minor positive effect on the registration rate of that same age group
• Strict Photo ID laws -  A negative correlation with the voter turnout of youth aged 18-29, especially among youth of color
• Pre-registration -  A minor correlation with turnout for age 18-19 youth, but only if pre-registration is available for both 16- and 17-year-olds (as opposed to just for 17-year-olds)

Other state laws and codes that support, for example, having young people serve as poll workers and voter registration in high schools, can also strengthen youth electoral engagement . Full implementation of these policies across the country is an important goal and this can differ greatly at the state level and within a state.

Youth-Centered Election Administration

As with schools, there is election infrastructure in every county in the United States that has the opportunity to reach, inform, and prepare young people to participate in democracy. However,  our research  reveals that there are many youth who do not trust or feel welcome in election offices and don’t understand how to access information about registering and voting.  Election administrators have a crucial role to play in recognizing and working to overcome the specific barriers a wide range of young people face. These officials must rethink and redesign election administration to take into account the specific developmental needs of young potential voters; in particular, officials should not take for granted that youth will know, know where to find, or be able to easily learn from family and friends, basic information about when, where, and how to vote. This can include materials and processes informed by youth experiences, partnerships with local youth organizations, and state-level programs and resources from a Secretary of State or Board of Elections that can contribute to helpful state-specific materials and a culture of voting.

One particularly promising initiative: Several states allow for 16- and 17-year-olds to work at the polls on Election Day. These initiatives have multiple benefits: first,  election administrators often face a shortage of poll workers , especially bilingual poll workers. Second, young people get to see same-aged peers when they go to their polling place, which our research has shown can be an unwelcoming place for some youth. According to a 2019 Survey of Minnesota Student Election Judge Programs by the YMCA Center for Youth Voice and Minneapolis Elections, over half of the 107 Minnesota jurisdictions who responded engage high school students to serve as election judges. 

CIRCLE is currently partnering with Opportunity Youth United to support three OYUnited community action teams to build partnerships with local election officials to close these systemic gaps.

Supporting Diverse Local Youth Leadership and Voices

Other commitments central to Growing Voters can be advanced outside of the classroom or the county clerk’s office. Communities can support peer-to-peer outreach, organizing, and activism by creating or supporting spaces and opportunities for youth to come together and act on issues they care about, and by offering guidance and resources while letting young people, themselves, take the lead. Many of the educational and administrative practices we’ve mentioned can advance this goal: whether having teens as poll workers or using pedagogical practices centered on the concerns and ideas of youth. But just as important are community-based opportunities that can be led by youth, and that often provide opportunities for young people, especially those who have been marginalized, to develop critical consciousness and feel empowered to act.

Additionally, as civic institutions, media outlets also have roles to play in the work of bringing more community members into our democracy. Members of the media should interrogate narratives that suggest youth are politically apathetic, and they should focus on including more—and more diverse—young voices. Incorporating these voices can expand and enrich the stories being told, show other youth what their peers can achieve, and resonate with an audience that is often skeptical about the value and trustworthiness of media,  especially their local news .

Final Thoughts

The efforts and policies described above are only at their most effective in facilitating youth participation when they are implemented deliberately, with an eye toward quality and equity, and with mechanisms in place for evaluation and accountability. As such, most of these laws and initiatives require adequate funding for training, professional development, and/or staff time.

Young people are not just the future of our democracy; they’re a big part of its present. In every field, in every community, and in every sector of our society, all of us have a role to play in Growing Voters and ensuring that youth are fully prepared to contribute to the political life of the country. For 2020 and beyond, we can begin that work and start seeing its impact today.

The Observer

Let’s do it for democracy: The pressing importance of voting

On March 19 I walked into a polling station for the first time in my life. As I stepped up to the check-in table, the poll worker asked me, “Are you a first-time voter?” Oddly enough, I hesitated for a split second, the weight of this moment seeping to my consciousness for the first time. “Yes. Yes, I am,” I replied, almost in disbelief. Immediately, the gymnasium broke into celebration—“We have a first-time voter!” reverberated through the room.

After diligently completing my ballot for the Ohio primaries according to my prior research, I left the polling station with a smile plastered on my face, and a feeling of accomplishment and success washing over me. Not even the uncompetitive nature of the election could take that feeling away from me. I had voted, a right so fundamental to any democracy. I was proud.

No later, however, did I realize that my inexorable pride was cast against a huge wave of indifference. The polling location I went to was nearly empty, the Center for Civic Engagement and Learning (CCEL) office transporting students to cast their vote was rarely busy and when I asked friends whether they were registered to vote, they guiltily shook their heads. It wasn’t merely the apathy that scared me, but more so its consequences: If we carry the same aloofness to elections that are extremely important—especially in a swing state like Ohio—how will we be able to sustain a democracy?

Low voter engagement is not a new issue, but it seems to be getting more acute. Data from News 5 Cleveland corroborated a low voter engagement for the Ohio primaries. In Cuyahoga County, early voter turnout for the 2024 Ohio primaries was down 47% since 2016, and the two other election powerhouses in Ohio—Franklin and Hamilton Counties—followed a similar trend.

Granted, the Ohio primaries this year were largely uncompetitive. Most candidates ran uncontested, and the 2024 presidential race—President Joe Biden versus former President Donald Trump—was already decided. As far as issues go, Issue 26—deciding on a tax levy—may have been important, but “it doesn’t bring the folks out like they did last August… with Issue 1,” which was a constitutional amendment to increase the threshold for passing future amendments, says Cuyahoga County Board of Elections Director Tony Perlatti. Nor have the primaries received as much attention as last November’s general election, which saw 3.96 million voters show up to the polls to vote on a major reproductive rights amendment and marijuana legalization.

And that may just be part of the problem. Political scientists call it “voter fatigue,” the phenomenon where voters are called to step to the polls too often, to vote on too many issues with no easy access to relevant information. As a result, voters become annoyed and disengaged; many choose not to cast their ballot at all.

Yet, with the general election on our heels that is bound to be a tight race, it’s time we haul ourselves out of our lethargy. Ultimately, we cannot conveniently hide in the shadows of “voter fatigue” to excuse our behavior. As members of a democracy, we must rise to our voting responsibility, a right we are so grateful to have.

Voting may sound cumbersome, and especially as college students it’s yet one more thing to worry about—but your vote matters. What’s more, Case Western Reserve University makes it so easy to take responsibility, with resources for registering, getting informed and actually voting. Stop by the CCEL office in Tinkham Veale University Center to fill out a voter registration form. If you have questions, there is always someone to help you through the process. With voter registration also comes an unspoken duty to submerge ourselves in the political arena: researching candidates, diving into local and national political issues and developing critical opinions toward them. Especially with seats in the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives up for election in November, doing our research is vital. National Public Radio (NPR) is a great place to start—they provide high-quality journalism with the goal of informing and involving the public. Lastly, when it comes to getting to the polls or casting a ballot, the CCEL office shuttles students to the polls for free on election day, and supplies absentee ballots for mail-in voting.

With such a seamless voting process here at CWRU, there is no reason you shouldn’t be picking up your voter registration form today. Regardless of the significance of an election, we need to be active voters. When we don’t vote, we risk adopting the mindset of detachment to elections that matter, and in a swing state like Ohio, our vote can have a sizable impact. Beyond that, however, voting is a hallmark of every democracy, and it’s central to preserving our political system. So, let’s make use of our right to vote. See you at the polls in November!

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4.5: Voting and Citizen Participation

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• Page ID 128425

• Robert W. Maloy & Torrey Trust
• University of Massachusetts via EdTech Books

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Standard 4.5: Voting and Citizen Participation in the Political Process

Describe how a democracy provides opportunities for citizens to participate in the political process through elections, political parties and interest groups. ( Massachusetts Curriculum Framework for History and Social Studies) [8.T4.5]

FOCUS QUESTION: How have Americans' right and opportunities to vote changed over time?

Democracies depend on the active and informed involvement of their members, or what Standard 4.5 calls " citizen participation in the political process ." If only a limited number of people participate, then democracy gives way to a system of government where elites, powerful special interests, and unrepresentative coalitions make decisions for everyone else.

You can go here for a visual timeline of the History of Voting in America from the Office of the Secretary of State of the state of Washington.

See also Voting Rights: A Short History from the Carnegie Corporation of New York (2019).

This voting timeline sets the stage for two major major voting rights bills that have been introduced in Congress following the 2020 Presidential election and the January 6, 2021 insurrection at the Capitol: the For the People Ac t and the John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act .

The For the People Act protects the right to vote, ends partisan gerrymandering, reduces the influence of corporate money in elections, and establishes new ethics rules for elected officials. The John Lewis Act restores the power of the Department of Justice to prevent states from restricting people's right to vote. In congressional votes in 2021, both were unanimously supported by Democrats and unanimously opposed by Republicans.

Who Do Voters Vote For?

How many elected officials do people vote for in the United States? The number may surprise you.

Besides one President, 100 senators and 435 members of the House of Representatives, there are some 7000 state legislatures, 3000 counties, and 19,000 cities and towns, all with multiple elected offices from mayors, selectboards, and judges to coroners, registers of deeds, mosquito-control boards, and in one Vermont town, dogcatcher. Political scientist Jennifer L. Lawless (2012) puts the number of elected officials at 519,682, although that number substantially undercounts all the other organizations that elect people, from political parties to worker-owned companies and local co-ops.

Who Was and Was Not Allowed to Vote in US History

Although there is no right to vote explicitly set forth in the Constitution, voting is the most commonly recognized form of citizen participation . Yet, since the first colonists arrived in North America, women, people of color, and even groups of men have struggled to gain the right to vote.

Before 1790, mainly only White male property owners 21 years old and older could vote, although free men of color could vote in Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island before 1790, and New Jersey allowed some women to vote until 1807 .

Voter participation expanded dramatically in the early 19th century when White men no longer had to hold property in order to vote. To learn more, go to The Expansion of Democracy during the Jacksonian Era .

Voting rights for African American males were established by the 15th Amendment in 1870, which declared that "the right of citizens of the United States to vote cannot be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude" ( Voting Rights for African Americans , Library of Congress).

Native Americans gained the right to vote in 1924, although the final state to allow Indians to vote was New Mexico in 1962 ( Voting Rights for Native Americans , Library of Congress). The 26th Amendment established the right to vote for 18- to 21-year-olds in 1971.

Voting rights for women were established by the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920, but small numbers of women had been voting in some places for a long time. Women voted in New Jersey from 1797 to the early 1800s. They were also granted the right to vote in the territories of Wyoming (1869) and Utah (1870). The history of voting rights for women are explored at Rightfully Hers: Woman Suffrage Before the 19th Amendment from the National Archives.

Minor v. Happersett (1875) Supreme Court Case

During the 1872 Presidential election, Virginia Minor , an officer in the National Women’s Suffrage Association, challenged in court voting restrictions against women.

The first part of Virginia Minor's case was heard in the same courtroom in St. Louis, Missouri where the Dred Scott case was argued in 1847. Minor v. Happersett (1875) eventually went to the Supreme Court, which ruled the Constitution did not grant women the right to vote ( Virginia Minor and Women's Right to Vote ). Still, Virginia Minor's activism added momentum to the suffrage movement. By the time of the passage of the 19th Amendment, women were already voting in 15 states (Centuries of Citizenship: A Constitutional Timeline).

Learn more at a U.S. Voting Rights Timeline (Northern California Citizenship Project, 2004), a timeline of the History of Voting in America (Office of the Washington Secretary of State), and by visiting the resourcesforhistoryteachers wiki page about Voting Rights in Early 19th Century America .

Voting and the 2016 and 2020 Presidential Elections

Even given the long struggles to expand access to voting, a surprisingly low percentage of people actually participate in national elections. Just 55.7% of the voting-age population cast ballots in the 2016 Presidential Election ( Pew Research Center, 2018 ), while 53% voted in the 2018 midterm elections - the highest number in four decades (United States Census Bureau , April 23, 2019). Turnout is often lower in state, local, or primary elections. Since 1948, Massachusetts has varied between a high of 92% in 1960 (when John F. Kennedy ran for President) to a low of 51% in 2014 (Voter Turnout Statistics, Massachusetts Secretary of State Office, 2020).

The 2020 Presidential election saw 66.5% of the voters casting a ballot , the highest percentage since 1900 ( NPR , November 25, 2020). Joe Biden became the first candidate running for President to win more than 80 million votes, the most votes ever cast for a Presidential candidate and 14 million more votes than Hillary Clinton received in 2016. Donald Trump received 11 million more votes than he did in winning the Presidency four years ago.

The Myth of Voter Fraud

Despite repeated claims by the defeated 2020 Presidential candidate Donald Trump and his supporters, voter fraud is "exceedingly rare" in United States elections (Brennan Center for Justice , January 6, 2021). The U.S. Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency declared the 2020 Presidential election the "most secure" in American history, adding there was "no evidence that any voting system deleted or lost votes, changed votes, or was in any way compromised" ( Joint Statement , November 12, 2020).

In legal terms, voter fraud is defined as votes cast illegally by an individual by methods such as voting twice, impersonating another voter, or voting when or where one is not registered to vote. There is also a broader category known as election fraud where individuals or organizations seek to interfere with a free and fair election through systematic voter suppression or intimidation, such as buying votes, forging signatures, misinforming voters about polling places and times, deliberately not counting certain votes, or interfering with the collection and counting of mail-in and absentee ballots.

Election fraud also includes violations of campaign finance laws (FindLaw, March 18, 2020). In 2018, Michael Cohen, Donald Trump's former lawyer, pled guilty to multiple counts of tax evasion and campaign finance violations involving unlawful campaign contributions. Donald Trump (known as "Individual 1") was an unindicted co-conspirator in the case ( United States Attorney's Office, Southern District of New York , August 21, 2018).

Modules for this Standard

What influences citizens to participate in the political process through voting? The modules for this standard examine this question by first assessing why people do and do not vote before reviewing how secret ballots, poll taxes, literacy tests and modern-day voter suppression laws have impacted people’s voting behaviors and voting rights. A third module asks how the United States might get more people to vote, especially young people.

Information about the processes of elections for Congress and President can be found in Topic 3.4 of this book.

Modules for this Standard Include:

• INVESTIGATE: Who Votes and Who Does Not Vote in the United States?
• UNCOVER: Voter Suppression and Barriers to Voting
• MEDIA LITERACY CONNECTIONS: Digital Games for Civic Engagement

4.5.1 INVESTIGATE: Who Votes and Who Does Not Vote in the United States?

Elections in the United States are decided not only by who votes , but by who does not vote and who is not allowed to vote . FairVote, an election advocacy organization, estimates only about 60% of eligible voters cast a ballot in a presidential election, while as few as 30 to 40% vote in midterm elections. Turnout is generally even lower in local or off-year special elections ( Voter Turnout Rates, 1916-2018 , FairVote).

In 2016, Donald Trump won the Presidency even though he lost the popular vote to Hillary Clinton by 2,864,974 votes (other candidates received 7,804,213 votes as well). These vote totals mean he was elected President by a little more than a quarter of the eligible voters. View the election results on this interactive map .

In many districts around the country, the number of non-voters actually exceeded the number of people who actually voted. Here is a map of the United States that shows non-voters in the 2016 election .

Voter participation in the United States is lower than in many other countries around the world—Belgium, Sweden and Denmark all have voter turnout rates of 80% or higher. However, Switzerland however consistently has a very low voter turnout—in 2015, less than 39% of the Swiss voting-age population cast ballots for the federal legislature ( Pew Research Center, 2018 ).

Those who vote in this country tend to have more education, higher income, are older in age, and are more likely to be married. Young people, ages 18 to 30, are the least likely group to vote with a rate of 44%. By contrast, 62% of 31- to 60-year-olds and 72% of those 60 and older vote.

Other facts of note include:

• Nearly 30% of the electorate is Black, Hispanic, Asian-American, or some other ethnic minority (quoted from David W. Blight, "On the Election," The New York Review of Books , November 5, 2020, p. 4)
• Individuals with more education are more likely to vote than those with less education.
• Nevertheless, Black Voters are credited with helping to deliver three key electoral college states to Joe Biden in the 2020 Presidential elections, accounting for 50% of all Democratic votes in Georgia (16 electoral votes); 20% of Democratic votes in Michigan (16 electoral votes); and 21% of Democratic votes in Pennsylvania (20 electoral votes), effectively making the difference between victory or defeat for Biden in those states ( Brookings , November 24, 2020).

Women Voters and the Voting Gender Gap

Today, women are more likely to vote than men , part of a marked voting gender gap . The 1980 Presidential election was a milestone for women voters. It was the first election in which women and men cast the same share of votes. At the same time, only 47% of women voted for Republican winner Ronald Reagan compared to men, 55% of whom supported Reagan. It was the first observable gender gap in Presidential voting, and trend that has continued with women increasingly likely to vote for the Democratic presidential candidate ( Women Won the Right to Vote 100 Years Ago. They Didn't Start Voting Differently from Men Until 1980 , FiveThirtyEight , August 19, 2020).

Since 1980, women have continued to expand their participation in voting. In every presidential election before 1980, the proportion of men voting exceeded women; in every presidential election since 1980, the proportion of women voting for President has exceeded that of men (Center for American Women and Politics, 2019).

Stated differently, in 2012 and 2016 presidential elections, women outvoted men by 10 million ballots, a number equaling all the votes cast in the state of Texas in 2016. As one commentator noted, "The United States of Women is larger than the United States of Men by a full Lone Star State" ( Thompson, 2020 , para. 2).

Why People Do Not Vote

Non-voters give different reasons for staying away on election day. According to a 2015 report from the Public Policy Institute of California , the reasons why registered voters do not always vote include:

• Lack of interest (36%)
• Time/schedule constraints (32%)
• Confidence in elections (10%)
• Other (10%)
• Process related (9%)
• Don't know (2%)

Just before the 2020 presidential election, FiveThirtyEight researchers found that non-voters tend to have lower incomes, are young, do not belong to a political party, and are predominantly Asian American or Latino. Among the major reasons given for not voting were missing the registration deadline, not being able to get off work or find where to go to vote, and feeling that the system is broken and their vote will not matter ( Why Many Americans Don't Vote , October 28, 2020).

But the FiveThirtyEight pollsters also found other reasons for not voting, besides disinterest or alienation. Many people want vote but cannot. Some reported being unable to access a polling location because of a physical disability. Others said they did not receive an absentee ballot on time, were told their name was not on the registered voter list, did not have an accepted form of identification, or could not receive help filling out a ballot.

Do these reasons apply to people in Massachusetts? What other reasons might people have for not voting?

Suggested Learning Activities

• Interactive maps and cinematic visualizations of how Americans have voted in every election since 1840, Voting America , a website developed by the University of Richmond
• How Many Voted in Your Congressional District in 2018? , United States Census Bureau
• Voter Turnout , MIT Election Data & Science Lab
• What did you uncover about how and why people vote?
• Design a proposal, podcast series, social media campaign, or PSA to encourage more people - especially more young people - to vote.
• Is voter apathy or lack of voter access the greatest barrier to people voting in this country?
• What evidence can you cite to support your opinion?
• People voted for Trump in response to issues of race and religion. Studies show support for Trump strongly correlated with negative views and overt racial hatred toward Black and Muslim Americans as well as immigrants.
• People voted for Trump in response to issues of economic and technological change. Studies show strong support for Trump in communities hit hard by declines of manufacturing jobs.
• People voted for Trump in response to media coverage of the election.
• People voted for Trump based on religious views. 84% of evangelicals voted for Trump, as did 60% of White Catholics.

Online Resources for Women's Suffrage, Voting, and Not Voting

• Virginia Minor and Women's Right to Vote , Gateway Arch, National Park Service
• Newspaper Coverage of Minor v. Happersett, April 3, 1875
• The Legal Case of Minor v. Happersett , from the Women's History Museum
• The Suffragist , Smithsonian lesson plan and media
• State-by-State Voter Turnout Maps from FairVote for the 2018, 2016, 2014 and 2012 elections
• Top Ten States with Highest Voter Turnout, ThoughtCo. (March 7, 2019)
• Why Vote? Map-based learning activity from the Boston Public Library
• LEARNING PLAN: The True History of Voting Rights , Teaching Tolerance

Teacher-Designed Learning Plan: Voting from Ancient Athens to Modern America

Voting from Ancient Athens to Modern America is a learning unit developed by Erich Leaper, 7th-grade teacher at Van Sickle Academy, Springfield Massachusetts, during the spring 2020 COVID-19 pandemic when schools went to all remote learning. The unit covers one week of instructional activities and remote learning for students.

It addresses the following Massachusetts Grade 7 and Grade 8 curriculum standards as well as Advanced Placement (AP) Government and Politics unit.

• Explain the democratic political concepts developed in ancient Greece: a) the "polis" or city state; b) civic participation and voting rights; c) legislative bodies; d) constitution writing; d) rule of law.
• Describe how a democracy provides opportunities for citizens to participate in the political process through elections, political parties and interest groups.
• Topic 5.2: Voter Turnout

This activity can be adapted and used for in-person, fully online, and blended learning formats.

4.5.2 UNCOVER: Voter Suppression and Barriers to Voting

Voter suppression has been defined as " an effort or activity designed to prevent people from voting by making voting impossible, dangerous or just very difficult" (quoted in The True History of Voting Rights , Teaching Tolerance ). Voter suppression and barriers to voting can legal and organized, illegal and organized, or illegal and unorganized.

Throughout U.S. history and even while constitutional amendments, court cases, and state and federal laws expanded the right to vote, Poll Taxes, Literacy Tests, and more recently, Voter Restriction Policies, including Voter Identification (ID) laws were used to limit voting by African Americans and other people of color in many states (Berman, 2015).

Carol Anderson has documented this history in her book, One Person, No Vote: How Voter Suppression is Destroying Our Democracy (2018).

Link here to find out Which states make it hardest to vote?

In this UNCOVER section, we look more closely at how secret ballots, poll taxes, literacy tests, and current day voter restriction laws have made it harder for many people to vote, in the past and today.

Secret Ballots

The modern-day image of a solitary citizen going behind a screen or curtain at a voting booth (like the one pictured above) to cast a secret ballot is not the way voting happened for much of United States history ( The Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities, 2020 ).

In the 18th and 19th centuries, noted historian Jill Lepore ( 2008, 2018 ), voting was done in public, sometimes by voice, or by a show of hands, or by tossing beans or pebbles into a hat. Paper ballots were only used in some states - Kentucky had voice voting until 1891.

Paper ballots, noted Lepore, were known as "party tickets," printed by political parties ( Lepore, 2008, para. 3 ). Fraud and intimidation were rampant, especially in urban centers where political bosses dominated local politics. According to Lepore, "In San Francisco, party bosses handed out 'quarter eagles,' coins worth $2.50. In Indiana, tens of thousands of men sold their suffrages for no more than a sandwich, a swig, and a fiver" ( para. 23 ).

Reform came with the introduction of the Australian ballot or secret ballot . In 1856, the country of Australia began requiring the government to print ballots and local officials to provide voting booths where individuals could vote in private and in secret. The Australian ballot made its way first to England and then to the United States.

Massachusetts passed the nation's first statewide Australian ballot law in 1888. By 1896, "thirty-nine of forty-five states cast secret, government-printed ballots" ( Lepore, 2008, para. 27 ). At that time, 88% of the nation's voters voted. The numbers of people voting have been declining ever since.

Paradoxically, government printed ballots as part of secret balloting were harder to read "making it more difficult for immigrants, former slaves and the uneducated poor to vote" ( Lepore, 2008, para. 25 ). Many southern states embraced the reform, helping to limit Black men from voting.

Video \(\PageIndex{1}\): Carol Anderson explains the impact of voter suppression on citizens of color.

A poll tax is a fee charged to anyone seeking to vote in an election. Poll taxes have been used as a way to keep people who could not afford to pay the tax, particularly African Americans in the South, from participating in local, state and national elections. Poll taxes were outlawed by the 24th Amendment in 1964 .

Learn more about poll taxes in United States history:

• White Only: Jim Crow in America discusses ways African Americans were denied the vote
• Edward M. Kennedy Poll Tax Amendment (1965) - Senator Kennedy unsuccessfully sought to extend the 24th Amendment to state and local elections.

Literacy Tests

In political settings, a literacy test is an exam used to assess a potential voter's reading and writing skills as well as civic and historical knowledge. Officials made the questions so difficult that hardly anyone could pass.

Connecticut was the first state to require a literacy test; it was intended to keep Irish immigrants from voting. In the American South, literacy tests were used to prevent African Americans from registering to vote.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 ended the use of literacy tests ( Literacy Tests and the Right to Vote ).

Modern-Day Voter Restriction Policies

Although restrictions on voting based on race or gender are no longer allowed by law, voter restriction policies are in place in many states that limit people's access to voting.

Widely used voter restriction practices include Voter and Photo Identification (ID) Laws , cutbacks in early voting times and days, and reduced opportunities for people to register to vote.

Proponents claim these laws are needed to prevent voter fraud , although virtually no evidence of such fraud exists ( Voter Fraud? Or Voter Suppression? ).

For a 2018 example of voter suppression practices, read the following news story: After Stunning Democratic Win, North Dakota Republicans Suppressed the Native American Vote. A federal court found that North Dakota's voter identification laws were disproportionately burdensome to Native Americans.

In the aftermath of the 2020 Presidential election, representatives from both political parties began proposing state-level voting reform legislation, filling hundreds of bills in states throughout the country ("After Record Turnout, GOP Tries to Make It Harder to Vote," Boston Sunday Globe , January 31, 2021). Democrats sought to expand ballot access (such as allowing felons to vote or automatically registering voters at motor vehicle bureaus) while Republicans seek to limit voting (repealing no-excuse absentee ballots or restricting the mailing of absentee ballots to voters).

By May 2021, according to the Brennan Center for Justice, 404 voter restriction bills had been introduced in 48 states. In 11 of those states, including the battleground states of Georgia and Florida, Republican-dominated legislatures had passed a wave of voting laws, putting in place the following policies, many of which impact absentee voting and ballot drop boxes ( FiveThirtyEight, May 11, 2021 ):

• Requiring proof of identity for absentee voting
• Limiting the number of absentee ballots a person can deliver for non-family members
• Requiring signature on absentee ballot match signature on voter registration card (Idaho)
• Limiting absentee ballot requests to one election cycle
• Restricting the locations of ballot drop boxes
• Mandating ballot drop boxes be used only when an election staff member is present
• Eliminating allowing people to register to vote on election day (Montana)
• Banning giving food and water to people waiting in line to vote

Interested in learning more? Check out KQED Learn's "Is Voting Too Hard in the U.S.?" video (below) and discussion activity .

Video \(\PageIndex{2}\): Video explaining the obstacles to voting faced by many Americans, such as voter ID laws, poll closures, and voter purges.

• Can You Pass a Literacy Test? from PBS
• 1965 Alabama Literacy Test
• Consider: Would you be eligible to vote based on your test score?
• Watch the video: Should People Convicted of a Crime Be Allowed to Vote? from KQED Learn
• In some states, individuals convicted of a crime can vote while in prison; in other states, a felon is barred from ever voting ( Felony Voting Rights , National Conference of State Legislatures, October 2020).
• Resource for additional information: Pros and Cons for Felony Voting
• Do you support a Right to Vote Amendment to the Constitution ? Why or why not?
• Leser v. Garnett (1922) - This decision by the Supreme Court reaffirmed the 19th Amendment that women had the right to vote. Supreme Court Upholds Voting Rights for Women, February 27, 1922
• Guinn v. United States (1915)
• Baker v. Carr (1962)
• Oregon v. Mitchell (1970)
• Crawford v. Marion County Election Board (2008)
• Shelby County v. Holder (2013)
• Evenwel v. Abbott (2016)
• What other cases would you add?

Online Resources for Voting, Poll Taxes, Literacy Tests, and Voter Restriction Laws

• BOOK: Making Young Voters: Converting Civic Attitudes into Civil Action . John B. Holbein & D. Sunshine Hillygus. Cambridge University Press, 2020.
• BOOK: Blackballed: The Black Vote and US Democracy . Darryl Pickney. New York Review Books, 2020.
• Future Voters Project , Teaching Tolerance Magazine
• Expansion of voting and women's suffrage after the Civil War
• Voting Rights and Voter Suppression
• Barriers to Voting , Pennsylvania Bar Association
• Who Gets to Vote? , Washington State Legislature

4.5.3 ENGAGE: Voting by Mail; How Would You Get More People, Especially Young People, to Vote?

Getting more people, especially young people, to vote is a complex public policy and educational problem. There are many proposals and no easy solutions. For an overview, read To Build a Better Ballot: An Interactive Guide to Alternative Voting Systems .

The following section provides an overview of voting reform proposals. What changes are you prepared to support, and why?

Expanded Vote-by-Mail (Vote-at-Home) and Universal Mail-In Voting

Mail-in voting (then called absentee voting) first began during the Civil War when both Union and Confederate soldiers could mail in their votes from battlefields and military encampments. Again, during World War II, soldiers were allowed to vote from where they were stationed overseas. States began allowing absentee voting for civilians who were away from home or seriously ill during the 1880s. California became the first state to permit no-excuse absentee voting (voting by mail for any reason) during the 1980s ( Absentee Voting for Any Reason, MIT Election Data Science Lab).

The COVID-19 pandemic renewed calls for the United States to expand vote-by-mail options for American elections. Presently, there are two ways to vote by mail: 1) universal vote-by-mail (also known as vote-at-home ), where the state mails ballots to all enrolled voters and 2) absentee balloting , where those who are unable to vote in person on election day must request an absentee ballot and state their reasons for doing so.

In 2016, 33 million people (one-quarter of all votes) voted using one of these procedures. The 2020 election had 60 million people vote by mail, doubling previous totals and accounting for as much as 45% of the total voter turnout (Bazelon, 2020, p. 14, 18).

Five states - Colorado, Hawaii, Oregon, Utah and Washington - have universal vote-by-mail in place. In Colorado, which has had its universal vote-by-mail system in place since 2014, fewer than 6 percent vote in person on election day; everyone else votes by mail.

Some states with absentee ballot rules have strict deadlines for getting a ballot and when a deadline is missed, the individual cannot vote.

Voting by mail does not give an advantage to either major political party nor does it increase chances for election fraud ( How Does Vote-By-Mail Work and Does It Increase Voter Fraud? , Brookings, June 22, 2020). There is emerging evidence that mail-in voting does increase participation: 1) The vote-at-home states of Colorado, Oregon and Washington were among the top ten in states in voter turnout nationwide; 2) Utah, another vote-at-home state, had the most growth in voter turnout nationally since 2104; 3) Vote at home states outperformed other states by 15.5 percentage points in the 2018 primaries ( Nichols, 2018, para. 14 ). Researchers acknowledge that other factors beside voting by mail might have contributed to increased turnout in those states.

Expanded vote-by-mail proposals include no-excuse absentee voting and extending all-mail elections to every state so everyone receives a ballot in the mail which can be returned by mail or in-person at a voting center ( All-Mail Elections: aka Vote-by-Mail , National Conference of State Legislatures).

Read Voting by Mail? , an excerpt from the book Democracy in America? What Has Gone Wrong and What Can We Do About It by political scientists Benjamin I. Page and Martin Gilens (2020).

Compulsory Voting and Universal Civic Duty Voting

In Australia, Argentina, Belgium, Mexico and 18 other countries around the world, it is against the law not to vote. Non-voters face fines and other penalties ( 22 Countries Where Voting is Compulsory ).

Some observers believe that voting should be made compulsory in the United States to get more people involved in the democratic process. Other commentators focus on getting more people registered to vote as a way to increase voter turnout at election time. Presently, in every state except North Dakota, a person must be registered to vote in order to cast a ballot in an election. It is estimated that more than 20% of potentially eligible voters nationally are not registered to vote ( Pew Issue Brief, 2017 ).

Other commentators believe that instilling a ethos that voting is a civic duty is the way to promote greater participation in local, state and national elections. This is known as universal civic duty voting . While advocates of this idea may favor small fines for not voting, they recognize that it is a person's right not to vote if they so choose. The goal is to develop from young ages the disposition that voting is one of the duties or responsibilities that a person has in the democracy. For more, read Lift Every Voice: The Urgency of Universal Civic Study Voting , Brookings (July 20, 2020).

Ranked-Choice Voting or Instant Runoff Voting (IRV)

Ranked-choice or instant runoff voting is being adopted by communities around the country as well as the state of Maine - it is also discussed in Topic 3.4 in this book . The Committee for Ranked Choice Voting explains how it works:

Ranked choice voting gives you the power to rank candidates from your favorite to your least favorite. On Election Night, all the ballots are counted for voters’ first choices. If one candidate receives an outright majority, he or she wins. If no candidate receives a majority, the candidate with the fewest first choices is eliminated and voters who liked that candidate the best have their ballots instantly counted for their second choice. This process repeats and last-place candidates lose until one candidate reaches a majority and wins. Your vote counts for your second choice only if your first choice has been eliminated. ( para. 1 )

Make Election Day a National Holiday

This idea is simple: make Election Day a national holiday, so people have the time to vote. Numerous countries around the world do so and they generate much higher voter turnout than the U.S. One concern is the loss of revenue for businesses, especially since Juneteenth was just added as a new holiday in 2021. One suggestion countering this problem would be to combine Veterans Day and Election Day in one holiday ( Make Election Day a National Holiday , Brookings , June 23, 2021). No new holiday is then added, and voting is further highlighted as everyone's civic duty.

Expanded Early Voting

Early voting means that people can vote on specified days and times before an actual election day, making it possible to fit voting into busy schedules while avoiding long lines and delays at the polls. State laws governing early voting vary across the country; this source includes a state-by-state early voting time chart.

Automatic Voting Registration (AVR)

As of 2020, in 16 states and the District of Columbia, a person is automatically registered to vote when registering for a driver's license (known as Motor Voter Registration) or interacting with some other government agency—unless that person formally opts out. Voter Rolls are Growing Owing to Automatic Voter Registration , NPR (April 11, 2019).

Letting Students Miss School to Vote

Under a law passed in Illinois in 2020 that was initiated by the efforts of high school student activists, students may be excused from classes for up to 2 hours on election day or any day that early voting is offered to vote in general, primary, or special elections. Text of Public Act 101-0624.

Lower the Voting Age to 16 or 17

Lowering the voting age follows from the fact that in most states, 16 year-olds can get married, drive, pay income tax, get a passport, leave school, work full time, and join a union, among other activities ( Teenagers are Changing the World. They Should Be Allowed to Vote ). In one third of the states, 17-year-olds can register to vote if they turn 18 by election day. There is more information at The Case for Allowing 16-year-olds to Vote .

Same-Day Registration (SDR)

As of May 2021, twenty states and the District of Columbia allow same-day registration (SDR). Under SDR, a person can be automatically registered to vote when they arrive at the polls on election day. In states without SDR, voters must register to vote, often well before Election Day. University of Massachusetts Amherst researcher Jesse Rhodes and colleague Laura Williamson found that SDR boosted Black and Latinx voter turnout between 2 and 17 percentage points as compared to similar states that do not permit same day voter registration.

Additional Proposals

Additional ideas include online voter registration, text alerts reminders to vote, registering young voters at rock concerts and other youth-related events, and extending voting rights for ex-prisoners.

Some observers believe becoming a voter begins at school, as in the following example:

Democracy Prep Public Schools

The founders of the Democracy Prep public school network believe they have a successful model for increasing civic participation, including voting, by students. Democracy Prep serves students in New York City; Camden, New Jersey; Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Las Vegas, Nevada; and San Antonio, Texas. Students are admitted to these schools by randomized lotteries which allow for statistical comparisons between student groups. One study found "Democracy Prep increases the voter registration rates of its students by about 16 percentage points and increases the voting rates of its students by about 12 percentage points" ( Gill, et al., 2018, para. 1 ).

The National Education Policy Center urges caution in interpreting these results. Students chose to apply to Democracy Prep so they may have been inclined toward civic participation before attending. The school had abundant resources from federal grants to develop a strong curriculum.

Still, it is important to ask: How Democracy Prep did promote civic participation and voting among its students? Students were encouraged to "feel an obligation to be true and authentic citizens of a community" ( DemocracyPrep, 2020, para. 3 ). As part of their education, students get to visit with legislators, attend public meetings, testify before legislative bodies, discuss essays on civics and government, participate in "Get Out the Vote" campaigns, and develop a senior-level "Change the World" capstone project.

How many of those actions are happening or could happen at your school?

Media Literacy Connections: Digital Games for Civic Engagement

Figure \(\PageIndex{9}\): Sorry not Sorry: How to Vote by Caroline Gabriel, Ruihan Luo, & Sara Shea

Many educators and game designers believe so and are developing serious games to promote civic awareness and participation. In these activities, you will evaluate a currently available, politically themed online digital games, then design your own game about voting and politics.

• Activity 1: Evaluate a Politically Themed Digital Game
• Activity 2: Design Your Own Game about Voting and Politics
• What changes in school curriculum and activities do you believe would increase civic participation and voting by young people?
• Assess and then rank the voting reform proposals in this section according to your first to last priorities, explaining your reasons why.
• What other voting reform proposals would you propose?
• About 1 in 6 -- more than 35 million -- eligible voters have a disability, a third of whom report difficulties in be able to vote
• Commonly cited barriers include seeing and writing ballots, using voting equipment, traveling to voting locations, getting inside polling places and more.
• Design ways to address these and other potential barriers facing voters with disabilities

Standard 4.5 Conclusion

Voting offers citizens the opportunity to participate directly in democratic decision-making, yet voter turnout in the United States is low with only about 60% of eligible voters casting a ballot in presidential elections, 40% in midterm elections, and often even lower percentages in local elections. INVESTIGATE looked at whether voter apathy or lack of voter access impacts who votes and who does not. UNCOVER examined how poll taxes, literacy tests, and more recently, voter restriction laws, have limited voting by African Americans and members of other diverse groups in American society. ENGAGE asked what steps can be taken to get more people, especially younger people, to vote.

Voting is a civic duty

Our right to vote is hard-won. It took centuries of struggle to establish this right — for property-less men, for women, for African Americans, and, in 1971, for all US citizens over the age of 18.  The right to vote is fundamental to protecting, asserting and defining many of our other rights. Almost all of the social and economic rights Americans enjoy today — from Medicare and Medicaid, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act, the Occupational Health and Safety Act, and the Clean Air Act — exist because citizens elected public officials who voted to enact them.

But low numbers of American citizens exercise their right to vote, and, unfortunately, Stanford students are no exception. According to the National Study of Learning, Voting and Engagement (NSLVE), only 48.1% of eligible Stanford undergraduates, graduates and post-doctoral fellows voted in the 2016 Presidential election. NSLVE calculated that less than 20% voted in the 2014 mid-term elections.

As the three deans responsible for overseeing the education of the largest number of Stanford’s students, including all of its undergraduates, we write to urge you, regardless of your political affiliation , to register and to exercise your right to vote.

Here, we offer 5 main reasons for voting:

• We build our democracy with votes. Through our votes, we express what we as citizens think is in our collective interests; we empower officials to act in our name to promote those interests.
• It’s the power of the vote that keeps our elected officials accountable.
• If only some people vote, elected officials are likely to give less weight to the interests and views of non-participants. Studies show that young voters, along with citizens with lower levels of income and education, are less likely to vote.
• It is sometimes said that no one’s vote makes a decisive difference. But each person’s vote makes our democracy more representative of the will of its citizens. In close local elections, small numbers of votes can be decisive.
• Our country (and our world) face significant challenges that require the action of government: climate change, inequality, global conflict, terrorism and poverty. Individual action, however well motivated, cannot compare to what can be accomplished by the actions of large state institutions. As a citizen it is essential for you to vote on the basis of your informed views about those candidates who offer the best public policy responses to these challenges.

It is easy to register, in whichever state you are entitled to vote: stanford.turbovote.org

Of course, you can certainly do more — along with others, including U.S. immigrants who do not have the right to vote — to help to make our society and our world better. We do not mean to suggest that the only way for you to be involved in questions of public concern is by means of a vote. But it is a way, and perhaps the most important way.

So, vote for the party and candidate of your choice, but by all means vote.

—  Debra Satz , Dean of Humanities and Sciences,  Jennifer Widom , Dean of Engineering,  Stephan Graham , Dean of Earth, Energy and Environmental Resources

The Daily is committed to publishing a diversity of op-eds and letters to the editor. We’d love to hear your thoughts. Email letters to the editor to eic ‘at’ stanforddaily.com and op-ed submissions to opinions ‘at’ stanforddaily.com.

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12) The role of voters in Democracy. - II PU ENGLISH - SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS /PROJECTS - TITLES - 2023-2024

12) The role of voters in Democracy.

Ans:  The Role of Voters in Democracy: Guardians of the Democratic Process

Democracy, as a form of governance, hinges on the active participation of its citizens, with voters being the cornerstone of this participatory process. The act of voting is not merely a civic duty; it is a fundamental right that empowers individuals to shape the destiny of their nation. In this essay, we will delve into the crucial role of voters in a democracy, examining their responsibilities, the impact of their choices, and the challenges they face.

Voting as a Fundamental Right

In democratic societies, the right to vote is enshrined as a fundamental right. It is a powerful tool that allows citizens to influence the direction and policies of their government. Universal suffrage, where all eligible citizens are granted the right to vote, is a hallmark of modern democracies, ensuring that every voice is heard and valued.

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Responsibilities of Voters

Informed Decision-Making

One of the primary responsibilities of voters is to make informed choices. This entails researching and understanding the positions and policies of candidates and parties, as well as the critical issues facing the nation. An informed voter is better equipped to cast a ballot that aligns with their values and the interests of the nation.

Participation in Elections

Voters must actively participate in elections by showing up at polling stations on Election Day. Their presence and participation are crucial to the legitimacy of the electoral process. Voting ensures that the government is a true representation of the people's will.

Monitoring Government Performance

Beyond the election, voters have the responsibility to hold elected officials accountable for their actions. This involves closely monitoring the performance of government officials, evaluating their policies, and advocating for change when necessary.

Advocacy and Civic Engagement

  Voters have a role to play in shaping public discourse and advocating for policies that align with their beliefs. This can involve engaging in peaceful protests, writing to elected representatives, and participating in community activities that promote positive change.

The Impact of Voters' Choices

The choices made by voters have far-reaching consequences for the nation and its citizens. These impacts can be observed in various aspects of governance:

Leadership Selection:  The most immediate impact of voters' choices is the selection of political leaders. Elected officials, from local representatives to national leaders, have the power to shape laws, policies, and the overall direction of the country.

Policy Formulation:  Voters' preferences influence the development and implementation of policies. Elected representatives and governments prioritize issues based on voter concerns, leading to changes in areas such as healthcare, education, taxation, and environmental protection.

Checks and Balances:  Voters indirectly contribute to the establishment of checks and balances within government. By choosing representatives from different parties, they help prevent the concentration of power and ensure that no single entity becomes too dominant.

Social Progress:  Through their choices, voters can drive social progress and change. Decisions on issues such as civil rights, gender equality, and environmental protection are often influenced by voter sentiment and activism.

Challenges Faced by Voters:

While the role of voters is pivotal in democracy, they face several challenges that can hinder their ability to fulfill their responsibilities effectively:

Disinformation and Misinformation:  Voters often encounter false or misleading information during election campaigns. The spread of disinformation can undermine informed decision-making.

Voter Suppression:  In some regions, voter suppression tactics, such as restrictive voter ID laws or gerrymandering, can disenfranchise certain groups of voters, disproportionately affecting marginalized communities.

Apathy and Voter Turnout:  Low voter turnout is a common challenge in many democracies. Apathy, disillusionment with the political system, or logistical barriers can discourage citizens from voting.

Partisan Polarization:  Intense partisan divisions can make it challenging for voters to find common ground and compromise on critical issues, potentially leading to gridlock in government.

The Responsibility to Preserve Democracy:

Voters play a critical role in preserving the principles of democracy, including the protection of individual rights, the rule of law, and the accountability of government. Their actions and choices hold the government accountable to the people and ensure that the government serves the best interests of the nation. Voters also have a responsibility to reject authoritarianism, corruption, and any attempts to undermine the democratic process. Their collective will can serve as a powerful check on the abuse of power.

Conclusion:

The role of voters in a democracy is multifaceted and fundamental to the functioning of a just and representative government. Through their choices and actions, voters have the power to shape the course of their nation and the well-being of their fellow citizens. While they face challenges and obstacles, their commitment to informed decision-making and active participation remains a vital force for upholding the values of democracy and ensuring a brighter future for all. In a world where democratic principles are continually tested, voters stand as the guardians of the democratic process, holding the key to a more just and equitable society.

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Home — Essay Samples — Government & Politics — Voting — Why Is Voting Important

Why is Voting Important

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Importance of Voting Essay: Why Every Citizen Should Exercise Their Right to Vote

Voting is a fundamental right and duty of every responsible citizen to make a strong democracy. Elections are going on some the states presently, therefore, the topics has become one of the most important essay topics for all competitive as well as academic exam.

Essay on Importance of Voting

Voting is a fundamental right and duty of every citizen in a democratic society. The act of voting allows citizens to have a say in the selection of leaders who will represent them and make decisions on their behalf. In a democratic system, voting ensures that power rests with the people rather than in the hands of a select few. Despite the importance of voting, many individuals do not exercise this right. Lets discuss the importance of voting and highlight why every citizen should vote.

Importance of Voting in Promoting Democracy

One of the primary reasons why voting is crucial is that it promotes democracy . In a democratic society, citizens elect their leaders through a voting process. The leaders then represent the interests of the citizens and make decisions on their behalf. Through voting, citizens can choose leaders who will advance their interests and promote the common good. By voting, citizens participate in the democratic process and contribute to shaping the future of their country.

Importance of Voting to Ensures Equal Representation

Another essential aspect of voting is that it ensures equal representation. In a democracy, every citizen has a voice and the right to vote. Regardless of one’s social status, wealth, or education, every vote counts equally. When citizens vote, they ensure that they are adequately represented in government. The government must then consider the views of all citizens, regardless of their background or socio-economic status. This helps to prevent the domination of any particular group in society.

Importance of Voting in Encouraging Civic Responsibility

Voting is not only a right, but it is also a civic responsibility. By voting, citizens contribute to the development and progress of their country. It is essential for citizens to participate in the democratic process and have a say in the decisions that affect their lives. Voting is an excellent way to show civic responsibility and a commitment to the future of the country.

Importance of Voting in Empowering Citizens

Voting is a powerful tool that empowers citizens. Through voting, citizens can influence the policies and decisions made by their government. This is particularly important for marginalized groups who may otherwise have little voice in society. By voting, these groups can elect leaders who will represent their interests and promote policies that benefit them. Voting also empowers citizens to hold their leaders accountable for their actions. If leaders fail to deliver on their promises, citizens can vote them out of office during the next election.

Voting Shapes the Future

The act of voting shapes the future of a country. By participating in the democratic process, citizens have a say in the direction that their country takes. They can choose leaders who will promote policies that align with their values and priorities. Voting allows citizens to contribute to the shaping of their country’s future, and this is a critical aspect of democracy.

Voting is a Fundamental Right

Voting is a fundamental right and it must be protected. In many countries, individuals have had to fight for their right to vote. This is because the right to vote is closely linked to the right to self-determination and freedom. By exercising their right to vote, citizens can help to preserve and strengthen their democracy.

Importance of Voting in Enhancing Political Stability

Voting is essential for promoting political stability. When citizens vote, they provide a mandate to their elected leaders. This mandate gives the government the legitimacy to make decisions and implement policies. When citizens do not vote, the government may lack the mandate to govern effectively, and this can lead to instability. By voting, citizens can help to ensure that their government is stable and effective.

Importance of Voting in Reflecting National Identity

Voting is an important aspect of national identity. In many countries, voting is seen as a crucial part of national identity and a symbol of citizenship. When citizens vote, they demonstrate their commitment to their country and its future. By participating in the democratic process, citizens can also demonstrate their understanding of the issues facing their country and their willingness to contribute to finding solutions.

Importance of Voting in Increasing Participation in the Political Process

Voting increases participation in the political process. When citizens vote, they engage with the political process and become more aware of the issues facing their country. This increased awareness can encourage citizens to become more politically active and engage in other ways, such as volunteering, advocating for causes, and contacting their elected officials. Through voting, citizens can become more involved in the political process and help to shape the future of their country.

Importance of Voting in Protecting Human Rights

Voting is also important for protecting human rights. In a democratic society, citizens have the right to participate in the political process and to have a say in the decisions that affect their lives. When citizens vote, they help to protect these rights and ensure that they are upheld by the government. By participating in the democratic process, citizens can also help to prevent the violation of human rights by holding their leaders accountable.

In conclusion, voting is an essential aspect of democracy that every citizen should exercise. Through voting, citizens can promote democracy, ensure equal representation, encourage civic responsibility, empower themselves, shape the future of their country, and protect their fundamental rights. It is essential for citizens to take their civic duty seriously and participate in the democratic process by voting in every election and make free and fair election. By doing so, citizens can contribute to building a better and more equitable society for all.

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Democracy Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on democracy.

Democracy is known as the finest form of government. Why so? Because in a democracy, the people of the country choose their government. They enjoy certain rights which are very essential for any human being to live freely and happily. There are various democratic countries in the world , but India is the largest one. Democracy has withstood the test of time, and while other forms have the government has failed, democracy stood strong. It has time and again proved its importance and impact.

Significance of a Democracy

Democracy is very important for human development . When people have free will to live freely, they will be happier. Moreover, we have seen how other forms of government have turned out to be. Citizens are not that happy and prosperous in a monarchy or anarchy.

Furthermore, democracy lets people have equal rights. This ensures that equality prevails all over the country. Subsequently, it also gives them duties. These duties make them better citizens and are also important for their overall development.

Most importantly, in a democracy, the people form the government. So, this selection of the government by the citizens gives everyone a chance to work for their country. It allows the law to prevail efficiently as the rules are made by people whom they have selected.

In addition, democracy allows people of various religions and cultures to exist peacefully. It makes them live in harmony with one another. People of democracy are more tolerant and accepting of each other’s differences. This is very important for any country to be happy and prosper.

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India: A Democratic Country

India is known to be the largest democracy all over the world. After the rule of the British ended in 1947 , India adopted democracy. In India, all the citizens who are above the age of 18 get the right to vote. It does not discriminate on the basis of caste, creed, gender, color, or more.

Although India is the largest democracy it still has a long way to go. The country faces a lot of problems which do not let it efficiently function as a democracy. The caste system is still prevalent which hampers with the socialist principle of democracy. Moreover, communalism is also on the rise. This interferes with the secular aspect of the country. All these differences need to be set aside to ensure the happiness and prosperity of the citizens.

In short, democracy in India is still better than that in most of the countries. Nonetheless, there is a lot of room for improvement which we must focus on. The government must implement stringent laws to ensure no discrimination takes place. In addition, awareness programs must be held to make citizens aware of their rights and duties.

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Essay on National Voters Day

Students are often asked to write an essay on National Voters Day in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on National Voters Day

Introduction.

National Voters Day is celebrated in India on 25th January each year. It is a day to encourage more young voters to participate in the political process.

Significance

It’s a significant day because it spreads awareness about the importance of voting in a democratic society. Voting gives citizens a voice in the government, allowing them to choose leaders and express their opinions.

In conclusion, National Voters Day is a step towards strengthening our democracy. It ensures that the power of governance lies in the hands of the people.

250 Words Essay on National Voters Day

National Voters Day, celebrated on January 25th, is a significant annual event in India’s democratic calendar. This day, established in 2011 by the Election Commission of India, underlines the importance of every single vote in shaping the nation’s future.

Importance of National Voters Day

National Voters Day plays a critical role in encouraging more young voters to participate in the political process. It aims to provide focused voter education, enhancing participation in the electoral process, and making the newly eligible youth aware of their voting rights.

The Role of Youth

The youth, with their dynamism and enthusiasm, form the backbone of a nation. Their active participation in the democratic process is essential for a vibrant democracy. Recognizing this, National Voters Day focuses on registering eligible youth voters and encouraging their participation.

Democracy and Voting

Democracy thrives when citizens exercise their right to vote. It is through voting that people express their opinion and choose their leaders. National Voters Day serves as a reminder of this fundamental democratic right and duty.

In conclusion, National Voters Day is a celebration of the power and responsibility that comes with voting. It is a day to acknowledge the role of voting in shaping our democracy and to ensure that every eligible citizen is prepared to participate in this process. As responsible citizens, it is our duty to cast our vote and encourage others to do the same.

500 Words Essay on National Voters Day

Introduction to national voters day.

National Voters Day, celebrated on January 25th every year in India, is a significant event that underscores the essence of democracy. The day was first observed in 2011, initiated by the Election Commission of India, to encourage more young voters to take part in the political process.

The Importance of National Voters Day

National Voters Day plays a pivotal role in spreading awareness about the necessity of voting and its role in shaping the nation’s future. It reinforces the belief that every vote counts and that each voter has a responsibility to contribute to the democratic process. The day is particularly focused on registering voters who have reached the legal voting age of 18, ensuring they are informed about the electoral process and understand the profound impact of their vote.

Theme and Celebration

Each year, National Voters Day is celebrated with a unique theme to focus on different aspects of the electoral process. The theme for 2021, for instance, was “Making Our Voters Empowered, Vigilant, Safe and Informed,” reflecting the need for a knowledgeable and secure electorate. The day is marked by various events such as public rallies, debates, discussions, and awareness campaigns across the country. These events aim to educate citizens about their voting rights and responsibilities, and the importance of their participation in shaping a robust democracy.

Implications for Democracy

Democracy thrives on the active participation of its citizens. The significance of National Voters Day is highlighted by its role in promoting this participation. By encouraging the youth to vote, it ensures that the voice of the younger generation, often the most progressive and dynamic segment of society, is heard. This incorporation of diverse voices helps in the creation of a more representative and responsive government.

Challenges and the Way Forward

Despite the progress made, there are still challenges to be addressed. Voter apathy, particularly among the youth, and the lack of awareness about the electoral process are significant issues. There is also a need for more transparency in the electoral process to build trust among voters.

To overcome these challenges, more comprehensive and innovative awareness campaigns are required. The use of digital platforms can be an effective way to reach out to the younger generation. Additionally, electoral reforms for greater transparency and accountability can help build public trust in the democratic process.

National Voters Day is more than just a celebration; it is a reminder of our democratic rights and responsibilities. It is a call to action for all eligible voters to play their part in shaping the future of the nation. As we commemorate this day, let us pledge to be active participants in our democracy, understanding the power of our vote and the change it can bring about. After all, the strength of a democracy lies in the hands of its voters.

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