essay on agriculture of odisha

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Agriculture In Odisha, Crops, Farming Practices

Table of contents, climate conditions for agriculture in odisha, different seasons for agriculture in odisha, seasonal crops cultivated in odisha, soil and land use for agriculture in odisha, the total land area covered by different crops in odisha;, horticulture in odisha, vegetable cultivation in odisha, fruits cultivation in odisha, short duration fruit crops in odisha, other short duration improved fruits in odisha, flowers and spices are grown in odisha, livestock and poultry sector in odisha, backyard poultry farming in odisha, water requirement for agriculture in odisha, the fisheries sector in odisha, integrated farming in odisha, information about agriculture in odisha, organic farming in odisha, problems of agriculture in odisha, agriculture schemes in odisha, frequently asked questions about agriculture in odisha.

Introduction of Information on Agriculture in Odisha : Agriculture is the world’s oldest profession is the main source of life sustenance for the human population. Agriculture is defined as the process of crops cultivation and the raising of livestock animals for producing food, feed, fiber, and other desired products. In Odisha, the agriculture sector is the major contributor to the state’s economy. Approximately 76% of the total working population in Odisha is engaged with the agriculture sector. The agriculture sector continues to be the mainstay of livelihood for human civilization. Agricultural growth is important not only for ensuring food security and reduction of poverty in rural areas but also for sustainable growth of the rest of the economy.

The horticulture sector is becoming popular in hilly districts. Odisha has immense potential in horticulture mainly in vegetable cultivation and micro-irrigation. Onion is the most important horticulture crop. Commercial floriculture crops are also increasing in Odisha. Commercial dairy farming is also an important sector in Odisha. Fresh and saltwater fisheries, especially prawn cultivation, play an important role in the economy. Agriculture exports in Odisha mainly derive from prawn farming. Then, the State Agriculture Policy will endeavor to create an enabling environment in all these spheres.

Odisha employs about 73% of it and its population in farming contributes around 30% to the Net State Domestic Product as an agrarian economy. Around 40% that is roughly around 87.46 lakh hectares area are brought to the agriculture sector every year. The area under agriculture is more in the Balasore, Jajpur, Jagatasinghpur, Kendrapara, Khurda, Nayagarh, Bhadrak, Cuttack, Ganjam, and Puri, etc are coastal districts of Odisha. The main objectives of agriculture in Odisha are;

• To know the agricultural structure and related agriculture characteristics i.e., on operational holdings, cropping pattern, live-stock, land utilization, irrigation, agricultural credit, agricultural machinery and implements, use of fertilizers, etc.
• To provide benchmark data required for evaluating their progress and for formulating new agricultural development programs.
• To provide some operational holdings for carrying out a future agricultural survey.
• The survey focuses on the use of fertilizers, manures, pesticides, and use of quality seeds.

A step by step guide to Agriculture In Odisha, List of crops grown in Odisha, Types of farming in Odisha , District wise crop production in Odisha

The major crops cultivated in Odisha are Rice, Pulses, Oil Seeds, Jute, Coconut, and Turmeric. Tea, Cotton, Groundnut, and Rubber crops are of great economic importance in other parts of Odisha. Odisha mainly contributes one-tenth of the total rice produced in the country. Some other important food grains are Oilseeds (groundnut, mustard, and castor oil) and pulses (gram, tur, and arhar). Various cash crops are also cultivated in Odisha. Some of the important cash crops in Odisha include Jute, Mesta, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Rubber, Tea, Coffee, and Turmeric. These crops are cultivated across different geographical areas of Odisha state. Odisha stands 4th in the production of jute in the country after West Bengal, Bihar, and Assam. Rice and jute crops need similar soil and climatic conditions. Jute cultivation in Odisha is confined to the coastal plains of Cuttack, Balasore, and Puri districts. Odisha has a geographical area of about 1,55,707 sq. km., and is divided into 10 agro-climatic zones depending upon the soil types, topography, rainfall, and cropping pattern.

Odisha experiences mainly three metrological seasons. They are winter season from October to February, the summer season from March to June, the monsoon season from July to September. Odisha has a tropical climate characterized by medium to high rainfall, high temperature, and high humidity. The normal rainfall is about 1451.2 mm. Most of the rainfall received in the state is concentrated for about 3 months of the monsoon season.

Summer Season

The summer season in Odisha is derived from April till June. During the summer season the temperature level in Odisha is quite high and the sun very harsh. The maximum temperature level of Odisha, in the summer season, goes above 45°C. Sambalpur, Baragarh, Bolangir, and Kalahandi, etc., are some places experience high temperatures during summer between 40 to 46°C.

Rainy Season

In Odisha, the monsoon or rainy season starts in July and lasts till October. Usually, the coastal areas of Odisha experience cyclones and tornados during this season. The rainfall plays an important role in the climate of Odisha. Odisha also experiences a return monsoon in October and November.

Winter Season

In Odisha, the winter season is experienced for 5 months i.e., from December to March. The weather conditions in this season are chilly, though not freezing, and the minimum temperature level dips to as low as 7°C.  The winter season is not that much chilly, except in some regions.

Maize and Ragi are the important coarse cereal crops in Odisha. Jowar, Bajra, and small millets are also cultivated in the state to a lesser extent. The major pulse crops grown in the state are Arhar, Mung, Kulthi, Biri, Gram, Field Pea, Cowpea, and Lentil. Sugarcane and cotton are also cultivated in some districts of Odisha.

One of the largest rice-producing states in India is Odisha. The Rice, Jute, Maize, Sesame, Potato, Oilseeds, Pulses, Coconut, Mesta, Sugarcane, Tea, Rubber, Cotton, Gram, Mustard, and Soybean, etc., are the main crops cultivated in Odisha. The Odisha farmers cultivate different crops in different seasons.

During Kharif season Paddy, Maize, Ragi, Small Millets, Arhar, Biri, Mung, Cowpea, Groundnut, Til, Caster, Rice, Maize, Sorghum, Pearl Millet, Finger Millet/Ragi (Cereals), Arhar (Pulses), Soya Bean, Groundnut (Oilseeds), Sweet Potato, and Turmeric are the crops cultivated. Brinjal, Tomato, and early cauliflower are cash remunerative vegetables taken in Kharif season.

During Rabi season crops like Gram, Fieldpea, Mung, Biri, Mustard, Sunflower, Safflower, Niger, Potato, Onion, Garlic, Coriander, Wheat, Barley, Oats (Cereals), Chickpea/Gram (Pulses), Linseed, and Mustard (Oilseeds), different vegetables, Tobacco and Sugarcane are cultivated by the farmers.

The soil in Odisha differs widely from highly acidic to slightly alkaline. The soils are acidic with a degree of acidity varying widely.

The State is divided into 4 Physiographic zones they are Coastal Plains, Central Tableland, Northern Plateau, and the Eastern Ghats. These are subdivided into 10 agro-climatic zones, are North-western plateau, North-Eastern coastal plain, North-central Plateau, East, and South-Eastern coastal plain, North-Eastern Ghat, Eastern Ghat high land, Western undulating zone, South-Eastern Ghat, Western-Central tableland, and Mid-Central tableland.

Different types of soil range from fertile alluvial deltaic soils in coastal plains, black and brown forest soils in the Eastern Ghat region, mixed red and black soils in Central tableland. They differ from highly acidic to slightly alkaline and from light sandy to stiff clays. Mainly soils are acidic with the degree of acidity varying widely. There are approximately 61.80 lakh hectares cultivated area in Odisha out of which 29.14 lakh hectares is high land, under medium land about 17.55 lakh hectares and under low land about 15.11 lakh hectares. The coverage under Paddy during Kharif is about 41.24 lakh and during Rabi 3.31 lakh hectares.

This proves the importance of staple crop cultivation in Odisha.

• Paddy 77.7%
• Pulses 10.9%
• Oil Seeds 4.9%
• Fiber crop 1.3%
• Other cash crops 2.1%
• Food crops 289.66 thousand hectares
• Vegetables 621.98 thousand hectares
• Oilseeds – 1.15 lakh MT
• Rice – 32.44 lakh MT
• Total cereal – 33.50 lakh MT
• Pulses – 2.05 lakh MT

The horticulture sector plays an important role in Odisha agriculture. Mango, Banana, Cashew, Tamarind, and Turmeric forms a major part of horticultural crops. Under long-duration fruits like Cashewnut, Mango, Jackfruit, Orange, Sapota, and Litchi are cultivated in Odisha. Banana, Papaya, and Pineapple are the short-duration fruit crops in Odisha. The Horticulture department is having about 98 progeny orchards located in different districts.

Odisha is bestowed with different varieties of agro-climatic conditions favorable for the development of horticultural crops. The horticulture sector provides an excellent opportunity to raise the income of farmers in rain-fed areas and dry tracks. Then, income derived from horticulture per hectare of land is higher than in cereals and pulses, the State will utilize the field potential for expanding the area under the horticulture sector. The region under horticulture can be at least doubled with appropriate promotional policies and cropping patterns.

The major crops cultivated in Odisha are Rice, Pulses, Coconut, Mesta, Rubber, Cotton, Sugarcane, Tea, Jute, Oilseeds, Gram, Mustard, Maize, Potato, and Soybean, etc. The principal problem that the Odisha agriculture sector faces is the shortage of water in many areas. The lack of irrigation facilities in these drought-prone areas creates great obstacles to the agriculture sector.

Coconut – Odisha enjoys about 450 km of coastal belt most suitable for Coconut plantation. The productivity of such crops is less than the crops in traditional areas.

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Odisha is the 7th-largest producer of vegetables contributing 4.9% to total vegetable production in India. Odisha produced around 8.8 MMT of vegetables. Some major vegetables grown in Odisha include Brinjal (18.1%), Tomatoes (11.2%), Cabbage (5.9%), Okra (5.6%), Cauliflower (4.3%), Onion (3.3%) and Sweet Potato (2.5%). These vegetables represent three-fourths of the total vegetable production in Odisha. In comparison to other states, Odisha is the largest producer of Sweet Potato and Pumpkin, the 2nd-largest producer of Brinjal and Cabbage, the 4th-largest producer of Okra, Bitter gourd, and Cauliflower, and the 5th largest producer of tomatoes in India.

The per capita vegetable consumption in the state is the highest in the country. There are different types of vegetable crops like tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate. Tomato, Capsicum, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Knolkhol, Carrot, Beat, Pea, Beans, and Potato are confined to winter season are the sub-tropical and temperate vegetable crops. Some other tropical vegetable crops like Brinjal, Bhendi, Cucumber, and Gourds are cultivated. Potato, Watermelon, Onion, Gourd are important vegetable crops for riverbed cultivation.

Fruits are cultivated on 4% of Odisha’s gross cropped area, making the state the twelfth largest fruit producer, and ranking 6th in acreage. Odisha produced about 2.4 Metric Million Tonnes of fruit crops this is about 2.6% of the country’s total fruit production. Mango is the important fruit crop produced in Odisha contributing the largest share to production at 33%. Other important fruits in Odisha are Banana, Lime/Lemon, Watermelon, Guava, and Papaya.  

Mango – Mango is cultivated all most all over the State of Odisha. Then, there are innumerable varieties of traditionally grown elite and country mangoes. Mango is a favorite crop of the tribals in Odisha, who utilize dehydrated green mangoes and mango leather by sun-drying the pulp. Some prominent mango varieties are Bombay Green, Langra, Banganpalli, Amprapalli, and Chausa, etc. The crop has alternate bearing habits for which the production varies from year to year.

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Kagzi lime – It is cultivated in specific areas of Keonjhar, Ganjam, Gajapati, Koraput, and Dhenkanal districts. Lime is an important fruit crop of the tribals. It is popular for its medicinal value. It has a wide range of varieties ranging from thin-skinned Kagzi Lime crop to thick-skinned table-type lemons.

Jackfruits – This is long duration fruit tree thriving for centuries. This is widely grown in Phulbani, Koraput, Ganjam, and Kalahandi districts. In other districts, Jackfruits are found sporadically. It was introduced by Britishers in tribal pockets of Odisha and the fruits are consumed in their different stages.

Some other fruits cultivated in Odisha are Litchi, Coconut, Pomegranate, and Custard apple but in limited acreage.

Banana – Odisha has the potentiality for tall and dwarf banana varieties. The verities are very specific to the particular agro climate. Champa and Chini Champa, Chakrakelli are improved types under tall varieties. Some culinary Banana varieties are Bantal, Gaja Bantal, Paunsia Bantal, and Mendhi Bantal, etc.

Important short-duration improved fruits grown in Odisha are Papaya and Pineapple. The approximate area covered is about 20,000 hectares.

Soil and climatic conditions in Odisha are mostly suitable for successful flowers cultivation. Some important flowers cultivate in Odisha are rose, tuberose, marigold, and gladiolus. Flowers demand is also growing rapidly in the State. In Odisha, there is a huge potential for floriculture.  Turmeric, Ginger is the most important spices cultivated in Odisha.

The livestock sector growth in Odisha has been phenomenal in the last one and half decades. The sector contributes about 7.25% of the state’s net domestic product and, the development of the livestock sector is the critical pathway to rural prosperity. Though, livestock sector policy so far had only a marginal presence in the sectoral economy.

Odisha has approximately 0.3 million crossbred cattle, and 0.2 million buffaloes in milk, producing around 1.3 million tonnes of milk, and cows are contributing the major share about 1.1 million tonnes. The state has a high potential to enhance cattle and goat productivity with the below technologies;

• Backyard poultry birds like Vanaraja, Gramapriya, and CARI Priya for 100 % increase in egg production over indigenous birds and Ganjam goat breed used for improved meat production
• Cystoscope assisted Artificial Insemination for an improved conception rate of about 20%
• Urea-ammoniation of straws and bypass protein technology for 10 to 15% improvement in productivity
• Field-based diagnostic kits and vaccines for main diseases of livestock and poultry

Backyard poultry plays a significant role in Odisha for adding sustainability to the livelihood of poor farmers. This not only provides the much-required animal protein to the rural poor but also acts as a source of readymade cash to the urgent need of the poor family. Also, it provides unemployed youth and women with a profitably earning. Local chicken breeds are ideal mothers and good sitters and possess natural immunity against common diseases.

Millions of people in Odisha can be done backyard chicken production has an important contribution to a sustainable livelihood. It requiring hardly any infrastructure set-up is a potent tool for upliftment of the poorest of the poor. Small-scale poultry farming has the potential to stimulate the economic growth of resource-poor households. It can enhance household food security and then contribute to poverty reduction through the provision of supplementary food, income, and employment. Backyard poultry sector development can reduce the high infant and mother mortality rate through the restoration of the nutritional status of the rural population.

Odisha is endowed with an abundant water supply. It is also blessed with an excessive network of rivers and streams. Mahanadi and Subarnarekha are major rivers in Odisha. Though, irrigation is the most important driver of agricultural growth in Odisha. Sprinkler irrigation is ticking up for growing several commercial crops.

Irrigation plays an important role in increasing the yield of the land. It has been assessed that even a 10% increase in the present level of water use efficiency in irrigation projects can help to provide lifesaving irrigation to crops in large areas. The concept of maximizing crop yield and income per unit of water would be used in all crop production programs.

Mostly the fisheries sector lies under freshwater and brackish water resources. Freshwater resources of Odisha are estimated to be 7.5 lakh hectares.

Odisha is an important maritime state on the east coast with a coastline of about 480 km and about 32,000 hectares of area with coastal aquaculture potentials. Odisha has 1.98 lakh hectares of reservoirs, 4,500 km of rivers and canals, and 1.14 lakh ha of ponds and tanks. The total annual fish production in Odisha is 3.06 lakh tonnes.

Usually, Indian farmers adopted an integrated farming system for their livelihood. However, agro-climatic conditions are mainly responsible for the existence of particular crops, and cropping patterns, industrialization, commercialization, and mechanization have played a major role in farmers’ decision-making for growing particular crops.

An integrated approach has several distinct advantages such as security against complete failure of a system, optimum utilization of farm resources, minimization of dependence for external inputs, and efficient use of natural resources, etc. To minimize the risk of the farmers, an integrated farming approach will be encouraged in the state. A proper combination of different farm production systems will be promoted in Odisha like agriculture, horticulture, livestock, poultry, agroforestry, and sericulture.

• Usually, agriculture in Odisha plays the main role in the state’s economy. The chief occupation of people in Odisha is Agriculture. About 76% of the total working population in India is engaged in agriculture and agriculture-related industries. The major thing required for agriculture is soil and weather conditions.
• The most cultivating areas in Odisha are Balasore, Bhadrak, Cuttack, Ganjam, Kendrapara, Khurda, Nayagarh, Jajpur, Jagatasinghpur, and Puri, etc.
• Favorable climate conditions and the presence of rich soils account for the growth of flower crops in Odisha.
• In Odisha, rice is cultivated under diverse ecosystems and a wide range of climatic conditions.

Organic farming is being ecologically, economically and socially sustainable holds great promise for inclusive and sustainable economic growth of the state. Sustainable soil management health and natural resources are unique features of organic farming. So, the Customization of scientific organic technologies is a long way in developing sustainable farming systems in Odisha. The remunerative marketing of organic produce in the domestic and export market would increase the farmer profitability transitioning to certified organic production. Organic farming yields various vital advantages such as improving soil fertility, soil structure, biodiversity, and reducing erosion. These organic practices are bringing a good opportunity to productivity as well as economic efficiency.

Odisha government has planned to introduce a set of new operational guidelines for organic farming to prevent the use of synthetically compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators, and genetically modified organisms. For organic farming in Odisha, Kandhamal, Kalahandi, Rayagada, Koraput, Mayurbhanj, Gajapati, Nayagarh, and Keonjhar are the selected districts. An area of 250 hectares will be allotted for farming in each district.

In Odisha, agriculture is characterized by low productivity on account of different factors. These factors include problematic soil like acidic, saline & waterlogged, lack of assured irrigation, low seed replacement rate, low level of fertilizer consumption (63 kg/ha. against the national average of 140 kg/ha.), and low level of mechanization, etc. Huge gaps in yield potential and the technology transfer provide a good opportunity to the State to increase productivity and production substantially.

Increasing public investment in agricultural infrastructure that includes irrigation, establishing appropriate farming systems, developing suitable crop varieties, designing region and crop-specific plans and strategies are suggested for moderating spatial inequalities and also achieving a less unbalanced regional growth in the agriculture sector.

The Government of Odisha in India has come up with several programs called schemes (yojana) from time to time for the people of the State. Some of the important schemes that are being implemented in Odisha such as National Food Security Mission (NFSM), Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), and Sustainable Development of Sugarcane based Cropping Systems (SUBACS), System of Rice Intensification (SRI), Technology Mission on Cotton, Technology Mission on Sugarcane, Jute Technology Mission(MMII), National Project on Management of Soil Health and Fertility, e-Pest Surveillance, and National Horticulture Mission, etc., which play a vital role in making farming sustainable and obtain maximum return per rupee invested in the farmland. Some other schemes for agriculture in Odisha are Mukhyamantri Krishi Udyog Yojana, Odisha Fish Pond Yojana, and Mukhyamantri Abhinav Krishi Yantripati Samman Yojana.

What are the main crops grown in Odisha?

The major crops grown in Odisha are Rice, Pulses, Oil Seeds, Jute, Coconut, Tea, Cotton, Groundnut and Rubber, and Turmeric.

What is the importance of agriculture in Odisha?

Odisha is an agrarian state. More than 83% of its total population lives in rural areas and depends primarily on agriculture for livelihood. The performance of the agriculture sector determines the food and nutrition security of the population and is important for reducing poverty and achieving inclusive growth.

What type of crop is rice in Odisha?

As 65% of the total rice area is rain-fed, rice is grown as a rain-fed crop and is mostly dependent on monsoon rainfall.

Which soil is found in Odisha?

Red soil is found in Odisha and it is rich in potash content but lacks phosphate, humus, and nitrogen content.

Is goat farming profitable in Odisha?

The goat farming business provides a good profit for unemployed people.

Which is Odisha’s traditional livestock?

Ghumusari cattle breed is one of the indigenous breeds in Odisha, which has been contributing to the welfare of the farming community in general and landless, small, and marginal farmers in particular in its native tract.

Which cow breeds best for Odisha?

Binjharpuri is also known as “Deshi”. It is a cattle breed found in the Jajpur, Kendrapara, and Bhadrak districts of Odisha. These are medium-sized, strong, and chiefly white.

How many types of goats are there in Odisha?

Odisha has about 1 million sheep and goats like the black Bengal goat and the Ganjam goat.

Which goat is best for farming in Odisha?

The goat breeds available in Odisha are Black Bengal goat, Malkangiri goat, Koraput Hill goat, Ganjam Hill goat, Raighar goat, Narayanapatnam goat, Phulbani goat, and Dorangi goat.

Which vegetables grow in Odisha?

Vegetables cultivated in Odisha like Tomato, Capsicum, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Carrot, Beat, Pea, Beans, Potato, Brinjal, Bhendi, Cucumber, Watermelon, and Gourds, etc.

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As much as 76% of the total population of Odisha is engaged in agricultural activities. The total cropped area is 87,46,000 hectares, of which 18,79,000 is under irrigation. Odisha is one of the largest producers of rice in India. The other crops cultivated are: jute, oil seeds, pulses, coconut, mesta, sugarcane, tea, rubber, cotton, gram, mustard, maize, sesame, ragi, potato, and soybean. Cuttack, Dhenkanal, Baleshwar and Sambalpur are the major agricultural hubs of the state.

Odisha has four zones—coastal plains, central tableland, northern plateau and eastern ghats—that are further subdivided into 10 agro-climatic zones. The state’s climate is tropical, characterized by high temperatures, high humidity, medium to high rainfall and short and mild winters. The state usually receives rainfall of around 1451.2 mm. However, it suffers from frequent natural calamities such as cyclones, droughts, and flash floods. The soil type ranges from fertile, alluvial, deltaic soil in the coastal plains, mixed red and black soil in the central tableland, to red and yellow soil with low fertility in the northern plateau and red, black and brown forest soil in the eastern ghat region. They differ widely from highly acidic to slightly alkaline to light sandy to stiff clay.

A state-level meeting was held for integrating Natural Farming practices with BPKP, Odisha Millet Mission, PKVY, on 19 November 2020, and a roadmap on the promotion of Natural Farming was prepared. Under the Odisha Millet Mission, Natural Farming practices—such as seed treatment through  Beejamrit, application of  Jivamrit, handi khata for soil health, and promotion of cycle weeders—are practiced.

The special programme for promotion of integrated farming in Maligiri District follows Natural Farming principles for promoting crop diversification, rice intensification, rainfed fishery, etc.

Also, a state-level technical committee on agrobiodiversity and agroecology was proposed to be formed, with the state biodiversity board, FAO, MoA-NRAA, ICAR, OUAT and State Secretariat (NCDS and WASSAN of SPPIF).

These decisions will promote Natural Farming principles in line with the state’s organic farming policy of 2018.

Source: Directorate of Agriculture and Food Production, Odisha

Climate Smart Agriculture: Footprints in Odisha

Agriculture is both a cause and victim of climate change. Agriculture at industrial scale has had a significant impact on water depletion and soil health. The leading international body for assessment of climate change, the IPCC, has estimated that the combined effect of agricultural activities is approximately one-fifth of the greenhouse effect caused by human action. The C02 amount in the Earth’s atmosphere is nearly 412 parts per million (ppm) today, which continues to rise. This represents a 47% increase since the beginning of the industrial age when the concentration was around 280 ppm and a 11% increase since 2000 when it was 370 ppm. Agricultural and allied activities such as rice cultivation, rearing of domestic animals and biomass burning account for 22–46% of the global methane concentration. Among these activities, paddy fields are the most important source, accounting for 15–20% of the world’s total methane emission caused due to human activities.

However, agriculture in many geographies, mostly in Africa, South Asia and Latin America, is characterised by fragmented land holding, ownership by small and marginal farmers, low capital investment, moderate-to-nil mechanisation and low productivity. The world’s economically poor communities are mostly concentrated in the same places. A World Bank Report on Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) in 2020 indicates that the world will need about 70% more food by 2050 to feed an estimated 9 billion people.

Twelve years ago, the UN’s FAO launched the concept of CSA to holistically manage our farmland, livestock, forests and fisheries. The CSA is not esoteric. Bhutan has started focusing on high-value crops through mega-scale polyhouses with mobile-controlled smart irrigation. Such initiatives protect crops from windstorms and hailstorms. Farmers in the Philippines are receiving real-time scientific advice from “Rice Crop Managers” on their smartphones to make informed decisions to reduce vulnerabilities. Zimbabwe, a victim of prolonged droughts (1950–2013), has now adopted drought-resistant grain such as millets, sorghum and cassava as an initiative under the CSA. The world’s top producer and exporter of coffee, Brazil, experienced droughts in 2020. In India, the use of drone-based spray for insecticides and pesticides to increase bio-efficiency has started in pilot mode.

On the eve of Makar Sankranti, the United Nations World Food Programme (UNWFP) and Odisha’s government joined hands to improve the food security of small and marginal farmers by strengthening their resilience to climate change. Odisha envisages developing suitable toolkits and modules. Based on a pilot initiative, climate-change professionals shall guide the small and marginal farmers to transform farming practices and resort to alternative livelihood options based on climate risk, thus improving their household income and food security.

The remote forested hills of Odisha’s Malkangiri are a high rainfall area lately experiencing flash floods and landslides. A group of Bonda women farmers who have been exposed to climate risk are reaping diverse benefits from their indigenous climate-smart crops. According to a NITI Aayog study in 2020, Odisha recorded a 215% increase in gross value of millet produced per farmer household, from `3,957 in 2016–17 to `12,486 in 2018–19 and in the same period, the area under millet cultivation has increased from 2,949 hectares to 5,182 hectares and the yield rate has increased by 120%.

The women farmers are currently cultivating native millets that are climate resilient, reduce soil erosion, and ensure food and nutritional security for their community. This initiative is assisted by the Odisha Millets Mission, an initiative of the state government to improve food security. Before the Covid outbreak, women from 18 villages in Nayagarh district painted pots filled with seeds for Kharif season and marched to promote revival of the traditional practice of growing indigenous crops that are naturally pest-resistant and adaptive to climate disturbances. The women exchanged more than 200 varieties of seeds, which was a tradition in the hilly areas to maintain crop diversity.

Another climate fighter is Saraju Nayak in Ganjam district. Ganjam has had to bear the brunt of successive cyclones like the super cyclone of 1999, Hudhud and Phailin, which destroyed standing crops, livestock and plantations. Saraju and other women farmers have been attempting to minimise the impact of cyclones on their farms by implementing practices learned from training imparted by the Central Institute of Women in Agriculture in Bhubaneswar. Growth and sale of green fodder as well as animal husbandry have now replaced paddy cultivation.

Elsewhere, Minushri Madhumita and Amrita Jagatdeo from Kalahandi district have developed solar-powered devices with IoTs to cover an entire surface of a water tank for distribution of fish feed and aeration with distributed levels of oxygen. This smart initiative is helping farmers increase fish and prawn productivity, resulting in increased household income. The World Bank Initiative-Odisha Integrated Irrigation Project for Climate Resilient Agriculture (OIIPCRA) launched in 2019 focuses on rehabilitation of water tanks, promotion of aquaculture practices and post-harvest management across 15 districts benefiting 1,25,000 families.

To address the issue of emission of greenhouse gases due to extensive paddy cultivation, Odisha has collaborated with the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to launch the project ClimatePRO. The farmers under this initiative shall use the mobile-based application ‘SeedCast’ to estimate seed demand for varieties of rice to be cultivated.

According to the Odisha Economic Survey (2020–21), agriculture and allied sectors are the mainstay of the economy since more than 60% of people depend on it for livelihood. Innovation and reform in agriculture sector administration are the key. For absorbing world-class ideas, Odisha has collaborated with international and national level NGOs and advocacy groups for evidence-based research and guidance of the field functionaries.

The state government’s awareness of the impending climate adversities stems from the fact that it has been faced with the stupendous task of relief and mitigation of natural calamities at regular intervals. The state agencies are tasked to spread locally viable indigenous farming, animal husbandry and agriculture practices in a sustainable way so that small and marginal farmers get remunerative returns.

Asit Tripathy, IAS (Retd) Principal Advisor to the Odisha CM & Chairman, WODC

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This paper forms a part of the study on Agricultural growth and its linkages to poverty alleviation in six selected states of India, namely Bihar, Uttar Pradesh (UP), Odisha, Punjab, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh (MP). Bihar, UP and Odisha have experienced low to moderate growth in agriculture over the period 2000-01 to 2014-15. Punjab has been the seat of green revolution and was a front-runner in agriculture during late 1960s, but slipped to low levels of agri-growth in recent period. Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh have shown some extra-ordinary growth in their agriculture sectors (almost three times the all India agriculture growth) in the last decade or so. The key idea of this study was to look for policy lessons from each other within Indian context, and see how to propel growth in agriculture for faster alleviation of poverty

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Impact of climate change on agricultural production of Odisha (India): a Ricardian analysis

• Original Article
• Published: 04 March 2015
• Volume 16 , pages 575–584, ( 2016 )

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• Diptimayee Mishra 1 ,
• Naresh Chandra Sahu 1 &
• Dukhabandhu Sahoo 1  

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The present study examines the climate sensitivity of the agricultural production of Odisha, a state at the east coast of India. The two climatic variables which have been taken for the study are temperature and rainfall. The study has adopted the Ricardian approach to assess the impact of climate change on the net revenue from agricultural production of Odisha. Panel regression model has been used to test the relationship between climate and other control variables on net revenue. Results of the study reveal that climate has significant influence on the agricultural production of Odisha. The possible future climate scenarios are found to have negative impact on the net revenue from agricultural production of Odisha towards the end of twenty-first century, which call for some policy attentions.

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Mishra, D., Sahu, N.C. & Sahoo, D. Impact of climate change on agricultural production of Odisha (India): a Ricardian analysis. Reg Environ Change 16 , 575–584 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0774-5

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Odisha Millet Mission: The successes and the challenges

Written specially for the vikalp sangam – experiences shared by wassan members.

“Somehow, it got lost in the translation,” says Dinesh Balam of WASSAN ruefully, as he recounts his challenges of taking the Odisha Millets Mission (OMM) to thousands of tribal farmers of Odisha. Dinesh, who until recently, was the state coordinator of OMM explains,  “You see there are 64 distinct tribal communities who speak different languages or other dialects, and when we were listing the procurement requirements, which included cleanliness of the grain, this farmer somehow understood that we wanted sand in the grain and proceeded to add sand to his sack of newly-harvested mandia crop!”

Odisha Millets Mission (OMM) also known as the Special Programme for Promotion of Millets in Tribal Areas of Odisha was launched by the Government of Odisha in 2017 to revive millets in farms and on plates. The aim was to tackle malnutrition by introducing millets in the public distribution system (PDS) and other state nutrition schemes. To that end, says Srijit Mishra, director, Nabakrushna Choudhury Center for Development Studies (NCDS), “the four major objectives are production, consumption (both in urban and rural), processing and marketing. The focus is on reviving millets in farms and putting it on plates.” [1]

Millets, a nutritious and climate-resilient crops, have traditionally been cultivated and consumed by tribal communities in the rainfed regions of southern Odisha. The conscious pursuit of an agricultural policy since the 1960s to meet national food security with paddy and wheat, however, led to a decline in millet production and consumption among these communities. Though millets were included for distribution via PDS system in the National Food Security Act (NFSA) 2013 and more recently recommended by Niti Aayog and the National Food Security Mission (NFSM), implementation of the same had met with marginal success due to a lack of an integrated approach to the supply-chain.

Growing Mandia for OMM: Nilakantha and Sebati Parska

OMM may well be a game-changer in the country as it has worked out  a comprehensive end-to-end programme design for promotion of millets within an agroecological framework that has the potential to be replicated in other parts of the country. The OMM programme design was based on a participatory multi-stakeholder consultative approach that brought together key government departments, academic and policy-development institutions, activists, farmer collectives, and development NGOs. The programme design took into account grassroots experiences and was based on consensus, which resulted in collaboration and ownership of the programme. A cluster-based approach for reaching out to farmers, promoting processing facilities at village and block level, encouraging household consumption of millets through celebration of local millet based food cultures, and rigorous monitoring of the implementation partners and processes are other commendable components of the programme. “Such an ambitious program,” says Aashima Chaudhary the current state coordinator “is not without its challenges. There are many problems that cannot be foreseen at the planning stage that come up during implementation. One such challenge for this year has been promoting entrepreneurship and decentralized agri-tech businesses. On the one hand it was difficult to find the right people and on the other hand, it took time to get the necessary government approval for the technical specifications of our machines.”

OMM, however,  is highly successful in that it has already exceeded its targets and is currently being implemented in 72 blocks spread across 14 districts with 51,045 farmers. Already last year, finger millet, locally known as mandia was distributed to 1.6 million households via the PDS, and in subsequent years there are plans to increase procurement and perhaps replace rice rations with millets. One of the key ingredients for the triumph of OMM is its decentralized approach to project implementation where in each block an NGO was chosen as the implementing partner to ensure the seamless working of supply-chain processes from farm to plate. Also, the government of  Odisha has a decentralized approach to PDS where grains are procured, processed and distributed within the district. This is in sharp contrast to the Karnataka initiative where the government centralized the procurement and distribution of finger millet in PDS but consequently could not meet its objectives. For Dinesh, the philosophy between the two governments is also different in that the Odisha government troubled by the skewed malnutrition in the state, which disproportionately affects its tribal population, is committed to ensure millet consumption by the poorest while the millet program in Karnataka government focuses on urban markets.

System Mapping Exercise conducted by WASSAN for Odisha Millet Mission

at a stakehokders’ consultative workshop (open pdf file with this image )

As in Karnataka, the Odisha Millet Mission has succeeded in creating a change in the urban mindset. Aashima explains that “among the affluent sections, there was a stigma about eating millets, which was considered a poor’s man crop. We have changed that and created awareness about the nutritional benefits of millets. And to satisfy urban demand, we have come up with new recipes using millets including making Westernized food such as cakes, pizzas and burgers.” Shabnam Afrein of WASSAN who helped compile the millet recipe book for OMM, however adds that there is also a lot of emphasis in preserving the traditional cuisine of Odisha. “70% of our recipes are native to the area where we only substitute rice or wheat with millets,” she adds. Millet recipes are perfected in competitions and womens’ self-help groups generate income by selling millet-based snacks at food and other cultural festivals that are regularly in the capital city, Bhubaneswar.

While the consortium of public and private institutions that designed OMM continue to support it, NCDS and WASSAN spearhead the mission. NCDS as the state secretariat has two wings under it, the research secretariat (for review and research) and the programme secretariat, and as part of the latter wing, WASSAN serves as the implementation agency. The close collaboration between action-research and programme implementation is another ingredient for the success of OMM. Research includes taking into current farming practices: “In our Participatory Varietal Trials, in each block we seek to scientifically document the farmers’ preference for the seeds varieties. Farmers in rainfed regions already work within the agro-ecosystem, and thus in each area they have distinct preferences, based on their agricultural needs, for the varieties they want to sow. We want to study and support this practice as well as honour such indigenous knowledge as it is ecologically more sustainable than centralized distribution of hybrid market seeds. Similarly we engage in participatory research in location-specific practices on intercropping that are being currently practised in millet cultivation, but scientific literature on the benefits of intercropping is non-existent, which makes it difficult to suggest improvements,” says Dinesh.

Both Dinesh and Aashima speaks of the invariable pitfalls and trade-offs that happen when development is institutionalized and scaled up. Dinesh says, “taking any crop to scale is daunting from an agro-ecological perspective, for it invariably results in favouring one species over the other and risking a loss in biodiversity. Among millets, jowar (great millet), bajra (pearl millet), and ragi (finger millet) dominate the market for they have much higher yields. Aashima adds,  “Ragi corners 90% of the millet market in Odisha as it is included in the PDS, and unless we adopt better policies and practices, we face the danger of losing the rich diversity of minor millets that still exists in India.” One would hope that in the future, OMM also creates an awareness of the need to cultivate diverse millets, at least for household consumption to promote greater resilience in the climate-change era. But this, of course, is easier said than done. Training over 100,000 people on the ground to implement OMM is not an easy task, and many of the tribal areas are in remote, hilly forests that are still prone to Naxalite attacks.  Despite such challenges, due to OMM for the first time in 20 years, the area under finger millet and little millet cultivation is increasing in many districts in Odisha.

Such a reversal in agricultural trends would not have been possible without the unflinching support of the state government, which allocated Rs. 5369.2 million in the FY 2019-20. Part of this allocation is towards giving farmers a decent minimum support price of Rs. 28.97 per kg for finger millet. Appreciating this initiative, small farmers Nilakantha and Sebati Parska in the Rayagada district state that for the first time they have a decent annual income of nearly Rs 7,000 from their three-acre farm. “We retained what we needed for our own consumption, and sold the rest. It is a big amount for us. Earlier, the local vendors would come after the harvest and take the surplus we had at a much lower price,” says Nilakantha. [2] Financial support from the OMM has also resulted in the youth coming back to millet farming and tribal farmers shifting from water-intensive hybrid paddy to indigenous, rainfed millets.

Though some local NGOs complain about the delays in getting funds released by the government offices, all in all, it is obvious that commitment from the state government support would be the first step in replicating Odisha’s success in other states. Niti Aayog recently commended the OMM model and has asked all the states to adopt the model.

Every journey begins with a single step. And, for Dinesh this step was taken by the Revitalizing Rainfed Area Network (RRAN) years ago in the Malkangiri district. It was therefore a personally fulfilling moment for Dinesh when to kickstart OMM’s millet procurement plan, the Minister of Agriculture and Farmers Empowerment of Odisha, Dr. Arun Kumar Sahoo inaugurated the first Ragi Mandi in Swabhiman Anchal in Malkangiri. Dinesh reminds me that for decades 151 villages in this district had been artificially water-locked by a hydroelectric dam project s, and until recently, this tribal area had been largely neglected by the government. Over ten years ago, the late Dr N.K. Sanghi, encouraged Dinesh and other RRAN members to work in this remote, poverty-stricken area. Consequently, the RRA Malkangiri Network was formed, which undertook participatory pilot projects for improving millet cultivation in this tribal area. “The success of these pilots,” concludes Dinesh, “led to the conceptualization of OMM. I am proud to be part of the RRA Network and it is gratifying to see that for  the first time a key agriculture mandi intervention has taken place Malkangiri in 72 years.”

For more info about OMM, please check www.milletsodisha.com

[1] As cited in After years of neglect, hardy and nutritious millets return to the fore

Contact Bindu Mohanty

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I must say Odisha Millet Mission has taken an initiative and shown a way forward for many. It’s policy and implementation has created a milestone. The best thing which has given me lot of happiness is that, this Millet Mission has bought smile on farmer’s face. The Ragi Procurement is very impressive, progressing every year. I salute the first day of procurement at Malkangiri which has shown overwhelming response from farmer’s side. The farmers have bought their Ragi on boat, donkey’s back. Inclusion of Ragi in PDS & ICDS is a great achievement. No doubt every initiative gives us learning and we should accept it whole heartedly.

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Agriculture Credit Market in Odisha: A Source of Sustainable Livelihood for the Farmer

2017, International journal of scientific and research publications

Agriculture continues to be the backbone of the state’s economy in Odisha. Nearly 58 percent of the rural households depend on agriculture for their primary means of livelihood, but this sector continues to be subsistence oriented and susceptible to natural shocks such as droughts and floods. As agriculture depends on monsoon, a major segment of this population does not have sufficient income even to meet their daily expenses and for them the possibilities of savings and investment are almost stagnant. They require credit in their day to day life, to purchase agricultural inputs and adopt modern technology. Thus, timely and adequate quantum of agricultural credit is critical for the socio-economic development of the agricultural farmer.

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Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. So it has all along been treated as a priority sector for the allocation of the institutional credit. The agricultural credit, particularly the institutional credit, has been to play a significant role in the agricultural development of India. Various institutional agencies are engaged in the payment of credit to agricultural sector i.e. scheduled commercial bank, regional rural banks, co-operative credit societies, co-operative banks etc. with their vast network, wider coverage and outreach extending to the remotest part of the country, the co-operative credit institutions, both in short and long term structure are the main institutional mechanism for dispensation of agricultural credit. An attempt has been made in the present paper to analyze the position of agricultural credit in India.

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Agriculture in Odisha

According to the 2011 Census of India, 61.8% of the Odisha’s working population are engaged in agricultural activities. However, the agricultural’s contribution to the GSDP was 16.3% in the fiscal year 2013-14 and it was estimated to be 15.4% in 2014-15. The area under cultivation was 5,691 hectares in 2005-06 and it dropped to 5,424 hectares in 2013-14. Rice is the dominant crop in Odisha. It is grown on 77% of the area under cultivation. Odisha produced 8,360 metric tonnes of rice in 2013-14, a drop from 10,210 metric tonnes due the cyclone Phailin.

Agro and sub agro climatic zones of Odisha

Orissa lies in the Agro Climatic Zone-VII which is called as “Eastern Plateau and Hills Region” of India. Orissa is divided in to ten agro-climatic regions as given below:

North – Western Plateau

North Central Plateau

North Eastern Coastal Plain

East and South Eastern Coastal Plain

North Eastern Ghat

Eastern Ghat High Land

South Eastern Ghat

Western Undulating Zone

Western Central Table Land

Mid Central Table Land

Land holdings

The per capita availability of cultivated land was 0.39 hectares in 1950-51, which declined to 0.13 hectares in 2006-07. During 2000-01 there were 40.67 lakh operational holdings in the state out of which marginal and small holdings accounted for 83.8 %, medium 15.9% and large, less than 1% of the operational area. The average size of holding is only 1.25 ha. The size of operational holdings along with poverty of people poses a big problem in the agricultural growth of the State. The marginal farmers, constituting more than 50 % of the farmers, either own or rent a piece of land for cultivation. The state has 8 soil types namely, red sand & loamy, lateritic, red yellow, coastal alluvial, deltaic alluvial, black, mixed, red, black and forest soils.The cultivated area of the State is 61.65 lakh ha. In 2001-02 the total cropped are in Kharif was 60.61 lakh hectares and Rabi area was 23.57 lakh ha. The crop intensity is 144%. Because of the endemic poverty, they farmers cultivate their crops with little inputs and hence crop production is low. In this backdrop, besides enhancing capacity, increase in productivity per unit land area and cropping intensity holds the key to agricultural development.

Major crops of Odisha

Food Grains

Food grains include cereals, millets and pulses. Among cereals, the most important crop was rice. It was followed by ragi, maize, wheat, small millets and bajra. All these, except wheat are coarse cereals and belong to hardier crops which are mostly cultivated in the middle mountainous and rolling uplands and plateaus of Orissa. Whereas rice is confined to the coastal plains, the river valleys and Hirakud command areas where alluvial soil is found. Coarse cereals are of major importance in Orissa both in production and productivity .

Among the cereals rice is the most dominant crop. It is concentrated in areas of Cuttack, Sambalpur, Puri, Ganjam, Baleshwar, Koraput, Kendujhar and Kalahandi. Rice cultivation is mostly confined to the alluvial coastal plains and river valleys below the 305 meter contour line because of ideal topographical and soil conditions.

Gram, tur and arhar are the major pulses grown in Orissa. The pulses can be broadly divided into kharif and rabi crops. Irrigated tracts like the Mahanadi delta, the Rushikulya plains and the Hirakud and Badimula regions are the prominent pulse growing areas of Orissa. Production of pulses are concentrated in districts like Cuttack, Puri, Kalahandi, Koraput, Dhenkanal, Balangir and Sambalpur.

Sesameum, groundnut, mustard, castor and linseed are the principal oilseeds grown in Orissa. Oilseeds are categorized as kharif and rabi crops. Rabi oilseeds are grown as a second crop after the cereals are harvested. Among the oilseeds, groundnut and castor are the hardier crops and are grown in marginal and sub-marginal lands.  Oilseed cultivation is concentrated in districts like Cuttack, Koraput, Kalahandi, Bolangir, Sambalpur, Dhenkanal and Ganjam. All these are located in a less hospitable terrain.  Coconut is mostly confined to the coastal plains because of the high salinity of the soil. Unlike Kerala, in Orissa coconut is primarily grown as a fruit crop. Except coconut, all other oilseeds are seasonal in character.

Except Cuttack district, all the other major oilseeds producing districts are located either in the middle mountainous or rolling uplands of Orissa, where the edaphic and climatic conditions are favourable. While Dhenkanal is the leading til producing district, Baleshwar leads in mustard and Cuttack in groundnut production.

Among cash crops, fibre crops are specially important. Jute accounts for the maximum area and turn out among all the cash crops. Orissa is the fourth largest producer of jute after West Bengal, Bihar and Assam. Rice and jute, compete with each other as they require almost similar soil and climatic conditions. Cultivation of jute is primarily confined to the coastal plains of Cuttack, Balasore and Puri districts.  A considerable amount of Mesta is also cultivated. It dominates in the districts of Cuttack, Ganjam, Balangir and Koraput districts.

Sugarcane is the second most important cash crop in Orissa in area as well as production. It is grown in irrigated areas. Orissa stands eighth in sugarcane production in India. A considerable amount of cultivation occurs in Cuttack, Sambalpur, Balangir, Kalahandi and Puri districts, Orissa also produces a small quantity of tobacco. In cash crop production, Cuttack district tops the list.

Rubber Plantations 

To protect the degraded hill slopes of Eastern Ghats, rubber plantation have been taken up by Rubber Board. Bright prospect for the growth and development of natural rubber exist in the northern Orissa – Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar and Baleshwar due to favourable agro-climatic conditions. Orissa is a non-traditional area for rubber plantations. Inland hill areas of Cuttack, Puri, Ganjam and Dhenkanal districts have agro-climatic conditions suitable for rubber cultivation.

Cotton Cultivation 

Cotton cultivation has been taken up extensively in Koraput, Balangir and Kalahandi districts where suitable soil and climate conditions are found. Sea island cotton can be grown in the Ballipal region of Baleswar district.

It is concentrated in areas of Eastern Ghats, Kendujhar, mountainous region of Phulbani and Koraput.

It is concentrated in forest lands of Eastern Ghats, Koraput, Kalhandi, Malkangiri, Rayagada, G.Udayagiri and Balliguda areas of Kanohanthal district.

Pattern                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Rice is the principal food crop of the state occupying about 44.47 lakh hectare (41.18 lakh    hectare. during Kharif season + 3.29 lakh ha during Rabi season). Productivity of rice during 2007-08 was 76.14 lakh MT.  Maize and Ragi are the important coarse cereal crops. The production of ragi and maize was 1.65 and 4.82 lakh MT, respectively. Jowar, Bajra and small millets are also grown in the state to a lesser extent. Arhar, mung, kulthi, biri, gram, fieldpea, cowpea and lentil are the pulse crops grown in the State. The major crops are arhar, mung, biri and kulthi. Pulses are grown mainly in uplands during Kharif season predominantly in inland districts and in rice fallows during Rabi season, mostly in coastal districts under available moisture condition. Mung and biri are also grown as third crop in summer under irrigated condition. Sugarcane and cotton are also grown in some district of Orissa. These crops are gaining more importance in the State.

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The Economy of Odisha: A Profile

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The Economy of Odisha: A Profile presents a comprehensive account of different sectors (for example, agriculture, industries, mining, transportation and power, education, and health) of the economy of Odisha and also several specific problems (for example, poverty and malnutrition) which continue to beset the state despite its recent progress. The book also provides a discussion of the recent growth experience of Odisha and the impact of fiscal adjustments, as well as a critique of the strategy of development that has been pursued in the state in recent years. The purpose of the volume is to provide detailed factual information about the state’s economy as well as to provide insight into its various economic problems. The book consists of 17 chapters and involves 26 authors. Though the authors are all academic researchers and the volume is expected to be useful for academics and graduate students working on specific issues relating to Odisha’s economy, the book is not intended exclusively for academic use. It is also intended to be useful for administrators, policy makers, and general readers with serious interest in the economy of Odisha.

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IIT Roorkee, Odisha partner for climate-resilient agriculture training

The aim of the collaboration was to focus on equipping 160 engineers and officers from the Minor Irrigation Organisation under the Department of Water Resources, Odisha, with cutting-edge knowledge in Water Resources Management, with a special emphasis on Minor Irrigation Systems.

Listen to Story

• IIT Roorkee, OIIPCRA train 160 Odisha engineers in advanced water resource management
• Training covers AI, GIS, and climate impact on irrigation for resilient agriculture
• Partnership boosts sustainable water management and climate-resilient agriculture in Odisha

Professor Deepak Khare, Dean of Finance and Planning, IIT Roorkee said, "The success of this initiative showcases IIT Roorkee’s dedication to fostering expertise in water resource management. Our training programmes not only enhance technical skills but also inspire innovative solutions to tackle the challenges posed by climate change."

As part of this effort, IIT Roorkee's Department of Water Resources Development and Management (WRD&M), led by Professor Khare, organised eight training programs between January 2024 and August 2024 at the Continuing Education Centre, IIT Roorkee. The first course, held from January 8 to 13, 2024, was inaugurated by Professor KK Pant, Director of IIT Roorkee. In these programmes, 160 Civil Engineers from Odisha participated in the training, gaining in-depth knowledge in various aspects of water resources management, including groundwater assessment, conjunctive use, groundwater governance, earth dam, canal design, canal lining, cross drainage works, water use efficiency, soil erosion, sedimentation, retrofitting of hydraulic structures, project management, economic risk assessment, rainwater harvesting, drought assessment, and cost-benefit analysis of irrigation projects.

In addition to foundational topics, participants were trained in advanced technologies such as Remote Sensing and GIS, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning applications in water resources, Decision Support System, advanced surveying techniques, and the impact of climate change on irrigation projects. Topics like carbon credits and their relevance to irrigation were also covered.

Er. Jagannath Mallik, Superintending Engineer, Minor Irrigation Organisation, Odisha shared his experience and said, "The training provided by IIT Roorkee was incredibly valuable. The knowledge gained in advanced water management techniques and technologies will greatly enhance our ability to implement effective irrigation solutions and contribute to climate-resilient agriculture in Odisha."

COURSES FEATURED

The courses featured lectures from distinguished professors across multiple IIT Roorkee departments in addition to Water Resources Development & Management, including Civil Engineering, Humanities, Management, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, as well as experts from the National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, and the MNIT, Jaipur.

Rashmi Ranjan Nayak, Additional Secretary and Project Director of OIIPCRA said, "The collaboration with IIT Roorkee has been instrumental in enhancing the capabilities of our field engineers and officers. This initiative marks a significant stride towards climate-resilient agriculture and sustainable water resource management."

Professor KK Pant, Director of IIT Roorkee, stated, "This training programme reflects our unwavering commitment to supporting sustainable water management and agricultural practices. By equipping engineers with advanced knowledge and skills, we are contributing to the realisation of Viksit Bharat and addressing the pressing challenges of climate change."

Essay on Odisha Culture

Students are often asked to write an essay on Odisha Culture in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Odisha Culture

Introduction to odisha culture.

Odisha, an eastern Indian state, is known for its rich cultural heritage. Its culture is a blend of art, religion, music, dance, and cuisine.

Art and Architecture

Odisha’s art and architecture are famous worldwide, with the Sun Temple at Konark and Jagannath Temple at Puri showcasing its architectural brilliance.

Festivals and Dance

The state celebrates numerous festivals, like Rath Yatra and Durga Puja. Odissi, a classical dance form, is integral to Odisha’s cultural identity.

Odisha’s cuisine is diverse and unique, featuring dishes like Dalma and Rasagola, enjoyed by locals and tourists alike.

250 Words Essay on Odisha Culture

Odisha’s art and architecture are renowned worldwide. The state’s architectural prowess is evident in the ancient temples of Bhubaneswar, Puri, and Konark. These temples, built during the Kalinga era, showcase intricate carvings, reflecting the deep-rooted spirituality and craftsmanship. Odisha’s artistry also extends to Pattachitra, a traditional cloth-based scroll painting, and Tarakasi, a silver filigree work.

Literature and Language

Odia, the state’s official language, has a rich literary history dating back to the 13th century. The language and its literature have been significantly influenced by the Bhakti movement, with prominent poets like Jayadeva penning revered texts like ‘Gita Govinda’.

Dance and Music

Odissi, one of the oldest classical dance forms in India, originates from Odisha. It’s a beautiful blend of grace, passion, and devotion. Odisha’s music includes traditional folk, tribal and classical genres, with instruments like Mardala and Gini playing pivotal roles.

Odisha’s cuisine is a delightful blend of local ingredients and traditional cooking methods. Known for its subtle yet distinct flavors, dishes like Dalma and Pahala Rasgulla are celebrated.

Odisha’s culture is an amalgamation of its historical legacy, artistic expressions, and spiritual ethos. It is a testament to the region’s resilience, creativity, and reverence for tradition. The exploration of Odisha’s culture offers a profound understanding of India’s diverse cultural tapestry.

500 Words Essay on Odisha Culture

Introduction.

Odisha’s art and architecture are deeply rooted in its history and spirituality. The state is renowned for its ancient temples, including the famous Jagannath Temple in Puri and the Sun Temple in Konark. These architectural marvels, built in the Kalinga style, are a testament to the skilled craftsmanship of the ancient Odia artisans. The intricate carvings and sculptures narrate the stories of Hindu mythology and the lives of the people of the time.

Parallel to its architectural feats, Odisha is also famous for its Pattachitra paintings – one of the oldest and most unique art forms of Odisha. These paintings, made on cloth, depict stories of gods, goddesses, and scenes from the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata.

Performing Arts

The music of Odisha, particularly Odissi music, complements the dance form. Chhau, another dance form, is a vibrant fusion of martial arts, acrobatics, and dance, reflecting the region’s tribal culture.

Odia, the official language of Odisha, has a rich literary tradition. Odia literature dates back to the 13th century and has been enriched by the works of eminent poets and writers like Sarala Das, Upendra Bhanja, and Fakir Mohan Senapati. The language itself is unique, being the only language from the Indo-Aryan linguistic group that has been given the status of a classical language by the Government of India.

Festivals and Cuisine

Odisha’s cuisine, influenced by its agriculture and geography, is a unique blend of flavors. Rice is a staple, and seafood is popular due to the state’s long coastline. Dishes like Dalma and Pakhala are well-known, and sweets like Rasagola and Chhena Poda are loved by all.

The culture of Odisha is a rich tapestry of art, architecture, literature, performing arts, festivals, and cuisine. It is a testament to the state’s historical legacy and the resilience and creativity of its people. Despite modern influences, Odisha has successfully retained its cultural identity, making it a fascinating study for anyone interested in Indian culture.

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Odisha becomes first state to adopt digital survey in agri sector

The state government launched e-Chasa app and portal for introducing digital survey policy in agriculture sector in Odisha. Deputy Chief Minister and Agriculture Minister KV Singh Deo launched the app and portal on the premises of OUAT in Bhubaneswar.

Bhubaneswar: The state government today launched e-Chasa app and portal for introducing digital survey policy in agriculture sector in Odisha.

Deputy Chief Minister and Agriculture Minister KV Singh Deo launched the app and portal on the premises of OUAT here.

The digital survey programme in agriculture can provide accurate data on crops grown across the state including in remote and inaccessible hilly areas. These data will help formulate sound policies in the agriculture sector. E-Chasa app and portal digital crop survey will enable technology based agriculture services in Odisha,” said the minister.

Odisha is the first state to adopt digital survey policy in the field of agriculture and about 48 lakh farmers will be benefited due to the app and portal, he added.

The e-chasa app and portal will provide farmers with a comprehensive and single window platform through which crop related data and information can be checked anytime and in any weather, said the state government.

The survey has already been tested on pilot basis in Bhadrak, Deogarh, Nuapada and Nayagarh districts last year. After successful survey of around 30 lakh plots, the programme has now been expanded to the whole of Odisha, it added.

Under this programme, around 48 lakh hectares of agricultural land in Odisha will be surveyed.   For this, around 28,000 surveyors, 8,000 supervisors and 1,400 inspectors have been engaged, said Agriculture department principal secretary Arabinda Kumar Padhee.

Farmers can report their problems and get the required guidance through the programme. They can get information and advice through the Farmers Helpline (155333), said Director of Agriculture Premchandra Choudhary.      

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IMF Working Papers

Investing in climate adaptation under trade and financing constraints: balanced strategies for food security.

Author/Editor:

Chen Chen ; Koralai Kirabaeva ; Danchen Zhao

Publication Date:

August 23, 2024

Electronic Access:

Free Download . Use the free Adobe Acrobat Reader to view this PDF file

Disclaimer: IMF Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to encourage debate. The views expressed in IMF Working Papers are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, or IMF management.

Financially constrained governments, particularly in emerging and developing economies, tend to face a fiscal trade-off between adapting to climate change impacts and pursuing broader development goals. This trade-off is especially relevant in the agriculture sector, where investing in adaptation is critical to ensure food security amidst climate change. International trade can help alleviate this challenge and reduce adaptation investment needs by offsetting agricultural production shortages. However, in the presence of trade fragmentation, the adaptive role of trade diminishes, exacerbating food insecurity and increasing investment needs for adaptation. In this paper, we present a model to guide policymakers in deciding on the cost-efficient balance between investing in adaptation in the agricultural sector versus in broader development under financing and trade constraints. We apply the model to Ghana, Egypt, and Brazil, to examine the adaptation-development trade-off and highlight factors that would potentially lower adaptation investment needs. These factors include trade openness, higher agricultural productivity and efficiency of adaptation spending, and reduced labor market distortions. The key takeaways from the model applications suggest that (i) promoting trade openness and accessing concessional finance for adaptation help tackle climate challenges and ensure food security in lower-income countries; and (ii) domestic structural reforms are necessary to facilitate adaptation investments and reduce investment needs, by improving labor market flexibility, adaptation efficiency, and agriculture productivity.

Working Paper No. 2024/184

Agricultural production Agricultural sector Climate change Economic sectors Environment Food security Poverty Production

9798400289132/1018-5941

WPIEA2024184

Please address any questions about this title to [email protected]