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Instructions to authors

Manuscript preparation Charges, licences, and self-archiving policy Article Promotion

About the journal

JAMIA is AMIA's premier peer-reviewed journal for biomedical and health informatics. Covering the full spectrum of activities in the field, JAMIA includes informatics articles in the areas of clinical care, clinical research, translational science, implementation science, imaging, education, consumer health, public health, and policy. JAMIA 's articles describe innovative informatics research and systems that help to advance biomedical science and to promote health. Case reports, perspectives and reviews also help readers stay connected with the most important informatics developments in implementation, policy and education.

Contact the Editorial Office at [email protected]

Editorial policy

JAMIA considers publication of any original manuscript in biomedical and health informatics. This includes informatics manuscripts in the areas of: clinical care, clinical research, translational bioinformatics, consumer health, public health, and imaging. Papers submitted to the journal will be screened for plagiarism using Similarity Check / iThenticate plagiarism detection tools.

Conflicts of interest

If any of the Editors feel that there is likely to be a perception of a conflict of interest in relation to their handling of a submission or book for review, for example if the author is at the same institution as the Editor, they will declare it to the other editors and/or editorial board, and the submission or review will be handled by one of the other editors. As part of the online submission process, corresponding authors are required to confirm whether they or their co-authors have any conflicts of interest to declare, and to provide details of these. If the manuscript is published, Conflict of Interest information, including if none was declared, will be communicated in a statement in the published paper. 

Authorship is limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the design and execution of the work described. Any contributors whose participation does not meet the criteria for authorship should be acknowledged but not listed as an author. The Journal will contact all listed authors at the point of submission to confirm their role. For a detailed definition of authorship, please see the  International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) definitions of authors and contributors .

The Journal does not allow ghost authorship, where an unnamed author prepares the article with no credit, or guest/gift authorship, where an author who made little or no contribution is listed as an author. The Journal follows Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidance on investigating and resolving these cases. For more information, please see the  OUP Publication Ethics page .

Natural language processing tools driven by artificial intelligence (AI) do not qualify as authors, and the Journal will screen for them in author lists. The use of AI (for example, to help generate content or images, write code, process data, or for translation) should be disclosed both in cover letters to editors and in the Methods or Acknowledgements section of manuscripts. Please see the  COPE position statement on Authorship and AI  for more details.

After manuscript submission, no authorship changes (including the authorship list, author order, and who is designated as the corresponding author) should be made unless there is a substantive reason to do so. The editor and all co-authors must agree on the change(s), and neither the Journal nor the publisher mediates authorship disputes. If individuals cannot agree on the authorship of a submitted manuscript, contact the editorial office at  [email protected] . The dispute must be resolved among the individuals and their institution(s) before the manuscript can be accepted for publication. If an authorship dispute or change arises after a paper is accepted, contact OUP’s Author Support team. COPE provides  guidance for authors on resolving authorship disputes .

After submission, changing who is designated as the corresponding author will be permitted only where there is a substantive reason to do so. For the avoidance of doubt, changing the corresponding author in order to access Read and Publish funding is not permissible. For more information on Read and Publish funding, see the Open access charges section.

The Journal uses the contributor roles taxonomy (CRediT), which allows authors to describe the contributor roles in a standardized, transparent, and accurate way. Authors should choose from the contributor roles outlined on the  CRediT website  and supply this information upon submission. You may choose multiple contributor roles per author. Any other individuals who do not meet authorship criteria and made less substantive contributions should be listed in your manuscript as non-author contributors with their contributions clearly described. Following manuscript submission, any changes to contributor roles require the approval of the editor.

Manuscript preparation

Article types and word counts.

JAMIA word limits exclude materials in Acknowledgments and in References sections. Supplemental materials such as additional tables, figures, data sets and source code can be included for online only publication. For all articles, authors are required to submit related published materials (including articles published in conference proceedings) to allow reviewers to assess the degree of overlap. These materials can be entered as appendices "for review only".

Please note that all submissions should be double-spaced.

Research and Applications

Research and Applications articles describe original work in the formulation, implementation, or evaluation of informatics-based studies and investigations. The articles do not need to be limited to hypothesis-driven research, and they can, for example, report on an innovative application of information technology, the detailed description of a new methodology, or the formulation and formative evaluation of a new model. The structured abstract should contain the headings: Objective, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion. The main text should, in addition to the sections corresponding to these headings, include a section describing Background and Significance.

Word count: up to 4000 words. Structured abstract: up to 250 words. Tables: up to 4. Figures: up to 6. References: unlimited.

Review articles contain systematic reviews of the literature or concise tutorials on topics of broad interest to the readers. The structured abstract and text for a systematic review should follow the same format as the one required of Research & Applications articles described above. The structured abstract for a tutorial should contain the headings: Objectives, Target Audience, and Scope (covered topics).

Brief Communications

Brief Communications are short versions of Research and Applications articles, often describing focused approaches to solve a particular problem, or preliminary evaluation of a novel system or methodology.

Word count: up to 2000 words. Structured abstract: up to 150 words. Tables: up to 2. Figures: up to 3. References: unlimited.

Case Reports

Case Reports describe the experience of an institution or consortium in implementing information systems or informatics methods.

Perspectives

Perspectives report on the views of an organization or opinion leaders on topics of importance to the readers, including new policies and regulations, new directions for research, and perspectives on the success or failure of informatics initiatives affecting a large number of individuals.

Correspondence

Correspondence articles contain letters to the editor, with requests for clarification or criticism from readers, and rebuttals from authors.

Word count: up to 1000 words. Tables: up to 1. Figures: up to 1. References: up to 5.

Editorials and Highlights

Editorials and Highlights are commissioned articles.

Cover letter

Your cover letter should inform the Editor of any special considerations regarding your submission, including but not limited to:

• Details of related papers by the same author(s) already published or under consideration for publication.
• Details of previous reviews of the submitted article.
• Copies of related papers, previous Editors’ and reviewers' comments, and responses to those comments can be submitted using the File Designation "Supplementary file for Editors only". Editors encourage authors to submit previous communications as doing so is likely to expedite the review process.

NIH Employees

Manuscripts authored or co-authored by one or more NIH employees must be submitted with a completed and signed NIH Publishing Agreement and Manuscript Cover Sheet according to NIH’s Employee Procedures.

Crossref Funding Data Registry

In order to meet your funding requirements authors are required to name their funding sources, or state if there are none, during the submission process. For further information on this process or to find out more about CHORUS, visit the CHORUS initiative .

The title page must contain the following information:

• Title of the article.
• Full name, postal address, e-mail and telephone number of the corresponding author.
• Full name, department, institution, city, country, and degree of all co-authors.
• Up to five keywords or phrases suitable for use in an index (it is recommended to use MeSH terms).
• Word count, excluding title page, abstract, references, figures and tables.

Manuscript format

The manuscript must be submitted as a Word document. Compiled PDF is accepted only if the source file is LaTeX.

The manuscript should be presented in the following order:

• Title page.
• Abstract (Note: references should not be included in abstracts or summaries).
• Main text separated under appropriate headings and subheadings using the following hierarchy: BOLD CAPS, bold lower case, Plain text, Italics.
• Tables should be in Word format and placed in the main text where the table is first cited.
• Tables must be cited in the main text in numerical order.
• Acknowledgments, Competing Interests, Funding and all other required statements.
• Reference list.

Images must be uploaded as separate files (view further details under the Figures/illustrations section). All images must be cited within the main text in numerical order and legends should be provided at the end of the manuscript.

Appendices should be uploaded using the File Designation "Supplementary File" and cited in the main text.

Please remove any hidden text headers or footers from your file before submission.

Graphical/Video Abstracts

JAMIA offers authors the opportunity to publish either a video or graphical abstract that illustrates the content of an article. This image can contain text such as labels, but does not have a figure legend. There are no costs to add these features to an article. Abstract files should be submitted at the revision stage, and uploaded as separate files outside of the main manuscript. 

Abbreviations and symbols must be standard. SI units should be used throughout, except for blood pressure values which should be reported in mm Hg.

Whenever possible, drugs should be given their approved generic name. Where a proprietary (brand) name is used, it should begin with a capital letter.

Acronyms should be used sparingly and fully explained when first used.

For more information on preparing figures, see OUP’s Author Resource Centre on figures.

Figure accessibility and alt text

Incorporating alt text (alternative text) when submitting your paper helps to foster inclusivity and accessibility. Good alt text ensures that individuals with visual impairments or those using screen readers can comprehend the content and context of your figures. The aim of alt text is to provide concise and informative descriptions of your figure so that all readers have access to the same level of information and understanding, and that all can engage with and benefit from the visual elements integral to scholarly content. Including alt text demonstrates a commitment to accessibility and enhances the overall impact and reach of your work.  

Alt-text is applicable to all images, figures, illustrations, photographs, and it isn’t required for tables and large datasets (unless the tables are provided as figures). 

Alt-text is only accessible via e-reader and so it won’t appear as part of the typeset article. 

Detailed guidance on how to draft and submit alt text . 

Tables should be in Word format and placed in the main text where the table is first cited. Tables must be cited in the main text in numerical order. Please note that tables embedded as Excel files within the manuscript are NOT accepted. Tables in Excel should be copied and pasted into the manuscript Word file.

Tables should be self-explanatory and the data they contain must not be duplicated in the text or figures. Any tables submitted that are longer/larger than 2 pages will be published as online only supplementary material.

Multimedia files

You may submit multimedia files to enhance your article. Video files are preferred in .WMF or .AVI formats, but can also be supplied as .FLV, .Mov, and .MP4. When submitting, please ensure you upload them using the File Designation "Supplementary File - Video".

Authors are responsible for the accuracy of cited references and these should be checked before the manuscript is submitted.

Citing in the text

References must be numbered sequentially as they appear in the text. References cited in figures or tables (or in their legends and footnotes) should be numbered according to the place in the text where that table or figure is first cited. Reference numbers in the text should be inserted immediately after punctuation (with no word spacing)—for example,[6] not [6].

Where more than one reference is cited, these should be separated by a comma, for example,[1, 4, 39]. For sequences of consecutive numbers, give the first and last number of the sequence separated by a hyphen, for example,[22-25]. References provided in this format are translated during the production process to superscript type, and act as hyperlinks from the text to the quoted references in electronic forms of the article.

Please note that if references are not cited in order the manuscript may be returned for amendment before it is passed on to the Editor for review.

Preparing the reference list

References must be numbered consecutively in the order in which they are mentioned in the text.

Only papers published or in press should be included in the reference list. Personal communications or unpublished data must be cited in parentheses in the text with the name(s) of the source(s) and the year. Authors should request permission from the source to cite unpublished data.

Reference style

List the names and initials of all authors if there are 3 or fewer; otherwise list the first 3 and add ‘et al.’ (The exception is the Journal of Medical Genetics, which lists all authors). Use one space only between words up to the year and then no spaces. The journal title should be in italic and abbreviated according to the style of Medline. If the journal is not listed in Medline then it should be written out in full.

Example references

Journal article 13 Koziol-Mclain J, Brand D, Morgan D, et al. Measuring injury risk factors: question reliability in a statewide sample. Inj Prev 2000;6:148–50.

Chapter in book 14 Nagin D. General deterrence: a review of the empirical evidence. In: Blumstein A, Cohen J, Nagin D, eds. Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences 1978:95–139.

Book 15 Howland J. Preventing Automobile Injury: New Findings From Evaluative Research. Dover, MA: Auburn House Publishing Company 1988:163–96.

Abstract/supplement 16 Roxburgh J, Cooke RA, Deverall P, et al. Haemodynamic function of the carbomedics bileaflet prosthesis [abstract]. Br Heart J 1995;73(Suppl 2):P37.

Electronic citations Websites are referenced with their URL and access date, and as much other information as is available. Access date is important as websites can be updated and URLs change. The "date accessed" can be later than the acceptance date of the paper, and it can be just the month accessed.

Electronic journal articles Morse SS. Factors in the emergency of infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis 1995 Jan-Mar;1(1). www.cdc.gov/nciod/EID/vol1no1/morse.htm (accessed 5 Jun 1998).

Electronic letters Bloggs J. Title of letter. Journal name Online [eLetter] Date of publication. url eg: Krishnamoorthy KM, Dash PK. Novel approach to transseptal puncture. Heart Online [eLetter] 18 September 2001. http://heart.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/86/5/e11#EL1

Language Editing

Language editing, if your first language is not English, to ensure that the academic content of your paper is fully understood by journal editors and reviewers is optional. Language editing does not guarantee that your manuscript will be accepted for publication.

Further information on the  Language services  in available.

Several specialist language editing companies offer similar services and you can also use any of these. Authors are liable for all costs associated with such services.

Preprint Policy

Authors retain the right to make an Author’s Original Version (preprint) available through various channels, and this does not prevent submission to the journal. For further information see our Online Licensing, Copyright and Permissions policies . If accepted, the authors are required to update the status of any preprint, including your published paper’s DOI, as described on our Author Self-Archiving policy page .

Charges, Licences, and Self-Archiving Policy

Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association (JAMIA) authors have the option to publish their paper under the  open access initiative ; whereby, for a charge, their paper will be made freely available online immediately upon publication. After your manuscript is accepted, the corresponding author will be required to accept a mandatory licence to publish agreement. As part of the licensing process, you will be asked to indicate whether or not you wish to pay for open access. If you do not select the open access option, your paper will be published with standard subscription-based access and you will not be charged. 

JAMIA  offers the option of publishing under either a standard licence or an open access licence. Please note that some funders require open access publication as a condition of funding. If you are unsure whether you are required to publish open access, please do clarify any such requirements with your funder or institution.

Should you wish to publish your article open access, you should select your choice of open access licence in our online system after your article has been accepted for publication. You will need to pay an open access charge to publish under an open access licence.

Details of the open access licences and open access charges .

OUP has a growing number of Read and Publish agreements with institutions and consortia which provide funding for open access publishing. This means authors from participating institutions can publish open access, and the institution may pay the charge. Find out if your institution is participating .

Please note that you may be eligible for a discount to the open access charge based on society membership. Authors may be asked to prove eligibility for the member discount.

Data Archiving

JAMIA recognizes that data are important components of scientific reporting and that they must be archived for future generations. JAMIA authors can now deposit their data in a public repository, known as Dryad, at no charge. Authors will be sent a link upon submission to JAMIA that describes the process for depositing data. Data will not be required for the review process. All analyses reported in an article must be repeatable using the archived data.

The inclusion of a Data Availability Statement is a requirement for articles published in  JAMIA . Data Availability Statements provide a standardized format for readers to understand the availability of data underlying the research results described in the article. The statement may refer to original data generated in the course of the study or to third-party data analyzed in the article. The statement should describe and provide means of access, where possible, by linking to the data or providing the required unique identifier.

More information and example Data Availability statements can be found  here .

JAMIA  supports the  Force 11 Data Citation Principles  and requires that all publicly available datasets be fully referenced in the reference list with an accession number or unique identifier such as a digital object identifier (DOI). Data citations should include the minimum information recommended by DataCite:

              [dataset]*  Authors, Year, Title, Publisher (repository name), Identifier.

*The inclusion of the [dataset] tag at the beginning of the citation helps us to correctly identify and tag the citation. This tag will be removed from the citation published in the reference list.

Self-archiving

Self-archiving refers to posting a copy of your work on a publicly accessible website or repository. Under certain circumstances, you may self-archive versions of your work on your own webpages, on institutional webpages, and in other repositories. For information about the Journal's policy, and to learn which version(s) of your paper are acceptable for self-archiving, please see our  Author self-archiving policy .​

Preprint use of journal content

Authors may also upload their accepted manuscript PDF ("a post-print"*) to institutional and/or centrally organized repositories. However the journal strongly encourages authors to deposit the final published version of the article instead of the post-print version. This will guarantee that the definitive version is readily available to those accessing your article from such repositories, and means that your article is more likely to be cited correctly.

* Definition of a post-print: The final draft author manuscript, as accepted for publication, including modifications based on referees' suggestions but before it has undergone copyediting and proof correction.

If uploading a post-print to a repository, authors are required to include a credit line (see last bullet point below) and a link to the final published version of the article.

Authors should include the following credit line when depositing post-prints:  This is a pre-copy-editing, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in  JAMIA following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated versi on [insert complete citation information here]  is available online at [insert URL that author receives upon publication here].

Prior to acceptance for publication, authors retain the right to make a pre-print* version of the article available on your own personal website and/or that of your employer and/or in free public servers of preprints and/or articles in your subject area, provided that where possible:

*Definition of a pre-print: An un-refereed author version of the article.

You acknowledge that the article has been accepted for publication in JAMIA ©: [year] [owner as specified on the article] Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Medical Informatics Association. All rights reserved.

Once the article has been published, we do not require that pre-print versions are removed from where they are available. However, we do ask that these are not updated or replaced with the finally published version. Once an article is published, a link could be provided to the final authoritative version on the Oxford Journals Web site. Where possible, the pre-print notice should be amended to: “This is an electronic version of an article published in [include the complete citation information for the final version of the article].”

Once an article is accepted for publication, an author may not make a pre-print available as above or replace an existing pre-print with the final published version.

More information on Author self-archiving policy .

In case of any additional queries, please contact  Journals Permissions .

Article Promotion

Social media.

JAMIA content that is shared on Twitter is the most read journal content. As part of manuscript submission, we want you to submit a tweet about your article. If your article is published, we may tweet about it and we encourage you to do the same.

Good tweets are informative, practical and brief. Don’t use complicated language and use a hashtag that makes sense along with the #JAMIA hashtag. Can you make it fun? That will make your tweet even better. If your article have keywords that are recognizable to the general public, that may also increase the reach of your tweet. #health, #medicine, #cancer, #healthIT

For more information about how to use Twitter and other social media venues to connect with academic researchers, students, authors, and others around the world, visit our  Social media for Authors  page.

Article Promotion Guide

Download the Article Promotion Guide as a PDF.

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Free Front Page Design

Free Front Page Designs For Assignments And Projects [Download MS Word Templates]

A good front  page design  is important in a project because it makes a strong first impression. A well-designed cover page or front page can create a positive initial impression on the reader and set the tone for the rest of the project. It Conveys professionalism. A professional looking cover page demonstrates to the reader that the project has been completed with care and attention to detail.

The cover page should clearly communicate the title, author(s), and date of the project, as well as any other important information that the reader needs to know.

A well-designed cover page should reflect the content and tone of the project, helping to build a connection between the reader and the project’s contents.

In short, the cover page is a crucial component of a project and can have a significant impact on how the project is perceived and received by the reader.

Front Page Design Template Samples

Benefits of using a good front page design on your project

• Establish a visual identity: A consistent and recognizable design on the cover page can help to establish a visual identity for the project and make it easier for the reader to identify it in the future.
• Differentiate the project: A unique and eye-catching cover page design can help to distinguish the project from others and make it stand out.
• Create a sense of unity: A well-designed cover page can provide a sense of unity to the entire project and reinforce the idea that all of the elements of the project are part of a cohesive whole.
• Provide context: The cover page design can provide context and information about the purpose, audience, and goals of the project, helping the reader to better understand and engage with the content.
• Improving organization: A well-designed cover page can help to organize the contents of the project and make it easier for the reader to navigate.
• Facilitating access: A clear and well-designed cover page can make it easier for the reader to access the contents of the project, and quickly find the information they are looking for.
• Enhancing accessibility: For projects that are shared electronically, a well-designed cover page can enhance accessibility for users with disabilities, such as those using screen readers.

Overall, a good cover page design is not just a cosmetic detail, but an important aspect of the project that can influence the reader’s perception and understanding of the content.

A well-designed front page can set the tone for the entire project and make it stand out from the rest. In this blog, we’ll take a look at some sample front page designs, best practices and tips to help you create a stunning front page design for your next project.

Front Page Designs Of Assignment

Front page designs for assignments [free ms word template download].

Creative Front Page Design For Assignment [Free MS Word Template Download]

MORE ASSIGNMENT TEMPLATES

Tips for Stunning Front Page Design Of Assignment

While it’s important to keep the front page design simple, that doesn’t mean it can’t be creative. You can still add a touch of personality to your design while making sure it’s organized and professional.

Here are a few ideas to get you started:

• Use a unique font or color scheme
• Incorporate illustrations or graphics related to your project topic
• Experiment with different layout options

Science Project Front Page Design [Free MS Word Template Download]

When it comes to designing the front page for a science project, the design should reflect the topic and make the project stand out. You can include images or graphics related to the topic, and use a font that is easy to read.

Front Page Design For Physics Project

Front Page Design For Chemistry Project

Front Page Design Tips For Chemistry Project

To design a cover page for a Chemistry project, you could try the following design concept:

• Use a light blue or green gradient to represent the chemical elements in a test tube.
• Use a bold sans-serif font, such as Arial or Verdana, to write the title of the project in white or yellow. Make the title the focal point of the page.
• Use a smaller sans-serif font, also in white or yellow, to write a brief description of the project, such as “An investigation into the properties of chemical reactions.”
• Use a smaller sans-serif font in black to write your name, class, and date of submission, positioned in the bottom right or left corner of the page.
• Add the logo of your school or university in the top right or left corner of the page.
• Include a relevant image or illustration of a chemical reaction, periodic table, or other scientific concept to reinforce the subject of Chemistry.
• Consider adding a simple white border around the entire page to give it structure and definition.
• This design concept incorporates elements of the subject of Chemistry, while also keeping it simple, clean, and professional.

Front Page Design For Biology Project

Front Page Design Tips For Biology Project

For a biology project cover page, you can consider incorporating the following elements:

• Title: A descriptive and concise title that accurately reflects the content of the project.
• Author(s): The name(s) of the person(s) who completed the project, usually in a prominent position on the page.
• Date: The date the project was completed, which is typically included in the header or footer of the page.
• School or organization: The name of the school, institution, or organization that the project was completed for, if applicable.
• Relevant images or graphics: Images or graphics related to the biology topic being studied, such as diagrams, charts, or photos of specimens.
• Project description: A brief summary or description of the project, including the purpose, methodology, and key findings.
• Aesthetics: A clean and professional design with a color palette that reflects the biology topic being studied. For example, green and blue might be appropriate for an aquatic biology project, while warm oranges and yellows might be appropriate for a botany project.

It’s important to note that the specific requirements for a biology project cover page can vary based on the guidelines provided by the teacher or institution. However, these elements can serve as a starting point for creating a visually appealing and effective design for a biology project cover page.

Border Front Page Design For Project [Free MS Word Template Download]

Adding a border to your front page design can help make it look more polished and professional. You can choose a border that reflects the topic of your project, or use a simple border in a neutral color.

Front Page Design For English Project [Free MS Word Template Download]

Front Page Design Tips For English Project

To design a cover page for an English project, you can consider the following steps:

• Choose a theme that aligns with the project topic and make it visually appealing.
• Add a title that clearly represents the project, it should be big and legible.
• Add your name, class, and date in a clear and concise manner.
• If required, include the name of your instructor and school/university.
• Add any relevant graphics, images, or logos that reinforce the theme of your project.
• Make sure to use a font that is easy to read and aesthetically pleasing.
• Consider adding a border or design element that ties everything together.

Note: The design should be professional and align with any guidelines provided by the instructor.

School Project Front Page Design

Floral Front Page Design For School Project

Whether or not it’s a good idea to use a floral front page design for a school project depends on the context of the project and the guidelines provided by the teacher or instructor. If the project is related to a subject such as art, design, or gardening, then a floral design may be appropriate. However, if the project is focused on a more technical or scientific subject, a more straightforward design may be more suitable. It’s important to consider the purpose and audience of the project and to ensure that the design effectively communicates the information you want to convey.

Cute Front Page Design For Project

Simple Front Page Designs For Project

Front Page Designs For Math Project

Front Page Designs For Music Project

Handmade Front Page Design For Project

Tips to make your handmade front page designs more appealing  .

A handmade cover page design can add a personal touch to your assignment and make it stand out. Here are some elements you could consider incorporating into your design:

• Hand-drawn illustrations or graphics: Use hand-drawn illustrations or graphics that are relevant to the subject matter of the assignment.
• Handwritten typography: Incorporate hand-written typography into your design to add a personal touch. Consider using a calligraphy pen or brush to create unique, hand-lettered text.
• Collage: Create a collage using different materials, such as paper, fabric, or photographs, to create a unique and visually interesting cover page design.
• Watercolor: Use watercolor to create a painted cover page design. Consider using colors that are consistent with the subject matter of the assignment.

By incorporating these elements, you can create a handmade cover page design that is both personal and professional. Keep in mind that a handmade design may take longer to create than a digital design, so be sure to allow enough time to complete it.

What are the best tools to create a beautiful Front Page Design for a project ?

There are many tools you can use to create a beautiful front page design for a project, including:

Here’s How You Can Create a Beautiful Front Page Design in MS Word:

• Choose a page size and orientation that suits your design. Go to Page Layout > Page Setup.
• Select a theme or color scheme. Go to Design > Colors.
• Add a header or footer for branding. Go to Insert > Header & Footer.
• Insert a title text box and customize its font, size, and color. Go to Insert > Text Box.
• Add an image to the background. Go to Insert > Picture.
• Add other design elements such as shapes, lines, or text boxes to create visual interest. Go to Insert > Shapes.
• Align and arrange elements as desired. Go to Home > Align.
• Apply styles to text, such as bold or italic, to make the page look more polished. Go to Home > Styles.
• Preview the page to check its appearance. Go to View > Print Layout.
• Save the document as a template to use as a starting point for future projects. Go to File > Save As > Word Template.

A good looking front page design for a school or assignment project or a science project is important because it reflects the attention and effort put into the project, and can impact the grade or evaluation received. A well-designed front page can also effectively convey the topic and purpose of the project, making it easier for the teacher or evaluator to understand and appreciate the content. A visually appealing and organized design can also make the project stand out, showing initiative and creativity, and can help the student effectively communicate their ideas and findings. In science projects, a clear and effective front page design can also help emphasize the significance and potential impact of the research. Ultimately, a good looking front page design can enhance the overall presentation and impact of the project.

What is the downloaded file format?

.doc (MS Word file extension)

How to edit the downloaded template?

Open it in MS Word and make changes according to your need.

What is the size of the template?

It is A4 size template.

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Word & Excel Templates

Printable word and excel templates.

Assignment Cover Pages

Assignment cover page is the first page of an assignment. When you hold an assignment, the first page that you will see is the cover page. It is also called the title page. An assignment cover page includes the name of the institution, the title of the assignment, the name of the student, and the student’s ID. The assignment cover page helps identify what the assignment is about and which student submitted it.

Many students submit assignments to instructors, and instructors are usually teaching more than one subject. Therefore, without an assignment cover page, it would be difficult for the instructor to manage and sort out different assignments.

When there is an assignment cover page, instructors can easily sort out the assignments and grade them. Even the students submitting multiple assignments on the same day could end up submitting the wrong assignment if the assignments didn’t have a cover page.

Another important reason for having assignment cover pages is that this is part of training students to submit work professionally. An assignment cover page shows professionalism in submitting work. When students are trained for professional work, they are better equipped to succeed in their jobs. Thus, professors and instructors usually ask students to create cover pages for their assignments so that the students develop this habit early in their academic life.

The assignment cover page usually includes the name of the institution, title of the assignment, name of the student, student ID, and date of submission. In some cases, the title page may also mention the instructor’s name. Usually, the title page is not page-numbered.

Some courses might also require the students to format the assignment cover pages using popular referencing styles. For example, there is a particular format to make an assignment cover page using APA or MLA referencing styles.

In some cases, professors may also issue detailed instructions on how to format an assignment cover page. These instructions may include font style, font size, text color, page borders, and the information that must be stated on the cover page along with a particular order.

Cover pages are required in several situations:

• When submitting a project report
• When submitting a research proposal
• When submitting a dissertation
• When making a report that is longer than 2-3 pages
• When the assignment instructions require an assignment cover page
• When the professor is handling more than one subject assignments may be erroneously sorted

Assignment cover pages are very useful and can be created in MS Word or Adobe. MS Word software allows pictures and text to be used on the cover page. Students may also use headers and footers, page borders, and other features in MS Word to create a nice cover page. You can even use the popular heading styles given in MS Word.

If you do not have the time or energy to create a cover page, you may use cover pages available on our website. We offer editable cover page templates that you can easily download and customize. Browse through our specially designed assignment cover pages and save your time and effort.

Editable with MS Word

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28+ Best Free Assignment Cover Page Formats for MS Word

What is an assignment cover page, key elements for a comprehensive front page.

• Institution Details: Begin by prominently featuring the name of your school, college, or institute. This establishes credibility and provides context for your assignment.
• Personal Information: Include your own name to indicate authorship and ownership of the assignment. This adds a personal touch and facilitates easy identification.
• Assignment Title: Clearly state the title of your assignment, conveying its purpose and focus. A concise and informative title sets the tone for your work.
• Course Information: Specify the relevant course title or code to indicate the academic context in which your assignment was completed. This assists in proper categorization and organization.
• Instructor’s Name: Acknowledge the teacher or professor who will be evaluating your assignment by including their name. This demonstrates respect and professionalism.
• Due Date: Clearly indicate the deadline or due date for the assignment submission. This ensures timely assessment and helps you stay organized.

What are the basic tips?

• Font style : It is always in the best interest to use bold, simple, and clear text instead of using fancy text fonts and styles. This helps the reader understand things in a better way.  Moreover, the usage of pictures behind texts must be avoided as it creates poor visibility for the reader when reading the text printed on it.
• Presentation: Presentation plays an important role in expressing what you need to convey to someone and how you need to communicate it. Presenting the title page in the most effective manner is essential as this leaves an impression on the teacher reading the assignment. It also acts as a decisive tool for the teacher whether or not he/ she interestingly goes through the whole document.
• Spell Check: Before handing over the assignment, one should take a brief review of all the spelling and also look for any grammatical errors.
• Avoid plagiarism: A student must always be honest in what he writes. He should avoid copying material or texts from anywhere.
• Personal detail: One should never forget to mention his/her name. The font size used for writing the name must be bigger so that it makes the name visible to the teacher.

Advantages of an Impressive Assignment Cover Page

• Showcasing Professionalism: By meticulously designing your cover page, you demonstrate a strong commitment to professionalism. This attention to detail reflects positively on your work ethic and sets you apart as a dedicated student.
• Creating a Positive Impression: A well-crafted front page sets the tone for your assignment, capturing the attention of your teacher or professor. It establishes a positive first impression, arousing their interest and encouraging them to delve further into your work.
• Enhancing Visual Appeal: A visually appealing cover page enhances the overall presentation of your assignment. With carefully chosen fonts, colors, and layouts, you create an engaging and aesthetically pleasing introduction that captivates the reader’s attention.
• Communicating Pertinent Information: It provides a concise summary of essential details, such as the assignment title, your name, and the due date. This ensures clarity and facilitates seamless identification and organization of your work.
• Reflecting a Professional Attitude: By dedicating time and effort to creating an impressive cover page, you exemplify a professional attitude towards your academic pursuits. This level of dedication and care leaves a lasting impression on your teacher or professor.

Download Free Cover Page Templates

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#2 – Assignment Cover Page for Case Study

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#17 – Generic Cover Page for any Assignment

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#20 – Cover Page for Computer Projects

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#23 – For Geography Projects

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#26 – Cover Page for School Assignments

#27 – Best for Science Projects

#28 – For Social Study Assignment

Versatile Designs and Layouts for Every Purpose

• Assignment Types: Our templates are designed specifically for different types of assignments, such as case studies, critical reviews, essays, syllabi, and business projects. Each template is tailored to suit the requirements and objectives of its respective assignment type.
• Academic Disciplines: Our collection includes templates suitable for various academic disciplines like biology, chemistry, computer science, engineering, English, geography, mathematics, physics, and social studies. Each template aligns with the themes and aesthetics of its corresponding discipline.
• Purposes: Whether you are a student, educator, or professional, our templates serve multiple purposes. They can be used for university assignments, school projects, research papers, or any academic or professional endeavor that requires a polished cover page.
• Designs, Layouts, and Styles: Our templates offer a diverse range of designs, from minimalistic and clean to visually captivating and sophisticated. You can choose from different layouts that creatively arrange text, images, and graphics. Our templates cater to a variety of styles, ensuring there is something for everyone’s preferences.

User-Friendly Customization: Make It Your Own

• Easy Modifications: We believe in keeping things simple. With just a few clicks, you can effortlessly modify our templates to suit your specific requirements. Change colors, fonts, and layouts with ease, and watch your cover page transform before your eyes.
• Colors and Themes: Infuse it with the perfect color scheme and themes that truly represent your assignment. Our templates offer a wide range of options, so you can find the ideal palette and theme that resonate with your content.
• Font Selection: The right font can make all the difference. Choose from our diverse selection of fonts to enhance the visual appeal and readability. From elegant and professional to modern and bold, we have fonts to suit every style.
• Layout Flexibility: It should reflect your unique presentation style. With our templates, you have the freedom to experiment with different layouts, arranging titles, subtitles, images, and text blocks in a way that best suits your assignment.

Benefits of Using Professionally Designed Templates: Make an Impact with Ease

• Time and Effort Saving: Our professionally designed templates eliminate the need to start from scratch. With pre-designed layouts, styles, and graphics, you can save valuable time and effort in creating visually appealing front pages. Simply customize the template to suit your assignment’s requirements, and you’re ready to impress.
• Consistency and Professionalism: Using our templates ensures consistency in your assignment submissions. The standardized design elements and formatting guidelines help maintain a professional appearance throughout your work. Presenting your assignments with a polished title page enhances the overall quality and credibility of your content.
• Visual Appeal: A visually appealing title page grabs attention and sets the tone for your assignment. Our templates are thoughtfully crafted by design professionals, incorporating aesthetically pleasing elements, color schemes, and typography. By leveraging these designs, you can effortlessly create eye-catching cover pages that captivate your professors or readers.
• Positive Impression: First impressions matter, and a well-designed cover page leaves a positive impact on professors and readers alike. Showcasing your assignment in a professional and visually appealing manner demonstrates your dedication and attention to detail. It sets the stage for an engaging reading experience, encouraging your audience to delve deeper into your work.
• User-Friendly Customization: Our templates are designed to be easily customizable, allowing you to add your personal touch without technical expertise. You can modify text, colors, images, and other elements to align with your assignment’s theme and requirements. This flexibility ensures that your cover page reflects your unique style while maintaining a professional look.

Tips for Maximizing the Impact: Make Your Cover Page Stand Out

• Choose Colors Wisely: Select colors that complement your assignment’s theme and evoke the desired emotions. Vibrant colors can grab attention, while muted tones create a sense of elegance. Maintain consistency with your assignment’s overall design and avoid using too many colors that may distract from the main message.
• Opt for Legible Fonts: Use clear and readable fonts to enhance the accessibility and professionalism of your cover page. Avoid overly decorative or complex fonts that may hinder readability. Opt for fonts that align with your assignment’s tone and maintain consistency throughout the document.
• Incorporate Relevant Graphics: Graphics can enhance the visual appeal of your cover page and reinforce the assignment’s subject matter. Choose images or icons that are directly related to the topic or convey the assignment’s main concept. Ensure that the graphics are high-quality and appropriately sized to maintain clarity.
• Organize Information Effectively: Arrange the information in a logical and visually appealing manner. Use headings, subheadings, and bullet points to break down content and make it easier to read. Highlight key details such as the assignment title, your name, course information, and submission date.
• Maintain Simplicity: While it’s important to make it visually appealing, avoid cluttering it with excessive elements. Keep the design clean and uncluttered, allowing the key information to stand out. Remember, simplicity often has a greater impact than complexity.
• Preview and Proofread: Before finalizing, preview it to ensure that all elements are properly aligned and visually balanced. Proofread the content to eliminate any spelling or grammatical errors. A polished and error-free cover demonstrates your attention to detail and professionalism.

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MS Word Cover Page Templates

Download, personalize & print, assignment front page designs.

Posted By: admin 25/01/2019

What is an assignment front page?

The immediate page that can be seen right after the cover page is known as the front page. The front page is also known as the title page. It is as important as the cover page. An assignment can be submitted without a cover page however, the assignment’s front page can never be skipped.

 Why is the assignment’s front page important?

An assignment front page provides information about the student who has created the assignment. This page is considered to be important because it enables the teacher to know about the student who has submitted the assignment. Many students also forget to add their name to the assignment which results in zero marks. The use of the front page in the assignment never lets the student forget to add the name.

How to write the front page of an assignment?

It should be kept in mind that there is no specific format to be followed when it comes to making the assignment front page. However, it should always be ensured that you include all the necessary details on the front page needed by the teacher to identify your assignment. The main details that should be added to the assignment’s front page are:

• Title of the subject
• Topic of assignment
• Name of teacher
• Name and roll number of students
• The registration number of students
• Department in which the student is enrolled

The assignment’s front page should be made with great care. It should be ensured that the details added to it are more than enough for your teacher.

Guidelines for making the assignment front page:

It is important to make a front page that can impress your teacher. Here are a few guidelines that you can follow to make a professional-looking front page.

• Keep the cover page precise. Never overcrowd the front page with a lot of details as it does not look good.
• The front page should be decent and catchy. The color combination for a colored front page should be appropriate since your assignment is representative of your mind.
• Make the design of the front page attractive and catchy. It should be able to grab the attention of the teacher. If you are not good at designing the front page, you can use a template.

Assignment front page template:

For those who want to save time and effort, readymade templates for the front page of an assignment are available here.

There are lots of assignment front page samples that you can see and choose the one that you like. The likeness of the design varies from person to person. Therefore, different samples from the perspective of different people have been given here.

The assignment front page samples are designed in MS Word mostly. The samples have been designed by the experts. Since they are readymade, all you need to do is add the details specific to you and print the template. You can also bring changes to them according to your likes.

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Imperial era (1703–1917)

Swedish colonists built Nyenskans , a fortress at the mouth of the Neva River in 1611, which was later called Ingermanland . The small town of Nyen grew up around the fort. Before the 17th century, this area was inhabited by Finnic Izhorians and Votians . The Ingrian Finns moved to the region from the provinces of Karelia and Savonia during the Swedish rule. There was also some Estonian , Karelian , Russian and German population in the area. [34] [35]

At the end of the 17th century, Peter the Great, who was interested in seafaring and maritime affairs, wanted Russia to gain a seaport to trade with the rest of Europe. [36] He needed a better seaport than the country's main one at the time, Arkhangelsk , which was on the White Sea in the far north and closed to shipping during the winter.

On 12 May   [ O.S. 1 May ]   1703 , during the Great Northern War , Peter the Great captured Nyenskans and soon replaced the fortress. [37] On 27 May   [ O.S. 16 May ]   1703 , [38] closer to the estuary ( 5   km (3   mi) inland from the gulf ), on Zayachy (Hare) Island , he laid down the Peter and Paul Fortress , which became the first brick and stone building of the new city. [39]

The city was built by conscripted peasants from all over Russia; in some years several Swedish prisoners of war were also involved under the supervision of Alexander Menshikov . [40] Tens of thousands of serfs died while building the city. [41] Later, the city became the centre of the Saint Petersburg Governorate . Peter moved the capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg in 1712, nine years before the Treaty of Nystad of 1721 ended the war. He referred to Saint Petersburg as the capital (or seat of government) as early as 1704. [36] While the city was being built, Peter lived in a three-room log cabin with his wife Catherine and their children. [ citation needed ]

During its first few years, the city developed around Trinity Square on the right bank of the Neva, near the Peter and Paul Fortress. However, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan. By 1716 the Swiss Italian Domenico Trezzini had elaborated a project whereby the city centre would be on Vasilyevsky Island and shaped by a rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed but is evident in the layout of the streets. In 1716, Peter the Great appointed Frenchman Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond as the chief architect of Saint Petersburg. [42]

The style of Petrine Baroque , developed by Trezzini and other architects and exemplified by such buildings as the Menshikov Palace , Kunstkamera , Peter and Paul Cathedral , Twelve Collegia , became prominent in the city architecture of the early 18th century. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences , University and Academic Gymnasium were established in Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great.

In 1725, Peter died at age fifty-two. His endeavors to modernize Russia had been opposed by the Russian nobility . There were several attempts on his life and a treason case involving his son. [43] In 1728, Peter II of Russia moved his seat back to Moscow. But four years later, in 1732, under Empress Anna of Russia , Saint Petersburg was again designated as the capital of the Russian Empire . It remained the seat of the Romanov dynasty and the Imperial Court of the Russian tsars , as well as the seat of the Russian government, for another 186 years until the communist revolution of 1917 .

In 1736–1737 the city suffered from catastrophic fires. To rebuild the damaged boroughs, a committee under Burkhard Christoph von Münnich commissioned a new plan in 1737. The city was divided into five boroughs, and the city centre was moved to the Admiralty borough, on the east bank between the Neva and Fontanka .

It developed along three radial streets, which meet at the Admiralty building and are now known as Nevsky Prospect (which is considered the main street of the city), Gorokhovaya Street and Voznesensky Avenue . Baroque architecture became dominant in the city during the first sixty years, culminating in the Elizabethan Baroque, represented most notably by Italian Bartolomeo Rastrelli with such buildings as the Winter Palace . In the 1760s, Baroque architecture was succeeded by neoclassical architecture .

Established in 1762, the Commission of Stone Buildings of Moscow and Saint Petersburg ruled that no structure in the city could be higher than the Winter Palace and prohibited spacing between buildings. During the reign of Catherine the Great in the 1760s–1780s, the banks of the Neva were lined with granite embankments.

However, it was not until 1850 that the first permanent bridge across the Neva, Annunciation Bridge , was allowed to open. Before that, only pontoon bridges were allowed. Obvodny Canal (dug in 1769–1833) became the southern limit of the city.

The most prominent neoclassical and Empire-style architects in Saint Petersburg included:

• Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe ( Imperial Academy of Arts , Small Hermitage , Gostiny Dvor , New Holland Arch , Catholic Church of St. Catherine )
• Antonio Rinaldi ( Marble Palace )
• Yury Felten ( Old Hermitage , Chesme Church )
• Giacomo Quarenghi (Academy of Sciences, Hermitage Theatre , Yusupov Palace )
• Andrey Voronikhin ( Mining Institute , Kazan Cathedral )
• Andreyan Zakharov ( Admiralty building )
• Jean-François Thomas de Thomon ( Spit of Vasilievsky Island )
• Carlo Rossi ( Yelagin Palace , Mikhailovsky Palace , Alexandrine Theatre , Senate and Synod Buildings , General staff Building , design of many streets and squares)
• Vasily Stasov ( Moscow Triumphal Gate , Trinity Cathedral )
• Auguste de Montferrand ( Saint Isaac's Cathedral , Alexander Column )

In 1810, Alexander I established the first engineering higher education , the Saint Petersburg Main military engineering School in Saint Petersburg. Many monuments commemorate the Russian victory over Napoleonic France in the Patriotic War of 1812 , including the Alexander Column by Montferrand, erected in 1834, and the Narva Triumphal Arch .

In 1825, the suppressed Decembrist revolt against Nicholas   I took place on the Senate Square in the city, a day after Nicholas assumed the throne.

By the 1840s, neoclassical architecture had given way to various romanticist styles, which dominated until the 1890s, represented by such architects as Andrei Stackenschneider ( Mariinsky Palace , Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace , Nicholas Palace , New Michael Palace ) and Konstantin Thon ( Moskovsky railway station ).

With the emancipation of the serfs undertaken by Alexander   II in 1861 and an Industrial Revolution , the influx of former peasants into the capital increased greatly. Poor boroughs spontaneously developed on the outskirts of the city. Saint Petersburg surpassed Moscow in population and industrial growth; it became one of the largest industrial cities in Europe, with a major naval base (in Kronstadt ), the Neva River, and a seaport on the Baltic.

The names of Saints Peter and Paul , bestowed upon the original city's citadel and its cathedral (from 1725 – a burial vault of Russian emperors) coincidentally were the names of the first two assassinated Russian emperors, Peter   III (1762, supposedly killed in a conspiracy led by his wife, Catherine the Great ) and Paul   I (1801, Nikolay Alexandrovich Zubov and other conspirators who brought to power Alexander   I , the son of their victim). The third emperor's assassination took place in Saint Petersburg in 1881 when Alexander   II was murdered by terrorists (see the Church of the Savior on Blood ).

The Revolution of 1905 began in Saint Petersburg and spread rapidly into the provinces.

On 1 September 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, the Imperial government renamed the city Petrograd , [22] meaning "Peter's City", to remove the German words Sankt and Burg .

Revolution and Soviet era (1917–1941)

In March 1917, during the February Revolution Nicholas II abdicated for himself and on behalf of his son, ending the Russian monarchy and over three hundred years of Romanov dynastic rule .

On 7 November   [ O.S. 25 October ]   1917 , the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , stormed the Winter Palace in an event known thereafter as the October Revolution , which led to the end of the social-democratic provisional government , the transfer of all political power to the Soviets , and the rise of the Communist Party . [44] After that the city acquired a new descriptive name, "the city of three revolutions", [45] referring to the three major developments in the political history of Russia of the early 20th century.

In September and October 1917, German troops invaded the West Estonian archipelago and threatened Petrograd with bombardment and invasion. On 12 March 1918, Lenin transferred the government of Soviet Russia to Moscow, to keep it away from the state border. During the Russian Civil War , in mid-1919 Russian anti-communist forces with the help of Estonians attempted to capture the city, but Leon Trotsky mobilized the army and forced them to retreat back to Estonia .

On 26 January 1924, five days after Lenin's death, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad . Later many streets and other toponyms were renamed accordingly, with names in honour of communist figures replacing historic names given centuries before. The city has over 230 places associated with the life and activities of Lenin. Some of them were turned into museums, [46] including the cruiser Aurora – a symbol of the October Revolution and the oldest ship in the Russian Navy .

In the 1920s and 1930s, the poor outskirts were reconstructed into regularly planned boroughs . Constructivist architecture flourished around that time. Housing became a government-provided amenity ; many "bourgeois" apartments were so large that numerous families were assigned to what were called "communal" apartments ( kommunalkas ). By the 1930s, 68% of the population lived in such housing under very poor conditions. In 1935, a new general plan was outlined, whereby the city should expand to the south. Constructivism was rejected in favour of a more pompous Stalinist architecture . Moving the city centre further from the border with Finland, Stalin adopted a plan to build a new city hall with a huge adjacent square at the southern end of Moskovsky Prospekt , designated as the new main street of Leningrad. After the Winter (Soviet-Finnish) war in 1939–1940, the Soviet–Finnish border moved northwards. Nevsky Prospekt with Palace Square maintained the functions and the role of a city centre.

In December 1931, Leningrad was administratively separated from Leningrad Oblast . At that time it included the Leningrad Suburban District, some parts of which were transferred back to Leningrad Oblast in 1936 and turned into Vsevolozhsky District , Krasnoselsky District , Pargolovsky District and Slutsky District (renamed Pavlovsky District in 1944). [47]

During the Soviet era, many historic architectural monuments of the previous centuries were destroyed by the new regime for ideological reasons. While that mainly concerned churches and cathedrals, some other buildings were also demolished. [48] [49] [50]

On 1 December 1934, Sergey Kirov , the Bolshevik leader of Leningrad, was assassinated under suspicious circumstances, which became the pretext for the Great Purge . [51] In Leningrad, approximately 40,000 were executed during Stalin's purges. [52]

World War II (1941–1945)

During World War II, German forces besieged Leningrad following the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. [53] The siege lasted 872 days, or almost two and a half years, [53] from 8 September 1941 to 27 January 1944. [54]

The Siege of Leningrad proved one of the longest, most destructive, and most lethal sieges of a major city in modern history . It isolated the city from food supplies except those provided through the Road of Life across Lake Ladoga , which could not make it through until the lake froze. More than one million civilians were killed, mainly from starvation. There were incidents of cannibalism, with around 2,000 residents arrested for eating other people. [55] Many others escaped or were evacuated, so the city became largely depopulated.

On 1 May 1945 Joseph Stalin , in his Supreme Commander Order No. 20, named Leningrad, alongside Stalingrad , Sevastopol , and Odesa , hero cities of the war. A law acknowledging the honorary title of "Hero City" passed on 8 May 1965 (the 20th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic War), during the Brezhnev era . The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR awarded Leningrad as a Hero City the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal "for the heroic resistance of the city and tenacity of the survivors of the Siege". The Hero-City Obelisk bearing the Gold Star sign was installed in April 1985.

Post-war Soviet era (1945–1991)

In October 1946 some territories along the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland , which had been annexed into the USSR from Finland in 1940 under the peace treaty following the Winter War , were transferred from Leningrad Oblast to Leningrad and divided into Sestroretsky District and Kurortny District . These included the town of Terijoki (renamed Zelenogorsk in 1948). [47] Leningrad and many of its suburbs were rebuilt over the post-war decades, partially according to pre-war plans. The 1948 general plan for Leningrad featured radial urban development in the north as well as in the south. In 1953, Pavlovsky District in Leningrad Oblast was abolished, and parts of its territory, including Pavlovsk, merged with Leningrad. In 1954, the settlements Levashovo , Pargolovo and Pesochny merged with Leningrad. [47]

Leningrad gave its name to the Leningrad Affair (1949–1952), a notable event in the postwar political struggle in the USSR . It was a product of rivalry between Stalin's potential successors where one side was represented by the leaders of the city Communist Party organization – the second most significant one in the country after Moscow. The entire elite leadership of Leningrad was destroyed, including the former mayor Kuznetsov , the acting mayor Pyotr Sergeevich Popkov, and all their deputies; overall 23 leaders were sentenced to the death penalty, 181 to prison or exile (rehabilitated in 1954). About 2,000 ranking officials across the USSR were expelled from the party and the Komsomol and removed from leadership positions. [56]

The Leningrad Metro underground rapid transit system , designed before the war, opened in 1955 with its first eight stations decorated with marble and bronze . However, after Stalin's death in 1953, the perceived ornamental excesses of the Stalinist architecture were abandoned. From the 1960s to the 1980s many new residential boroughs were built on the outskirts; while the functionalist apartment blocks were nearly identical to each other, many families moved there from kommunalkas in the city centre to live in separate apartments.

Contemporary era (1991–present)

On 12 June 1991 , simultaneously with the first Russian SFSR presidential elections , the city authorities arranged for the mayoral elections and a referendum upon the city's name, when the original name Saint Petersburg was restored. The turnout was 65%; 66.13% of the total count of votes went to Anatoly Sobchak , who became the first directly elected mayor of the city .

Meanwhile, economic conditions started to deteriorate as the country tried to adapt to major changes. For the first time since the 1940s, food rationing was introduced, and the city received humanitarian food aid from abroad. [24] This dramatic time was depicted in photographic series of Russian photographer Alexey Titarenko . [57] [58] Economic conditions began to improve only at the beginning of the 21st century. [59] In 1995, a northern section of the Kirovsko-Vyborgskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro was cut off by underground flooding, creating a major obstacle to the city development for almost ten years. On 13 June 1996, Saint Petersburg, alongside Leningrad Oblast and Tver Oblast , signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy. [60] This agreement was abolished on 4 April 2002. [61]

In 1996, Vladimir Yakovlev defeated Anatoly Sobchak in the elections for the head of the city administration . The title of the city head was changed from "mayor" to "governor". In 2000, Yakovlev won re-election. His second term expired in 2004; the long-awaited restoration of the broken subway connection was expected to finish by that time. But in 2003 Yakovlev suddenly resigned, leaving the governor's office to Valentina Matviyenko .

The law on election of the City Governor was changed, breaking the tradition of democratic election by universal suffrage that started in 1991. In 2006, the city legislature re-approved Matviyenko as governor. Residential building had intensified again; real-estate prices inflated greatly, which caused many new problems for the preservation of the historical part of the city.

Although the central part of the city has a UNESCO designation (there are about 8,000 architectural monuments in Petersburg), the preservation of its historical and architectural environment became controversial. [62] After 2005, the demolition of older buildings in the historical centre was permitted. [63] In 2006, Gazprom announced an ambitious project to erect a 403   m (1,322   ft) skyscraper (the Okhta Center ) opposite to Smolny , which [ according to whom? ] could result in the loss of the unique line of Petersburg landscape. [ citation needed ] Urgent protests by citizens and prominent public figures of Russia against this project were not considered by Governor Valentina Matviyenko and the city authorities until December 2010, when after the statement of President Dmitry Medvedev , the city decided to find a more appropriate location for this project. In the same year, the new location for the project was relocated to Lakhta , a historical area northwest of the city centre, and the new project would be named Lakhta Center . Construction was approved by Gazprom and the city administration and commenced in 2012. The 462   m (1,516   ft) high Lakhta Center has become the first tallest skyscraper in Russia and Europe outside of Moscow.

The area of Saint Petersburg city proper is 605.8   km 2 (233.9 square miles) . The area of the federal subject is 1,439   km 2 (556   sq   mi) , which contains Saint Petersburg proper (consisting of eighty-one municipal okrugs ), nine municipal towns ( Kolpino , Krasnoye Selo , Kronstadt , Lomonosov , Pavlovsk , Petergof , Pushkin , Sestroretsk , Zelenogorsk ), and twenty-one municipal settlements.

Petersburg is on the middle taiga lowlands along the shores of the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland , and islands of the river delta. The largest are Vasilyevsky Island (besides the artificial island between Obvodny canal and Fontanka , and Kotlin in the Neva Bay ), Petrogradsky , Dekabristov and Krestovsky . The latter together with Yelagin and Kamenny Island are covered mostly by parks. The Karelian Isthmus , North of the city, is a popular resort area . In the south, Saint Petersburg crosses the Baltic-Ladoga Klint and meets the Izhora Plateau .

The elevation of Saint Petersburg ranges from the sea level to its highest point of 175.9   m (577   ft) at the Orekhovaya Hill in the Duderhof Heights in the south. Part of the city's territory west of Liteyny Prospekt is no higher than 4   m (13   ft) above sea level , and has suffered from numerous floods. Floods in Saint Petersburg are triggered by a long wave in the Baltic Sea , caused by meteorological conditions, winds and shallowness of the Neva Bay . The five most disastrous floods occurred in 1824 ( 4.21   m or 13   ft 10   in above sea level, during which over 300 buildings were destroyed [lower-alpha 6] ); 1924 ( 3.8   m, 12   ft 6   in ); 1777 ( 3.21   m, 10   ft 6   in ); 1955 ( 2.93   m, 9   ft 7   in ); and 1975 ( 2.81   m, 9   ft 3   in ). To prevent floods, the Saint Petersburg Dam has been constructed. [64]

Since the 18th century, the city's terrain has been raised artificially, at some places by more than 4   m (13   ft) , making mergers of several islands, and changing the hydrology of the city. Besides the Neva and its tributaries, other important rivers of the federal subject of Saint Petersburg are Sestra , Okhta and Izhora . The largest lake is Sestroretsky Razliv in the north, followed by Lakhtinsky Razliv , Suzdal Lakes, and other smaller lakes.

Due to its northerly location at c. 60° N latitude the day length in Petersburg varies across seasons, ranging from 5 hours 53 minutes to 18 hours 50 minutes. A period from mid-May to mid-July during which twilight may last all night is called the white nights .

Saint Petersburg is about 165   km (103 miles) from the border with Finland, connected to it via the M10 highway ( E18 ), along which there is also a connection to the historic city of Vyborg .

Under the Köppen climate classification , Saint Petersburg is classified as Dfb , a humid continental climate . The distinct moderating influence of Baltic Sea cyclones results in warm, humid, and short summers and long, moderately cold wet winters. The climate of Saint Petersburg is close to that of Helsinki , although slightly more continental (i.e. colder in winter and warmer in summer) because of its more eastern location, while slightly less continental than that of Moscow .

The average maximum temperature in July is 23   °C (73   °F) , and the average minimum temperature in February is −8.5   °C (16.7   °F) ; an extreme temperature of 37.1   °C (98.8   °F) occurred during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat wave . A winter minimum of −35.9   °C (−32.6   °F) was recorded in 1883. The average annual temperature is 5.8   °C (42.4   °F) . The Neva River within the city limits usually freezes up in November–December and break-up occurs in April. From December to March there are 118 days on average with snow cover, which reaches an average snow depth of 19   cm (7.5   in) by February. [65] The frost-free period in the city lasts on average for about 135 days. Despite St.   Petersburg's northern location, its winters are warmer than Moscow's due to the Gulf of Finland and some Gulf Stream influence from Scandinavian winds that can bring temperature slightly above freezing. The city also has a slightly warmer climate than its suburbs. Weather conditions are quite variable all year round. [66] [67]

Average annual precipitation varies across the city, averaging 660   mm (26   in) per year and reaching maximum in late summer. Due to the cool climate, soil moisture is almost always high because of lower evapotranspiration . Air humidity is 78% on average, and there are, on average, 165 overcast days per year.

Saint Petersburg is the second largest city in Russia. As of the 2021 Census , [3] the federal subject's population is 5,601,911 or 3.9% of the total population of Russia; up from 4,879,566 (3.4%) recorded in the 2010 Census , [69] and up from 5,023,506 recorded in the 1989 Census . [70] Over 6.4 million people reside in the metropolitan area .

Vital statistics for 2022: [71] [72]

• Births: 50,663 (9.4 per 1,000)
• Deaths: 65,137 (12.1 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022): [73] 1.28 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021): [74] Total   – 72.51 years (male   – 68.23, female   – 76.30)

Ethnic composition of Saint Petersburg

During the 20th century, the city experienced dramatic population changes. From 2.4   million residents in 1916, its population dropped to less than 740,000 by 1920 during the Russian Revolution of 1917 and Russian Civil War . The minorities of Germans, Poles, Finns, Estonians and Latvians were almost completely transferred from Leningrad during the 1930s. [82] From 1941 to the end of 1943, population dropped from 3   million to less than 600,000, as people died in battles, starved to death or were evacuated during the Siege of Leningrad . Some evacuees returned after the siege, but most influx was due to migration from other parts of the Soviet Union. The city absorbed about 3   million people in the 1950s and grew to over 5   million in the 1980s. From 1991 to 2006 the city's population decreased to 4.6   million, while the suburban population increased due to privatization of land and massive move to suburbs. Based on the 2010 census results the population is over 4.8   million. [83] [84] For the first half of 2007, the birth rate was 9.1 per 1000 [85] and remained lower than the death rate (until 2012 [86] ); people over 65 constitute more than twenty percent of the population; and the median age is about 40 years. [87] Since 2012 the birth rate became higher than the death rate . [86] But in 2020 the COVID-19 pandemic caused a drop in birth rate, and the city population decreased to 5,395,000 people. [88]

According to various opinion polls, more than half of the residents of Saint Petersburg "believe in God " (up to 67% according to VTsIOM data for 2002).

Among the believers, the overwhelming majority of the residents of the city are Orthodox (57.5%), followed by small minority communities of Muslims (0.7%), Protestants (0.6%), and Catholics (0.5%), and Buddhists (0.1%). [89]

In total, roughly 59% of the population of the city is Christian , of which over 90% are Orthodox. [89] Non-Abrahamic religions and other faiths are represented by only 1.2% of the total population. [89]

There are 268 communities of confessions and religious associations in the city: the Russian Orthodox Church (130 associations), Pentecostalism (23 associations), the Lutheranism (19 associations), Baptism (13 associations), as well as Old Believers , Roman Catholic Church, Armenian Apostolic Church , Georgian Orthodox Church , Seventh-day Adventist Church , Judaism , Buddhist, Muslim, Bahá'í and others. [89]

229 religious buildings in the city are owned or run by religious associations. Among them are architectural monuments of federal significance. The oldest cathedral in the city is the Peter and Paul Cathedral , built between 1712 and 1733, and the largest is the Kazan Cathedral , completed in 1811.

Saint Petersburg is a federal subject of Russia (a federal city ). [92] The political life of Saint Petersburg is regulated by the Charter of Saint Petersburg adopted by the city legislature in 1998. [93] The superior executive body is the Saint Petersburg City Administration , led by the city governor (mayor before 1996). Saint Petersburg has a single-chamber legislature, the Saint Petersburg Legislative Assembly , which is the city's regional parliament .

According to the federal law passed in 2004, heads of federal subjects, including the governor of Saint Petersburg, were nominated by the President of Russia and approved by local legislatures. Should the legislature disapprove the nominee, the President could dissolve it. The former governor, Valentina Matviyenko , was approved according to the new system in December 2006. She was the only woman governor in all of Russia until her resignation on 22 August 2011. Matviyenko stood for elections as member of the Regional Council of Saint Petersburg and won comprehensively with allegations of rigging and ballot stuffing by the opposition. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev has already backed her for the position of Speaker to the Federation Council and her election qualifies her for that job. After her resignation, Georgy Poltavchenko was appointed as the new acting governor the same day. In 2012, following passage of a new federal law, [94] restoring direct elections of heads of federal subjects, the city charter was again amended to provide for direct elections of governor. [95] On 3 October 2018, Poltavchenko resigned, and Alexander Beglov was appointed acting governor. [96]

Saint Petersburg is also the unofficial, de facto administrative centre of Leningrad Oblast (a separate federal subject), and of the Northwestern Federal District . [97] Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast share a number of local departments of federal executive agencies and courts, such as court of arbitration, police, FSB , postal service, drug enforcement administration, penitentiary service, federal registration service, and other federal services.

The Constitutional Court of Russia moved to Saint Petersburg from Moscow in May 2008. The relocation of the Supreme Court of Russia from Moscow to Saint Petersburg has been planned since 2014.

Administrative divisions

Saint Petersburg is a major trade gateway, serving as the financial and industrial centre of Russia, with specializations in oil and gas trade; shipbuilding yards; aerospace industry ; technology, including radio, electronics, software, and computers; machine building, heavy machinery and transport, including tanks and other military equipment ; mining; instrument manufacture; ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy (production of aluminium alloys); chemicals, pharmaceuticals , and medical equipment ; publishing and printing; food and catering; wholesale and retail; textile and apparel industries; and many other businesses. It was also home to Lessner, one of Russia's two pioneering automobile manufacturers (along with Russo-Baltic ); it was founded by machine tool and boilermaker G.A. Lessner in 1904, with designs by Boris Loutsky, and it survived until 1910. [99]

Ten per cent of the world's power turbines are made there at the LMZ , which built over two thousand turbines for power plants across the world. [ citation needed ] Major local industries are Admiralty Shipyard , Baltic Shipyard , LOMO , Kirov Plant , Elektrosila , Izhorskiye Zavody ; also registered in Saint Petersburg are Sovkomflot , Petersburg Fuel Company and SIBUR among other major Russian and international companies.

The Port of Saint Petersburg has three large cargo terminals , Bolshoi Port Saint Petersburg, Kronstadt , and Lomonosov terminal . [ citation needed ] International cruise liners have been served at the passenger port at Morskoy Vokzal on the south-west of Vasilyevsky Island . In 2008, the first two berths opened at the New Passenger Port on the west of the island. [100] The new passenger terminal is part of the city's "Marine Facade" development project [101] and was due to have seven berths in operation by 2010. [ needs update ]

A complex system of riverports on both banks of the Neva River are interconnected with the system of seaports, thus making Saint Petersburg the main link between the Baltic Sea and the rest of Russia through the Volga–Baltic Waterway .

The Saint Petersburg Mint (Monetny Dvor), founded in 1724, is one of the largest mints in the world, it mints Russian coins , medals and badges. Saint Petersburg is also home to the oldest and largest Russian foundry, Monumentskulptura, which made thousands of sculptures and statues that now grace the public parks of Saint Petersburg and many other cities. [ citation needed ] Monuments and bronze statues of the Tsars, as well as other important historic figures and dignitaries, and other world-famous monuments, such as the sculptures by Peter Clodt von Jürgensburg , Paolo Troubetzkoy , Mark Antokolsky , and others, were made there. [ citation needed ]

In 2007, Toyota opened a Camry plant after investing 5   billion rubles (approx. 200 mln dollars) in Shushary [ citation needed ] , one of the southern suburbs of Saint Petersburg. Opel , Hyundai and Nissan have also signed deals with the Russian government to build their automotive plants in Saint Petersburg. [ citation needed ] The automotive and auto-parts industry is on the rise there during the last decade. [ which? ]

Saint Petersburg has a large brewery and distillery industry. Known as Russia's "beer capital" due to the supply and quality of local water, its five large breweries account for over 30% of the country's domestic beer production. They include Europe's second-largest brewery Baltika , Vena (both operated by BBH), Heineken Brewery , Stepan Razin (both by Heineken ) and Tinkoff brewery (SUN- InBev ).

The city's many local distilleries produce a broad range of vodka brands. The oldest ones is LIVIZ (founded in 1897). Among the youngest is Russian Standard Vodka introduced in Moscow in 1998, which opened in 2006 a new $60   million distillery in Petersburg (an area of 30,000   m 2 (320,000   sq   ft) , production rate of 22,500 bottles per hour). In 2007, this brand was exported to over 70 countries. [102]

Saint Petersburg has the second largest construction industry in Russia, including commercial, housing, and road construction.

In 2006, Saint Petersburg's city budget was 180   billion rubles (about 7   billion US$ at 2006 exchange rates). [103] The federal subject's Gross Regional Product as of 2016 [ update ] was 3.7   trillion Russian rubles (or around US$70   billion), ranked 2nd in Russia, after Moscow [104] and per capita of US$13,000, ranked 12th among Russia's federal subjects, [105] contributed mostly by wholesale and retail trade and repair services (24.7%) as well as processing industry (20.9%) and transportation and telecommunications (15.1%). [106]

Budget revenues of the city in 2009 amounted to 294.3   billion rubles (about 10.044   billion US$ at 2009 exchange rates), expenses – 336.3   billion rubles (about 11.477   billion US$ at 2009 exchange rates). The budget deficit amounted to about 42   billion rubles. [107] (about 1.433   billion US$ at 2009 exchange rates)

In 2015, St.   Petersburg was ranked in 4th place economically amongst all federal subjects of the Russian Federation, surpassed only by Moscow, the Tyumen and Moscow Region. [108]

The historic architecture of Saint Petersburg's city centre, mostly Baroque and Neoclassical buildings of the 18th and 19th centuries, has been largely preserved; although a number of buildings were demolished after the Bolsheviks' seizure of power, during the Siege of Leningrad and in recent years. [ citation needed ] The oldest of the remaining building is a wooden house built for Peter I in 1703 on the shore of the Neva near Trinity Square. Since 1991 the Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast have been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site .

The ensemble of Peter and Paul Fortress with the Peter and Paul Cathedral takes a dominant position on Zayachy Island along the right bank of the Neva River . Each noon a cannon fires a blank shot from the fortress. The Saint Petersburg Mosque , the largest mosque in Europe when opened in 1913, is on the right bank nearby. The Spit of Vasilievsky Island , which splits the river into two largest armlets, the Bolshaya Neva and Malaya Neva , is connected to the northern bank ( Petrogradsky Island ) via the Exchange Bridge and occupied by the Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns . The southern coast of Vasilyevsky Island along the Bolshaya Neva features some of the city's oldest buildings, dating from the 18th century, including the Kunstkamera , Twelve Collegia , Menshikov Palace and Imperial Academy of Arts . It hosts one of two campuses of Saint Petersburg State University .

On the southern, left bank of the Neva, connected to the spit of Vasilyevsky Island via the Palace Bridge , lie the Admiralty building , the vast Hermitage Museum complex stretching along the Palace Embankment , which includes the Baroque Winter Palace , former official residence of Russian emperors, as well as the neoclassical Marble Palace . The Winter Palace faces Palace Square , the city's main square with the Alexander Column .

Nevsky Prospekt , also on the left bank of the Neva , is the city's main avenue. It starts at the Admiralty and runs eastwards next to Palace Square. Nevsky Prospekt crosses the Moika ( Green Bridge ), Griboyedov Canal ( Kazansky Bridge ), Garden Street , the Fontanka ( Anichkov Bridge ), meets Liteyny Prospekt and proceeds to Uprising Square near the Moskovsky railway station , where it meets Ligovsky Prospekt and turns to the Alexander Nevsky Lavra . The Passage , Catholic Church of St. Catherine , Book House (former Singer Manufacturing Company Building in the Art Nouveau style), Grand Hotel Europe , Lutheran Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul , Great Gostiny Dvor , Russian National Library , Alexandrine Theatre behind Mikeshin 's statue of Catherine the Great , Kazan Cathedral , Stroganov Palace , Anichkov Palace and Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace are all along that avenue.

The Alexander Nevsky Lavra , intended to house the relics of St. Alexander Nevsky , is an important centre of Christian education in Russia. It also contains the Tikhvin Cemetery with graves of many notable Petersburgers.

On the territory between the Neva and Nevsky Prospekt the Church of the Savior on Blood , Mikhailovsky Palace housing the Russian Museum , Field of Mars , St. Michael's Castle , Summer Garden , Tauride Palace , Smolny Institute and Smolny Convent are located.

Many notable landmarks are to the west and south of the Admiralty Building, including the Trinity Cathedral , Mariinsky Palace , Hotel Astoria , famous Mariinsky Theatre , New Holland Island , Saint Isaac's Cathedral , the largest in the city, and Senate Square , with the Bronze Horseman , 18th-century equestrian monument to Peter the Great , which is considered among the city's most recognisable symbols.

Other symbols of Saint Petersburg include the weather vane in the shape of a small ship on top of the Admiralty's golden spire and the golden angel on top of the Peter and Paul Cathedral. The Palace Bridge drawn at night is yet another symbol of the city.

From April to November, 22 bridges across the Neva and main canals are drawn to let ships pass in and out of the Baltic Sea according to a schedule. [109] It was not until 2004 that the first high bridge across the Neva, which does not need to be drawn, Big Obukhovsky Bridge , was opened. The most remarkable bridges of our days are Korabelny and Petrovsky cable-stayed bridges, which form the most spectacular part of the city toll road, Western High-Speed Diameter . There are hundreds of smaller bridges in Saint Petersburg spanning numerous canals and distributaries of the Neva, some of the most important of which are the Moika , Fontanka , Griboyedov Canal , Obvodny Canal , Karpovka and Smolenka . Due to the intricate web of canals, Saint Petersburg is often called Venice of the North . The rivers and canals in the city centre are lined with granite embankments. The embankments and bridges are separated from rivers and canals by granite or cast iron parapets .

Southern suburbs of the city feature former imperial residences, including Petergof , with majestic fountain cascades and parks, Tsarskoe Selo , with the baroque Catherine Palace and the neoclassical Alexander Palace , and Pavlovsk , which has a domed palace of Emperor Paul and one of Europe's largest English-style parks. Some other residences nearby and making part of the world heritage site, including a castle and park in Gatchina , actually belong to Leningrad Oblast rather than Saint Petersburg. Another notable suburb is Kronstadt with its 19th-century fortifications and naval monuments, occupying the Kotlin Island in the Gulf of Finland.

Since around the end of the 20th century a great deal of active building and restoration works have been carried out in a number of the city's older districts. The authorities have recently been compelled to transfer the ownership of state-owned private residences in the city centre to private lessors. Many older buildings have been reconstructed to allow their use as apartments and penthouses.

Some of these structures, such as the Saint Petersburg Commodity and Stock Exchange have been recognised as town-planning errors. [110]

Saint Petersburg is home to many parks and gardens. Some of the most well-known are in the southern suburbs, including Pavlovsk , one of Europe's largest English gardens . Sosnovka is the largest park within the city limits, occupying 240 ha. The Summer Garden is the oldest, dating back to the early 18th century and designed in the regular style. It is on the Neva's southern bank at the head of the Fontanka and is famous for its cast iron railing and marble sculptures.

Among other notable parks are the Maritime Victory Park on Krestovsky Island and the Moscow Victory Park in the south, both commemorating the victory over Nazi Germany in the Second World War, as well as the Central Park of Culture and Leisure occupying Yelagin Island and the Tauride Garden around the Tauride Palace . The most common trees grown in the parks are the English oak , Norway maple , green ash , silver birch , Siberian Larch , blue spruce , crack willow , limes , and poplars . Important dendrological collections dating back to the 19th century are hosted by the Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden and the Park of the Forestry Academy.

In order to commemorate 300 years anniversary of Saint Petersburg a new park was laid out. The park is in the northwestern part of the city. The construction was started in 1995. It is planned to connect the park with the pedestrian bridge to the territory of Lakhta Center 's recreation areas. In the park 300 trees of valuable sorts, 300 decorative apple trees, 70 limes. 300 other trees and bushes were planted. These trees were presented to Saint Petersburg by non-commercial and educational organizations of the city, its sister-cities, the city of Helsinki, heads of other regions of Russia, German Savings Bank and other people and organizations. [111]

Public transport

Saint Petersburg has an extensive city-funded network of public transport (buses, trams , trolleybuses ) and several hundred routes served by marshrutkas . In 2022 marshrutkas have been mostly phased out in favor of publicly owned buses. [136] Trams in Saint Petersburg used to be the main means of transport; in the 1980s this was the largest tram network globally, but many tracks were dismantled in the 2000s. [ citation needed ]

Buses carry up to three million passengers daily, serving over 250 urban and a number of suburban bus routes. Saint Petersburg Metro underground rapid transit system was opened in 1955; it now has 5 lines with 72 stations, connecting all five railway terminals, and carrying 2.3   million passengers daily. [137] Metro stations are often elaborately decorated with materials such as marble and bronze.

As of 2018, the Saint Petersburg Metro will include new stations: Prospekt Slavy, Dunayskaya, Shushary, Begovaya, and Novokrestovskaya, the latter built specifically to offer convenient access to the stadium during the 2018 FIFA World Cup games and games played by FC Zenit. [138]

Traffic jams are common in the city due to daily commuter traffic volumes, intercity traffic and excessive winter snow. The construction of freeways such as the Saint Petersburg Ring Road , completed in 2011, and the Western High-Speed Diameter , completed in 2017, helped reduce the traffic in the city. The M11 Neva , also known as the Moscow-Saint Petersburg Motorway, is a federal highway , and connects Saint Petersburg to Moscow by a freeway.

Saint Petersburg is an important transport corridor linking Scandinavia to Russia and Eastern Europe. The city is a node of the international European routes E18 towards Helsinki , E20 towards Tallinn , E95 towards Pskov , Kyiv and Odesa and E105 towards Petrozavodsk , Murmansk and Kirkenes (north) and towards Moscow and Kharkiv (south).

The city is also served by passenger and cargo seaports [ clarification needed ] in the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland , Baltic Sea , the river port higher up the Neva and tens of smaller passenger stations on both banks of the Neva river. It is a terminus of both the Volga–Baltic and White Sea–Baltic waterways. [ citation needed ]

The first high bridge that does not need to be drawn, the 2,824-metre-long (9,265   ft) Big Obukhovsky Bridge opened in 2004. Meteor hydrofoils link the city centre to the coastal towns of Kronstadt and Shlisselburg from May through October. [139] In the warmer months many smaller boats and water-taxis navigate the city's canals.

The shipping company St. Peter Line operates two ferries that sail from Helsinki to Saint Petersburg and from Stockholm to Saint Petersburg. [140]

The city is the final destination for a web of intercity and suburban railways, served by five different railway terminals ( Baltiysky , Finlyandsky , Ladozhsky , Moskovsky and Vitebsky ), [lower-alpha 7] [141] as well as dozens of non-terminal railway stations within the federal subject. Saint Petersburg has international railway connections to Helsinki , Finland, Berlin, Germany, and many former republics of the USSR. The Helsinki railway , built in 1870 and 443 kilometres (275   mi) long, had until 2022 trains running five times a day, in a journey lasting about three and a half hours with the Allegro train.

The Moscow–Saint Petersburg Railway opened in 1851, and is 651 kilometres (405   mi) long; the commute to Moscow now requires from three and a half to nine hours. [142]

In 2009, Russian Railways launched a high speed service for the Moscow–Saint Petersburg route. The new train, known as Sapsan , is a derivative of the popular Siemens Velaro train; various versions of this already operate in some European countries. It set records for the fastest train in Russia on 2 May 2009, travelling at 281 kilometres per hour (175   mph) [143] and on 7 May 2009, travelling at 290 kilometres per hour (180   mph) .

From 12 December 2010 until March 2022, Karelian Trains , a joint venture between Russian Railways and VR (Finnish Railways) , has been running Alstom Pendolino operated high-speed services between Saint Petersburg's Finlyandsky and Helsinki's Central railway stations. These services are branded as "Allegro" trains. "Allegro" is known for suffering some big technical problems from time to time, which sometimes result in significant delays and even cancellation of tourists' trips. [144] The service has been suspended indefinitely in the context of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and is not expected to resume.

Saint Petersburg is served by Pulkovo International Airport . [145]

Pulkovo airport was opened to passengers as a small aerodrome in 1931. As of 2013 [ update ] , the Pulkovo airport, which handles over 12 million passengers annually, is the 3rd busiest in Russia after Moscow's Sheremetyevo and Domodedovo . As a result, the steadily increasing passenger traffic has triggered a massive modernization of the entire airport infrastructure. A newly built Terminal 1 of the Pulkovo airport was put into operation on 4 December 2013 and integrated international flights of the former terminal Pulkovo-2. The renovated terminal Pulkovo-1 has been opened for domestic flights as an extension of Terminal 1 in 2015. [146] One of the oldest air carriers of the Russian Federation Rossiya is registered in Saint Petersburg and is the largest and the base carrier of Pulkovo Airport. [147]

There is a regular rapid-bus connection (buses 39, 39E, K39) between Pulkovo airport and the Moskovskaya metro station as well as 24/7 taxi service.

List of sister cities to Saint Petersburg as it appears on the official portal of the City Government, listing both sister cities and partnership ties: [148]

Non CIS/Baltic states sister cities of Saint Petersburg (from official government list)

• Adana , Turkey (since 1997) [148]
• Alexandroupoli , Greece (since 2015)
• Antwerp , Belgium (since 1958) [148]
• Bangkok , Thailand (since 1997) [148]
• Barcelona , Spain (since 1984) [148] [149]
• Bethlehem , Palestine (since 2003) [150]
• Bordeaux , France (since 1991) [148] [151] [152]
• Cape Town , South Africa (since 2001) [148]
• Cebu , Philippines (since 2010) [148] [153]
• Colombo , Sri Lanka (since 1997) [148]
• Chengdu , China (since 1998) [148]
• Daegu , South Korea (since 1997) [148] [154]
• Dresden , Germany (since 1961) [148] [155]
• Edinburgh , United Kingdom (since 1995) [148] [156] [ failed verification ]
• Faisalabad , Pakistan
• Gothenburg , Sweden (since 1962) [148]
• Hamburg , Germany (since 1957) [148]
• Havana , Cuba (since 2000) [148]
• Helsinki , Finland (since 1993) [148]
• Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam (since 1977) [148]
• Isfahan , Iran (since 1999) [148]
• Istanbul , Turkey (since 1990) [148] [157] [158]
• Kota Kinabalu , Malaysia (since 2017) [148]
• Le Havre , France (since 1965) [148] [159]
• Los Angeles, United States (since 1990) [148] [160]
• Lyon , France (since 1993) [148] [161]
• Manchester , United Kingdom (since 1956) [162]
• Mariupol' , Ukraine (since 2022) [148]
• Mikkeli , Finland (since 1996) [148]
• Montevideo , Uruguay (since 1998) [148]
• Mumbai , India (since 1963) [148] [163]
• Nice , France (since 1997) [148] [164]
• Osaka , Japan (since 1961) [148] [165]
• Piraeus , Greece (since 1965) [148] [166]
• Plovdiv , Bulgaria (since 2001) [148] [167]
• Québec City , Canada (since 2002) [148]
• Rio de Janeiro , Brazil (since 1986) [148]
• Rotterdam , Netherlands (since 1966) [148]
• Santa Cruz de Tenerife , Spain [168]
• Santiago , Cuba [148]
• Shanghai , China (since 1959) [148]
• Sofia , Bulgaria
• St. Petersburg, Florida , United States
• Stockholm , Sweden (since 1992) [148]
• Tampere , Finland (since 1993) [148]
• Thessaloniki , Greece (since 2002) [148] [169]
• Zagreb , Croatia (since 1968) [148] [170]

Sister cities in the Commonwealth of Independent States and Baltic states

• Almaty , Kazakhstan (since 1996) [148]
• Baku , Azerbaijan (since 1998) [148]
• Daugavpils , Latvia (since 2002) [171]
• Dushanbe , Tajikistan (since 1999) [148]
• Sevastopol (since 2000) [148]
• Vilnius , Lithuania (since 2002) [148] [172]
• Yerevan , Armenia (since 1997) [148] [173] [174]

Sister cities of Saint Petersburg (not included on official government list)

• Astana , Kazakhstan (since 2008) [ citation needed ]
• Aqaba , Jordan (since 2003) [ citation needed ]
• Bethlehem , Palestine [175]
• Busan , South Korea (since 2008) [ citation needed ]
• Cebu City , Philippines (since 2008) [ citation needed ]
• Chungcheongbuk-do , South Korea (since 2008) [ citation needed ]
• Debrecen , Hungary (since 2002) [176]
• Florence , Italy (since 2001) [177]
• Galveston, Texas , United States [178]
• Guadalajara , Mexico (since 2008) [ citation needed ] [179]
• Haifa , Israel (since 2008) [180]
• Hai Phong , Vietnam (since 2008) [ citation needed ]
• Khartoum , Sudan (since 2002) [ citation needed ]
• Lansing, Michigan , United States (since 1992) [181]
• Le Havre , France [182] [183]
• Lviv , Ukraine (since 2006) [184]
• Mar del Plata , Argentina (since 2008) [ citation needed ]
• Maribor , Slovenia (since 2001) [185]
• State of Maryland , United States [186]
• Nampho , North Korea (since 2002) [ citation needed ]
• Osh , Kyrgyzstan (since 2004) [ citation needed ]
• Oslo , Norway (since 2002) [187]
• Port Vila , Vanuatu
• Porto Alegre , Brazil (since 2002) [188]
• Rishon LeZion , Israel (since 1966)
• Sousse , Tunisia (since 2008) [ citation needed ]
• Turin , Italy (since 2012) [189] [190]
• Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia (since 2008) [ citation needed ]
• Westport, Connecticut , United States [191]

Former twin towns

Italian cities Milan and Venice were formerly twin cities of Saint Petersburg, but suspended this link due to St.   Petersburg's ban on "gay propaganda". [192] Milan suspended the relationship with Saint Petersburg on 23 November 2012 [193] and Venice did so on 28 January 2013. [194]

Shortly after the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine , Gdańsk , Warsaw , Aarhus , Melbourne , Kotka , Turku , Riga and Tallinn terminated or suspended the cooperation, affiliation or sister city relationship with Saint Petersburg. [195] [196] [197] [198] [199] [200] [201] [202] [203] [204] On 17 March 2022, Košice joined the list of cities terminating the partnership. The cooperation began in 1995. [205]

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Front pages from 2001 to 2011 tell story of 9/11 decade, from WTC attacks to war on terror and bin Laden’s death

A decade has passed since newspapers began telling the story of the post-9/11 world.

Ten years of front pages describe the events that followed the attack that killed nearly 3,000 people: The war on terrorism; the war in Iraq; the capture and hanging of Saddam Hussein; the war in Afghanistan; the rebuilding of Ground Zero, and the death of Osama bin Laden .

We have compiled and posted some of these front pages below, with thanks to the Newseum and all the newspapers that have helped create and preserve Page One memories from the last 10 years.

2001 FRONT PAGES

2002 FRONT PAGES

2003 FRONT PAGES

2004 FRONT PAGES

2005 FRONT PAGES

2006 FRONT PAGES

2007 FRONT PAGES

2008 FRONT PAGES

2009 FRONT PAGES

2010 FRONT PAGES

2011 FRONT PAGES

Local news covers a lot of crime, yet people can’t find the crime news they need

Gaps in news coverage cited in new Pew Research study are opportunities to grow local audiences

How newsrooms track the diversity of their sources can lead to tradeoffs in time spent, information collected

A new research study offers a roadmap for newsrooms that may want to analyze which voices routinely get quoted and ignored

Opinion | Former politician convicted of murdering journalist who reported on him

Plus, two years after she lost, a federal appeals court revives Sarah Palin's defamation suit against The New York Times.

No, Tim Walz did not insult Ann Coulter after she called his son ‘weird’

Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz’s purported response to Ann Coulter calling his son "weird" is not on his official X account.

University of Florida student journalists lead on breaking big stories about former President Ben Sasse

Independent Florida Alligator's stories drew national attention to former senator's high-dollar consulting and remote personnel spending

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