types of bridges presentation

Types of Bridges: An Overview

Bridge is defined as a rigid structure that spanning horizontally between the supports built to provide a passage over an obstruction. The obstruction may be roadway, railway, river or valley. Here is a list on the types of bridges which are classified based on various categories as follows:

• Structural form of Superstructure
• Construction Materials Used
• Interspan Relation
• Service Period
• Movement of parts of the bridge
• Navigation facility
• Position of bridge floor relative to the superstructure
• Submergence Condition
• Level of Crossing
• Bridge Span
• Alignment of the Bridge

Types of Bridges based on Structural Form of Superstructure:

Beam Bridge

Beam bridge is the oldest type of bridge ever used by man. It can be defined as one or more horizontal beams which is/are supported at both the ends. The load over the beam is directly transferred to piers at the end of span. This type of bridge may be simply supported or continuous. It is also less expensive to construct. Beam bridges are constructed using steel or reinforced concrete.

Truss Bridge

Truss is a structure of connected elements to form triangular units. The bridge deck is supported by means of steel trusses. This type of bridge is economical, efficient and is most commonly used in railways. Truss bridges can be easily prefabricated in factories and can be erected at site.

Arch Bridge

It is one of the oldest forms of bridges. The arch is located below the deck slab. The load on the deck slab gets transferred through the arch by compression to the abutments. The abutment (i.e., support) provided at each end of the arch prevents the bridge from spreading out. Arch Bridges use masonry, stone, concrete or steel as construction material.

Tied Arch Bridge

Tied Arch Bridge is similar to arch bridge. But, the arch lies above the bridge deck. The cables suspended from the arch, support the deck slab. Also known as “ Bowstring Bridge “

Suspension Bridge

In suspension bridge, the cables support the deck slab which are in turn attached to the suspenders. The suspenders are the curved cables running on either side of the bridge and throughout the length of the bridge. The suspenders are connected to two towers and must be firmly anchored into the ground at its ends. This type of bridge is suitable for longer spans. Also, suspension bridge provides an aesthetic appearance.

Cable Stayed Bridge

It is similar to Suspension bridge. But, the cables supporting the deck slab are connected to tall vertical towers called as pylons. The height of the pylon is much greater than that of towers in suspension bridges. Cables are usually connected to pylons in two different ways as follows:

• Harp design – The cables are connected to the pylon at different heights.
• Fan design – All the cables are connected at a particular height of the pylon.

Types of Bridges based on Construction Material used:

Wooden Bridge

It is one of the known earliest type of bridges. The material used for the construction of this type of bridge is timber. It is suitable for small and medium span enabling the movement of pedestrians, low weight car transport or livestock; commonly used for temporary purposes.

Masonry Bridge or Stone Bridge

Stone Bridge or Masonry Bridge uses Stone or Bricks as construction material. This type of bridge is comparatively durable than wooden bridges.  It is suitable for shorter span enabling the movement of pedestrians and livestock. Usually, arch bridge will be of stone or masonry structure.

Reinforced Concrete Bridge

Reinforced Cement Concrete(RCC) Bridge uses Reinforced Concrete as construction material. RCC bridges are more stable and durable. It is most commonly used for constructing highway bridges and flyovers

Steel Bridge

Steel bridges are constructed using steel bars, steel trusses or cables. It can withstand heavy loads and are suitable for longer spans. Steel bridges are commonly seen in Railways.

Prestressed concrete Bridge

Prestressed Concrete Bridge uses Prestressed Concrete as construction material. These types of bridges are suitable for shorter span to longer span. This type of bridges are either cast in site or factory made.

Composite Bridge

The bridges constructed by the combinations of more than one of the above discussed materials are called as Composite Bridges. RCC Deck slab resting on prestressed girders is an example of composite bridge.

Types of Bridges based on Usage:

Pedestrian Bridge (Or) Foot Bridge

The Pedestrian Bridge is the bridge which enables only pedestrians to pass over the obstacle. No vehicles move over the bridge other than bicycles.

Highway Bridge (or) Roadway Bridge

The bridges constructed for the purpose of movement of vehicles over an obstruction is classified as Highway or Roadway Bridge.

Railway Bridge

This type of bridge enables the movement of trains over an obstacle. Steel (Truss) Bridges are most commonly used for this purpose .

Pipe Bridge

Pipe bridges are bridges that support pipelines for gas, oil, water, communication cables, etc., Pipe Bridges include walkways which are utilized only during maintenance. Also, the public movement is restricted in walkways.

Aqueduct is a structure used to transport water from one location to another over an obstacle.

Road cum railway Bridge

Road cum Railway bridge enables both railway and road transport. It can have either single deck or multi decks.

Based on Inter span relation:

Simply Supported Bridge

Simply Supported Bridge is similar to a simply supported single span beam which has supports at its ends. the bridge deck is simply supported at both its ends. It is suitable for shorter spans.

Continuous Bridge

If a bridge is continuous over more than one span (i.e. bridge spanning over more than two supports), then it is called as continuous bridge.

Cantilever Bridge

It is similar to cantilever beam which is fixed at one end and the other end is free. Cantilever bridge is adopted when the supports cannot be placed in specific locations. The two cantilever portions of the bridge are usually joined together. In general, Cantilever beam will have three spans. The middle span of the bridge is constructed as a cantilever.

Based on Service Period :

Temporary Bridge

The bridges constructed for short term usage are classified as Temporary Bridges. These bridges can be dismantled after the purpose of construction have been served. Temporary Bridges are usually low cost bridges. An example of temporary bridge is that a bridge constructed during floods for evacuation. 

Permanent Bridge

These bridges constructed with a view to be used for longer duration are called as Permanent Bridges. Steel and Reinforced Concrete Bridges comes under this category .

Based on the movement of bridge parts :

Fixed Bridge

The bridge which is fixed in a particular location is termed as Fixed Bridge. This type of bridge remains in the same location until its failure . Mostly, the fixed bridge does not contain any movable parts. The bridge deck is at a higher level enabling clearance for water transport under them.

Movable Bridge

This type of bridge contains movable parts. The bridge deck moves to permit the passage of boats underneath them. This type of bridges may be dismantled and assembled in other locations.

Based on Navigation Facility:

Swing Bridge

This type of bridge can rotate horizontally with respect to a vertical support provided at the center of the span. The rotation of the bridge deck enables the movement of ships to pass through them.

Bascule Bridge

This type of bridge can lift its deck upwards allowing the movement of ships. The counterweights provided at the end of the span provides stability of bridge deck during lifting.

Traverser Bridge (or) Draw Bridge

The bridge deck moves over wheels or rollers. The bridge deck can be moved towards or away from the shore. The extended part of the bridge acts as cantilever.

Lift Bridge

The bridge in which the bridge deck moves up and down is classified as lift bridge. The vertical movement of bridge deck enables the movement of ships vertically from one water body to another.

Based on position of bridge floor relative to the superstructure :

Deck Bridge

In Deck Bridge, the Bridge floor is provided at the top of the superstructure. Also, the bridge deck lies between High Flood Level and Formation Level.

Through Bridge

In Through Bridge, the superstructure is completely above formation level. But the bridge floor is at the bottom of superstructure.

Semi Through Bridge

In Semi Through Bridge, the superstructure is partly above and partly below formation level. Also, the bridge floor is provided in the intermediate level of superstructure.

Based on Submergence Condition :

Low Level Bridge (or) Submersible Bridge

The superstructure of the bridge is below the High Flood Level of the water body. So, the bridge deck will submerge in water during the periods of high floods. These types of bridges becomes unusable during the periods of heavy rain.

High Level Bridge (or) Non Submersible Bridge

The super structure of the bridge is above the High Flood Level of the stream or river. So the bridge deck will never submerge in water even during the periods of heavy rain.

Based on level of crossing :

Over Bridge (or) Fly over

The bridges passing over an existing route are classified as over bridge. The route over which the bridge passes can be either a roadway or a railway track.

The tunnel passing under an existing route is termed as an Under pass. While constructing an underpass, considerations like drainage facilities and vertical clearance for vehicles must kept in mind.

Based on Bridge Span :

• Culvert Bridge – The bridge of span less than 6 m is termed as Culvert Bridge.
• Minor Bridge – The bridges whose span is between 6 m and 60 m is classified as Minor Bridge.
• Major Bridge – The bridges whose span is between 60 m and 120 m is classified as Major Bridge.
• Long Span Bridge – The bridge of span greater than 120 m is termed as Long Span Bridge.

Based on the Alignment of the Bridge :

Straight Bridge

When the alignment of the bridge is perpendicular to the center line of the obstacle (like roadway, railway track or river), then it is called as Straight Bridge.

Skew Bridge

The alignment of the bridge is not perpendicular to the center line of the obstacle. Such bridges are called as Skew Bridge.

Types of Bridges PPT:

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18 Types of Bridges – Components, Benefits & Limitations [Explained with Pictures]

Introduction

Types of Bridges – Components, Benefits & Limitations [Explained with Pictures]: – The bridge is a rigid structure that is based on an obstacle for providing the passage over a hindrance or obstruction. The required passage might be for rail lines, roads, waterways, pipelines, and so on. There are various types of bridges each fills a particular purpose and is selected under different circumstances.

Over the last a few thousand years, bridges have served perhaps one of the most important roles in the development and improvement of our earliest civic establishments, spreading of knowledge, local and overall exchange, and the ascent of transportation.

Components of Bridge

The bridge structure comprises of the following parts:-

A) Superstructure (Decking)

The Superstructure comprises of slab or girder or truss, etc. Super-structure bears the load disregarding the entry and transmits the forces made by similar sub-structures.

B) Substructure

Substructure includes piers, abutments, and wing walls which are provided to transmit a load of the superstructure to the earth.

C) Bearings

Substructures need more bearing strength to take the superstructure load straightforwardly on them. To help or support these loads, bearings are equipped. Bearings help to convey the load from the deck and disperse it uniformly over the substructure material.

Different Types of Bridges

1. arch bridges : ( types of bridges ).

Arch bridges utilize arch as a main structural component (arch is constantly located beneath the bridge, never above it). With the assistance of mid-span piers, they can be made with at least one arch, contingent upon what type of load and stress forces they should endure. The core component of the bridge is its abutments and points of support, which have to be built strong because they will convey the weight of the entire bridge structure and the forces they convey.

Arch bridges can only be fixed; however, they can support any decking fiction, including transport of people on foot, light or heavy rail, vehicles , and, even, be utilized as water-carrying aqueducts. The most well-known materials for the construction of arch bridges are masonry stone, concrete , wood, created iron, cast iron , and structural steel.

2. Truss Bridges : ( Types of Bridges )

Truss bridges are an extremely popular bridge design that utilizes a diagonal mess of most frequently triangle-shaped posts over the bridge to disseminate forces across practically the entire bridge structure. Individual elements or components of this structure (typically straight beams) can get through dynamic forces of tension and compression, yet by distributing those loads across the whole structure, the entire bridge can deal with a lot stronger forces and heavier loads than different types of bridges.

3. Beam Bridges : ( Types of Bridges )

Beam bridges utilize the simplest of forms – one or several horizontal beams that can either simply traverse the area between abutments or free some of the pressure on structural piers. The core force that affects beam bridges is the change of vertical force into shear and flexural load (projections or mid-span docks).

Due to their simplicity, they were the oldest bridges known to man. At first, built by simply dropping wooden logs over short rivers or trenches, this type of bridge started utilized broadly with the arrival of metal works, steel boxes, and pre-stressed construction concrete . Beam bridges today are separated into girder bridges, box girder bridges, and simple beam bridges.

4. Tied Arch Bridges : ( Types of Bridges )

Tied arch bridges are similar in design to arc bridges, yet they transfer the weight of the bridge and traffic load to the top chord that is associated with the base cords in the bridge foundation. The bottom tying cord can be reinforced by decking itself or a different deck-independent structure that interfaces with tie-rods.

They are most of the time are called bowstring arches or bowstring bridges and can be made in several variations, including shouldered tied-arch, multi-span discrete tied-arches, multi-span continuous tied-arches, single tied-arc per span, and others. In any case, there is a precise differentiation between tied arch bridges and bowstring arch bridges – the last option utilizes diagonally shaped members who make a design that transfers forces similar to truss bridges.

5. Cantilever Bridges : ( Types of Bridges )

Cantilever bridges are to some degree comparable in appearance to arc bridges, yet they support their load, not through vertical bracing but through diagonal bracing with horizontal beams that are being supported just toward one side.

By far most cantilever bridges utilize one set of the continuous spans that are set between two piers, with beams meeting on the middle over the impediment that bridge spans (waterway, lopsided landscape, or others). Cantilever bridges can likewise utilize mid-bridge pears are their foundation from which they span in both directions toward different piers and projections.

The size and a weight capacity of the cantilever bridge influence the quantity of sections it utilizes. simple pedestrian crossings over extremely small distances can utilize a simple cantilever beam; however, larger distances can utilize either two beams emerging from both abutments or multiple center piers. Cantilever bridges can’t traverse extremely large distances. They can be bare or use truss formation both underneath or above the bridge, and the most well-known constriction material are structural steel, iron, and prestressed concrete.

6. Cable-Stayed Bridges : ( Types of Bridges )

Cable-stayed bridges use deck cables that are directly associated with at least one vertical segment (called towers or arches) that can be raised close to projections or in the range of the bridge structure. Cables are generally associated with segments in two ways – harp design (each cable is appended to the different point behind the section, making the harp-like “strings” and “fan” designs (all links associated with one point at the highest point of the segment). This is an altogether different kind of link-driven suspension than in suspension bridges, where decking is held with vertical suspenders that go up to the principal support cable.

7. Suspension Bridges : ( Types of Bridges )

Suspension bridges use spreading ropes or cables from the vertical suspenders to hold the weight of the bridge deck and traffic. Ready to suspend decking over large spans, this kind of bridge is today exceptionally famous all around the world.

Initially made even in ancient times with materials like ropes or vines, with decking of wood planks or bamboo, the cutting edge variations utilize a wide exhibit of materials, for example, steel wire that is either braided into rope or manufactured or cast into chain links. Since just abutments and piers (at least one) are fixed to the ground, most of the bridge structure can be entirely adaptable and can frequently decisively answer the powers of wind, tremor or even vibration of by walking or vehicle traffic.

8. Fixed or Moveable Bridge : ( Types of Bridges )

By far most all bridges all around the world are fixed in place, without any moving parts that force them to stay in place until they are obliterated or fall because of unforeseen stress or dilapidation. In any case, a few spaces are needing multi-purpose bridges which can either have movable parts or can be totally moved starting from one location and then onto the next. Despite the fact that these bridges are rare, they serve a significant function that makes them exceptionally alluring.

9. Temporary Bridges : ( Types of Bridges )

Temporary bridges are made using essential modular components that can be moved by medium or light machinery. They are generally utilized in military engineering or in circumstances when fixed bridges are repaired and can be so modular to such an extent that they can be reinforced to span larger distances or even built up to help elevate loads. By far most temporary bridges are not intended to be utilized for prolonged time frames in single locations, albeit sometimes they might turn into a long-lasting piece of the road network because of different factors.

10. Fixed Bridges : ( Types of Bridges )

The majority of bridges constructed from one side of the world to the other and over our history are fixed, with no moveable parts to give higher clearance for waterway/ocean transport that is streaming beneath them. They are designed to remain where they are made to the time they are considered unusable due to their age, dilapidation, or are demolished.

Utilization of specific materials or certain construction techniques can quickly compel bridges to be everlastingly fixed. This is generally clear with bridges made from construction workmanship, suspension, and cable-stayed bridges where a huge part of the decking surface is suspended in the air by the complicated network of cables and other material.

11. Movable Bridges : ( Types of Bridges )

Moveable bridges are a compromise between the strength, carrying capacity, and durability of fixed bridges, and the flexibility and modularity of temporary bridges. Their core functionality is giving safe entry of different types of loads (from traveler to weighty cargo), yet with the ability to move out of the way of the boats or different sorts of under-deck traffic which would somehow or another not be fit for fitting under the primary body of the bridge.

12. Pedestrian Bridges : ( Types of Bridges )

The oldest bridges ever made were designed to facilitate traveler travel over small bodies or disagreeable landscapes. Today, they are typically made in metropolitan conditions or in terrain where vehicle transport is distant (like harsh sloping landscapes, timber lands, swamps, and so on.).

Since on-the- foot or bike traveler traffic doesn’t strain the bridges with much weight, designs of those bridges can be made to be more luxurious, rich, smooth, and better integrated with the urban environment or made with less expensive.

Numerous modern pedestrian-only bridges are made from modern material, while some tourist pedestrian bridges feature a more exoteric designs that even include transparent polymers in decking, empowering clients unrestricted view of the area underneath the bridge.

13. Double-decked Bridges : ( Types of Bridges )

Multi-purpose bridges provide an improved progression of traffic across bodies or harsh landscapes. Most frequently they have a larger number of vehicle lanes, and now and again have a dedicated areas for train tracks. For instance, notwithstanding various vehicle paths on the main decking.

14. Train Bridges : ( Types of Bridges )

Train bridges are bridges made explicitly to convey one or multiple lanes of train tracks, albeit in some cases train tracks can likewise be set adjacent to various deck types, or on various decking elevations. After car bridges, train bridges are the second-most-common type of bridge.

15. Pipeline Bridges : ( Types of Bridges )

Pipeline Bridges are less common as a standalone bridge type, pipeline bridges are built to carry pipelines across water or difficult terrains. Pipelines can convey water, air, gas, and communication cables. In present-day times, pipeline networks are typically consolidated in the structure of existing or newly built bridges that likewise house regular decking that works with passersby, vehicles , or railroad transport.

Pipeline bridges are typically exceptionally lightweight and can be supported just with the basic suspension bridge construction designs.

16. Commercial Bridges : ( Types of Bridges )

Commercial bridges are bridges that have commercial buildings like restaurants and shops. Most commonly utilized in medieval bridges established in urban environments where they took advantage of the steady progression of pedestrian traffic, today these kinds of bridges are seldom constructed with a prominent amount of them being found in many countries.

Medieval bridges are significantly more commonly known for their commercial applications.

17. Aqueduct Bridge : ( Types of Bridges )

Aqueducts are ancient bridge-like structures that are an essential part of the larger viaduct networks intended to convey water from water-rich regions to sometimes in a while extremely far-off dry urban communities.

As a result of the need to maintain a low but consistent drop of elevation of the main water-conveying path, aqueducts are exactly created structures that occasionally need to arrive at exceptionally high elevations and keep up with rigid structure while spanning large distances. The largest aqueducts are made of stone and can have different levels of arched bridges created one on top of one another.

18. Traffic Bridge : ( Types of Bridges )

This is the most widely recognized utilization of the bridge, with at least two lanes designed to carry vehicle and truck traffic of different forces. Present- day large bridges generally highlight numerous lanes that work with movement in a single lane and keeping in mind that most bridges have a solitary decking dedicated to vehicle traffic, some could have an extra deck, empowering each deck to be focused on providing travel in a solitary direction.

What are Some Benefits and Limitations of Bridges?

While all bridges need to handle that large number of forces consistently, different types of bridges will dedicate a greater amount of their capacity to all the more likely to handle a specific type of forces. The handling of those forces can be centralized in a couple of outstanding structure members, (for example, with cable or cable-stayed bridge where forces are distributed in a particular shape or situation) or be distributed by means of bracket across the practically whole structure of the bridge. Designs of bridges vary contingent upon the function of the bridge, the nature of the landscape where the bridge is constructed and anchored, the material used to make it, and the assets accessible to build it.

While all bridges need to handle all those forces consistently, different types of bridges will dedicate a greater amount of their capacity to all the more likely to handle the explicit types of forces. The handling of those forces can be brought together in a couple of noticeable structure members, (for instance, with cable or cable-stayed bridge where forces are distributed in a particular shape or situation) or be dispersed by means of truss across the practically whole structure of the bridge.

Tags: Aqueduct Bridge Arch Bridges Beam Bridges Benefits of Bridge Cable-Stayed Bridges Cantilever Bridges Commercial Bridges Components of Bridge Double-decked Bridges Fixed Bridges Fixed-movable Bridge Limitations of Bridge Movable Bridges Pedestrian Bridges Pipeline Bridges Suspension Bridges Temporary Bridges Tied Arch Bridges Traffic Bridge Train Bridges Truss Bridges

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Main Goals of this Activity

About project

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FREE K-12 standards-aligned STEM

curriculum for educators everywhere!

Find more at TeachEngineering.org .

• TeachEngineering
• Bridge Types: Tensile & Compressive Forces

Hands-on Activity Bridge Types: Tensile & Compressive Forces

Grade Level: 8 (6-8)

Time Required: 45 minutes

Expendable Cost/Group: US $2.00

Group Size: 2

Activity Dependency: None

Subject Areas: Physical Science

NGSS Performance Expectations:

Curriculum in this Unit Units serve as guides to a particular content or subject area. Nested under units are lessons (in purple) and hands-on activities (in blue). Note that not all lessons and activities will exist under a unit, and instead may exist as "standalone" curriculum.

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Using the countless design possibilities of beam, truss, arch and suspension bridges, civil and structural engineers create the bridges that are essential to the infrastructure of our world. To design bridges of any type, engineers must understand the forces that act on every bridge: compression and tension, and then design bridges to handle these forces without breaking or failing. Teams of engineers decide on the bridge type, design and materials to best distribute the load across an obstacle, and draw detailed design plans, specifying materials, measurements, shapes and angles for construction of the bridge.

After this activity, students should be able to:

• Define three major types of bridges, including a beam or truss bridge, an arch bridge, and a suspension bridge.
• Describe and locate compressive and tensile forces acting on various types of bridges.
• Explain situations for which different types of bridges would be best suited.

Educational Standards Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science, technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards. All 100,000+ K-12 STEM standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged by the Achievement Standards Network (ASN) , a project of D2L (www.achievementstandards.org). In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g. , by state; within source by type; e.g. , science or mathematics; within type by subtype, then by grade, etc .

Ngss: next generation science standards - science, international technology and engineering educators association - technology.

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State Standards

American association for the advancement of science - science, colorado - science.

Each group needs:

• Bridge Notes Worksheet , one per student
• 1 small sponge (or flat eraser)
• 1 dark ink pen or marker
• 1 strip of cardboard or poster board (1-in wide x 11-in long; 2.5-cm wide x 28-cm long)
• 1 10-foot (3-m) piece of string or small diameter rope
• 1 11-foot (3- or 4-m) piece of rope
• several textbooks (at least four)
• Bridge Types & Forces Worksheet , one per student

(Optional: Provide each student with a copy of the Bridge Notes Worksheet to fill-in what they know about bridges before the activity and take notes on during the introduction portion of the activity.)

What impacts do bridges have on our communities and cities? Bridges provide essential links between places, providing us with access to resources, other places and other people. Bridges enable roadways to pass through varying terrain, over waterways and through mountains with minimal deviation, saving time in transport or commute or even connecting areas that would otherwise be inaccessible. Who designs these bridges? Civil engineers do. Think about bridges as a way that engineers help us bring worlds together. (Show a map of Vancouver, BC, Canada, or another city with many bridges.) For example, the jutting features of Vancouver would be difficult to access if it were not for the bridges that tie this region together.

Three basic types of bridges used in transportation are: beam and truss bridges, arch bridges and suspension bridges. To understand how bridges work, we must understand the forces that act on every bridge. Two major forces act on a bridge at any given time: compression and tension. Compression, or compressive force, is a force that acts to compress or shorten the thing it is acting on. Tension, or tensile force, is a force that acts to expand or lengthen the thing it is acting on. As a simple example, think of a spring. If we push both ends of the spring towards each other, we are compressing the spring. Thus, a force of compression is acting on it to shorten the spring. If we pull both ends of the spring away from each other, we are stretching the spring. Thus, a force of tension is acting on it to lengthen the spring. It is the purpose of the bridge design to handle these forces without breaking or failing in some manner.

Beam and Truss Bridges

Beam bridges are the simplest and least expensive type of bridge to build. The most simple beam bridges consist of a horizontal beam that is supported on each end by columns or piers. The weight of the beam and any additional load on the bridge is transferred directly to the piers. However, the beam itself must be able to support its own weight and loads between the piers. When a load pushes down on the beam, the top portion of the beam is pushed together by a compressive force while a tensile force stretches the lower portion. The farther apart the supports or piers, the weaker a beam bridge becomes. For larger beam bridges designed for heavy car and railroad traffic, the beams are substituted by simple trusses, or triangular units, which are more economical than solid beams. Engineers have used many different truss patterns in bridges. Therefore, most beam bridges rarely span more than 200 feet (61m), however, old truss bridges crossing major rivers are often as long as 500-600 feet (152-183m), not including end supports such as piers.

Arch Bridges

Arch bridges are the easiest type of bridge to recognize. They are one of the oldest types of bridges and have extraordinary natural strength. Instead of pushing straight down as beam bridges do, the weight of the arch bridge and any additional load on the bridge is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end. These supports are called abutments. Abutments distribute the load from the bridge and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading out. The Romans were masters of the arch bridge. Many of their arch bridges used little or no mortar, or "glue," to hold the stones together. The goal of an arch bridge is to carry all loads in compression, without any tensile loads present. The stones in the structures stay together by the sheer force of their own weight and the compression transferred between them. The size of the arch, or the amount of curvature, has a major effect on the effectiveness of this type of bridge. Sometimes, in very large arch bridges, the arch is often reduced in size or flattened down, which results in significant tensile forces that must be factored into the design. Most modern arch bridges span between 100-1,500 feet (30-457m).

Suspension Bridges

Two categories of suspension bridges are: modern suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges. Modern suspension bridges are characterized by an M-shaped cable pattern. Cables are strung over two towers and then anchored on both ends. The roadway is suspended from the cables by thinner cables or rods. The roadway's weight and any additional load are transferred to the cables, creating a tension force in the cables. The cables then transfer their force to the towers and anchors. Typical modern suspension bridges span distances from 2,000 to 7,000 feet (610-2,134m). Cable-stayed bridges are characterized by an A-shaped cable pattern. Cables are anchored directly to the towers and eliminate the need for an anchorage system. The same tensile and compressive forces are seen in a cable-stayed bridge as they are in a modern suspension bridge. Typical cable-stayed bridges span distances from 500 to 3,000 feet (152-914m), fast becoming the bridge of choice for medium length spans. Cable-stayed bridges also look cool!

Today, we are going to create simple models of each type of bridge that we just discussed to help us learn more about how the forces of tension and compression act on each one. We are also going to think about the situations when an engineer might decide to use each type of bridge when designing roadways.

Before the Activity

Prepare the following materials for each group:

• For the beam bridge model, use a pen or marker to draw equally-distant parallel lines along the width (not the length) of the sponge (or eraser) (see Figure 1). If using a sponge, dampen it a bit so it is able to flex.
• For the arch bridge model, cut cardboard into strips.
• For the suspension bridge model, cut the string (or small-diameter rope) into three 2-foot (.6-m) lengths and one 4-foot (1.2-m) piece.
• For the cable-stayed bridge model, cut the larger-diameter rope into one piece 5-feet long and another piece 6-feet long.
• Make copies of the Bridge Types & Forces Worksheet , one per student.
• Divide the class into groups of two students each.

With the Students

• Present to students the basic concepts of each bridge: beam, arch and both suspension bridges as described in the introduction section. Discuss the forces present in each bridge—compression and tension—and the differences in each. Hand out the worksheets for students to complete independently. After students have finished, review their answers to assure their understanding of the behavior of compressive and tensile forces in the different bridge types.
• Have each team make a simple beam bridge (see Figure 1). Position two stacks of textbooks of approximately equal height (3-4 inches or 8-10 cm) so that the flat sponge (or eraser) can "span" them (make distance between the stacks about 1-2 inches or 2-5 cm). Rest the sponge on the two textbook stacks spanning the distance between them. Using a pen or pencil, place a downward force on the top of the sponge—just enough to cause the sponge to bend but not completely collapse.
• What happens to the parallel lines drawn on the top and bottom? (Answer: The lines on the top move closer together. The lines on the bottom move farther apart.)
• Where are the compressive forces located? (Answer: The compressive forces are located on the top.)
• Where are the tensile forces located? (Answer: The tensile forces are located on the bottom.)

• Have each group make a simple arch bridge. Direct them to gently bend their cardboard strips so that they have a curved shape. Then, place the cardboard strip on a smooth flat surface (desktop or tile floor; not carpet) so that it resembles an arch. Using a pen or pencil, place a downward force on the top of the center of the arch. What happens to the arch? (Answer: Expect the arch to collapse because its ends move outward.) Next, place two stacks of textbooks ~5-6 inches (13-15 cm) apart. Place the cardboard strip in-between the two stacks with the curved shape resembling an arch bridge. Press down on the center of the arch (see Figure 2).
• Now what happens? (Answer: The arch should not collapse as easily.)
• What kind of force do the abutments (as represented by the textbooks) impose on the arch, pushing (compression) or pulling (tension)? (Answer: The abutments push back on the arch since the arch is pushing on the abutments.)
• Point out how the stacks of books act as abutments keeping the ends of the arch from spreading apart.

• Have each group make a simple suspension bridge. First, tie one of the 2-foot (.6-m) long pieces of string (or small-diameter rope) around the middle of one ~1-inch (2.5-cm) thick textbook while it is laying flat on the table. Repeat this step with a second 2-foot long piece around a different textbook. Stand these two textbooks on end with the string at the top. Take the third piece of 2-foot string and tie each end to the string on the tops of the textbooks. Position the textbooks about 18 inches (.5 m) apart. Now, push down on the string that connects the two textbooks together (see Figure 3). What happens? (Answer: Notice how the books fall inward relatively easily.) 

• Next, remove the strings from the two textbooks. Take the 4-foot (1.2-m) long piece and place a stack of textbooks on top of one end. Place another stack of textbooks on the other end. Using the same 1-inch (2.5-cm) thick textbooks as before, place them under the string standing on end. Try to position the distance between the two textbooks the same as before, 18 inches (.5m). Now, push down on the string between the two textbooks (see Figure 4).
• What happens? (Answer: Expect the books to not fall as easily, even with increasing load.)
• Is the string (cable) in tension or compression? (Answer: The string is in tension; it can only support a tensile force.)
• Are the books (towers) in tension or compression? (Answer: The books are in compression.)
• Do the stacks of books (anchors) push or pull on the string (cable)? (Answer: The stacks of books pull on the string because the string is pulling on them.)
• Point out how the anchorages (textbook stacks) help to stabilize the bridge.

• Have each group make a simple cable-stayed bridge. Have students stand up and hold their arms out horizontally to each side. Have them imagine their arms form a bridge and their head is a tower in the middle. In this position, their muscles are holding up their arms. Now, using the rope, have the students become cable-stayed bridges (see Figure 5). Tie each end of the 5-foot (1.5-m) piece of rope around each elbow. Position the middles of the ropes on the tops of their heads. The rope acts as a cable-stay and holds up the elbows. Using the 6-foot (1.8-m) piece, repeat this process tying the ends around their wrists.
• Where do you feel a pushing or compression force? (Answer: The ropes are in tension due to the arm weight (the bridge) while their heads are in compression.)
• Notice how the load (arm weight) is transferred to the tower (heads).
• Step back and notice the pattern made by the strings going over their heads.

• Conclude the activity with one of the post-activity assessment activities described in the Assessment section. For example, have each team pick one type of bridge to design. Using their notes and activity worksheets, have them create a drawing of the bridge in an appropriate location. For example, a modern suspension bridge might cross a body of water that is 3,000 ft (914 m) in length.

abutment: A mass, as of masonry, receiving the arch, beam, truss, etc., at each end of a bridge.

anchor: Any device for securing a suspension bridge at either end.

arch bridge: A bridge that forms the shape of an arch.

beam: A long, rigid, horizontal support member of a structure.

beam bridge: A bridge that consists of beams supported by columns (piers, towers).

cable: A very strong rope made of strands of metal wire, as used to support cable cars or suspension bridges.

cable-stayed bridge: A bridge that consists of one or more towers (or columns) with cables supporting the bridge deck. Characterized by A-shaped cable patterns.

compression: A pushing force that tends to shorten objects.

deck: The "top" of the bridge on which we drive or walk.

engineer: A person who applies their understanding of science and math to creating things for the benefit of humanity and our world.

suspension bridge: A bridge in which the deck is hung from cables.

tension: A pulling or stretching force that tends to lengthen objects.

Pre-Activity Assessment

Worksheet : Have students individually complete the pre-activity Bridge Notes Worksheet , and add to it during the Introduction/Motivation portion of the activity. Review their answers to gauge their mastery of the concepts.

Activity Embedded Assessment

Question/Answer : Ask students the questions provided throughout the Procedure section and discuss as a class.

Worksheet : Have students individually complete the Bridge Types & Forces Worksheet . Review their answers to gauge their mastery of the concepts.

Post-Activity Assessment

Design Your Own : After the activity, describe for students how when a community needs a new bridge, teams of engineers decide on the bridge type, design and materials to best distribute the load across an obstacle, and then draw detailed design plans that are used for construction of the bridge. Assign student teams to each choose a bridge type and draw their own detailed design of the bridge, specifying materials, measurements, shapes and angles, just like engineers.

Engineering Scenarios : Engineers use their knowledge of bridge types to select the most appropriate design for a new area. Have students discuss in pairs and share with the class which bridge types they would choose for transportation through the following scenarios:

• A river that is 300 feet (91 m) wide. (Answer: A truss or arch bridge.)
• A ravine that is 1,000 feet (305 m) across. (Answer: A cable-stayed or arch bridge.)
• A body of water that is 10,000 feet (3,048 m) across. (Answer: A suspension bridge.)
• A small patch of swampy land. (Answer: A truss or arch bridge.)
• A waterway in which tall ships must pass through. (Answer: A suspension bridge.)

Safety Issues

• When students are creating their human cable-stay bridges, advise them not to tie the strings so tight that they cut off their circulation.

Have students cut out pictures from magazines of the three different bridge types and draw arrows showing where the tensile and compressive forces are acting.

• For lower grades, complete the worksheets together, as a class.
• For upper grades, in addition to completing the worksheets individually have each student perform the following: 1) find a bridge near their home, 2) create an image of it by either using a digital camera or making a detailed drawing, and 3) prepare a presentation for the class identifying the following features: bridge type, bridge location, primary uses, and obvious portions of the bridge under tension and compression forces.

Students are presented with a brief history of bridges as they learn about the three main bridge types: beam, arch and suspension. They are introduced to two natural forces — tension and compression — common to all bridges and structures.

Students learn about the types of possible loads, how to calculate ultimate load combinations, and investigate the different sizes for the beams (girders) and columns (piers) of simple bridge design. Additionally, they learn the steps that engineers use to design bridges.

Working as engineering teams, students design and create model beam bridges using plastic drinking straws and tape as their construction materials. Their goal is to build the strongest bridge with a truss pattern of their own design, while meeting the design criteria and constraints.

Learn the basics of the analysis of forces engineers perform at the truss joints to calculate the strength of a truss bridge known as the “method of joints.” Find the tensions and compressions to solve systems of linear equations where the size depends on the number of elements and nodes in the trus...

Dictionary.com. Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. Accessed March 21, 2007. (Source of some vocabulary definitions, with some adaptation) http://www.dictionary.com

Super Bridge: Build a Bridge. Updated October 2000. NOVA Online. Accessed March 14, 2007. (Activity adapted from this resource) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bridge/build.html

Contributors

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Last modified: November 12, 2020

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The Constructor

Types of bridges based on span, materials, structures, functions, utility etc..

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🕑 Reading time: 1 minute

Types of Bridges

Types of bridges based on type of super structure.

• Arch bridge
• Girder bridge
• Truss bridge
• Suspension bridge

Arch Bridge

Girder Bridge

Truss Bridge

Suspension Bridge

Types of Bridges based on Materials

• Timber bridge
• Masonry bridge
• Steel bridge
• R.C.C bridge
• Pre stressed concrete bridge

Timber Bridge

Masonry Bridge

Steel Bridge

R.C.C Bridge

Prestressed Concrete Bridge

Types of Bridges based on Span

• Culvert bridge
• Minor bridge
• Major bridge
• Long span bridge

Culvert Bridge

Minor Bridge

Major Bridge

Long Span Bridge

Types of Bridges based on Level of Crossing

• Over bridge
• Under bridge

Over Bridge

Under Bridge

Types of Bridges based on Function

• Foot bridge
• Highway bridge
• Rail way bridge
• Aqueduct bridge
• Road cum railway bridge

Foot Bridge

Highway Bridge

Railway Bridge

Aqueduct Bridge

Road cum Railway Bridge

Types of Bridges based on Inter Span Relation

• Simple bridge
• Continuous bridge
• Cantilever bridge

Simple Bridge

Continuous Bridge

Cantilever Bridge

Types of Bridges based on Utility

• Temporary bridge
• Permanent bridge

Temporary Bridge

Permanent Bridge

Types of Bridges based on Position of Floor

• Deck bridge
• Through bridge
• Semi-through bridge

Deck Bridge

Through Bridge

Semi-Through Bridge

Types of Bridges based on High Flood Level (HFL)

• Low level bridge
• High level bridge

Low Level Bridge

High Level Bridge

Sadanandam Anupoju

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TYPES OF BRIDGES. BEAM BRIDGE. The beam type is the simplest type of bridge. The beam bridge could be anything as simple as a plank of wood to a complex structure. It is made of two or more supports which hold up a beam. ARCH BRIDGE.

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Presentation Transcript

BEAM BRIDGE The beam type is the simplest type of bridge. The beam bridge could be anything as simple as a plank of wood to a complex structure. It is made of two or more supports which hold up a beam.

ARCH BRIDGE In the arch type of bridge, weight is carried outward along two paths, curving toward the ground.

SUSPENSION BRIDGE The deck (trafficway) of a suspension bridge is hung by cables which hang from towers. The cables transfer the weight to the towers, which transfer the weight to the ground.

CANTILEVER BRIDGE In the cantilever type of bridge, two beams support another beam, which is where the deck or trafficway is. The two beams must be anchored, and this must be done well.

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