-Structural: “Is the word in capital letters.?”
-Phonological: “Does the word rhyme with WEIGHT?”’
-Semantic: “Would the word fit in the sentence: “He met a ……. in the street?”
After the questions, the participants were given a list of words and asked to circle those they remembered. The results showed that words processed semantically had the highest rate of accurate recall (80%), second was phonological (50%) and finally there was structural (15%).
This is evidence supporting the LOP and C&L’s critique of the multi-store model. They said that A&S focused too much on the way all information travels between stores the same way, regardless of other factors like encoding.
That being said, the MSM wasn’t just about structures. The model also focused on control processes, such as attention, rehearsal, search and retrieval. Information flows between the stores, they argued, based on these control processes (e.g. sensory to STS through attention, STS to LTS through rehearsal and LTS to STS through search and retrieval). But the MSM put too much emphasis on rehearsal as the primary way information is transferred, according to C&L, and that other factors like depth of encoding are important.
Another interesting comparison is the chronology. The MSM came the studies that supported the model, like HM’s case study, the primacy and recency effect studies by Glanzer and Cunitz and the trigram studies by Peterson and Peterson. The LOP, on the other hand, was proposed in 1972 and the main study that supports it was published three years later in 1975.
Perhaps another point of comparison is the origins of the theory. The MSM was an attempt to combine a range of ideas that emerged from studies in the years prior. It was hoped the model would consolidate and explain the range of findings coming from the cognitive revolution. The LOP, on the other hand, it would appear was devised solely as a critique of the MSM. The motivations for both models are different.
In conclusion, we can see the LOP and MSM both have empirical evidence to support their claims. Whereas the MSM focuses on structures and processes, the LOP is more focused just on processes. They also differ in how and why the theories and studies originated. (Approx. 850 words).
Travis Dixon is an IB Psychology teacher, author, workshop leader, examiner and IA moderator.
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Some of the most common essay questions are those that start with the command term “discuss”. According to the IB curriculum guides, discuss means to “Offer a considered and balanced review that includes a range of arguments, factors or hypotheses.” For my students and me, this language is pretty wordy. So, instead, I recommend that they “present an argument.” In doing so, they should think globally with regard to the question and not simply evaluate the studies that they use to support their position. I also tell them to think about “what are the issues when we discuss this question?”
The key to a good discussion is that goes beyond description and addresses the complexities of the question.
First, it is important to learn how to decode questions. Here are a few of the more tricky discuss questions in the curriculum:
As always, understanding the questions requires a bit of English grammar. It is important to understand that the question is asking you to discuss the “object of the verb.” So, discuss “ethical considerations” or discuss “validity and reliability”, or discuss “the role.”
In order to get top marks for a discussion question, you should
Let’s start with the first question above: Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the sociocultural to studying behavior .
What do we need to do before we begin?
When discussing ethical considerations, here are some things to consider:
Notice that this question is not a general retelling of unethical studies or an evaluation of studies for their level of ethics.
Now it’s your turn. Below are the other five questions listed above. For each question, think about what information is necessary to write your “discussion.” After you have done that, it is time to practice writing your ERQs!
1. Discuss the role of culture on one behavior or cognitive process.
What are we going to discuss?
The goal of this question is to look at how culture may have an effect on a behavior (e.g. conformity) or a cognitive process (e.g. memory). Culture may either be a cultural dimension, or aspects of a culture such as social factors, including education or way of life.
The key to this question is to discuss how this happens. If I am looking at education, for example, and discussing Cole & Scribner's research, I can talk about developing schemas for learning through direct teaching. If I am looking at cultural dimensions, I would discuss how this is linked to food resources (hunting vs farming).
How can we holistically discuss this question?
One of the key issues with this question is how psychologists isolate variables. It is difficult to determine whether diet alone has a major effect on cognitive development. There is also the question of individual differences. Also, it is very difficult to carry out ethical experimentation to try to determine a cause-and-effect relationship.
2. Discuss the validity and reliability of diagnosis
The goal here is to discuss both the level of validity of diagnosis - that is, the success of a diagnosis in leading to effective treatment - and the reliability of diagnosis, or that different practitioners get the same diagnosis by carrying out the same tests. You shouldn't just show studies that indicate that reliability or validity may not always be strong, but discuss the factors that may play a role in the level of validity/reliability. One position that you may take is that research has shown that several factors may affect the validity and reliability of diagnosis - for example, the schema of the practitioner, cultural and/or gender biases, and the problem of self-reported data from the "patient."
There are several "global problems" with research on this question. First, there is the problem of "rediagnosis." In the case of Lipton & Simon, although their level of reliability was low, it has to be acknowledged that the level of symptoms changes over time. If a person has been treated then the symptoms may be different than when the first diagnosis was given. It is difficult then to determine whether the same situation is being assessed - and thus claims about the lack of reliability are questionable. Also, there are several studies in which artificial situations are set up - for example, Li-Repac's study on cultural bias. When creating artificial/hypothetical situations, these are low in ecological validity and thus do not reflect how diagnoses are made. Finally, placebo effects in treatment may lead to improvement, even if the diagnosis was not actually correct. It is very difficult, therefore, to determine the level of reliability and validity.
3. Discuss research on resilience.
The question is asking you to discuss research - so describing and explaining research that investigates the nature of resilience or even strategies for building resilience. An essential part of this question would be a clear definition of resilience and then clearly linking each study to that definition.
Most of the research is based on case studies or animal research - both of which are difficult to generalize. Also, resilience is difficult to measure. It is difficult to isolate variables in the research as there are so many factors - both dispositional and situational - which may influence an individual's behavior.
4. Discuss sociocultural factors in one health problem.
First, you have to identify the health problem (e.g. stress) and then what the sociocultural factors will be - for example, social hierarchies and poverty. Then you have to link these factors and stress. Why do social hierarchies have this effect? How do we know what we know?
Much of the research on this topic is longitudinal and prospective. The benefits of this type of research should be discussed. Also, Sapolsky has done most of his research on animals (baboons); the question of the extent to which we can generalize from animal research would also be an important topic for this essay. Finally, the interaction of biological, cognitive, and social aspects of stress should be addressed. It is very difficult to isolate only one set of factors. Focusing only on social aspects does not explain the differences that we see within each level of a hierarchy or in poor communities. Finally, you could discuss the implications of the research.
5. Discuss the role of communication in maintaining relationships.
The discussion should be on how communication helps or hurts a relationship. Research by John Gottman, Bradbury & Fincham, or Altman & Taylor would be appropriate to show the role of communication, but it is important to show why communication styles may have the effect they do.
Much of the research has focused on how relationships end, rather than on positive communication styles. The research has also been taken from couples who are in a period of break-up, which means that we have difficulty determining when and why these communication styles began unless we are reliant on the memories of the couple. It is also difficult to set up experimental testing for the theories as they are hypothetical and lack ecological validity. Finally, there is the question of culture and the extent to which it plays a role in communication styles.
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Body of the essay. Conclusion. References and bibliography. Additionally, your research topic must fall into one of the six approved DP categories, or IB subject groups, which are as follows: Group 1: Studies in Language and Literature. Group 2: Language Acquisition. Group 3: Individuals and Societies. Group 4: Sciences.
To what extent is exposure to corporal punishment before preadolescence correlated with decreased emotional regulation? EE Psychology B. High scoring IB Psychology Extended Essay examples. See what past students did and make your Psychology EE perfect by learning from examiner commented examples!
These highlight the diverse range of topics covered by International Baccalaureate® (IB) Diploma Programme (DP) students during their extended essays. Some examples are: "An analysis of costume as a source for understanding the inner life of the character". "A study of malnourished children in Indonesia and the extent of their recovery ...
2016-2025 IB Extended Essay: Sample IB EE's. Home; Workshops Toggle Dropdown. Workshop 1: Getting started ; Workshop 2: EE Options ; Workshop 3: Selecting a topic ; ... Psychology EE (2018 new rubric) Applied Behavior Analysis and Early Intervention: The Extent of Recovery from Autism. Psychology 1. Psychology 2.
June 9, 2024. This is the complete guide on Psychology Extended Essay for the IB students. Whether you're currently determining what subjects to work on or you've already made up your mind that you want to focus on psychology, you'll find this guide quite helpful. The guide covers everything you need to know about the topic.
The answer to every question in psychology. Travis Dixon September 27, 2021 Revision and Exam Preparation. There's a simple way to tell if your essays are on track to score top marks. +2. I'm about to tell you the answer to every essay question in IB Psychology. It's a simple two word answer. WARNING: you're probably not going to like the ...
Step 2: Find a second study for each topic. An important component of the IB Psychology essay rubric is "Use of research.". This means using studies to support the arguments and claims you're making in your essay. Therefore, to score well in this section, it is advisable to prepare at least two studies for every topic.
In the IB program, you can earn a maximum of 34 points when you write your Psychology extended essay. Combined with the ones you get from your TOK and CAS activities, they make up your total. for your Psychology extended essay. Your work should be around 3,000 to 4,000 words long. It includes all the writing in the central part of your essay ...
This post will show you four easy steps you can apply to any exam question to write the perfect introduction. Scroll to the bottom for a simple practice tip. First impressions matter, especially in your IB exams. You're writing essays in IB Psych to show what an excellent psychologist you are, but you have about 1,000 words and 60 minutes to ...
Paper 1 is two hours and both SL and HL students must answer it. Section 1 contains three short answer questions (SAQs), each from the biological, cognitive, and sociocultural approaches. All three questions have to be answered and there is no choice. Each SAQ is worth 9 marks, for a total of 27 marks. Section 2 contains three extended response ...
The effect of a growth mindset on academic performance (2022) An exploration of genetics as the main casual factor of anorexia nervosa (2022) An exploration of the use of electroconvulsive therapy to treat depressive disorders as compared with more conventional treatments, in modern psychiatric practice (2022) The effectiveness of the ...
IB Extended Essay: Past Essays. EE Home; Lessons Toggle Dropdown. Research Questions ... Renaissance Library Past Essays: Links to all subject area examples; Music EE Examples. Music EE Example 1 Music EE Example 2 Music EE Example 3 Music EE Example 4 Psychology EE Examples. Psych EE Example 1 Psych EE Example 2 Psych EE Example 3 Chinese EE ...
IB PSYCHOLOGY: Extended Essay Assessment. All extended essays are externally assessed by examiners appointed by the IBO. All extended essays are marked on a scale from 0 to. 34. For each criterion, examiners are instructed to identify the level descriptor that is most appropriate (i.e. the best match) for the extended essay under consideration.
This interactive digital book is a complete collection of model essay (22 marks) answers prepared for all of the Paper 1 and Paper 2 examination questions for both SL and HL IB Psychology. All of the Core topics and both Options are covered. These 270+ pages of model essay answers have been authored by a very experienced and passionate IB Psychology teacher (Head of the Psychology Department ...
The extended essay is an independent, self-directed piece of research, finishing with a 4,000-word paper. One component of the International Baccalaureate® (IB) Diploma Programme (DP) core, the extended essay is mandatory for all students. Read about the extended essay in greater detail. You can also read about how the IB sets deadlines for ...
EE Biology A. Fast track your coursework with mark schemes moderated by IB examiners. Upgrade now 🚀. Promoted. Advertise with Clastify. To what extent do phytochemicals such as resveratrol, glyceollin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) possess comparable antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria to a non-prescription ...
Items in the IB store are available to everyone. Publications include: 50 more extended essays, a DVD of essays submitted in the DP that all fulfil the requirements for an 'A' grade in the current syllabus; The Extended Essay Guide, a free material in the Programme Resource Centre (PRC), which requires a log-in given to IB World Schools; 10 monografias excelentes, a digital document ...
Of the command terms for IB Psychology essays, "contrast" is the hardest to write. Here is an example essay that contrasts two models of memory. Please note - this essay is not written with the intention that you will memorize it. That is a highly inefficient way to study. It's written so you can get ideas on how to structure a contrast ...
Sample essays/answers from old IB exams in Psychology SL/HL with examiner comments. psychology; answers (and 1 more) Tagged with: psychology; ... therefore, the information is useful for helping in setting up a psychology essay for the exam, specifically concerning the Biological Level of Analysis. Updated March 5, 2011. Cognitive Perspective ...
Promoted. Advertise with Clastify. Investigating the word length effect on short term memory through the replication of Baddeley, Thomson and Buchanan's experiment 1 (1975) IA Psychology SL 7. BA Partial Replication of Bransford and Johnson (1972): Investigating the Impact Context Has on Recall. IA Psychology HL 7.
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Command Terms. Discussing discuss. Some of the most common essay questions are those that start with the command term "discuss". According to the IB curriculum guides, discuss means to "Offer a considered and balanced review that includes a range of arguments, factors or hypotheses.". For my students and me, this language is pretty wordy.
Model, exemplar answers to all of the IB Psychology short answer questions asked in the Paper 1 Examination.