annual research & review in biology

Annual Research & Review in Biology

Submissions.

This journal is not accepting submissions at this time.

Submission Preparation Checklist

As part of the submission process, authors are required to check off their submission's compliance with all of the following items, and submissions may be returned to authors that do not adhere to these guidelines.

• The submission has not been previously published, nor is it before another journal for consideration (or an explanation has been provided in Comments to the Editor).
• The submission file is in OpenOffice, Microsoft Word, or RTF document file format.
• Where available, URLs for the references have been provided.
• The text is single-spaced; uses a 12-point font; employs italics, rather than underlining (except with URL addresses); and all illustrations, figures, and tables are placed within the text at the appropriate points, rather than at the end.
• The text adheres to the stylistic and bibliographic requirements outlined in the Author Guidelines.

Author Guidelines

Journal Information:  

ISSN:  2347-565X

NLM ID:  101632869

Journal DOI:   http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arrb   (Link)

Peer-review model:   Advanced OPEN peer review

Indexing:  ProQuest , Index Copernicus: ICV : 136.39, NAAS Score: 4.79 (2020), Google scholar ( h5-index: 28  and  h5-median: 40 ), Ulrich's,  EBSCOhost  (USA), SCOPUS (up to January-2018),  ISI Thomson Reuters (up to June 2014)

Digital Archiving:  Journal Repository (JR) , LOCKSS, CLOCKSS

Citation:  https://scite.ai/journals/annual-research-review-in-K6lQ2

Study areas broad areas of Aerobiology,  Agriculture, Anatomy, Astrobiology, Biochemistry, Bioengineering, Bioinformatics, Biomathematics or Mathematical Biology, Biomechanics, Biomedical research, Biophysics, Biotechnology, Building biology, Botany, Cell biology, Conservation Biology, Cryobiology, Developmental biology, Food biology, Ecology, Embryology, Entomology, Environmental Biology, Epidemiology, Ethology, Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Herpetology, Histology, Ichthyology, Integrative biology, Limnology,  Mammalogy, Marine Biology, Microbiology, Molecular Biology, Mycology, Neurobiology, Oceanography, Oncology, Ornithology, Population biology, Population ecology, Population genetics, Paleontology, Pathobiology or pathology, Parasitology, Pharmacology, Physiology, Psychobiology, Sociobiology, Structural biology, Virology and  Zoology.

A special thrust will be given on developmental biology. It covers molecular genetics of development, control of gene expression, computer simulation of cellular development, structure, function, and organization of the cell, development and evolution of the cell, cell interactions and cell-matrix interactions, mechanisms of differentiation, embryonal development, growth factors and oncogenes, regulation of stem cell populations, metamorphosis, regeneration, gametogenesis and fertilization, developmental endocrinology, plant evolutionary developmental biology, cell signaling networks, evolution of developmental control. 

Every issue will consist of a minimum of 5 papers. Each issue will be running, and all officially accepted manuscripts will be immediately published online. The state-of-the-art running issue concept gives authors the benefit of 'Zero Waiting Time' for the officially accepted manuscripts to be published. This journal is an international journal and its scope is not confined by the boundary of any country or region.

To know more about 'General Guideline for Authors' and to download paper Template  click here .

We try to follow and we also recommend authors, reviewers and editors to follow ICMJE Recommendations. 

Disclaimer:   ‘Annual Review & Research in Biology’ continued as ‘Annual Research & Review in Biology’ from Vol.4, Issue 1, 2014. This journal has no connection with any society or association, related to Biology and allied fields. This journal was not and is not associated with Annual Reviews, Inc. Authors and visitors are kindly requested to note that ARRB is an independent journal. This international journal has no connection with any scholarly society or association or any specific geographic location or any country (like USA, UK, Germany, etc). This is an independent journal. Legal contact address of editorial office and other offices are available in this  link .

General Guideline for Authors Important Download links

MS word paper template ( Download here ) 

Latex paper template ( Download here )

Manuscript ‘Submission form’ ( Download here )

Type of papers

1.  Original research papers :

Papers that include original empirical data that have not been published anywhere earlier (except as an abstract). Null/negative findings and replication/refutation findings are also welcome. This type of paper normally should not exceed 25 double-spaced pages of text (including references) and should not contain more than 15 figures/tables. We advise a length of 3000-6000 words (including everything).

2. Short Research Articles:

Short Research Articles (or Research Notes)  are single-finding papers (or one year experiment for agricultural papers) that can be reported with one or two illustrations (figures/tables) and lab protocols. Posters from conferences or internal meetings may be summarized as Short Research Articles (or Research Notes). In many cases, some additional detail, particularly in the methods, description of the results, and/or discussion/conclusions will be required to make sure that readers (and referees) have enough information to understand the description of the work. We advise a length of 3000-4000 words, plus 3-4 figures and/or tables, and 15-20 key references.

3.  Short communications :

Short Communications are urgent communications of important preliminary results that are very original, of high interest and likely to have a significant impact on the subject area of the journal. A Short Communication needs only to demonstrate a ‘proof of principle’. Authors are encouraged to submit an Original Research Paper to the journal following their Short Communication. There is no strict page limit for a Short Communication; however, we advise a length of 2500-3500 words, plus 2-3 figures and/or tables, and 15-20 key references.

4. Review papers :

These papers will not have empirical data acquired by the authors but will include discussion of papers published and data acquired in a specific area. We advise a length of 5000-9000 words, (including 50-150 references plus 3-5 figures and/or tables (if required).

5. Minireview papers :

Minireviews are brief historical perspectives or summaries of developments in fast-moving areas covered within the scope of the journal. They must be based on published articles; they are not outlets for unpublished data. They may address any subject within the scope of the journal. The goal of the Minireviews is to provide a  concise  summary of a particular field in a manner understandable to all readers. We advise a length of 3000-6000 words, (including 30-70 references plus 2-3 figures and/or tables (if required).

6. Systematic Reviews: (Mainly for bio-medical journals)

Systematic Reviews should usually be based on medical interventions or animal model studies. We recommend that authors consult the  PRISMA  guidelines for reporting in Systematic Reviews. Systematic Reviews should deal with a clearly formulated question and use systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, and critically assess the relevant research. We advise a length of 5000-9000 words, (including 50-150 references plus 3-5 figures and/or tables (if required).

7.  Policy Papers :

The purpose of the policy paper is to provide a comprehensive and persuasive argument justifying the policy recommendations presented in the paper, and therefore to act as a decision-making tool and a call to action for the target audience. We advise a length of 3000-4000 words, plus 3-4 figures and/or tables, and 15-20 key references.

8 . Commentaries / Opinion Articles:

An opinion-based article on a topical issue of broad interest which is intended to engender discussion. We advise a length of 2500-3500 words, plus 2-3 figures and/or tables, and 15-20 key references.

9. Data Notes

Data Notes are brief descriptions of scientific datasets that include details of why and how the data were created; they do not include any analyses or conclusions.

10. Study Protocols and  pre-protocols:  (Mainly for bio-medical journals)

This journals welcome protocols for any study design, including observational studies and systematic reviews. All protocols for randomised clinical trials must be registered and follow the  CONSORT  guidelines; ethical approval for the study must have been already granted.

Study pre-protocols (i.e. discussing provisional study designs) may also be submitted and will be clearly labelled as such when published. Study protocols for pilot and feasibility studies may also be considered.

11. Method Articles:

These articles describe a new experimental or computational method, test or procedure, and should have been well tested. This includes new study methods, substantive modifications to existing methods or innovative applications of existing methods to new models or scientific questions.

We also welcome new technical tools that facilitate the design or performance of experiments and data analysis such as software and laboratory devices, or of new technologies to assist medical treatment such as drug delivery devices. We advise a length of 3000-4000 words, plus 3-4 figures and/or tables, and 15-20 key references.

12. Data Articles (Mainly for bio-medical journals):

A dataset (or set of datasets) together with the associated methods/protocol used to create the data. No analysis of the data, results or conclusions should be included.

13. Case reports / Case studies (Mainly for bio-medical journals) : Case reports describe patient cases which are of particular interest due to their novelty and their potential message for clinical practice. While there are several types of case reports, originality and clinical implications constitute the main virtues by which case reports are judged. (Ref: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18677298). Case studies are an invaluable record of the clinical practices of a profession. While case studies cannot provide specific guidance for the management of successive patients, they are a record of clinical interactions which help us to frame questions for more rigorously designed clinical studies. Case studies also provide valuable teaching material, demonstrating both classical and unusual presentations which may confront the practitioner. (Ref: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2597880/). Abstract (not more than 250 words) of the Case reports should have the following sections: Aims, Presentation of Case, Discussion and Conclusion. Only Case Reports have word limits: Papers should not exceed 2000 words, 20 references or 5 figures.

14. Clinical Practice Articles  (Mainly for bio-medical journals) :

A short article relating to a specific clinical problem or scenario that discusses issues relating to patient management and treatment pathways using an evidence-based approach. Clinical Practice Articles include case series (i.e. group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment), but should not be based on a single case (see Case Reports).

15. Grey literature government reports:

A special section of the journal will be dedicated to the publication of (extended) abstracts of “grey literature government reports”. Many governmental research institutes in Europe/world are confronted with the problem that their very good scientific reports are produced directly for governmental sponsors. Results are typically presented in reports, which are published on an institute’s website only. However, scientists like to publish their work in the scientific arena, albeit that there may be little, if any, funding to support writing of the results in a scientific paper. Whereas the reports may be of very high scientific quality, they are not readily disseminated to the scientific world because they are not identified by normal literature attending systems. This then leads to very good scientific work being unnoticed by a wider audience, possible re-duplication of the work in other countries, a loss of resources, and hence to a slower progression of science. Therefore, this journal offers to publish good governmental reports in this peer-reviewed scientific journal via an abstract of the report. As such, this journal will publish (extended) abstracts of governmental reports (in English language only following a regular peer review system. Scientific excellence, open access and English language are the only prerequisites. Upon scientific acceptance of the work, the extended abstract will contain the title of the work, the authors as well as a hyperlink to the original full scientific report. In this way the scientific reports will be opened to a worldwide scientific audience and authoring scientists will get the results of their work disseminated in the scientific arena.

16. Abstracts of scientific meetings:

Abstracts of oral presentations and posters (within the scope of the journal) can be published in discussion with the academic editors. Standardised abstracts (prepared in accordance with journal guidelines) need to be in English language and will be peer-reviewed prior to publication. It is recommended to contact the editor before submitting abstracts of a scientific meeting. Normally a collection of the abstracts (minimum 10 abstracts) will be published in a special issue. Abstracts are not considered for regular issues of the journal. Publication of 'collection of abstracts of a conference, symposia, etc' requires a guest editorial board. Normally the 'Review committee / Screening committee' of the conference will form the guest editorial board. List of the guest editors also will be published in the special issue.

17. Letter to the Editor:

A letter to the editor provides a means of communication between the author of an article and the reader of a journal, allowing continued dialog about journal content to take place. Although not original research per se, a letter may provide new insight, make corrections, offer alternate theories, or request clarification about content printed in the journal. Letters to the Editor are considered for publication (subject to editing and abridgment) provided they do not contain material that has been submitted or published elsewhere. Letters in reference to a Journal article must not exceed 600 words (excluding references). Letters not related to a Journal article must not exceed 600 words (excluding references). A letter can have no more than eight references and one figure or table. A letter can be signed by no more than four authors. Financial associations or other possible conflicts of interest must be disclosed. This type of article will be fully peer-reviewed.  Publication charge  will be also applicable.

Reference and more information:

1.  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2647072   

2.  http://www.nejm.org/page/author-center/letter-submission  

3.  http://www.sciencemag.org/site/misc/editor.xhtml

18. Scholarly Book Review:

The scholarly book review is considered by some to be a form of academic writing that serves to describe and critically evaluate the content, quality, meaning, and significance of a book. A well-constructed book review can provide a thoughtful perspective and will be appreciated. Scholarly Book Review should be within 2000 words. Scholarly Book Review must have to be systematic and structured and proper references (2-6 numbers) should be cited during the review. Scholarly Book Review must be avoided to advertise the book. Normal peer review process will be followed to ensure the academic quality of such book review. Only academically important and critical review of books will be considered for publication. There will be restrictions on numbers of such articles to be published per year.

For more information please refer below-mentioned resources: 1.   How to Write a Scholarly Book Review for Publication in a Peer-Reviewed Journal

2.  How to Publish a Book Review

3.  http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/journals/jop/book-reviews

4.  Book Review articles: The New England Journal of Medicine

Online submission of manuscripts is strongly recommended. Please submit your article through  Subcentral .  Manuscripts can also be submitted as an email attachment to the editorial office at [email protected]. After submission, a manuscript number will be communicated to the corresponding author within 48 hours.

For submission related problems or all other correspondence, please contact the editorial office at [email protected] or [email protected].

Peer-review process

To know more about Peer review process and General Editorial Policies.

Manuscript structure

The manuscript should be written in English with a simple layout. The text should be prepared in single column format. Bold face, italics, subscripts, superscripts etc. can be used.

The text, excluding the abstract, if required, can be divided into numbered sections with brief headings. Starting from introduction with section 1. subsections should be numbered (for example 2.1 (then 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.2, etc.), up to three levels.

1. Case Reports should follow the structure of Abstract, Introduction, Presentation of Case, Discussion, Conclusion, Acknowledgements, Competing Interests, Authors’ Contributions, Consent (where applicable), Ethical approval (where applicable), and References plus figures and/or tables. Abstract (not more than 250 words) of the Case reports should have the following sections: Aims, Presentation of Case, Discussion and Conclusion. Only Case Reports have word limits: Papers should not exceed 2000 words, 20 references or 5 figures. Other Type of papers have no word limits. 2. Review papers may have different headings of the sections and are exempted from following these suggestions. 3. Research Papers and Short Notes should follow the structure of Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Results and Discussion, Conclusion, Acknowledgements, Competing Interests, Authors’ Contributions, Consent (where applicable), Ethical approval (where applicable), and References plus figures and/or tables.)

Brief guidelines

Title Page                             

The title page should contain a brief title, name(s) of author(s) and their affiliations. The title should be without any abbreviations and it should enlighten the contents of the paper. All affiliations should be provided with a lower-case superscript letter just after the author's name and in front of the appropriate address.

The name of the corresponding author should be indicated along with telephone and fax numbers (with country and area code) along with full postal address and e-mail address.

Abstract   The abstract should be concise and informative. It should not exceed 300 words in length. It should briefly describe the purpose of the work, techniques and methods used, major findings with important data and conclusions. Different sub-sections, as given below, should be used. No references should be cited in this part. Generally non-standard abbreviations should not be used, if necessary they should be clearly defined in the abstract, at first use.

SAMPLE ABSTRACT:

Aims: Here clearly write the aims of this study. Sample: To correlate platelet count, splenic index (SI), platelet count/spleen diameter ratio and portal-systemic venous collaterals with the presence of esophageal varices in advanced liver disease to validate other screening parameters. Study design: Mention the design of the study here. Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Department of Medicine (Medical Unit IV) and Department of Radiology, Services Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS), Services Hospital Lahore, between June 2009 and July 2010. Methodology: Please write main points of the research methodology applied. Sample: We included 63 patients (40 men, 23 women; age range 18-75 years) with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension, with or without the medical history of gastrointestinal bleeding. Clinical as well as hematological examination (platelet count) and ultrasonography (gray as well as color Doppler scale including splenic index and splenorenal/ pancreaticoduodenal collaterals) was done besides upper GI endoscopy for esophageal varices. Platelet count/spleen diameter ratio was also calculated. Results: Kindly make sure to include relevant statistics here, such as sample sizes, response rates, P-values or Confidence Intervals. Do not just say "there were differences between the groups". sample: Out of 63 patients, 36 patients with small varices (F1/F2) and 27 with larger (F3) varices were detected on endoscope. Significant increase in mean splenic index from low (86.7 +/- 27.4) to high (94.7 +/- 27.7) grade varices was documented. Opposite trend was found with platelets (120.2 +/- 63.5 to 69.8 +/- 36.1) and platelets/ splenic diameter ratio (1676.7 to 824.6) declining significantly. Logistic regression showed splenic collaterals and platelets are significantly but negatively associated with esophageal varices grades. Conclusion: Non-invasive independent predictors for screening esophageal varices may decrease medical as well as financial burden, hence improving the management of cirrhotic patients. These predictors, however, need further work to validate reliability.  

Keywords Immediately after the abstract, about 4-8 keywords should be given.  Use of abbreviations should be avoided, only standard abbreviations, well known in the established area may be used, if appropriate. These keywords will be used for indexing.

Abbreviations

Non-standard abbreviations should be listed and full form of each abbreviation should be given in parentheses at first use in the text.  

Introduction

Provide a factual background, clearly defined problem, proposed solution, a brief literature survey and the scope and justification of the work done.  

Material and methods

Give adequate information to allow the experiment to be reproduced. Already published methods should be mentioned with references. Significant modifications of published methods and new methods should be described in detail. This section will include sub-sections. Tables & figures should be placed inside the text. Tables and figures should be presented as per their appearance in the text. It is suggested that the discussion about the tables and figures should appear in the text before the appearance of the respective tables and figures. No tables or figures should be given without discussion or reference inside the text.

Tables should be explanatory enough to be understandable without any text reference. Double spacing should be maintained throughout the table, including table headings and footnotes. Table headings should be placed above the table. Footnotes should be placed below the table with superscript lowercase letters.

Each figure should have a caption. The caption should be concise and typed separately, not on the figure area. Figures should be self-explanatory. Information presented in the figure should not be repeated in the table. All symbols and abbreviations used in the illustrations should be defined clearly. Figure legends should be given below the figures.

Some guidelines for Medical papers: Randomized controlled trials should follow the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) guidelines (http://www.consort-statement.org). Case reports, case series, cross-sectional and other observational studies should follow the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines (http://www.strobe-statement.org). If the detailed methods are explicitly stated in the manuscript for single case studies, STROBE may be avoided. Authors producing systematic reviews and meta-analyses should follow the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines (http://www.prisma-statement.org).

Results & Discussion

Results should be clearly described in a concise manner. Results for different parameters should be described under subheadings or in separate paragraph. Table or figure numbers should be mentioned in parentheses for better understanding.

The discussion should not repeat the results, but provide detailed interpretation of data. This should interpret the significance of the findings of the work. Citations should be given in support of the findings. The results and discussion part can also be described as separate, if appropriate.

Tables & Figures

Tables & figures should be placed inside the text. Tables and figures should be presented as per their appearance in the text. It is suggested that the discussion about the tables and figures should appear in the text before the appearance of the respective tables and figures. No tables or figures should be given without discussion or reference inside the text.

Tables should be explanatory enough to be understandable without any text reference. Double spacing should be maintained throughout the table, including table headings and footnotes. Table headings should be placed above the table. Footnotes should be placed below the table with superscript lowercase letters. 

Guideline for Reporting  P  values:

P  is always italicized and capitalized.

i) Correct expression: ( P  = .05). Wrong Expression: ( P  < .05), unless  P  < .001. ii) The  P  value should be expressed to 2 digits whether or not it is significant. If  P  < .01, it should be expressed to 3 digits. iii) When rounding, 3 digits is acceptable if rounding would change the significance of a value (eg,  P  = .049 rounded to .05). iv) Expressing  P  to more than 3 significant digits does not add useful information since precise  P  values with extreme results are sensitive to biases or departures from the statistical model. v) Reporting actual  P  values avoids this problem of interpretation.  P  values should not be listed as not significant (NS) since, for meta-analysis, the actual values are important and not providing exact  P  values is a form of incomplete reporting. vi) Do not use 0 before the decimal point for statistical values  P , alpha, and beta because they cannot equal 1.

Conclusions

This should briefly state the major findings of the study.  

Acknowledgments  A brief acknowledgment section may be given after the conclusion section just before the references. The acknowledgments of people who provided assistance in manuscript preparation, funding for research, etc. should be listed in this section. All sources of funding should be declared as an acknowledgment. Authors should declare the role of the funding agency, if any, in the study design, collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript. If the study sponsors had no such involvement, the authors should so state.

Competing Interests

Declaration of competing interest is compulsory. All authors must disclose any financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence (bias) their work. Examples of potential conflicts of interest include employment, consultancies, honoraria, paid expert testimony, patent applications/registrations, and grants or other funding. If no such declaration has been made by the authors, This journal reserves to assume and write this sentence: “Authors have declared that no competing interests exist.”.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

Authors may use the following wording for this section: “ ‘Author A’ designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. ‘Author B’ and ‘Author C’ managed the analyses of the study. ‘Author C’ managed the literature searches…… All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”

CONSENT (WHERE EVER APPLICABLE)

No manuscripts will be peer-reviewed if a statement of patient consent is not presented during submission (wherever applicable). This section is compulsory for medical journals. Other journals may require this section if found suitable. It should provide a statement to confirm that the patient has given their informed consent for the case report to be published. Journal editorial office may ask the copies of the consent documentation at any time.

Authors may use a form from their own institution or  Patient Consent Form 1.0 . It is preferable that authors should send this form along with the submission. But if already not sent during submission, we may request to see a copy at any stages of pre and post publication.

If the person described in the case report has died, then consent for publication must be collected from their next of kin. If the individual described in the case report is a minor, or unable to provide consent, then consent must be sought from their parents or legal guardians.

Authors may use the following wording for this section: "All authors declare that ‘written informed consent was obtained from the patient (or other approved parties) for publication of this case report and accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editorial office/Chief Editor/Editorial Board members of this journal."

ETHICAL APPROVAL (WHERE EVER APPLICABLE)

This section is compulsory for medical journals. Other journals may require this section if found suitable. If human subjects are involved, informed consent, protection of privacy, and other human rights are further criteria against which the manuscript will be judged. It should provide a statement to confirm that the authors have obtained all necessary ethical approval from suitable Institutional or State or National or International Committee. This confirms either that this study is not against the public interest, or that the release of information is allowed by legislation.

All manuscripts which deal with animal subjects must be approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB), Ethical Committee, or an Animal Utilization Study Committee. , and this statement, and approval number, must accompany the submission. If required, the author should be ready to submit a scanned copy of the IRB or Ethical Committee Approval at any stage of publication (Pre of post publication stage). The manuscript should contain information about any post-operative care and pain management for the animals.

For manuscripts involving animal experiments, Authors may use the following wording for this section “All authors hereby declare that "Principles of laboratory animal care" (NIH publication No. 85-23, revised 1985) were followed, as well as specific national laws where applicable. All experiments have been examined and approved by the appropriate ethics committee”

All manuscripts which deal with the study of human subjects must be accompanied by Institutional Review Board (IRB) or Ethical Committee Approval, or the national or regional equivalent. The name of the Board or Committee giving approval and the study number assigned must accompany the submission. If required, the author should be ready to submit a scanned copy of the IRB or Ethical Committee Approval at any stage of publication (Pre or post publication stage).

For manuscripts involving human experiments, Authors may use the following wording for this section: “All authors hereby declare that all experiments have been examined and approved by the appropriate ethics committee and have therefore been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki.”

Reference style

References must be listed at the end of the manuscript and numbered in the order that they appear in the text. Every reference referred in the text must also present in the reference list and vice versa. In the text, citations should be indicated by the reference number in brackets [3].

Only published or accepted manuscripts should be included in the reference list. Articles submitted for publication, unpublished findings and personal communications should not be included in the reference list but may be mentioned in the text (e.g., T Nelson, Purdue University, USA, Unpublished results or personal communication). Avoid citing a “personal communication” unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, obtain written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication. An unpublished result which has been accepted for publication in any journal should be cited as "in press". Journal name abbreviations should be those found in the NCBI databases (Link:  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/journals ).

Note:  This journals will follow this new reference style, effective from 09 Oct, 2012.

All references should follow the following style:

Reference to a journal:

For Published paper:

1. Hilly M, Adams ML, Nelson SC. A study of digit fusion in the mouse embryo. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002;32(4):489-98.

Note: List the first six authors followed by et al. Note: Use of DOI number for the full-text article is encouraged. (if available). Note: Authors are also encouraged to add other database's unique identifier (like PUBMED ID).

For Accepted, unpublished papers. Same as above, but “In press” appears instead of the page numbers.

1. Saha M, Adams ML, Nelson SC. Review of digit fusion in the mouse embryo. J Embryol Exp Morphol. 2009;49(3): (In press).

Note: List the first six authors followed by et al. Note: Use of DOI number is encouraged (if available). Note: Authors are also encouraged to add other database's unique identifier (like PUBMED ID).

For Articles not in English Forneau E, Bovet D. Recherches sur l'action sympathicolytique d'un nouveau dérivé du dioxane. Arch Int Pharmacodyn. 1933;46:178-91. French.

Reference to a book:

Personal author(s) Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Moore PK. Pharmacology. 5th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2003.

Editor(s) or compiler(s) as authors Beers MH, Porter RS, Jones TV, Kaplan JL, Berkwits M, editors. The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy. 18th ed. Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck Research Laboratories; 2006.

Authored chapter in edited publication Glennon RA, Dukat M. Serotonin receptors and drugs affecting serotonergic neurotransmission. In: Williams DA, Lemke TL, editors. Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.

Reference to Web-resource or Electronic articles.

Hugo JT, Mondal SC. Parallels between tissue repair and embryo morphogenesis: a conceptual framework. Global Health. 2006;16:4. Accessed 29 March 2012. Available: http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/1/1/14.

Anonymous. Parallels between tissue repair and embryo morphogenesis: a conceptual framework. Global Health. 2006;16:4. Accessed 29 March 2012. Available: http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/content/1/1/14.

Reference to Organization as author

Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. A study of digit fusion in the mouse embryo. J Embryol Exp Morphol. 2009;49(2):259–276.

Nomenclature and Units   Internationally accepted rules and the international system of units (SI) should be used. If other units are mentioned, please give their equivalent in SI. For biological nomenclature, the conventions of the  International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria,  and the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature  should be followed . Scientific names of all biological creatures (crops, plants, insects, birds, mammals, etc.) should be mentioned in parentheses at first use of their English term.

Chemical nomenclature, as laid down in the  International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry  and the official recommendations of the  IUPAC-IUB Combined Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature  should be followed. All biocides and other organic compounds must be identified by their Geneva names when first used in the text. Active ingredients of all formulations should be likewise identified. Math formulae  All equations referred to in the text should be numbered serially at the right-hand side in parentheses. Meaning of all symbols should be given immediately after the equation at first use. Instead of root signs, fractional powers should be used. Subscripts and superscripts should be presented clearly. Variables should be presented in italics. Greek letters and non-Roman symbols should be described in the margin at their first use.

To avoid any misunderstanding zero (0) and the letter O, and one (1) and the letter l should be clearly differentiated. For simple fractions use of the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line is recommended. Levels of statistical significance such as:  * P <0.05,  ** P <0.01 and  *** P <0.001 do not require any further explanation.  

Copyright and License

1. Submission of a manuscript clearly indicates that: the study has not been published before or is not under consideration for publication elsewhere (except as an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis); its publication is permitted by all authors and after accepted for publication it will not be submitted for publication anywhere else, in English or in any other language, without the written approval of the copyright holder. 

2. The journal may consider manuscripts that are translations of articles originally published in another language. In this case, the consent of the journal in which the article was originally published must be obtained and the fact that the article has already been published must be made clear on submission and stated in the abstract. It is compulsory for the authors to ensure that no material submitted as part of a manuscript infringes existing copyrights or the rights of a third party. 

3. Copyright of any open-access article, published in this journal, is retained by the author(s).

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Occupational and Environmental Health Concerns on Unsafe Acts and Conditions in Poultry Production Sites in Ido-Osi, Ekiti State, Nigeria

Aim: Many food animal production facilities are sited close to human residence. This research work seeks to establish the occupational and environmental burdens of unsafe acts and conditions in backyard poultry production sites in the area of study in order to validate the compliance level of poultry farmers to common safety regulations. Place and Duration of Study: Microbiology Department, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, from February 2017 to December 2019. Methodology: A well-structured questionnaire was administered to farm managers and residents within the area of study. Data on poultry management attitudes and history of water use were collected. The coordinates of the poultry sites, natural water bodies, source area and their relative distances were determined using the Geographical System Information Software, Mapit GIS. Fecal droppings from poultry birds were randomly sampled with a sterile swab stick and transferred into a factory-packed polythene bag. The suspension of the fecal droppings was streaked on Eosin Methylene Blue agar plates and incubated at 37°C for 18-24 hours. Waste-water, soil from disposal sites, and poultry feed samples were also collected in sterile universal bottles, serially diluted and cultured. E. coli isolates were characterized using relevant biochemical tests. The modified paper disc-diffusion method was used to determine the isolates’ sensitivity to nine tested antibiotics. The results were interpreted based on the procedures of the clinical and laboratory standard institutes. Results: Majority of the poultry farms under survey, 83% adopted the intensive ranging system of farming while few adopted the free range system. Layers were the most reared, 50%. There was no documented health, safety and regulatory protocols used on all the farms leading to variations in poultry management practices. Accumulated poultry droppings were periodically disposed between 3-4 days into open fields, flowing water bodies and pits. Among the three adopted waste disposal options, disposal into open field was rampant, 67%. Also, some of the poultry farmers, 42% applied the collected poultry droppings as farm yard manure. Family members constitute the major labor force, 92% on the farm. There were contacts between few of the farmers and their clients during routine farm activities. Majority of the farmers, 83.3% were not kitted with commonly-used personal protective equipment while coverall was only used by few. The five natural water bodies found within the area of study were majorly used for agricultural, domestic, and, recreational purposes. There was history of diarrhea in respondents, 12% with exposure to the water bodies. Socio-demographic data show that young, married-males with tertiary education comprise the major farming population. The relative distance of poultry farms to residential site is ≤ 6 meters while the proximity of poultry farms to natural water sources is between 160 meters to 4,596 meters. Antibiotic sensitivity test shows that multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria were present in poultry droppings, waste water and soil from poultry waste disposal sites. Bacterial resistance to the fluoroquinolones, sulphonamide, tetracycline, aminoglycoside and penicillin was high. Conclusion: The findings on unsafe act audit of the poultry production sites assert that safety of public health is dependent on the quality of water and soil found in human environment. Unsafe acts and conditions with the inherent occupational hazards in poultry production sites are attributed to non-functional health, safety and environment management system. Antibiotic resistant bacteria in poultry droppings constitute biological hazard to humans. Exposure to these biological hazards predisposes the public to infections. Human and environmental health can be improved by reviewing the national guidelines and standards for environmental pollution control.

In vitro effects of Sunset Yellow on Chromosomal Damage and Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes

Sunset Yellow (SY) is an organic azo dye that is used extensively as a coloring agent in many industries, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals ,and foodstuffs. Many studies have conflicting results about the genotoxicity effect of SY. Thus, the purpose of this study was to provide additional data concerning SY genotoxicity in human lymphocytes by using chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) assay. Four concentrations of Sunset Yellow (1, 5, 20 ,and 50 mg/ml) were used on human lymphocyte cultures. Positive and negative controls were mitomycin C and distilled water, respectively. Compared to the control, SY caused a significant increase in CAs and SCEs frequencies at all concentrations. A total of five types of CAs were observed, such as gaps, fragments, RCF, stickiness,and polyploidy. According to the present results, high concentrations of SY are genotoxic in vitro to cultured human lymphocytes. To determine its full genotoxicity potential, SY should be tested in other test systems.

Studies on the Nutritional, Mineral Composition, Mineral Ratio and Anti-nutritional Molar Ratio of Six Underutilized Wild Edible Vegetables in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria

Aim: Fruits and common vegetables are now becoming too expensive for the poor consumers in Nigeria. The search for cheap, readily available and (locally sourced for the people in need of) nutritious food prompted this research work. Study Design: Six underutilized wild vegetables (Solanum microcarpon, Strichium sparganophora, Crassocephalum crepidiodes, Solanum nigrum, Myrianthus arboreus and Sterculia tragacantha) from Ado- Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria were evaluated for their nutritional, mineral and anti-nutritional potentials. Place and Duration of Study: The collection of the samples were done in the month of December, 2020 in Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria and air dried for three weeks. Methodology: Young shoots of five indigenous vegetables were collected, washed thoroughly, air dried, pulverized and analysed using standard methods of AOAC. Results: The proximate analyses of the vegetables indicated that the moisture content, ash, fat, crude fiber, crude protein and carbohydrates ranged as follows: 6.17-8.85%, 4.73-6.59 %, 2.00-3.13%, 3.89-7.27%, 7.77-12.23% and 63.84-70.61% respectively. The total energy ranged from 1,367.85 to 1,467.85KJ/100g with low Coefficient of Variation (CV%) of 2.22. Mineral contents are of the following order K>Mg>Ca> P>Na>Fe>Zn. The result of the mineral ratio showed that the calculated mineral ratio for Na/K, K/ Na, Ca/P, Ca/Mg, Ca/K, Zn/Cu and [K/(Ca+Mg)] were below the critical level. The calculated mineral safety indexes (MSI) were lower than the tabulated values. The anti-nutrient contents (Cyanide, Saponins, and Oxalate) were below the threshold levels, Conclusion: Low MSI means that the vegetables could not pose health risk when consumed. The low anti-nutrient contents of the samples is an indication that the consumer would not suffer from mineral overload. The nutrition and mineral potentials of these vegetables could suggest their uses as nutritional supplements and are highly promising for food security and sustainability for the populace. 

Ethanolic Extract of Whole Unripe Plantain Musa paradisiaca Ameliorates Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity in Wistar Rat

Aim: Globally, burden of liver and kidney diseases has been on the increase in recent times. The present study therefore investigates the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective potentials of unripe plantain Musa paradisiaca on CCl4-induced oxidative damage in albino rat. This was with the aim of providing a locally available and potent therapeutic alternative to the conventional drugs used in the management of liver and kidney diseases. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti between July 2018 and January, 2019.  Methodology: Twenty-five adult male albino rats were placed into seven groups of 5 animals each. Group I animals received distilled water throughout the duration of the experiment, while group II were exposed to CCl4 only. Groups III, IV, V and VI received 3 ml/kg b.w of CCl4 intraperitoneally but were post treated with 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of unripe plantain extract respectively while group seven were post-treated with silymarin by oral gavage. Animals were sacrificed for the excision of the liver and kidney. Activities of creatinine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as levels of urea, uric acid, bilirubin and lipid profile were assessed. Tissue antioxidant level of reduced glutathione (GSH) and activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were also determined. Results: Exposure to CCl4 caused a significant derangement in lipid profile, resulting in the increase in serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) while high density lipoprotein (HDL) level was diminished. Liver and kidney biomarkers (ALT, AST, ALP, CK, urea, uric acid and bilirubin were also significantly elevated in the serum relative to the control animals following exposure to CCl4.  Activities of antioxidant enzymes in the serum were markedly inhibited by CCl4 exposure.  Treatment with Musa paradisiaca extract caused a dose-dependent restoration of all biochemical parameters determined, while histopathological observation was in agreement with biochemical results. Conclusion: These findings showed that Musa paradisiaca extract exhibited positive modulatory effects on the liver and kidney subjected to oxidative attack, hence, its potential usefulness in the management diseases associated with these organs.

Effect of Fermentation with Rumen Content on the Feeding Value of Boiled Iron Tree (Prosopis africana) Seedcoat on Haematology and Serum Biochemistry of Broiler Chickens

Aims: The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion of Prosopis seed coat fermented with rumen content at different levels as energy source on the  serum biochemical composition and heamatological indices of broiler chickens. Study Design:Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance in a completely randomized design. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Livestock Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. Between November 2016 and January 2017. Methodology: The study was in two phases; the starter and finisher phase, in each of the phases, there were five dietary groups and fermented Prosopis africana seed coat meal (FPASCM) was included at 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25% to replace maize. The total of two hundred and sixty (260), day- old Zartech broiler chicks were randomly distributed to five dietary treatments with four replicates of 52 chickens per treatment and each replicate had 13 birds. The birds were raised on deep litter and fed ad-libitum and drinking water provided daily and performance was monitored. At the end of the eight week, blood was collected via the wing web for serum and haematological assay. Results: The results of haematological parameters of broiler chickens fed varying levels of fermented Prosopis africana seed coat are presented in Table 3.There were no significant (P>0.05) differences between treatments for parameters measured except for PCV and haemogobin.  The PCV values ranged from 25.00 -28.25% and haemoglobin values ranged from 8.35 -9.40g/dl. It was observed that most of the haematological indices measured fell within the normal reference range values. The results of serum biochemical assay revealed that serum glucose 45.85-107.22 mg/dl varied significantly (P<0.05) among the dietary treatments. Birds served 25% FPSCM had the highest value while those served 15% FPASCM recorded  least value. Conclusion: Based on the observations from this study, it was concluded that FPASCM could be included in the diets of broiler chickens up to 25% without compromising the health of the birds.

Intra-Specific Variability in Whorl Growth-Rate among Land Gastropods with Conispirally-Coiled Shells

For most conispirally-coiled Gastropods with determinate growth, the geometry of spirally-winding whorls is usually constrained by a strong negative correlation between whorl growth rate and the number of whorls reached at adulthood, as originally reported by the late S.J. Gould. Yet, beyond the tight control of shell-shape at the species level – resulting from this constraint – what about the amplitude of the intra-specific variability of whorl growth-rate, partly contributing to the variability of the overall shell-size at the species level? I address the issue by designing and implementing a new, indirect method for routinely evaluating whorl growth-rate, thereby aiming at considerably saving measurement time, and making it possible to easily achieve repeated measurements across samples large enough to reach statistical significance. This approach was applied to a series of eight common land snail species. The amplitude of intra-specific variability in whorl growth, evaluated this way, proves: (i) being markedly different among the eight investigated species (by a factor that can exceed 2x); (ii) being, yet, high enough, in all cases, to require compensating variations in the adult number of whorls, so as to limit the resulting consequences on the amplitude of the intra-specific variability of adult shell-size. Despite those marked differences in the amplitudes of intra-specific variability of whorl growth-rate among species, no significant relationship was observed between intraspecific variability of whorl growth rate and species-specific shell-shape types (discoidal/globular/elongate) and only weak positive relationship was observed with species-specific typical shell sizes. However, a rather strong positive correlation was found, as expected, between the degree of intra-specific variability of the whorl growth-rate and the degree of intra-specific variability of the number of whorls reached at adulthood (with the yet unexplained exception of one among the eight investigated species).

Post-dipping in Milk Production, Composition, and Quality

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of post-dipping on milk production, composition, and quality of cows with subclinical mastitis. Samples of mast milk from two different dairy farms were analyzed in two moments: before the post-dipping implantation and after 30 days, the samples were conditioned to the refrigeration temperature in an isothermal box and sent to the laboratory for the following analyzes: California Mastitis Test (CMT), Somatic Cell Count (SCC), Fat, Protein, Lactose, Total Solids (TS), Non-Fat Solids (NFS) and microbiological tests, as well as individual milk weighing. The experimental design was completely randomized and arranged in a split-plot scheme, submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) by the F test. The post-dipping practice during 30 days resulted in the means and standard deviation of the analyzes of the studied variables, where the values of SCC, CMT, and microbiological score profile were statistically significant. The highest etiological agent found was Staphylococcus spp. The fat and lactose profile increased in both farms, but there was no significant difference. Protein increased in both farms, but in farm I, there was no significant difference and in farm 2, there was a significant difference. Total Solids, Non-greasy solids, and weighing had a percentage increase, but the means of weight did not differ statistically. The post-dipping technique was an effective measure in the control of subclinical mastitis and brings health benefits to the mammary gland.

Molecular Characterization of Virus Infecting Momordica charantia Linn and the Application of Trichoderma viride as Biocontrol Agent in Baccocco Cross River State, Nigeria

Momordica charantia Linn, commonly called bitter-melon or ampalaya, is a vigorous, tendril-bearing, frost tender, annual vine of the cucurbitacae family reported to play significant role in health and nutrition. Chlorotic spot symptoms were observed on this plant during a visit to some Gardens in Baccocco Cross River State, Nigeria in 2021. The aim of this study was to identify the virus infecting this plant and investigate the ability of Trichoderma viride to control the virus. Infected leaf samples of M. charantia were collected and maintained on young seedlings of cucumber through mechanical inoculation which was further used to test the ability of Trichoderma viride as biocontrol agent, the sample was further tested against RT-PCR. Result obtained from Gene sequence analysis revealed 87 % nucleotide sequence identity with Morroccan watermelon mosaic virus. This is the first report of MWMV infecting M. charantia in Nigeria. The result further showed that Trichoderma viride was very effective in the control of virus the pathogen.

Long-term Trend in Mean Density of Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) Uncertain

Two recent attempts to model the long-term trend in mean density of Antarctic krill in the southwestern sector of the Atlantic using the KRILLBASE dataset using different statistical methods as well as inclusion versus exclusion of data from “non-scientific” nets have resulted in disparate conclusions. The approach that used a linear mixed model (LMM) fitted to the log of mean density, after standardisation was applied to individual net hauls and with means calculated for 12 spatial strata by years between 1976 and 2016, gave a highly statistically significant linear “regional” decline north of 60oS and, to a lesser degree, south of this latitude. The alternative approach that used a ”hurdle” model fitted to the individual net haul data, excluded regional stratification, and excluded non-scientific nets failed to detect an overall significant decline. The method of modelling log transformed means was reappraised and corrected by applying a meta-analytic LMM approach. Additionally, nonlinear smooths in year by region and a smooth in mean “climatological temperature” were included in the LMM. This model showed on average a mostly consistent decline north of 60oS, however, neither trend was significantly different from a no-trend prediction with the trend north of 60oS highly uncertain. Uncertainty of predictions resulted in only weak power to detect a substantial decline of the order of 70% between 1985 and 2005. These model-based inferences neither strongly support nor reject a general hypothesis that there has been a dramatic decline in density of Antarctic krill in the Southwest Atlantic over this period.

New Model for the COVID-19 Reported Cases and Deaths of Ghana in Accelerated Spread and Prediction of the Delayed Phase

There is an ongoing investigation on the transmission characteristics of COVID-19 with respect to country-based inflection points, nature of distribution and prediction of future trends. In this study, a new accelerated and delayed spread models for COVID-19 reported cases and deaths in Ghana were developed. Optimization techniques coupled with interpolations, least square and non-linear regression methods, to come out with an informed modeling strategy to predict the delayed spread for the case of Ghana were adopted. Derivative and tangent methods were also applied to determine inflection points for Ghana’s cases and death from COVID-19. The data used for the study covered the first 250 days of events and interventions of the pandemic in Ghana. It was realized that the distribution of the COVID-19 situation in Ghana followed an exponential distribution curve. A modification of the developed model to help optimize the error between observed and estimated values yielded an improvement in the prediction of the delayed phase. Our derived parameters revealed that transmission of the virus between phases depended on changes in the precautionary measures and peoples' behaviors. The study thus shows that Ghana passed her inflection point of reported cases on Sunday 19th July, 2020 and may currently be in the delayed phase characterized with a staggering trend where new infections similar in magnitude to previous infections may upsurge. The correlation between reported cases and deaths revealed linear dependence with positive deviation between accelerated and delayed phases. In conclusion, the study predicted the commencement of a new wave in Ghana after Wednesday October 28, 2020 with higher intensity than what was previously observed if timely impositions of interventions to minimize the effect of the second wave are not taken.

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Annual research & review in biology  

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Linking ISSN (ISSN-L): 2347-565X

URL http://www.sciencedomain.org/journal-home.php?id=32

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Title proper: Annual research & review in biology.

Abbreviated key-title: Annu. res. rev. biol.

Original alphabet of title: Basic roman

Subject: UDC : 57

Subject: Biological sciences in general

Publisher: Hooghly: Sciencedomain International

Dates of publication: 2013- 9999

Frequency: Quarterly

Type of resource: Periodical

Language: English

Country: India

Medium: Online

Indexed by: SCOPUS

Indexed by: TITLE DOI

Indexed by: PUBMED

Indexed by: CROSSREF

Indexed by: FATCAT

Indexed by: WIKIDATA

Indexed by: OPENALEX

Indexed by: ROAD

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Resource network, resource history.

Continues: Annual review and research in biology, 2231-4776

Record information

Type of record: Confirmed

Last modification date: 29/05/2023

ISSN Center responsible of the record: ISSN National Centre for India

Record creation date: 01/11/2013

Original ISSN Centre: ISSN National Centre for India

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