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Check out some of our books geared toward helping you write your thesis or dissertation. These are just a sampling--we have many more resources for writing dissertations and theses!
A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature for a degree or professional qualification. Theses have been published at Virginia Tech since 1903. Theses and dissertations have been submitted electronically since 1996, with most of these freely available online. The Virginia Tech Libraries owns few theses or dissertations published at other colleges and universities; expect to obtain most of these documents via interlibrary loan . In addition to the search tools referenced below, most subject specific databases (like PsycInfo, Sociological Abstracts, and Engineering Village) will provide citations for theses and dissertations in their covered fields.
Read more about searching for theses and dissertations at Virginia Tech here .
See the Graduate Student Calendar for important dates and deadlines concerning defense and submission.
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Submitting your thesis/dissertation
Overview & how to create a ProQuest ETD account Submission help Embargoes and restrictions guide
To create accounts and submit: www.etdadmin.com/tntech/
Visit the ProQuest Thesis/Dissertation Virtual "Bootcamp" for additional resources.
Formatting your thesis/dissertation
This website contains detailed formatting information (see the menu options on the lefthand side of this page).
Thesis/Dissertation formatting checklist (PDF) - UPDATE COMING SOON
Thesis/Dissertation Handbook (PDF) - UPDATE COMING SOON
Note: All formatting instructions follow APA guidelines. If your department requires a different format such as MLA or Latex, just let us know.
Getting Help
Contact an advisory committee member(s).
The Writing Excellence Studio (WEST) offers free one-on-one writing consultation by appointment. They will not proofread or make edits to your paper, but they can help with grammar, language usage, citations, and other issues.
Two excellent online APA style and formatting resources are:
https://owl.purdue.edu/ https://apastyle.apa.org/
Printing your thesis/dissertation
You can order print, bound copies for a fee during the submission process. ProQuest handles this for you. Be sure to ask if your department requires a bound copy.
Accessing Tennessee Tech's theses/dissertations Some theses and dissertations are in print in the library, and some are available online by following the directions below.
Graduate Student Master's Thesis/Final Project Award
Every November the Tennessee Conference of Graduate Schools (TCGS) recognizes the exceptional work of Tennessee graduate students. To apply for this award, contact the College of Graduate Studies. Applications are due to TCGS by December 1 each year.
VIEW THIS YEAR'S APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS
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Writing and defending a dissertation or thesis is the culmination of a research-based graduate degree. The steps below will assist students in completing this stage of their education. Please reference the appropriate Degree Completion Timeline for additional details and items needed to complete a degree. The Graduate School at Michigan Technological University also maintains a series of frequently asked questions which answers many potential questions.
Download the Guide to Preparing a Dissertation, Thesis, or Report at Michigan Technological University to learn about the formatting requirements for these documents. Refer to the Graduate School’s formatting page to find document templates and additional formatting assistance. Students should consult with their advisor(s), committee, and graduate programs to determine program-specific requirements for their document.
If students are using copyrighted material created by themselves or others, consult section 5.3 of the Guide and the Graduate School’s copyright website or the Library's Guide for additional guidance.
The Grad School presents on the current process and how to submit these documents.
Students should consult with their advisor(s), committee, and graduate program to determine program-specific requirements for their defense. Students should consult with their committee to determine an appropriate time and place for their defense.
Consult the Graduate School’s website to determine the deadlines for scheduling a defense, holding a defense, and submitting a final document for the desired graduation semester.
Two weeks prior to the defense, students must submit a scheduling request for their defense on their Degree Progress Checklist [ student tutorial ] and submit their dissertation or thesis to Canvas . Students are responsible for distributing the document to the committee in the format requested by each committee member and reserving the location for the defense. Within six business days, the Graduate School will provide feedback on the document’s formatting.
Students must submit the Report on final oral examination form after the defense. This form reports the result of the defense to the Graduate School. The student should complete corrections required by their committee and formatting corrections required by the Graduate School.
After all technical and formatting corrections are complete, students will submit their dissertation or thesis to Digital Commons and ProQuest by the deadline for the desired completion term. The Graduate School will request a review of the dissertation or thesis by the advisor on Digital Commons. Please note that this is a manual process that is completed during business hours. Their approval on Digital Commons replaces the former Approval of a dissertation, thesis, or report form. Their approval will indicate that the corrections have been made to the committee’s satisfaction and that the access and embargo requested for the submission are acceptable. The date a student submits a dissertation or thesis approved by the advisor will determine what semester the student completes their degree and whether or not additional fees or registration are required.
The Graduate School is no longer requiring bound copies. If desired, bound copies may be ordered through ProQuest or another bindery service.
The Graduate School will review advisor approved and complete submissions within six business days of completion and either approve the submission, or inform the student of any formatting corrections that are required. If formatting corrections are required, students will have until the Friday of Finals Week to complete them and remain eligible to complete their degree in the current semester.
Students who cannot meet the deadline for the current semester, but can submit during the grace period, are eligible to register for UN5951 in the upcoming semester and pay the resubmission fee to complete their degree in the next semester. The grace period ends at 4 p.m. on the Wednesday before classes start for the next semester.
Submissions are published on Digital Commons and ProQuest after all degrees are granted for the semester. Grace period submissions are published at the beginning of the semester, pending verification of all other degree requirements.
In the event that changes to the document, metadata, or access are required, please review the options and types of changes available .
New Dissertations and Theses in Library
How do I search for thesis and dissertations of VT graduates?
Theses and dissertations have been published at Virginia Tech since 1903. They have been submitted electronically since 1996 ( ETDs ), with most of these freely available online from VTechWorks - ETDs . Please visit the Research Guide on ETDs page for more information. The Virginia Tech Libraries owns few theses or dissertations published at other colleges and universities; you can obtain many of these documents via Interlibrary Loan .
From Discovery Advanced Search , search the thesis/dissertation title using the “ Title ” search index, or use the “ Title ” AND “ Author ” search indices to find the Virginia Tech electronic theses or dissertations ( ETDs ) by the title AND author. If the OCLC number is indexed, you may search for it from the library’s homepage , or from the Discovery Search page. From the results page, click on the thesis/dissertation title to view the item information, including: the item description in the “ View Description ” section, such as the OCLC number (if indexed), and the availability in the “ Check Availability ” section, such as the “ Access online ” or “ View online ” links. Finally, clicking on the “ Access online ” or “ View online ” button will take you directly to the VTechWorks records page for the ETD item. If there is a “ Get VText ” link, this will direct you to the item information, with the “ Request item through Interlibrary Loan ” button, to request the item through Interlibrary Loan .
Physical/print copies of Virginia Tech thesis or dissertations can be found from the library’s homepage , or from the Discovery Search page, by searching for the thesis/dissertation by the title, or by the OCLC number (if indexed). From the results page, under “ Refine this Search ”: select Format : “Book - Thesis, Dissertation” (where applicable). Click on the thesis/dissertation title to view the item information, including: the item description in the “ View Description ” section, such as the OCLC number (if indexed), and the availability in the “ Check Availability ” section, such as the Location, Call Number, Status (if held by Virginia Tech). If you are still having trouble, try using the Discovery Advanced Search option to search the thesis/dissertation by “ Title ” AND “ Author ”, as indicated above for the ETDs search.
To limit searches to just Virginia Tech published theses or dissertations, include the phrase "Virginia Polytechnic Institute" with quotes in your search. To limit to documents from particular departments, include the department name in quotes. Note that many departments have changed their names over the years, so you will need to search each variation of name.
To search for thesis and dissertations held by other libraries, from the initial results page, under “ Refine this Search ”: change Held By Library : to “Libraries Worldwide”. In the Discovery Advanced Search page, under “ Search Tools ”: change Held By Library : to “Libraries Worldwide”. You may also limit your search to “ Open Access ” resources.
For information about the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) , ProQuest Theses and Dissertations Global (PQTDG) , other open access repositories, and international thesis and dissertations repositories, such as the Center for Research Libraries (CRL) , see our guide on theses and dissertations for more information.
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Registration, tutorials and templates, thesis or dissertation registration.
Students working on their thesis (including DRPs) or dissertation must register for a minimum of 3 hours of Thesis (XXX5999) or Dissertation (XXX6999) per semester. An exception is made in the semester of graduation (see below).
MS Thesis/ PsyD Students: Once a student begins to register for thesis work, continuous registration is required every term INCLUDING SUMMER, until the thesis/ DRP is accepted in the Office of Graduate Programs.
PhD/ DBA/ AvD Dissertation Students: Once admitted to candidacy, continuous dissertation registration is required every term INCLUDING SUMMER, until the dissertation is accepted in the Office of Graduate Programs.
Students are urged to check with the Office of Graduate Programs IN ADVANCE if they need to request a waiver of the requirement for continuous registration.
ONLY in the semester of graduation may students register for fewer than the minimum 3 hours of thesis or dissertation. Students must have already registered for the minimum number of hours required by their program in order to register for fewer than 3 hours of thesis or dissertation. To register for zero (0) hours, students must have been registered for at least 3 hours the preceding semester and MUST HAVE ALREADY SUCCESSFULLY DEFENDED.
The required number of registration hours is determined by the date on which the thesis or dissertation is accepted in the Office of the Graduate Programs according to the following schedule.
Hour(s) | Fall 2023 | Spring 2024 | Summer 2024 |
---|---|---|---|
Friday, September15, 2023 | Friday, February 2, 2024 | Friday, May 24, 2024 | |
Friday, October 13, 2023 | Friday, March 1, 2024 | Friday, June 14, 2024 | |
Monday, November 13, 2023 | Friday, March 29, 2024 | Friday, July 5, 2024 | |
Monday, December 11, 2023 | Monday, April 29, 2024 | Monday, July 22, 2024 |
For further information concerning the above requirements, see Graduate Policy 4.10
Procedure for Registering for fewer than three (3) hours:
Theses and dissertations that do not conform to the required format will not be accepted. Turn-in Date is defined as the date on which the signed Signature Page and the archival copy of the thesis or dissertation are accepted by the Office of Graduate Programs. Acceptance by the Office of Graduate Programs of the completed and signed thesis or dissertation is required for graduation.
A list of most of the requirements for graduate students writing a thesis or dissertation appears below. It is written in the chronological order in which the steps must be taken. Read the list carefully and take note of the time period during which each event must be accomplished.
Check frequently with your advisor to verify that you have also met all requirements stipulated by your academic unit as you proceed through your program. This list appears at the back of the Thesis Manual and Style Guide for Use at Florida Institute of Technology (3rd Edition). All thesis/dissertation students are encouraged to consult the Thesis Manual as soon as they start writing.
Make sure the correct plan is on file in your department for your program. Required no later than one month before 9 semester hours are completed.
Fill out the Master's Degree Program Plan form. It must be signed by you, your advisor, and your academic unit head. Students who have not submitted a program plan by the completion of 9 credit hours will not be eligible to register for the upcoming semester and will have a registration hold placed on their account until a plan is submitted.
A formal Program of Study must be signed by you, your advisor, and your academic unit head. Check with your academic unit for the form specific to your academic unit. Submit it to the Graduation Office at the Registrar's with your Petition to Graduate.
Select your committee from the list of approved advisors on the Graduate Faculty list .
Restrictions exist regarding who can serve on your committee, the minimum number of committee members you must have and from which academic units committee members may be selected. Your advisor or the Office of Graduate Programs staff can confirm that you have a valid committee.
Submit the Establishment of Master's Committee form requesting approval of your committee. It is recommended that you submit this request to the Office of Graduate Programs one month prior to your anticipated defense date. Your academic unit may have earlier deadline requirements, so please check with your advisor.
At least 90 days prior to taking the comprehensive exam, select your major advisor. Ask if your academic unit has any formal requirements.
At least 60 days prior to taking the comprehensive exam, your advisor must submit the Establishment of Doctoral Committee form requesting approval of your committee by your academic unit head and director of graduate programs. The written approval must be on file in the Office of Graduate Programs. Confirm that it is there and that it does not differ from the committee you expect to use.
Pass the Comprehensive Exam at least one calendar year before graduation (Report submitted by your academic unit to the Office of Graduate Programs). Proposal Conference (Report submitted by your academic unit to the Office of Graduate Programs). Apply for Admission to Candidacy only after passing the Comprehensive Exam and Proposal Conference (Application filled out by you and submitted by your academic unit to the Office of Graduate Programs). This may be a separate form or it may be Section 3 of the Proposal Conference Report form.
The time at which mandatory thesis or dissertation registration is required is explained below. If you will not be using Florida Tech facilities nor advisor time during a semester, you may request a written, advanced waiver of this requirement. Ask your advisor regarding proper procedures.
You must have at least a 3.0 GPA at first thesis registration. Once registered for thesis, you must register for at least 3 hours of thesis every term thereafter, including summer, until the signed Signature Page, and one archival copy are accepted by the Office of Graduate Programs.
You must register for dissertation the first term after admission to candidacy. This includes summer.
You must register for at least 3 hours of dissertation every term thereafter, including summer, until the signed Signature Page and the archival copy are accepted by the Office of Graduate Programs. You must register for at least 15 semester credit hours of dissertation (XXX 6999) beginning with the term in which your admission to candidacy is approved.
Email several pages of your printed thesis to Monica DeFelice-Robinson ( [email protected] ) early in the writing phase to confirm that your preferred format meets all Graduate School formatting requirements. (e.g. Sample Title Page; Signature Page; Table of Contents; pages with tables, figures, photos etc.; References; Appendices).
File your petition usually no later than the beginning of the semester prior to the earliest semester in which you believe you will graduate. The deadline appears in the current catalog's Academic Calendar. Avoid late petition fees by petitioning for the first possible graduation date. If you do not finish then, re-petition for the next semester.
Establish these as early as possible. Committee members' time becomes limited and rooms appropriate for defenses become booked toward the end of every semester.
Check with your committee members to ascertain the lead time they require, or your academic unit may specify a minimum lead time.
Most committee members require at least two or three weeks.
Policy stipulates a minimum of four weeks prior to your defense.
At the time you distribute your thesis to your committee members, have the Office of Graduate Programs examine your completed printed thesis to verify that it meets all Graduate School formatting requirements. It takes 15 or 20 minutes while you wait, and no appointment is required. While your committee prepares for your defense, you have time to make any format corrections identified by the Office of Graduate Programs. After your defense, you will thereby have only content corrections to make.
When you visit the Office of Graduate Programs for your format check, the staff will alert you to important documents for later submission with your thesis or dissertation. For example, for maximum visibility for your research, you are required to submit your thesis or dissertation to the Scholarship Repository at Florida Institute of Technology. The Scholarship Repository is the digital repository for research and scholarship produced at Florida Tech. For information about the Scholarship Repository go to Electronic Thesis and Dissertation (ETD) Submission page or for specific questions contact Kristin Heifner ( [email protected] ) .
Master's/DBA/AvD and PsyD students are required to submit the ETD Access Form for Scholarship Repository of Florida Institute of Technology.
Ph.D. students are required to complete the Survey of Earned Doctorate and submit the ETD Access Form for Scholarship Repository of Florida Institute of Technology .
Oral Examination/Defense Announcement form must be submitted to the Office of Graduate Programs at least two weeks prior to your defense date. Approval only by your academic unit head is required on the announcement form. You will receive an email version of the announcement for you to review for accuracy. Confirm the date, time, and room reservation of your defense with your committee members.
You are not permitted to defend during Fall or Spring Final Exam Weeks. The thesis defense may be partitioned into two components: an optional "open" component open to anyone and a mandatory "closed" component open only to members of the graduate faculty. Your academic unit can advise you if an open component is permitted or required.
At the defense, confirm that all committee members sign the Examination Report they will have brought with them. If the thesis title changes during the defense, a member must cross out the old wording and write in what has been changed. The thesis title you turn in must match the title on the Examination Report.
Make any corrections that were stipulated during the defense.
Obtain signatures from your committee members. Only have one signature block for the academic unit head (not one as committee member and another as head). Obtain signature of academic unit head last. The academic unit head must sign all Master's theses and all dissertations, whether a member of the committee or not.
All students must submit an archival copy of the thesis or dissertation to the Scholarship Repository of Florida Institute of Technology . Prepare a final copy of your document with an unsigned signature page. Use the following naming convention in all capital letters for your document ( LAST NAME – THESIS OR DISSERTATION - YEAR ). For detailed instructions on how to submit your ETD, visit the Library’s guide to Electronic Thesis and Dissertation (ETD) Submission.
Per the University policy on Open Access for Theses and Dissertations , theses and dissertations are published open access. Once published in the Scholarship Repository of Florida Tech, a thesis or dissertation in its entirety becomes the University’s official record. However, this policy does not preclude submission of entire or partial content of theses or dissertation to other digital repositories or for publication, nor does it impact students’ copyright ownership of their theses or dissertations. For more information, see Open Access for Theses and Dissertations policy.
After uploading, your thesis or dissertation will require final approval by the Office of Graduate Programs.
Turn-in Date is defined as the date on which the signed Signature Page and the archival copy of the thesis or dissertation are accepted by the Office of Graduate Programs. Acceptance by the Office of Graduate Programs of the completed and signed thesis or dissertation by the announced Turn-in deadline is required for graduation.
Signature Page (original with ALL signatures).
Signed ETD Access Form for submission to Scholarship Repository of Florida Institute of Technology. Advisor signature is required.
One electronic copy of your final document emailed to Monica DeFelice-Robinson ( [email protected] ) . OGP staff will compare your uploaded archival version to all formatting comments previously communicated, ensuring that all corrections have been made satisfactorily. Theses and Dissertations that do not conform to the required format will not be accepted.
Survey of Earned Doctorates Certificate of Completion
The following tutorials have been developed to assist you in submitting your thesis or dissertation through the ETD Submittal site.
Formatting your Thesis and Dissertation: Tools, Tips and Troubleshooting
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation (ETD) Submission
GradTrack - Library Resources for Grad Students
The following templates were created as a starting point for your thesis or dissertation.
Open Access for Theses and Dissertations Policy
Welcome to Georgia Tech's system for submitting your graduate thesis or dissertation. Undergraduate Research Option Theses are submitted here as well.
Once you have passed the final defense and satisfied the requirements of the committee, you are ready to submit your manuscript to the Thesis Office for review. This submission process is fully electronic, and is made through an online application developed and maintained by the Texas Digital Library, in conjunction with the Texas A&M, MIT, and UIUC.
To get started with your submission, click the link below. You will be asked to authenticate using your GT Account:
Your feedback is very important to us; it allows us to continue to improve the system. Please feel free to notify us directly at [email protected] if you have any suggestions to increase the usability or effectiveness of this application. You can talk to the your Thesis Office regarding any issues that may arise during the submission process.
Please contact the Thesis Office if you have any questions.
If you have questions about an UNDERGRADUATE thesis, please contact the UROP office: https://urop.gatech.edu/content/contact-us
Vireo 3.0.4 © 2024 Texas Digital Library . All Rights Reserved.
VTechWorks provides global access to Virginia Tech scholarship, including journal articles, books, theses, dissertations, conference papers, slide presentations, technical reports, working papers, administrative documents, videos, images, and more by faculty, students, and staff. Faculty can deposit items to VTechWorks from Elements, including journal articles covered by the University open access policy . Email [email protected] for help.
Virginia Tech's open access policy enables researchers to deposit the accepted version of scholarly articles with no embargo.
Virginia Tech was first in the world to require ETDs in 1997, and continues to add scans of older theses and dissertations.
More than 40 freely available and openly licensed textbooks are among our most downloaded items.
Select a community to browse its collections.
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Important Note concerning the LaTeX template:
You are advised to visit the Office of Graduate Programs early on in your writing to make sure you are following their guidelines for layout and format.
audioundwerbung
I have been very skeptical of hydrogen as an alternative fuel source to replace fossil fuels for quite some time, due primarily to two reasons; the requirement of a fossil fuel (natural gas) to cheaply and efficiently make hydrogen via contemporary mass production methods; and the low efficiencies from converting renewable energy to make hydrogen and vice versa.
Due to the inefficiencies of so-called "green" hydrogen sourced from renewable power, and the fossil fuels required to make "gray," "brown," and "blue" hydrogen, this alternative energy source/energy storage medium has been sidelined in favor of other alternative energy sources, like nuclear power, hydropower, geothermal power, and solar/wind power combined with various forms of energy storage. The energy efficiency from these is often high enough to make them satisfactory for customers in many industries, boxing out possible entry points for hydrogen, while these other alternative fuel sources gain popularity and market share.
However, there are certain areas where hydrogen would be exceedingly useful if its fossil fuel dependence and inefficient conversion to and from energy could be mitigated, such as in rocket fuel, airplane fuel, and other uses. Recently, it appears that efforts to make hydrogen a viable fossil fuel replacement with high conversion efficiency have started to pay off, boosting my hope for a true green hydrogen economy to emerge in the next 10-20 years. It is now increasingly likely that hydrogen will eventually find its niche(s) in a future in which fossil fuels are abandoned - a future that appears to be on the horizon and approaching faster than many think.
Unfortunately, for incumbent electrolyzer producers like Plug Power ( NASDAQ: PLUG ), they are at a significant technological disadvantage. Producers of next-generation electrolyzers and fuel cells will soon begin to scale up and outcompete them in scalability and energy conversion efficiency. I think this publicly listed incumbent will continue to flounder in becoming a green hydrogen leader, and its stock is likely to decline, as investors realize that while the green hydrogen economy may soon start to grow, the company won't grow with it.
Plug Power has also been a consistent money loser, bringing in inadequate revenues to sustain its operations. As a result, the company has relied on a steady diet of debt and dilution to stay afloat, hurting investors who put their faith and capital in this name, hoping to capitalize on the growth of hydrogen. Even if Plug had an industry-leading hydrogen technology, it would be difficult to recommend buying PLUG stock due to how investor-unfriendly it has been thus far.
For these reasons, I think investors with a long-term focus on green hydrogen should consider selling Plug Power and other green hydrogen plays reliant on inefficient and soon-to-be outdated hydrogen technology.
The main driver for renewed optimism that a green hydrogen economy may have a chance to thrive, is the improving energy efficiency of the electrolyzer technology. Capillary-fed electrolysis has been demonstrated in the journal Nature to be much more efficient than conventional electrolyzers, and companies like Hysata are using this new electrolyzer technology to mass produce cost-effective electrolyzers that will be critical in producing green hydrogen. If its claims are to be believed, Hysata's electrolyzers achieve an efficiency of 95% , a reduction of 20% in energy input compared to the current electrolyzers, and had a 40 gigawatt backlog as of late 2023. Each Hysata electrolyzer should produce energy at a 5 megawatt rate, meaning Hysata had a backlog of 8,000 electrolyzers to work through at the end of 2023. The company appears to aim for customer deliveries by 2025, meaning a probable ramp up of electrolyzer production in 2026 and beyond.
The 95% conversion efficiency is incredibly important, if true, for this efficiency level is about the same as the efficiency of storing energy in lithium-ion batteries. This would make Hysata's electrolyzers technologically competitive with one of the faster-growing renewable energy storage mediums, an appealing benefit since hydrogen can be used for more than just energy storage, unlike batteries.
Plug Power has been attempting to produce hydrogen and electrolyzers at scale for decades. In the end, relatively few customers want them - as I have mentioned throughout this piece, that they are simply too inefficient to be worth their while. Batteries for energy storage, on the other hand, are ramping up nicely , no doubt, due to batteries' high energy conversion efficiency of 95%. This is as true for transportation as it is for storage - battery electric vehicles have been selling like hotcakes in the past decade, while hydrogen cars hardly register on automotive sales charts.
Compare the 95% conversion efficiency of batteries to the conversion efficiencies of Plug Power's technology: Plug Power's advertised use of PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) electrolyzers indicates that it achieves a conversion efficiency (slide 13) of over 75%, or over 85%, if the customer engages in heat recovery. These efficiencies are clearly inferior compared to both batteries and next-generation electrolyzers, like those of Hysata and others.
Considering how much R&D investment has gone into Plug's current technology, I don't think a pivot to a more efficient hydrogen technology is on the cards for the company. I suspect that the company's management has by now been taken in by the sunk cost fallacy, preventing it from fundamentally altering the base technology at this point in time. Even if it did, it might be too late to catch up to competitors, whose advanced electrolyzer tech is about to ramp in just the next few years. Can Plug Power replace its existing technology and scale to a totally new and more efficient technology before competitors who have more experience with that technology capitalize on it? I don't think so.
The above technological reasons should be good enough on their own to not bet on PLUG over the long term. As they say, you can't teach an old dog new tricks.
Technological inferiority is bad enough, but Plug Power's financial state also leaves much to be desired.
Seeking Alpha
Revenues for Plug were mostly stable for the first half of the last 10 year period, before some exponential growth. Also growing exponentially is Plug's cost of revenues, meaning Plug's gross profit is decidedly negative, and that's before any other costs related to Plug's business are factored in. This makes the following graphic rather unsurprising, though no less disappointing.
Net income for Plug has been falling off a cliff, which at this point should be expected. There are only so many ways to say a company is fundamentally unprofitable. As for Plug's core business...
…it is also unprofitable, and exponentially loss-making as well. One might ask, if Plug is so fundamentally unprofitable, making losses of several hundred million to a billion dollars per year, does it have sufficient cash reserves to sustain itself? A quick look at Plug's capital structure reveals that it probably doesn't. In fact, Plug Power actually has much more debt on its books than cash.
So, Plug Power has huge losses and insufficient cash to sustain itself, with big debts to pay. How does it survive? See the next image:
It seems that Plug Power takes out large amounts of debt or issues large amounts of stock in order to fund its operations, this includes Plug Power's recent common stock offering of $200 million worth of shares. In my opinion, this isn't sustainable, and if Plug is also at a technological disadvantage with its hydrogen technology, the company is liable to encounter severe financial difficulties, once investors are unwilling to bet on it.
On to PLUG's valuation. EV/Sales and Price/Sales metrics imply that investors are overpaying for this name. Price/Book implies significant undervaluation, but this is likely due to PLUG's price having fallen significantly in the past few years after a probable pandemic hype bubble around hydrogen.
Regardless of what the valuation metrics say about PLUG, I would tell investors to run for the hills here. There is no visible upside, so don't throw good money after bad.
For the main risks to my thesis, there is a chance that even new electrolyzer technology for hydrogen is unable to profitably scale, and that new electrolyzer tech from Plug Power's rising competitors is unable to see the same high laboratory efficiencies when operating at maximum capacity or in typical-use field conditions. If this risk bears out, the competition that endangers Plug would be greatly exaggerated, giving the company a longer runway to develop and sell products running on existing hydrogen technology.
Another set of risks is that hydrogen incumbent Plug Power either significantly improves its energy conversion efficiencies, pivots to copy the approach of these new competitors, or buys up competitors who have high efficiencies and incorporate those competitors' technologies into its products. I see all of these as being rather unlikely, since such endeavors would require committing to actions that either strain the company's weak financials even further or require a complete abandonment of Plug's status quo. Still, investors should be aware that drastic changes like these could occur with Plug Power.
Plug Power might also price its products far below its competitors' products in order to undercut them, prompting customers to buy Plug's devices, despite their lower efficiency. This also seems rather unlikely, since it would mean eating greater losses in the short and medium term, and increased lossmaking is something that neither Plug's financials nor its investors can sustain much more of.
Lastly, PLUG stock might be positively affected by Department of Energy funding recently secured by the company in May of this year. The boost to PLUG could manifest in a short-lived Meme Stock frenzy, per the analysis of Seeking Alpha analyst Henrik Alex. On the other hand, it could happen more steadily, becoming an additional source of funding to add to Plug Power's balance sheet - that is, assuming the company's financials first manage to improve organically with increased profitability and positive margins. Recognition of the DoE funding's effect on Plug's books could prompt investors to buy into PLUG.
I think that due to significant improvements in electrolyzer/fuel cell technology, there is a chance that a green hydrogen economy can find niche spaces to prosper in a world free of fossil fuels. However, incumbents in the hydrogen industry like Plug Power are not likely to see the benefits of these improvements, since they are still relying on last generation's hydrogen technology that customers have been unenthusiastic about for decades. Emerging competitors are scaling new and highly-efficient hydrogen tech that Plug Power can't beat.
Additionally, the returns of PLUG stock over many years have been totally unproductive, and outright financially destructive, for buy-and-hold investors interested in a future hydrogen economy. The stock has been a money pit for investor capital, and the only justification for investment in PLUG would be that Plug Power is a technology leader in hydrogen production that is the closest to successfully and widely launching hydrogen technology. Unfortunately, that condition for investing in the company probably won't be met, now that a more advanced, lower-cost, and more efficient hydrogen technology from competitors is on the horizon.
As such, investors should drop this losing hydrogen name, as well as any other hydrogen incumbent whose value as a company is reliant on outdated technologies. Accordingly, I rate PLUG stock a sell.
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An effective evaluation of a bachelor's thesis (BT) needs the use of valid tools such as rubrics. There are few studies providing a validation of rubrics for these theses and even fewer in the academic field of food science and technology; hence the aim of this study was to validate a rubric for the assessment of relevant competencies in the BT. Ninety-seven students presented their thesis and 56 teachers participated as members of the committees. The degree of relevance, suitability, and clarity of the rubrics were assessed as well as the relationship between student perception and academic performance and the congruence between the teacher's and students' evaluations. The content validity index and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated. Students had a moderate level of knowledge about rubrics, but they mostly agreed with the premise that the rubrics are an accurate tool to assess the quality of BTs. Teacher's and student's marks mostly aligned. No significant relationship was found between the positive perception of rubric's validity and the final grades. Regarding clarity, suitability, and relevance as perceived by teachers, the used rubrics were highly valued. The ICC of criteria indicated that the rubrics were valid in the studied terms. Hence, the validation of a food science and technology degree BT assessment system based on a rubric has been achieved. Supporting Information PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The conclusions drawn from this research could enable teachers at other universities to use this methodology for validating their rubrics for bachelor's theses. Furthermore, they could use this validated rubric to evaluate projects presented at their respective institutions.
Keywords: bachelor's thesis; peer evaluation; rubrics; validation.
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The available data on the fluorite potential of the Khabarovsk krai, the Jewish Autonomous Region and Amur oblast have been synthesized. Fluorite deposits and occurrences were ascribed to the rare-earth–fluorite, beryllium–fluorite, fluorite–tin-ore, base-metal–fluorite, and fluorite mineralization types. Fluorite also occurs in the ore and phosphorite deposits of the fluorite-bearing mineralization type. The features of their localization in different tectono-stratigraphic areas of the region are shown. Fluorite-bearing districts were identified and their economic potential was assessed. Most promising fluorite occurrences are located along the periphery of the Siberian platform and in the southern part of the Bureya massif. Inferred fluorite resources were calculated and the prospects for their industrial development were estimated.
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Kosygin Institute of Tectonics and Geophysics, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 680000, Khabarovsk, Russia
A. A. Cherepanov & N. V. Berdnikov
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Cherepanov, A.A., Berdnikov, N.V. The Potential of the Khabarovsk Krai, Jewish Autonomous Region and the Amur Oblast for Fluorite Mineralization. Russ. J. of Pac. Geol. 17 , 364–376 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1819714023040024
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Received : 12 January 2023
Revised : 10 March 2023
Accepted : 24 March 2023
Published : 02 August 2023
Issue Date : August 2023
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1134/S1819714023040024
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This section offers a well-organized and extensive list of 1000 computer science thesis topics, designed to illuminate diverse pathways for academic inquiry and innovation. Whether your interest lies in the emerging trends of artificial intelligence or the practical applications of web development, this assortment spans 25 critical areas of ...
All theses and dissertations authored by Georgia Tech graduate students are openly shared and preserved via the GT Digital Repository. Theses and dissertations published 2004 to the present are openly accessible. Those published prior to 2004 are available to the Georgia Tech community only, unless permission to make them openly available has been given by the author (to grant permission to ...
Welcome to CaltechTHESIS. CaltechTHESIS is a growing repository of Ph.D., Engineer, Master's and Bachelor's/Senior theses authored by Caltech students. It is updated continuously as students add new theses, and as library staff scan and add older theses. Deposit: Caltech faculty, staff, and students only may submit items to the repository.
Virginia Tech has been a world leader in electronic theses and dissertation initiatives for more than 20 years. On January 1, 1997, Virginia Tech was the first university to require electronic submission of theses and dissertations (ETDs). Ever since then, Virginia Tech graduate students have been able to prepare, submit, review, and publish ...
A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature for a degree or professional qualification. Theses have been published at Virginia Tech since 1903. Theses and dissertations have been submitted electronically since 1996, with most of ...
contains general instructions for writing a Master of Science (technology) thesis at Tampere Uni-versity. It introduces students to the basic elements of clear and unambiguous technical writing. These guidelines are intended for master's theses, but may be applied to bachelor's theses as well as other reports.
Go to the Library's databases. Click on All Databases by Name (A-Z), then click on D. Click on "Dissertations & Theses Global". In the search box, type Tennessee Technological University and search to see all or enter the title to search for a specific thesis or dissertation. Graduate Student Master's Thesis/Final Project Award.
Completing the Dissertation or Thesis. After all technical and formatting corrections are complete, students will submit their dissertation or thesis to Digital Commons and ProQuest by the deadline for the desired completion term. The Graduate School will request a review of the dissertation or thesis by the advisor on Digital Commons.
Theses and dissertations have been published at Virginia Tech since 1903. They have been submitted electronically since 1996 (), with most of these freely available online from VTechWorks - ETDs.Please visit the Research Guide on ETDs page for more information. The Virginia Tech Libraries owns few theses or dissertations published at other colleges and universities; you can obtain many of ...
Procedures. Email copy of your thesis/dissertation draft to Monica DeFelice-Robinson ( [email protected]) for format check prior to your defense. Review turn-in requirements and deadlines prior to your thesis and dissertation defense. Graduate students are responsible for the "quality control" for their theses and dissertations.
Welcome to the ETD Submission System. Welcome to Georgia Tech's system for submitting your graduate thesis or dissertation. Undergraduate Research Option Theses are submitted here as well. Once you have passed the final defense and satisfied the requirements of the committee, you are ready to submit your manuscript to the Thesis Office for review.
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Florida Tech Thesis & Dissertation Manual & Style Guide . You are advised to visit the Office of Graduate Programs early on in your writing to make sure you are following their guidelines for layout and format. << Previous: I am a new Graduate Student at Florida Tech!
Risks to Thesis. For the main risks to my thesis, there is a chance that even new electrolyzer technology for hydrogen is unable to profitably scale, and that new electrolyzer tech from Plug Power ...
An effective evaluation of a bachelor's thesis (BT) needs the use of valid tools such as rubrics. There are few studies providing a validation of rubrics for these theses and even fewer in the academic field of food science and technology; hence the aim of this study was to validate a rubric for the assessment of relevant competencies in the BT.
Khabarovsk Krai (Russian: Хабаровский край, romanized: Khabarovskiy kray, IPA: [xɐˈbarəfskʲɪj kraj]) is a federal subject (a krai) of Russia.It is located in the Russian Far East and is administratively part of the Far Eastern Federal District.The administrative centre of the krai is the city of Khabarovsk, which is home to roughly half of the krai's population and the ...
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences home page — Master's thesis presentations July 31, 2024 — Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology.July 31, 2024
Khabarovsk Krai graduate doctoral students with thesis defense was at level of 0 persons in 2015, unchanged from the previous year. The description is composed by our digital data assistant. ... Our revolutionary technology changes the way individuals and organizations discover, visualize, model, and present their data and the world's data to ...
A. A. Cherepanova and N. V. Berdnikova, *. a Kosygin Institute of Tectonics and Geophysics, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khabarovsk, 680000 Russia *e-mail: [email protected]. Received January 12, 2023; revised March 10, 2023; accepted March 24, 2023. Abstract—The available data on the fluorite potential of the Khabarovsk ...
The available data on the fluorite potential of the Khabarovsk krai, the Jewish Autonomous Region and Amur oblast have been synthesized. Fluorite deposits and occurrences were ascribed to the rare-earth-fluorite, beryllium-fluorite, fluorite-tin-ore, base-metal-fluorite, and fluorite mineralization types. Fluorite also occurs in the ore and phosphorite deposits of the fluorite-bearing ...