business plan vs financial plan

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Business Plan vs. Financial Plan: What’s The Difference?

• December 16, 2022
• Fundraising

When preparing their business plan, entrepreneurs sometimes get confused between different terms, especially the difference between a business plan and a financial plan.

Whilst a business plan must include a financial plan, these 2 documents are very different and have separate objectives.

In this article we explain you what are a business plan and a financial plan, their objectives and what are the key differences between them.

What is a Business plan?

A business plan is a long document that contains a detailed description of your business and your strategy. Unlike a pitch deck, a business plan is a Word document and often includes 30 up to 100 pages.

We use business plans to communicate information about a business to third-parties. We often use it when a business needs funding. Debt investors (e.g. banks or venture debt investors ) almost always require a business plan as part of a loan application. Instead, equity investors usually ask for a pitch deck .

What should you include in a business plan?

Chances are you will find different definitions online for what you need to include in your business plan. Yet, most interested parties (investors or banks) agree on the different elements that a business plan must include, they are:

• Executive summary : usually a one-pager, this section outlines key information about the company such as a short business overview , operations, location and leadership
• Products and services : a detailed overview of the different products and/or services the company offers including features, benefits to customers and pricing. This section can also include, if relevant, information about the production and manufacturing elements (costs, materials and processes). Also, include here any proprietary technology (e.g. patents) your business might have
• Market analysis : a description of the market including its size and its growth. Here you should also include any information about your competitive environment, especially you position yourself vs. competitors
• Marketing strategy : this section explains how a business acquires and retains its customers. Your acquisition strategy ( inbound or outbound for example) as well as your conversion funnel must be clearly explained. If any, you should include here the different marketing campaigns you are running (e.g. paid ads, offline marketing), their goals and historical performance.
• Financial plan : every business plan must include a financial plan. As explained below, a financial plan is the projection in the future of the 3 financial statements . Usually, a financial plan is a 3- to 5-year forecast , depending on the objective of the business plan and the stage the business is in today.

What is a Financial plan?

As explained above, a financial plan is an element of every business plan.

A financial plan can take different forms (charts, tables) yet should always at least show the projection over a certain period ( 3- to 5-year usually) of the 3 financial statements.

A financial plan should also include some historical data (if any). If you have 3 years of historical financial data, include them in there as well. Indeed, investors will want to see how realistic are your projections .

Also, make it clear what are the key assumptions behind your financial forecasts: projecting the future isn’t easy and we often need to make some assumptions. Yet, the more available sources and data points you have to substantiate your projections, the better. Investors appreciate entrepreneurs who are realistic about their projections and understand the opportunities as well as the potentials risks involved. Whenever possible, use historical data and/or industry benchmarks .

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How to Write a Small Business Financial Plan

Noah Parsons

4 min. read

Updated April 22, 2024

Creating a financial plan is often the most intimidating part of writing a business plan.

It’s also one of the most vital. Businesses with well-structured and accurate financial statements are more prepared to pitch to investors, receive funding, and achieve long-term success.

Thankfully, you don’t need an accounting degree to successfully create your budget and forecasts.

Here is everything you need to include in your financial plan, along with optional performance metrics, funding specifics, mistakes to avoid , and free templates.

• Key components of a financial plan

A sound financial plan is made up of six key components that help you easily track and forecast your business financials. They include your:

Sales forecast

What do you expect to sell in a given period? Segment and organize your sales projections with a personalized sales forecast based on your business type.

Subscription sales forecast

While not too different from traditional sales forecasts—there are a few specific terms and calculations you’ll need to know when forecasting sales for a subscription-based business.

Expense budget

Create, review, and revise your expense budget to keep your business on track and more easily predict future expenses.

How to forecast personnel costs

How much do your current, and future, employees’ pay, taxes, and benefits cost your business? Find out by forecasting your personnel costs.

Profit and loss forecast

Track how you make money and how much you spend by listing all of your revenue streams and expenses in your profit and loss statement.

Cash flow forecast

Manage and create projections for the inflow and outflow of cash by building a cash flow statement and forecast.

Balance sheet

Need a snapshot of your business’s financial position? Keep an eye on your assets, liabilities, and equity within the balance sheet.

What to include if you plan to pursue funding

Do you plan to pursue any form of funding or financing? If the answer is yes, then there are a few additional pieces of information that you’ll need to include as part of your financial plan.

Highlight any risks and assumptions

Every entrepreneur takes risks with the biggest being assumptions and guesses about the future. Just be sure to track and address these unknowns in your plan early on.

Plan your exit strategy

Investors will want to know your long-term plans as a business owner. While you don’t need to have all the details, it’s worth taking the time to think through how you eventually plan to leave your business.

• Financial ratios and metrics

With your financial statements and forecasts in place, you have all the numbers needed to calculate insightful financial ratios.

While including these metrics in your plan is entirely optional, having them easily accessible can be valuable for tracking your performance and overall financial situation.

Key financial terms you should know

It’s not hard. Anybody who can run a business can understand these key financial terms. And every business owner and entrepreneur should know them.

Common business ratios

Unsure of which business ratios you should be using? Check out this list of key financial ratios that bankers, financial analysts, and investors will want to see.

Break-even analysis

Do you want to know when you’ll become profitable? Find out how much you need to sell to offset your production costs by conducting a break-even analysis.

How to calculate ROI

How much could a business decision be worth? Evaluate the efficiency or profitability by calculating the potential return on investment (ROI).

• How to improve your financial plan

Your financial statements are the core part of your business plan that you’ll revisit most often. Instead of worrying about getting it perfect the first time, check out the following resources to learn how to improve your projections over time.

Common mistakes with business forecasts

I was glad to be asked about common mistakes with startup financial projections. I read about 100 business plans per year, and I have this list of mistakes.

How to improve your financial projections

Learn how to improve your business financial projections by following these five basic guidelines.

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Download and use these free financial templates and calculators to easily create your own financial plan.

Sales forecast template

Download a free detailed sales forecast spreadsheet, with built-in formulas, to easily estimate your first full year of monthly sales.

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Noah is the COO at Palo Alto Software, makers of the online business plan app LivePlan. He started his career at Yahoo! and then helped start the user review site Epinions.com. From there he started a software distribution business in the UK before coming to Palo Alto Software to run the marketing and product teams.

Table of Contents

• What to include for funding

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What is a business plan?

1. write an executive summary, 2. describe your company, 3. state your business goals, 4. describe your products and services, 5. do your market research, 6. outline your marketing and sales plan, 7. perform a business financial analysis, 8. make financial projections, 9. summarize how your company operates, 10. add any additional information to an appendix, business plan tips and resources.

A business plan outlines your business’s financial goals and explains how you’ll achieve them over the next three to five years. Here’s a step-by-step guide to writing a business plan that will offer a strong, detailed road map for your business.

ZenBusiness

A business plan is a document that explains what your business does, how it makes money and who its customers are. Internally, writing a business plan should help you clarify your vision and organize your operations. Externally, you can share it with potential lenders and investors to show them you’re on the right track.

Business plans are living documents; it’s OK for them to change over time. Startups may update their business plans often as they figure out who their customers are and what products and services fit them best. Mature companies might only revisit their business plan every few years. Regardless of your business’s age, brush up this document before you apply for a business loan .

» Need help writing? Learn about the best business plan software .

This is your elevator pitch. It should include a mission statement, a brief description of the products or services your business offers and a broad summary of your financial growth plans.

Though the executive summary is the first thing your investors will read, it can be easier to write it last. That way, you can highlight information you’ve identified while writing other sections that go into more detail.

» MORE: How to write an executive summary in 6 steps

Next up is your company description. This should contain basic information like:

Your business’s registered name.

Address of your business location .

Names of key people in the business. Make sure to highlight unique skills or technical expertise among members of your team.

Your company description should also define your business structure — such as a sole proprietorship, partnership or corporation — and include the percent ownership that each owner has and the extent of each owner’s involvement in the company.

Lastly, write a little about the history of your company and the nature of your business now. This prepares the reader to learn about your goals in the next section.

» MORE: How to write a company overview for a business plan

The third part of a business plan is an objective statement. This section spells out what you’d like to accomplish, both in the near term and over the coming years.

If you’re looking for a business loan or outside investment, you can use this section to explain how the financing will help your business grow and how you plan to achieve those growth targets. The key is to provide a clear explanation of the opportunity your business presents to the lender.

For example, if your business is launching a second product line, you might explain how the loan will help your company launch that new product and how much you think sales will increase over the next three years as a result.

» MORE: How to write a successful business plan for a loan

In this section, go into detail about the products or services you offer or plan to offer.

You should include the following:

An explanation of how your product or service works.

The pricing model for your product or service.

The typical customers you serve.

Your supply chain and order fulfillment strategy.

You can also discuss current or pending trademarks and patents associated with your product or service.

Lenders and investors will want to know what sets your product apart from your competition. In your market analysis section , explain who your competitors are. Discuss what they do well, and point out what you can do better. If you’re serving a different or underserved market, explain that.

Here, you can address how you plan to persuade customers to buy your products or services, or how you will develop customer loyalty that will lead to repeat business.

Include details about your sales and distribution strategies, including the costs involved in selling each product .

» MORE: R e a d our complete guide to small business marketing

If you’re a startup, you may not have much information on your business financials yet. However, if you’re an existing business, you’ll want to include income or profit-and-loss statements, a balance sheet that lists your assets and debts, and a cash flow statement that shows how cash comes into and goes out of the company.

Accounting software may be able to generate these reports for you. It may also help you calculate metrics such as:

Net profit margin: the percentage of revenue you keep as net income.

Current ratio: the measurement of your liquidity and ability to repay debts.

Accounts receivable turnover ratio: a measurement of how frequently you collect on receivables per year.

This is a great place to include charts and graphs that make it easy for those reading your plan to understand the financial health of your business.

This is a critical part of your business plan if you’re seeking financing or investors. It outlines how your business will generate enough profit to repay the loan or how you will earn a decent return for investors.

Here, you’ll provide your business’s monthly or quarterly sales, expenses and profit estimates over at least a three-year period — with the future numbers assuming you’ve obtained a new loan.

Accuracy is key, so carefully analyze your past financial statements before giving projections. Your goals may be aggressive, but they should also be realistic.

NerdWallet’s picks for setting up your business finances:

The best business checking accounts .

The best business credit cards .

The best accounting software .

Before the end of your business plan, summarize how your business is structured and outline each team’s responsibilities. This will help your readers understand who performs each of the functions you’ve described above — making and selling your products or services — and how much each of those functions cost.

If any of your employees have exceptional skills, you may want to include their resumes to help explain the competitive advantage they give you.

Finally, attach any supporting information or additional materials that you couldn’t fit in elsewhere. That might include:

Licenses and permits.

Equipment leases.

Bank statements.

Details of your personal and business credit history, if you’re seeking financing.

If the appendix is long, you may want to consider adding a table of contents at the beginning of this section.

How much do you need?

with Fundera by NerdWallet

We’ll start with a brief questionnaire to better understand the unique needs of your business.

Once we uncover your personalized matches, our team will consult you on the process moving forward.

Here are some tips to write a detailed, convincing business plan:

Avoid over-optimism: If you’re applying for a business bank loan or professional investment, someone will be reading your business plan closely. Providing unreasonable sales estimates can hurt your chances of approval.

Proofread: Spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors can jump off the page and turn off lenders and prospective investors. If writing and editing aren't your strong suit, you may want to hire a professional business plan writer, copy editor or proofreader.

Use free resources: SCORE is a nonprofit association that offers a large network of volunteer business mentors and experts who can help you write or edit your business plan. The U.S. Small Business Administration’s Small Business Development Centers , which provide free business consulting and help with business plan development, can also be a resource.

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Business Financial Plan Example: Strategies and Best Practices

Any successful endeavor begins with a robust plan – and running a prosperous business is no exception. Careful strategic planning acts as the bedrock on which companies build their future. One of the most critical aspects of this strategic planning is the creation of a detailed business financial plan. This plan serves as a guide, helping businesses navigate their way through the complex world of finance, including revenue projection, cost estimation, and capital expenditure, to name just a few elements. However, understanding what a business financial plan entails and how to implement it effectively can often be challenging. With multiple components to consider and various economic factors at play, the financial planning process may appear daunting to both new and established business owners.

This is where we come in. In this comprehensive article, we delve into the specifics of a business financial plan. We discuss its importance, the essential elements that make it up, and the steps to craft one successfully. Furthermore, we provide a practical example of a business financial plan in action, drawing upon real-world-like scenarios and strategies. By presenting the best practices and demonstrating how to employ them, we aim to equip business owners and entrepreneurs with the tools they need to create a robust, realistic, and efficient business financial plan. This in-depth guide will help you understand not only how to plan your business finances but also how to use this plan as a roadmap, leading your business towards growth, profitability, and overall financial success. Whether you're a seasoned business owner aiming to refine your financial strategies or an aspiring entrepreneur at the beginning of your journey, this article is designed to guide you through the intricacies of business financial planning and shed light on the strategies that can help your business thrive.

Understanding a Business Financial Plan

At its core, a business financial plan is a strategic blueprint that sets forth how a company will manage and navigate its financial operations, guiding the organization towards its defined fiscal objectives. It encompasses several critical aspects of a business's financial management, such as revenue projection, cost estimation, capital expenditure, cash flow management, and investment strategies.

Revenue projection is an estimate of the revenue a business expects to generate within a specific period. It's often based on market research, historical data, and educated assumptions about future market trends. Cost estimation, on the other hand, involves outlining the expenses a business anticipates incurring in its operations. Together, revenue projection and cost estimation can give a clear picture of a company's expected profitability. Capital expenditure refers to the funds a company allocates towards the purchase or maintenance of long-term assets like machinery, buildings, and equipment. Understanding capital expenditure is vital as it can significantly impact a business's operational capacity and future profitability. The cash flow management aspect of a business financial plan involves monitoring, analyzing, and optimizing the company's cash inflows and outflows. A healthy cash flow ensures that a business can meet its short-term obligations, invest in its growth, and provide a buffer for future uncertainties. Lastly, a company's investment strategies are crucial for its growth and sustainability. They might include strategies for raising capital, such as issuing shares or securing loans, or strategies for investing surplus cash, like purchasing assets or investing in market securities.

A well-developed business financial plan, therefore, doesn't just portray the company's current financial status; it also serves as a roadmap for the business's fiscal operations, enabling it to navigate towards its financial goals. The plan acts as a guide, providing insights that help business owners make informed decisions, whether they're about day-to-day operations or long-term strategic choices. In a nutshell, a business financial plan is a key tool in managing a company's financial resources effectively and strategically. It allows businesses to plan for growth, prepare for uncertainties, and strive for financial sustainability and success.

Essential Elements of a Business Financial Plan

A comprehensive financial plan contains several crucial elements, including:

• Sales Forecast : The sales forecast represents the business's projected sales revenues. It is often broken down into segments such as products, services, or regions.
• Expenses Budget : This portion of the plan outlines the anticipated costs of running the business. It includes fixed costs (rent, salaries) and variable costs (marketing, production).
• Cash Flow Statement : This statement records the cash that comes in and goes out of a business, effectively portraying its liquidity.
• Income Statements : Also known as profit and loss statements, income statements provide an overview of the business's profitability over a given period.
• Balance Sheet : This snapshot of a company's financial health shows its assets, liabilities, and equity.

Crafting a Business Financial Plan: The Steps

Developing a business financial plan requires careful analysis and planning. Here are the steps involved:

Step 1: Set Clear Financial Goals

The initial stage in crafting a robust business financial plan involves the establishment of clear, measurable financial goals. These objectives serve as your business's financial targets and compass, guiding your company's financial strategy. These goals can be short-term, such as improving quarterly sales or reducing monthly overhead costs, or they can be long-term, such as expanding the business to a new location within five years or doubling the annual revenue within three years. The goals might include specific targets such as increasing revenue by a particular percentage, reducing costs by a specific amount, or achieving a certain profit margin. Setting clear goals provides a target to aim for and allows you to measure your progress over time.

Step 2: Create a Sales Forecast

The cornerstone of any business financial plan is a robust sales forecast. This element of the plan involves predicting the sales your business will make over a given period. This estimate should be based on comprehensive market research, historical sales data, an understanding of industry trends, and the impact of any marketing or promotional activities. Consider the business's growth rate, the overall market size, and seasonal fluctuations in demand. Remember, your sales forecast directly influences the rest of your financial plan, particularly your budgets for expenses and cash flow, so it's critical to make it as accurate and realistic as possible.

Step 3: Prepare an Expense Budget

The next step involves preparing a comprehensive expense budget that covers all the costs your business is likely to incur. This includes fixed costs, such as rent or mortgage payments, salaries, insurance, and other overheads that remain relatively constant regardless of your business's level of output. It also includes variable costs, such as raw materials, inventory, marketing and advertising expenses, and other costs that fluctuate in direct proportion to the level of goods or services you produce. By understanding your expense budget, you can determine how much revenue your business needs to generate to cover costs and become profitable.

Step 4: Develop a Cash Flow Statement

One of the most crucial elements of your financial plan is the cash flow statement. This document records all the cash that enters and leaves your business, presenting a clear picture of your company's liquidity. Regularly updating your cash flow statement allows you to monitor the cash in hand and foresee any potential shortfalls. It helps you understand when cash comes into your business from sales and when cash goes out of your business due to expenses, giving you insights into your financial peaks and troughs and enabling you to manage your cash resources more effectively.

Step 5: Prepare Income Statements and Balance Sheets

Another vital part of your business financial plan includes the preparation of income statements and balance sheets. An income statement, also known as a Profit & Loss (P&L) statement, provides an overview of your business's profitability over a certain period. It subtracts the total expenses from total revenue to calculate net income, providing valuable insights into the profitability of your operations.

On the other hand, the balance sheet provides a snapshot of your company's financial health at a specific point in time. It lists your company's assets (what the company owns), liabilities (what the company owes), and equity (the owner's or shareholders' investment in the business). These documents help you understand where your business stands financially, whether it's making a profit, and how your assets, liabilities, and equity balance out.

Step 6: Revise Your Plan Regularly

It's important to remember that a financial plan is not a static document, but rather a living, evolving roadmap that should adapt to your business's changing circumstances and market conditions. As such, regular reviews and updates are crucial. By continually revisiting and revising your plan, you can ensure it remains accurate, relevant, and effective. You can adjust your forecasts as needed, respond to changes in the business environment, and stay on track towards achieving your financial goals. By doing so, you're not only keeping your business financially healthy but also setting the stage for sustained growth and success.

Business Financial Plan Example: Joe’s Coffee Shop

Now, let's look at a practical example of a financial plan for a hypothetical business, Joe’s Coffee Shop.

Sales Forecast

When constructing his sales forecast, Joe takes into account several significant factors. He reviews his historical sales data, identifies and understands current market trends, and evaluates the impact of any upcoming promotional events. With his coffee shop located in a bustling area, Joe expects to sell approximately 200 cups of coffee daily. Each cup is priced at $5, which gives him a daily sales prediction of $1000. Multiplying this figure by 365 (days in a year), his forecast for Year 1 is an annual revenue of $365,000. This projection provides Joe with a financial target to aim for and serves as a foundation for his further financial planning. It is worth noting that Joe's sales forecast may need adjustments throughout the year based on actual performance and changes in the market or business environment.

Expenses Budget

To run his coffee shop smoothly, Joe has identified several fixed and variable costs he'll need to budget for. His fixed costs, which are costs that will not change regardless of his coffee shop's sales volume, include rent, which is $2000 per month, salaries for his employees, which total $8000 per month, and utilities like electricity and water, which add up to about $500 per month.

In addition to these fixed costs, Joe also has variable costs to consider. These are costs that fluctuate depending on his sales volume and include the price of coffee beans, milk, sugar, and pastries, which he sells alongside his coffee. After a careful review of all these expenses, Joe estimates that his total annual expenses will be around $145,000. This comprehensive expense budget provides a clearer picture of how much Joe needs to earn in sales to cover his costs and achieve profitability.

Cash Flow Statement

With a clear understanding of his expected sales revenue and expenses, Joe can now proceed to develop a cash flow statement. This statement provides a comprehensive overview of all the cash inflows and outflows within his business. When Joe opened his coffee shop, he invested an initial capital of $50,000. He expects that the monthly cash inflows from sales will be about $30,417 (which is his annual revenue of $365,000 divided by 12), and his monthly cash outflows for expenses will amount to approximately $12,083 (his total annual expenses of $145,000 divided by 12). The cash flow statement gives Joe insights into his business's liquidity. It helps him track when and where his cash is coming from and where it is going. This understanding can assist him in managing his cash resources effectively and ensure he has sufficient cash to meet his business's operational needs and financial obligations.

Income Statement and Balance Sheet

With the figures from his sales forecast, expense budget, and cash flow statement, Joe can prepare his income statement and balance sheet. The income statement, or Profit & Loss (P&L) statement, reveals the profitability of Joe's coffee shop. It calculates the net profit by subtracting the total expenses from total sales revenue. In Joe's case, this means his net profit for Year 1 is expected to be $220,000 ($365,000 in revenue minus $145,000 in expenses).

The balance sheet, on the other hand, provides a snapshot of the coffee shop's financial position at a specific point in time. It includes Joe's initial capital investment of $50,000, his assets like coffee machines, furniture, and inventory, and his liabilities, which might include any loans he took to start the business and accounts payable.

The income statement and balance sheet not only reflect the financial health of Joe's coffee shop but also serve as essential tools for making informed business decisions and strategies. By continually monitoring and updating these statements, Joe can keep his finger on the pulse of his business's financial performance and make necessary adjustments to ensure sustained profitability and growth.

Best Practices in Business Financial Planning

While crafting a business financial plan, consider the following best practices:

• Realistic Projections : Ensure your forecasts are realistic, based on solid data and reasonable assumptions.
• Scenario Planning : Plan for best-case, worst-case, and most likely scenarios. This will help you prepare for different eventualities.
• Regular Reviews : Regularly review and update your plan to reflect changes in business conditions.
• Seek Professional Help : If you are unfamiliar with financial planning, consider seeking assistance from a financial consultant.

The importance of a meticulously prepared business financial plan cannot be overstated. It forms the backbone of any successful business, steering it towards a secure financial future. Creating a solid financial plan requires a blend of careful analysis, precise forecasting, clear and measurable goal setting, prudent budgeting, and efficient cash flow management. The process may seem overwhelming at first, especially for budding entrepreneurs. However, it's crucial to understand that financial planning is not an event, but rather an ongoing process. This process involves constant monitoring, evaluation, and continuous updating of the financial plan as the business grows and market conditions change.

The strategies and best practices outlined in this article offer an invaluable framework for any entrepreneur or business owner embarking on the journey of creating a financial plan. It provides insights into essential elements such as setting clear financial goals, creating a sales forecast, preparing an expense budget, developing a cash flow statement, and preparing income statements and balance sheets. Moreover, the example of Joe and his coffee shop gives a practical, real-world illustration of how these elements come together to form a coherent and effective financial plan. This example demonstrates how a robust financial plan can help manage resources more efficiently, make better-informed decisions, and ultimately lead to financial success.

Remember, every grand journey begins with a single step. In the realm of business, this step is creating a well-crafted, comprehensive, and realistic business financial plan. By following the guidelines and practices suggested in this article, you are laying the foundation for financial stability, profitability, and long-term success for your business. Start your journey today, and let the road to financial success unfold.

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6 Elements of a Successful Financial Plan for a Small Business

Table of Contents

Many small businesses lack a full financial plan, even though evidence shows that it is essential to the long-term success and growth of any business. 

For example, a study in the New England Journal of Entrepreneurship found that entrepreneurs with a business plan are more successful than those without one. If you’re not sure how to get started, read on to learn the six key elements of a successful small business financial plan.

What is a business financial plan, and why is it important? 

A business financial plan is an overview of a business’s financial situation and a forward-looking projection for growth. A business financial plan typically has six parts: sales forecasting, expense outlay, a statement of financial position, a cash flow projection, a break-even analysis and an operations plan.

A good financial plan helps you manage cash flow and accounts for months when revenue might be lower than expected. It also helps you budget for daily and monthly expenses and plan for taxes each year.

Importantly, a financial plan helps you focus on the long-term growth of your business. That way, you don’t get so caught up in the day-to-day activities that you lose sight of your goals. Focusing on the long-term vision helps you prioritize your financial resources. 

Financial plans should be created annually at the beginning of the fiscal year as a collaboration of finance, HR, sales and operations leaders.

The 6 components of a successful financial plan for business

1. sales forecasting.

You should have an estimate of your sales revenue for every month, quarter and year. Identifying any patterns in your sales cycles helps you better understand your business, and this knowledge is invaluable as you plan marketing initiatives and growth strategies . 

For instance, a seasonal business can aim to improve sales in the off-season to eventually become a year-round venture. Another business might become better prepared by understanding how upticks and downturns in business relate to factors such as the weather or the economy.

Sales forecasting is also the foundation for setting company growth goals. For instance, you could aim to improve your sales by 10 percent over each previous period.

2. Expense outlay

A full expense plan includes regular expenses, expected future expenses and associated expenses. Regular expenses are the current ongoing costs of your business, including operational costs such as rent, utilities and payroll. 

Regular expenses relate to standard business activities that occur each year, such as conference attendance, advertising and marketing, and the office holiday party. It’s a good idea to distinguish essential expenses from expenses that can be reduced or eliminated if needed.

Expected future expenses are known future costs, such as tax rate increases, minimum wage increases or maintenance needs. Generally, a part of the budget should also be allocated to unexpected future expenses, such as damage to your business caused by fire, flood or other unexpected disasters. Planning for future expenses ensures your business is financially prepared via budget reduction, increases in sales or financial assistance.

Associated expenses are the estimated costs of various initiatives, such as acquiring and training new hires, opening a new store or expanding delivery to a new territory. An accurate estimate of associated expenses helps you properly manage growth and prevents your business from exceeding your cost capabilities. 

As with expected future expenses, understanding how much capital is required to accomplish various growth goals helps you make the right decision about financing options.

3. Statement of financial position (assets and liabilities)

Assets and liabilities are the foundation of your business’s balance sheet and the primary determinants of your business’s net worth. Tracking both allows you to maximize your business’s potential value. 

Small businesses frequently undervalue their assets (such as machinery, property or inventory) and fail to properly account for outstanding bills. Your balance sheet offers a more complete view of your business’s health than a profit-and-loss statement or a cash flow report. 

A profit-and-loss statement shows how the business performed over a specific time period, while a balance sheet shows the financial position of the business on any given day.

4. Cash flow projection

You should be able to predict your cash flow on a monthly, quarterly and annual basis. Projecting cash flow for the full year allows you to get ahead of any financial struggles or challenges. 

It can also help you identify a cash flow problem before it hurts your business. You can set the most appropriate payment terms, such as how much you charge upfront or how many days after invoicing you expect payment .

A cash flow projection gives you a clear look at how much money is expected to be left at the end of each month so you can plan a possible expansion or other investments. It also helps you budget, such as by spending less one month for the anticipated cash needs of another month.

5. Break-even analysis

A break-even analysis evaluates fixed costs relative to the profit earned by each additional unit you produce and sell. This analysis is essential to understanding your business’s revenue and potential costs versus profits of expansion or growth of your output. 

Having your expenses fully fleshed out, as described above, makes your break-even analysis more accurate and useful. A break-even analysis is also the best way to determine your pricing.

In addition, a break-even analysis can tell you how many units you need to sell at various prices to cover your costs. You should aim to set a price that gives you a comfortable margin over your expenses while allowing your business to remain competitive.

6. Operations plan

To run your business as efficiently as possible, craft a detailed overview of your operational needs. Understanding what roles are required for you to operate your business at various volumes of output, how much output or work each employee can handle, and the costs of each stage of your supply chain will aid you in making informed decisions for your business’s growth and efficiency.

It’s important to tightly control expenses, such as payroll or supply chain costs, relative to growth. An operations plan can also make it easier to determine if there is room to optimize your operations or supply chain via automation, new technology or superior supply chain vendors.

For this reason, it is imperative for a business owner to conduct due diligence and become knowledgeable about merchant services before acquiring an account. Once the owner signs a contract, it cannot be changed, unless the business owner breaks the contract and acquires a new account with a new merchant services provider. 

Tips on writing a business financial plan

Business owners should create a financial plan annually to ensure they have a clear and accurate picture of their business’s finances and a realistic view for future growth or expansion. A financial plan helps the business’s leaders make informed decisions about purchases, debt, hiring, expense control and overall operations for the year ahead. 

A business financial plan is essential if a business owner is looking to sell their business, attract investors or enter a partnership with another business. Here are some tips for writing a business financial plan.

Review the previous year’s plan.

It’s a good idea to compare the previous year’s plan against actual performance and finances to see how accurate the previous plan and forecast were. That way, you can address any discrepancies or overlooked elements in next year’s plan.

Collaborate with other departments.

A business owner or other individual charged with creating the business financial plan should collaborate with the finance department, human resources department, sales team , operations leader, and those in charge of machinery, vehicles or other significant business tools. 

Each division should provide the necessary data about projections, value and expenses. All of these elements come together to create a comprehensive financial picture of the business.

Use available resources.

The Small Business Administration (SBA) and SCORE, the SBA’s nonprofit partner, are two excellent resources for learning about financial plans. Both can teach you the elements of a comprehensive plan and how best to work with the different departments in your business to collect the necessary information. Many websites, including business.com , and service providers, such as Intuit, offer advice on this matter. 

If you have questions or encounter challenges while creating your business financial plan, seek advice from your accountant or other small business owners in your network. Your city or state has a small business office that you can contact for help.

Several small business organizations offer free financial plan templates for small business owners. You can find templates for the financial plan components listed here via SCORE .

Business financial plan templates

Many business organizations offer free information that small business owners can use to create their financial plan. For example, the SBA’s Learning Platform offers a course on how to create a business plan. It also offers worksheets and templates to help you get started. You can seek additional help and more personalized service from your local office.

SCORE is the largest volunteer network of business mentors. It began as a group of retired executives (SCORE stands for “Service Corps of Retired Executives”) but has expanded to include business owners and executives from many industries. Advice is free and available online, and there are SBA district offices in every U.S. state. In addition to participating in group or at-home learning, you can be paired with a mentor for individualized help. 

SCORE offers templates and tips for creating a small business financial plan. SCORE is an excellent resource because it addresses different levels of experience and offers individualized help.

Other templates can be found in Microsoft Office’s template library, QuickBooks’ online resources, Shopify’s blog and other places. You can also ask your accountant for guidance, since many accountants provide financial planning services in addition to their usual tax services.

Diana Wertz contributed to the writing and research in this article.

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• Business Financial Planning: How to Create a Business Financial Plan?
• Post author: fincart
• Post published: January 8, 2024
• Post category: Financial Planning

Table of Contents

In this fast and competitive world, the success of a business depends on how prepared they are. Prepared to adapt, to keep up with rivals, to handle the unexpected, and to seize opportunities as they arise. Through Business Financial Planning, businesses can fortify their foundation for success. They can gain insights by making use of their past performance data, their current situation, and trends to make predictions about future performances. They can make efficient use of their resources to maximise profit and wealth to keep all stakeholders happy. Since financial planning is so important for businesses, they hire a business financial consultant to help create a solid financial plan for sustained, long-term growth.

In this blog, let us understand the meaning of business financial planning, how it benefits businesses, how you can create a financial plan for your business, and see how different business financial plans are from individual ones.

What is Business Financial Planning?

With business financial planning, you create the blueprint for your business’s financial future. It details the financial management of your overall business plan. Through it, you decide the allocation of resources, monitor cash flows, decide the budget, manage liabilities, make projections and forecasts, manage risk, and much more, ultimately improving efficiency and achieving your short and long-term business goals. Basically, doing financial planning for business gives you insights to make smart and sustainable decisions. It is a comprehensive approach that ensures that your business not only survives but thrives in the ever-changing market dynamics. It needs to be strong and built on a solid foundation because when you try to grow your business and seek investors or loans, your financial plan will become the bedrock of credibility and confidence. 

The importance of financial planning in business

For any business, the Importance of Financial Planning cannot be overstated. It is essential to the success of any business. Here’s why – 

• Through financial planning, entrepreneurs gain insights that keep them informed and improve their decision-making.
• A financial plan outlines the business strategies that an entrepreneur will use over the course of the next month, quarter, or financial year. 
• Entrepreneurs can use financial plans to assess their past and current situation, the progress of their goals, and their resources. It helps them keep track of their financial performance, identify areas of improvement, and make informed decisions to ensure the optimal allocation of resources for sustained growth and success.
• When the resources are optimally allocated, business owners can increase their profitability and sustainability.
• Financial plans can also help identify risk areas in advance which enables business owners to develop strategies to mitigate them. 
• If you are a new business owner or are looking to start a business, it’s important to seek guidance from experts. A business financial planner can make sure you cover every essential component in your plan and ensure it aligns with your business goals. 
• Consider the local aspects of your business and ask yourself, “Can a business financial advisor near me help me get started with my financial planning?” With help from a local business financial consultant, you will receive personalised insights tailored to the specific needs and challenges of your new venture while keeping in mind the competition and market trends in your area. 
• Explore different business finance consulting services, and leverage the expertise of professionals who can help your business grow and succeed.

Benefits of financial planning for business

A well-crafted business financial plan lays the foundation for stable growth. Let’s list down some ways in which making a financial plan can benefit your business – 

1. Cash Flow Management 

As the name suggests, cash flow refers to the money coming in and out of your business. Usually, when a business is new, it will spend more money than it will earn, so your expectations about cash flow should be realistic. Through a financial plan, you will be able to forecast and manage cash flows effectively and avoid underflows or overflows. 

2. Risk Management 

A business faces many different types of financial risks , such as credit risk, liquidity risk, legal risk, operational risk, systematic risk, and market risk. A financial plan helps a business stay prepared for such dangers through forecasts and scenario planning. It will also compel you to create contingencies to tackle unexpected circumstances. 

3. Creates Transparency 

A financial plan creates transparency among investors, executives, and employees. If you want to hire good employees, they would want to know how stable your business is, and how likely it is to succeed in the future. A good and transparent financial plan attracts investors and high-quality employees. 

4. Cost Reduction 

A part of your financial plan is your budget. When you assess your expenses, you will likely find areas where you can make cuts to save more money. Cost cutting will help your bottom line and make sure you utilise your resources more efficiently.

Also Read: What is Cost Reduction Strategy? A complete Guide

5. Funding Opportunities 

A solid financial plan enhances your credibility and attracts potential investors. Investors will see how their money will be used and study your past performances. Similarly, if your business needs loans, banks will scrutinise your liabilities and how you’ve managed them. A good financial plan can ensure your business gets all the funding it needs.

6. Crisis Management 

Through projections, forecasts, and scenario planning, you will see any financial crisis coming from far away. But there are cases when extremely unexpected events happen, such as the 2008 global economic crisis, or the COVID pandemic. A well-prepared financial plan not only enables you to identify potential crises in advance but also equips you with contingency measures to deal with such events. This includes having a comprehensive risk mitigation strategy, maintaining a sufficient cash reserve, and establishing clear communication to keep stakeholders informed. 

7. Professional Guidance 

These benefits highlight why businesses invest heavily in business finance consulting services. Seeking guidance from a business financial consultant comes with its own advantages, the first being benefiting from the specialised knowledge and experience of financial professionals. A business financial planner can also tailor your financial plan according to the unique needs and goals of your business, and help you by regularly reviewing and adapting your financial plan to changes in the market.

How to Develop a Business Financial Plan?

Creating effective financial plans for businesses demands a thoughtful approach, honest assessment, and careful implementation. Understand that this plan is going to be your guide for the future, and how closely and effectively you follow it will determine whether or not you achieve your business goals. Here are three simple steps you can take to start creating a successful business financial plan – 

A. Setting Financial Goals:

Start by setting attainable short-term and long-term financial goals that are aligned with your business vision. These objectives should be clear, measurable, and defined with a time horizon. Ask yourself some questions –  Where do I want my business to be in the next year or five? Do I plan to expand my business? If so, in how many years? Do I want to hit a specific revenue target to attract investors? Be specific with your questions, as the answers will help you set realistic goals. Establishing such goals will provide a strategic framework and help you focus your financial efforts and resources toward specific milestones, which will ultimately steer your business in the direction you wanted and planned for. 

B. Budgeting Techniques

A budget can help you dictate the flow of cash. It is a framework that includes your total income, total expenses, and investments and reserves. Assess your situation and note down all your income and its sources, such as sales income, investments, donors, investors, or other revenue streams. Now take a thorough look at your expenses such as daily operational costs, marketing, advertising, employee salaries, research and development of products, equipment, and technology. Of course, if you want to profit, your revenue should exceed all your expenses. A budget helps with exactly this, and more. It will allow you to allocate resources to different departments efficiently. It is essentially a constraint, and everyone must work within it. When you break down your budget, you’ll find it easy to track and manage it.

Also Read: Understanding Budgeting in Financial Management

C. Forecasting and Projections:

Now you have to create financial projections for different components such as income statements or balance sheets. These take into account the past performance, market trends,  expenses you are expecting, and your sales forecast for the next month, quarter, or year. If you own a business that works with a very tight cash flow, you can also consider making a weekly projection. 

Financial projections are important as they are shared with stakeholders, and help you navigate uncertainties and make sure that you remain on track toward your business goals. Take a look at your goals and work out how much it will cost you to reach them. Do this for a variety of scenarios – best case, worst case, or likely scenarios. This comprehensive scenario planning will help you stay prepared for any challenges and improve your decision-making. 

Other than these steps you should make sure to plan for contingencies. Even though forecasts and projections give you a good idea of where you’re likely headed, they can’t predict the future. The world of finance especially is full of uncertainties, and a business should be prepared for them. 

Make sure you have a decently sized cash reserve during slow periods or market downturns. Other things include making sure you have access to quick credit lines and liquid assets. Remember that financial planning doesn’t just stop after you craft the document. It is a continuous process, which means you should monitor and review your plan regularly and accordingly make adjustments. 

Individual vs. Business Financial Plans

Here is how a business financial plan differs from that of an individual:

Conclusion:

Every business financial plan should clearly state three things – How the business will make its money, what it needs to do to achieve its goals, and its operational budget. We’ve seen the many benefits of a business financial plan, and how assessment, financial goals, budgeting, and projections can help you craft one. We’ve also seen that financial planning for business is a lot more complex and bigger in scope than individual financial planning. As a business owner, you will be answerable to your investors, employees, banks, and other stakeholders, so your financial plan needs to be transparent and have a solid base.

It would be wise for any business owner to consult with a business financial advisor. This professional guidance can provide valuable insights and expertise while crafting a comprehensive financial plan that is suited to your specific industry, goals, and competition. Their expertise will also help you with other aspects, such as risk management, investment decisions, and your optimising capital structure. By having them by your side, you can make informed decisions, and ensure the financial stability and growth of your business.

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What is financial planning in business?

Table of Contents

What is financial planning?

Difference between a personal and business financial plan, how to create a financial plan for your business, develop a solid strategy, create a balance sheet, make cash flow projections, prepare a projected income statement, allocate your budget, monitor your results, plan your finances easily with countingup.

Planning and organising your finances is one of the most crucial parts of running your own business. Financial planning helps you prepare for what the future may involve and uncover ways to grow your company. 

But a financial plan involves much more than simply tracking income and expenses. To help you understand what financial planning is, this guide covers:

• The difference between a personal and business financial plan

Read on to learn how Countingup can help you manage your financial planning with ease.

A financial plan serves as a roadmap for your economic growth, showing where you’re at right now, where you want to go, and how you will get there. 

You can create a financial plan for personal and business purposes, but these processes are slightly different. We’ll explain more about personal vs business financial planning later in this article.

Financial plans are essential because they force you to consider if you’re on the right track to achieve your business goals. Businesses don’t usually grow accidentally but as a result of hard work and careful planning. 

Working with specific goals in mind and a plan for reaching them increases your chances of taking your business where you want it to go. Otherwise, you risk stumbling around in the dark, focusing on things that won’t help your business grow. 

Most financial plans include much of the same information. However, there are some key differences between a personal financial plan and a business one. The reason is that an individual’s financial goals are likely different from those of a growing company.

For example, your personal financial plan may include a retirement plan, a strategy for investments, and a plan for buying a new house. You’ll also likely focus on making more money while paying yourself as tax-efficiently as possible.

On the flip side, your company’s financial plan is more likely to focus on goals like hiring more staff, buying new equipment, expanding your product or service offering, and purchasing additional inventory. 

These goals are entirely different from the hypothetical individual goals we just mentioned. Therefore, you need a different strategy for your business and personal financial planning.

What is important to include in a financial plan? Below we’ve listed some of the main documents and other aspects you need to create a robust plan:

Effective financial planning usually includes a strategic plan. Think about what you want to accomplish in the next year and ask yourself questions like:

• Do I need to expand or hire more staff?
• Do I need more equipment or new resources?
• How will my plan affect my cash flow?
• Will I need financing? If yes, how much?

Once you know where you want your business to go in the next 12 months, think about how much it might cost you.

It’s also good to think about what you would do if your finances suddenly deteriorated, perhaps from not getting enough jobs or selling enough products. Maybe you could put money aside when the business goes well to have funds available if money ever gets tight.

Your balance sheet is a snapshot of your business’s financial position, meaning how much money you have, how much you’ll receive, and how much money you owe. It’s called a ‘balance sheet’ because it calculates what you need to balance out.

A balance sheet should list your:

• Assets: Such as unpaid invoices, money in the bank, and inventory.
• Liabilities : Money you owe, credit card balances, loan repayments, and so on.
• Equity: For small businesses, this is usually the owner’s equity, but it could include investors’ shares, retained earnings, and stock proceeds.

Financial planning also involves predicting how much money you’ll make and spend in the coming month, quarter or year. Record how much you expect to make from sales and what you think you’ll spend on expenses like bills, supplies, loan repayments, and so on. 

You can use a simple spreadsheet to calculate your cash flow projections. We have a separate guide that tells you all about what cash flow is and how it works.

Next, you’ll want to prepare a projected income (or profit and loss) statement to predict how successful you think your company will be. It can be helpful to include different scenarios, good and bad, to help you prepare for each one.

Income statements typically include:

• Revenue: Money from sales.
• Expenses: Money you’ll spend. 
• Total income: Calculated as your revenue minus expenses before income taxes.
• Income taxes: Such as Income Tax, National Insurance, and Corporation Tax for limited companies.
• Net income: Your total income after deducting expenses and taxes.

Once you’ve created your strategy and filled in your balance sheet, cash flow, and income projections, you need to figure out where you’ll spend the money you make. 

Take your company’s overall budget (read more about how to budget money for your growing business ) and divide it into specific budgets. For example, one for hiring new staff, one for buying new equipment, and one for expanding your product or service offering.

Once you’re done with your financial planning, monitor your real-life results and compare them to your predictions. Monitoring helps you spot any problems so you can fix them before they get out of hand. 

It may be a good idea to hire a financial expert to help you put together and monitor your financial plan. Accounting software like Countingup can also help you keep track of your finances almost effortlessly.

Countingup offers sole traders and small business owners the chance to save time and money. 

With Countingup, your business current account and accounting software are available in one app. Coupled with our handy expense reminders, automated invoicing, and tax estimates, you can have complete confidence in keeping on top of your finances as you trade. 

The app’s realtime profit and loss dashboard gives an insight into your business’ performance and can give you the edge you need to make it a success. 

Find out more about Countingup here and sign up for free today. 

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• Creating a Small Business Financial Plan

Written by True Tamplin, BSc, CEPF®

Reviewed by subject matter experts.

Updated on September 02, 2023

Get Any Financial Question Answered

Table of contents, financial plan overview.

A financial plan is a comprehensive document that charts a business's monetary objectives and the strategies to achieve them. It encapsulates everything from budgeting and forecasting to investments and resource allocation.

For small businesses, a solid financial plan provides direction, helping them navigate economic challenges, capitalize on opportunities, and ensure sustainable growth.

The strength of a financial plan lies in its ability to offer a clear roadmap for businesses.

Especially for small businesses that may not have a vast reserve of resources, prioritizing financial goals and understanding where every dollar goes can be the difference between growth and stagnation.

It lends clarity, ensures informed decision-making, and sets the stage for profitability and success.

Understanding the Basics of Financial Planning for Small Businesses

Role of financial planning in business success.

Financial planning is the backbone of any successful business endeavor. It serves as a compass, guiding businesses toward profitability, stability, and growth.

With proper financial planning, businesses can anticipate potential cash shortfalls, make informed investment decisions, and ensure they have the capital needed to seize new opportunities.

For small businesses, in particular, tight financial planning can mean the difference between thriving and shuttering. Given the limited resources, it's vital to maximize every dollar and anticipate financial challenges.

Through diligent planning, small businesses can position themselves competitively, adapt to market changes, and drive consistent growth.

Core Components of a Financial Plan for Small Businesses

Every financial plan comprises several core components that, together, provide a holistic view of a business's financial health and direction. These include setting clear objectives, estimating costs , preparing financial statements , and considering sources of financing.

Each component plays a pivotal role in ensuring a thorough and actionable financial strategy .

For small businesses, these components often need a more granular approach. Given the scale of operations, even minor financial missteps can have significant repercussions.

As such, it's essential to tailor each component, ensuring they address specific challenges and opportunities that small businesses face, from initial startup costs to revenue forecasting and budgetary constraints.

Setting Clear Small Business Financial Objectives

Identifying business's short-term and long-term financial goals.

Every business venture starts with a vision. Translating this vision into actionable financial goals is the essence of effective planning.

Short-term goals could range from securing initial funding and achieving a set monthly revenue to covering startup costs. These targets, usually spanning a year or less, set the immediate direction for the business.

On the other hand, long-term financial goals delve into the broader horizon. They might encompass aspirations like expanding to new locations, diversifying product lines, or achieving a specific market share within a decade.

By segmenting goals into short-term and long-term, businesses can craft a step-by-step strategy, making the larger vision more attainable and manageable.

Understanding the Difference Between Profitability and Cash Flow

Profitability and cash flow, while closely linked, are distinct concepts in the financial realm. Profitability pertains to the ability of a business to generate a surplus after deducting all expenses.

It's a metric of success and indicates the viability of a business model . Simply put, it answers whether a business is making more than it spends.

In contrast, cash flow represents the inflow and outflow of cash within a business. A company might be profitable on paper yet struggle with cash flow if, for instance, clients delay payments or unexpected expenses arise.

For small businesses, maintaining positive cash flow is paramount. It ensures that they can cover operational costs, pay employees, and reinvest in growth, even if they're awaiting payments or navigating financial hiccups.

Estimating Small Business Startup Costs (for New Businesses)

Fixed vs variable costs.

When embarking on a new business venture, understanding costs is paramount. Fixed costs remain consistent regardless of production levels. They include expenses like rent, salaries, and insurance . These are predictable outlays that don't fluctuate with business performance.

Variable costs , conversely, change in direct proportion to production or business activity. Think of costs associated with materials for manufacturing or commission for sales .

For a startup, delineating between fixed and variable costs aids in crafting a more dynamic budget, allowing for adaptability as the business scales and evolves.

One-Time Expenditures vs Ongoing Expenses

Startups often grapple with numerous upfront costs. From purchasing equipment and setting up a workspace to initial marketing campaigns, these one-time expenditures lay the foundation for business operations.

They differ from ongoing expenses like utility bills, raw materials, or employee wages that recur monthly or annually.

For a small business owner, distinguishing between these costs is critical. One-time expenditures often demand a larger chunk of initial capital, while ongoing expenses shape the monthly and annual budget.

By categorizing them separately, businesses can strategize funding needs more effectively, ensuring they're equipped to meet both immediate and recurrent financial obligations.

Funding Sources for Small Businesses

Personal savings.

This is often the most straightforward way to fund a startup. Entrepreneurs tap into their personal savings accounts to jumpstart their business.

While this method has the benefit of not incurring debt or diluting company ownership, it intertwines the individual's personal financial security with the business's fate.

The entrepreneur must be prepared for potential losses, and there's the evident psychological strain of putting one's hard-earned money on the line.

Loans can be sourced from various institutions, from traditional banks to credit unions . They offer a substantial sum of money that can be paid back over time, usually with interest .

The main advantage of taking a loan is that the entrepreneur retains full ownership and control of the business.

However, there's the obligation of monthly repayments, which can strain a business's cash flow, especially in its early days. Additionally, securing a loan often requires collateral and a sound credit history.

Investors, including angel investors and venture capitalists , offer capital in exchange for equity or a stake in the company.

Angel investors are typically high-net-worth individuals who provide funding in the initial stages, while venture capitalists come in when there's proven business potential, often injecting larger sums. The advantage is substantial funding without the immediate pressure of repayments.

However, in exchange for their investment, they often seek a say in business decisions, which might mean compromising on some aspects of the original business vision.

Grants are essentially 'free money' often provided by government programs, non-profit organizations, or corporations to promote innovation and support businesses in specific sectors.

The primary advantage of grants is that they don't need to be repaid, nor do they dilute company ownership. However, they can be highly competitive and might come with stipulations on how the funds should be used.

Moreover, the application process can be lengthy and requires showcasing the business's potential or alignment with the specific goals or missions of the granting institution.

Preparing Key Financial Statements for Small Businesses

Income statement (profit & loss).

An Income Statement , often termed as the Profit & Loss statement , showcases a business's financial performance over a specific time frame. It details revenues , expenses, and ultimately, profits or losses.

By analyzing this statement, business owners can pinpoint revenue drivers, identify exorbitant costs, and understand the net result of their operations.

For small businesses, this document is instrumental in making informed decisions. For instance, if a certain product line is consistently unprofitable, it might be prudent to discontinue it. Conversely, if another segment is thriving, it might warrant further investment.

The Income Statement, thus, serves as a financial mirror, reflecting the outcomes of business strategies and decisions.

Balance Sheet

The Balance Sheet offers a snapshot of a company's assets , liabilities , and equity at a specific point in time.

Assets include everything the business owns, from physical items like equipment to intangible assets like patents .

Liabilities, on the other hand, encompass what the company owes, be it bank loans or unpaid bills.

Equity represents the owner's stake in the business, calculated as assets minus liabilities.

This statement is crucial for small businesses as it offers insights into their financial health. A robust asset base, minimal liabilities, and growing equity signify a thriving enterprise.

In contrast, mounting liabilities or dwindling assets could be red flags, signaling the need for intervention and strategy recalibration.

Cash Flow Statement

While the Income Statement reveals profitability, the Cash Flow Statement tracks the actual movement of money.

It categorizes cash flows into operating (day-to-day business), investing (buying/selling assets), and financing (loans or equity transactions) activities. This statement unveils the liquidity of a business, indicating whether it has sufficient cash to meet immediate obligations.

For small businesses, maintaining positive cash flow is often more vital than showcasing profitability.

After all, a business might be profitable on paper yet struggle if clients delay payments or unforeseen expenses emerge.

By regularly reviewing the Cash Flow Statement, small business owners can anticipate cash crunches and strategize accordingly, ensuring seamless operations irrespective of revenue cycles.

Small Business Budgeting and Expense Management

Importance of budgeting for a small business.

Budgeting is the financial blueprint for any business, detailing anticipated revenues and expenses for a forthcoming period. It's a proactive approach, enabling businesses to allocate resources efficiently, plan for investments, and prepare for potential financial challenges.

For small businesses, a meticulous budget is often the linchpin of stability, ensuring they operate within their means and avoid financial pitfalls.

Having a well-defined budget also fosters discipline. It curtails frivolous spending, emphasizes cost-efficiency, and sets clear financial boundaries.

For small businesses, where every dollar counts, a stringent budget is the gateway to financial prudence, ensuring that funds are utilized judiciously, fostering growth, and minimizing wastage.

Strategies for Reducing Costs and Optimizing Expenses

Bulk purchasing.

When businesses buy supplies in large quantities, they often benefit from discounts due to economies of scale . This can significantly reduce per-unit costs.

However, while bulk purchasing leads to immediate savings, businesses must ensure they have adequate storage and that the products won't expire or become obsolete before they're used.

Renegotiating Vendor Contracts

Regularly reviewing and renegotiating contracts with suppliers or service providers can lead to better terms and lower costs. This might involve exploring volume discounts, longer payment terms, or even bartering services.

Building strong relationships with vendors often paves the way for such negotiations.

Adopting Energy-Saving Measures

Simple changes, like switching to LED lighting or investing in energy-efficient appliances, can lead to long-term savings in utility bills. Moreover, energy conservation not only reduces costs but also minimizes the environmental footprint, which can enhance the business's reputation.

Embracing Technology

Modern software and technology can streamline business processes. Automation tools can handle repetitive tasks, reducing labor costs.

Meanwhile, data analytics tools can provide insights into customer preferences and behavior, ensuring that marketing budgets are used effectively and target the right audience.

Streamlining Operations

Regularly reviewing and refining business processes can eliminate redundancies and improve efficiency. This might mean merging roles, cutting down on unnecessary meetings, or simplifying supply chains. A leaner operation often translates to reduced expenses.

Outsourcing Non-core Tasks

Instead of maintaining an in-house team for every function, businesses can outsource tasks that aren't central to their operations.

For instance, functions like accounting , IT support, or digital marketing can be outsourced to specialized agencies, often leading to cost savings and access to expert skills.

Cultivating a Culture of Frugality

Encouraging employees to adopt a cost-conscious mindset can lead to collective savings. This can be fostered through incentives, regular training, or even simple practices like recycling and reusing office supplies.

When everyone in the organization is attuned to the importance of cost savings, the cumulative effect can be substantial.

Forecasting Small Business Revenue and Cash Flow

Techniques for predicting future sales in a small business, past sales data analysis.

Historical sales data is a foundational element in any forecasting effort. By reviewing previous sales figures, businesses can identify patterns, understand seasonal fluctuations, and recognize the effects of past initiatives.

This information offers a baseline upon which to build future projections, accounting for known recurring variables in the business cycle .

Market Research

Understanding the larger market dynamics is crucial for accurate forecasting. This involves tracking industry trends, monitoring shifts in consumer behavior, and being aware of potential market disruptions.

For instance, a sudden technological advancement can change consumer preferences or regulatory changes might impact an industry.

Local Trend Analysis

For small businesses, localized insights can be especially impactful. Observing local competitors, understanding regional consumer preferences, or noting shifts in the local economy can offer precise data points.

These granular details, when integrated into a larger forecasting model, can enhance prediction accuracy.

Customer Feedback

Direct feedback from customers is an invaluable source of insights. Surveys, focus groups, or even informal chats can reveal customer sentiments, preferences, and potential future purchasing behavior.

For instance, if a majority of loyal customers express interest in a new product or service, it can be indicative of future sales potential.

Moving Averages

This technique involves analyzing a series of data points (like monthly sales) by creating averages from different subsets of the full data set.

For yearly forecasting, a 12-month moving average can be used to smooth out short-term fluctuations and highlight longer-term trends or cycles.

Regression Analysis

Regression analysis is a statistical tool used to identify relationships between variables. In sales forecasting, it can help understand how different factors (like marketing spend, seasonal variations, or competitor actions) relate to sales figures.

Once these relationships are understood, businesses can predict future sales based on planned actions or expected external events.

Understanding the Cash Cycle of Business

The cash cycle encompasses the time it takes for a business to convert resource investments, often in the form of inventory, back into cash.

This involves the processes of purchasing inventory, selling it, and subsequently collecting payment. A shorter cycle implies quicker cash turnarounds, which are vital for liquidity.

For small businesses, a firm grasp of the cash cycle can aid in managing cash flow more effectively.

By identifying bottlenecks or delays, businesses can strategize to expedite processes. This might involve renegotiating payment terms with suppliers, offering discounts for prompt customer payments, or optimizing inventory levels to prevent overstocking.

Ultimately, understanding and optimizing the cash cycle ensures that a business remains liquid and agile.

Preparing for Seasonality and Unexpected Changes

Seasonality affects many businesses, from the ice cream vendor witnessing summer surges to the retailer bracing for holiday shopping frenzies.

By analyzing historical data and market trends, businesses can prepare for these cyclical shifts, ensuring they stock up, staff appropriately, and market effectively.

Small businesses, often operating on tighter margins , need to be especially vigilant. Beyond seasonality, they must also brace for unexpected changes – a local construction project obstructing store access, a sudden competitor emergence, or unforeseen regulatory changes.

Building a financial buffer, diversifying product or service lines, and maintaining flexible operational strategies can equip small businesses to weather these unforeseen challenges with resilience.

Securing Small Business Financing and Capital

Role of debt and equity financing.

When businesses seek external funding, they often grapple with the debt vs. equity conundrum. Debt financing involves borrowing money, typically via loans. While it doesn't dilute ownership, it necessitates regular interest payments, potentially impacting cash flow.

Equity financing, on the other hand, entails selling a stake in the business to investors. It might not demand regular repayments, but it dilutes ownership and might influence business decisions.

Small businesses must weigh these options carefully. While loans offer a structured repayment plan and retained control, they might strain finances if the business hits a rough patch.

Equity financing, although relinquishing some control, might bring aboard strategic partners, offering expertise and networks in addition to funds.

The optimal choice hinges on the business's financial health, growth aspirations, and the founder's comfort with sharing control.

Choosing Between Different Types of Loans

A staple in the lending arena, term loans offer businesses a fixed amount of capital that is paid back over a specified period with interest. They're often used for significant one-time expenses, such as purchasing machinery, real estate , or even business expansion.

With predictable monthly payments, businesses can plan their budgets accordingly. However, they might require collateral and a robust credit history for approval.

Lines of Credit

Unlike term loans that provide funds in a lump sum, a line of credit grants businesses access to a pool of funds up to a certain limit.

Businesses can draw from this line as needed, only paying interest on the amount they use. This makes it a versatile tool, especially for managing cash flow fluctuations or unexpected expenses. It serves as a financial safety net, ready for use whenever required.

As the name suggests, microloans are smaller loans designed to cater to businesses that might not need substantial amounts of capital. They're particularly beneficial for startups, businesses with limited credit histories, or those in need of a quick, small financial boost.

Since they are of a smaller denomination, the approval process might be more lenient than traditional loans.

Peer-To-Peer Lending

A contemporary twist to the traditional lending model, peer-to-peer (P2P) platforms connect borrowers directly with individual lenders or investor groups.

This direct model often translates to quicker approvals and competitive interest rates as the overheads of traditional banking structures are removed. With technology at its core, P2P lending can offer a more user-friendly, streamlined process.

However, creditworthiness still plays a pivotal role in determining interest rates and loan amounts.

Crowdfunding and Alternative Financing Options

In an increasingly digital age, crowdfunding platforms like Kickstarter or Indiegogo have emerged as viable financing avenues.

These platforms enable businesses to raise small amounts from a large number of people, often in exchange for product discounts, early access, or other perks. This not only secures funds but also validates the business idea and fosters a community of supporters.

Other alternatives include invoice financing, where businesses get an advance on pending invoices, or merchant cash advances tailored for businesses with significant credit card sales.

Each financing mode offers unique advantages and constraints. Small businesses must meticulously evaluate their financial landscape, growth trajectories, and risk appetite to harness the most suitable option.

Small Business Tax Planning and Management

Basic tax obligations for small businesses.

Navigating the maze of taxation can be daunting, especially for small businesses. Yet, understanding and fulfilling tax obligations is crucial.

Depending on the business structure—whether sole proprietorship , partnership , LLC , or corporation—different tax rules apply. For instance, while corporations are taxed on their earnings, sole proprietors report business income and expenses on their personal tax returns.

In addition to income taxes, small businesses may also be responsible for employment taxes if they have employees. This covers Social Security , Medicare , federal unemployment, and sometimes state-specific taxes.

There might also be sales taxes, property taxes, or special state-specific levies to consider.

Consistently maintaining accurate financial records, being aware of filing deadlines, and setting aside funds for tax obligations are essential practices to avoid penalties and ensure compliance.

Advantages of Tax Planning and Potential Deductions

Tax planning is the strategic approach to minimizing tax liability through the best use of available allowances, deductions, exclusions, and breaks.

For small businesses, effective tax planning can lead to significant savings.

This might involve strategies like deferring income to a later tax year, choosing the optimal time to purchase equipment, or taking advantage of specific credits available to businesses in certain sectors or regions.

Several potential deductions can reduce taxable income for small businesses. These include expenses like rent, utilities, business travel, employee wages, and even certain meals.

By keeping abreast of tax law changes and actively seeking out eligible deductions, small businesses can optimize their financial landscape, ensuring they're not paying more in taxes than necessary.

Importance of Hiring a Tax Professional or Accountant

While it's feasible for small business owners to manage their taxes, the intricate nuances of tax laws make it beneficial to consult professionals.

An experienced accountant or tax consultant can not only ensure compliance but can proactively recommend strategies to reduce tax liability.

They can guide businesses on issues like whether to classify someone as an employee or a contractor, how to structure the business for optimal taxation, or when to make certain capital investments.

Beyond just annual tax filing, these professionals offer year-round counsel, helping businesses maintain clean financial records, stay updated on tax law changes, and plan for future financial moves.

The investment in professional advice often pays dividends , saving businesses from costly mistakes, penalties, or missed financial opportunities.

Regularly Reviewing and Adjusting the Small Business Financial Plan

Setting checkpoints and milestones.

Like any strategic blueprint, a financial plan isn't static. It serves as a guiding framework but should be flexible enough to adapt to evolving business realities.

Setting regular checkpoints— quarterly , half-yearly, or annually—can help businesses assess whether they're on track to meet their financial objectives.

Milestones, such as reaching a specific sales target, launching a new product, or expanding into a new market, offer tangible markers of progress. Celebrating these victories can bolster morale, while any shortfalls can serve as lessons, prompting strategy tweaks. F

or small businesses, where agility is an asset, regularly revisiting the financial plan ensures that the business remains aligned with its overarching financial goals while being responsive to the dynamic marketplace.

Using Financial Ratios to Monitor Business Health

Financial ratios offer a distilled snapshot of a business's health. Ratios like the current ratio ( current assets divided by current liabilities ) can shed light on liquidity, indicating whether a business can meet short-term obligations.

The debt-to-equity ratio , contrasting borrowed funds with owner's equity, offers insights into the business's leverage and potential financial risk.

Profit margin , depicting profitability relative to sales, can highlight operational efficiency. By consistently monitoring these and other pertinent ratios, small businesses can glean actionable insights, understanding their financial strengths and areas needing attention.

In a realm where early intervention can stave off major financial setbacks, these ratios serve as vital diagnostic tools, guiding informed decision-making.

Pivoting Strategies Based on Financial Performance

In the ever-evolving world of business, flexibility is paramount. If financial reviews indicate that certain strategies aren't yielding anticipated results, it might be time to pivot.

This could involve tweaking product offerings, revising pricing strategies, targeting a different customer segment, or even overhauling the business model.

For small businesses, the ability to pivot can be a lifeline. It allows them to respond swiftly to market changes, customer feedback, or internal challenges.

A robust financial plan, while offering direction, should also be pliable, accommodating shifts in strategy based on real-world performance. After all, in the business arena, adaptability often spells the difference between stagnation and growth.

Bottom Line

Financial foresight is integral for the stability and growth of small businesses. Effective revenue and cash flow forecasting, anchored by historical sales data and enhanced by market research, local trends, and customer feedback, ensures businesses are prepared for future demands.

With the unpredictability of the business environment, understanding the cash cycle and preparing for unforeseen challenges is essential.

As businesses contemplate external financing, the decision between debt and equity and the myriad of loan types, should be made judiciously, keeping in mind the business's health, growth aspirations, and risk appetite.

Furthermore, diligent tax planning, with professional guidance, can lead to significant financial benefits. Regular reviews using financial ratios allow businesses to gauge their performance, adapt strategies, and pivot when necessary.

Ultimately, the agility to adapt, guided by a well-structured financial plan, is pivotal for businesses to thrive in a dynamic marketplace.

Creating a Small Business Financial Plan FAQs

What is the importance of a financial plan for small businesses.

A financial plan offers a structured roadmap, guiding businesses in making informed decisions, ensuring growth, and navigating financial challenges.

How do forecasting revenue and understanding cash cycles aid in financial planning?

Forecasting provides insights into expected income, aiding in budget allocation, while understanding cash cycles ensures effective liquidity management.

What are the core components of a financial plan for small businesses?

Core components include setting objectives, estimating startup costs, preparing financial statements, budgeting, forecasting, securing financing, and tax management.

Why is tax planning vital for small businesses?

Tax planning ensures compliance, optimizes tax liabilities through available deductions, and helps businesses save money and avoid penalties.

How often should a small business review its financial plan?

Regular reviews, ideally quarterly or half-yearly, ensure alignment with business goals and allow for strategy adjustments based on real-world performance.

About the Author

True Tamplin, BSc, CEPF®

True Tamplin is a published author, public speaker, CEO of UpDigital, and founder of Finance Strategists.

True is a Certified Educator in Personal Finance (CEPF®), author of The Handy Financial Ratios Guide , a member of the Society for Advancing Business Editing and Writing, contributes to his financial education site, Finance Strategists, and has spoken to various financial communities such as the CFA Institute, as well as university students like his Alma mater, Biola University , where he received a bachelor of science in business and data analytics.

To learn more about True, visit his personal website or view his author profiles on Amazon , Nasdaq and Forbes .

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What’s the difference between a plan, a budget, and a forecast?

Jake Ballinger is an experienced SEO and content manager with deep expertise in FP&A and finance topics. He speaks 9 languages and lives in NYC.

“Remind me, what’s the difference between the plan and the forecast?” is something we often hear from executives looking for clarity.

While a company’s plan, budget, and financial forecast are often discussed in the boardroom, these terms’ functions are not always precise.

Finance leaders commonly use the three terms in conjunction with one another, allowing each model to inform the others. 

So...are they interchangeable? No.

In fact, financial forecasting, budgeting , and planning each serve a unique purpose. A plan serves as the foundation, a budget guides how to allocate cash, and a forecast projects the financial future of the business.

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Financial planning: explained

Generally, a financial “plan” aims to define the financial direction and vision of the organization within the context of a broader business plan.

Leaders ask themselves how the business will stack up in the next 1, 5, or even 10 years. The “plan” answers that question by outlining the company’s operational and financial objectives. Executives build out teams and infrastructure based on this plan and the defined goals. 

Colloquially, the “plan” is sometimes used interchangeably with the most recent budget or forecast, and can be broadly considered the budget or forecast that is the most likely “version of truth”.

Because of the long-term nature of a financial plan, it allows for more flexibility and creativity. In the case of a financial plan (versus a budget, for example), the means are less important than the end. Ultimately, a good financial plan provides a top-down operational framework to explore various scenarios.

Because an organization's future is undefined, financial planning is a perpetual process. Despite this, a plan is more static—more of a roadmap than a document updated daily. The plan relies on historical performance data and subjective financial analysis, so it can never be fully accurate. 

Budgeting: explained

Businesses, but most commonly, the Finance team, compile a budget to determine how the company will spend its capital during the next period—a month or quarter, but typically a fiscal year.

The budget’s primary goal is determining what resources to allocate to each part of the company, from salaries to office supplies. The focus of a budget revolves around cash position, including expected revenues and expenses, to create specific financial goals for the foreseeable future.

Most businesses create a budget annually and implement it from the start of the fiscal year.  The budget is also commonly considered “unmovable” and is used to gauge performance of actuals or forecast data versus the planned budget.

A thorough budget offers clear guidance on how a company should be spending its resources by providing a line item for any expense imaginable. Budgets also create accountability for departmental spending because overages are apparent and gaps in appropriate funding become clear as the year unrolls.

Teams should review the budget regularly and compare it with actuals, making each department responsible for any variances that occur.

A budget aligns expectation with reality when it comes to revenue and expenses.

Budgeting can be a difficult process because of the kind of involvement it takes across departments, including meetings and negotiations with department leaders to determine the amount of cash they will need to accomplish business goals over the budget. Since budgets are generally made to last an entire year, a budget might constrain necessary spending (or saving) if any unexpected situations in cash flow arise.

Essentially, expense allowances are built not to exceed budget limits, while income projections are the minimum needed to balance the budget. Financial analysts need to calculate the variances between the two figures to evaluate the budget's efficacy and the organization's fiscal health.

Forecasting: explained

A forecast is a financial snapshot of the future as it is best understood today.  When creating a forecast , teams must examine possible financial outcomes based on the most up-to-date drivers and assumptions . The result is a view of how the business is trending so that the leaders can determine whether or not adjustments should be made to the existing budgets or plans.  

For example, the budget might assume that the business will hit a $10M revenue target, but the forecast shows that the business is on target to only achieve $8M.  Given the difference between the forecast and the budget, the business might adjust the variable costs associated with lower revenue, while simultaneously adjusting the expense plan in order to hit cash targets.

A company’s financial forecast is updated regularly, such as monthly or quarterly. The forecast’s undefined nature allows it to be used for both short- and long-term projections and adapt to recent performance data. In this way, executives can make changes in real-time, adjusting their operations, such as production, marketing approach, and staffing. 

Forecasting can be a time-consuming process that not all businesses are able to stay on top of regularly.  Because of this, many businesses update their forecast data periodically, such as quarterly or biannually.  It’s considered a best practice to build a rolling (ongoing) forecast to make these adjustments in real-time.

Conclusion: Plan vs. budget vs. forecast

All three terms reflect expectations and estimates of financial objectives. Financial planning lays the foundation for budgeting, suggesting that a financial plan must precede the budget so that company leaders have an idea of what they are budgeting for. Meanwhile, a forecast projects how far over or under expectations a company may be.

A financial plan is a strategic, long-term tool, while a budget is tactical and short-term. A financial forecast is an updated reflection of the future. In a way, the forecast bridges the gap between the business plan and the budget. 

The most financially disciplined businesses leverage all three tools in planning and operations. Financial modeling software like Cube can help companies build multiple plan scenario types, including budgets, forecasts, and even what-ifs, in a way that allows leaders to visualize data, analyze past performance, and calculate how decisions may affect future goals.

Want to see how Cube can accelerate your financial planning? Get a demo today. 

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Business plan vs budget: what's the difference?

Is the difference between business planning and working out the budget confusing you? These two concepts can be tricky to distinguish, which is why we're here to give you a clear definition of both in our business plan vs. budget guide below.

Business plan vs budget: what do they have in common?

There are two main similarities between business planning and budgeting:

• The first one is that they both give an idea as to what the company's future could be.
• The second is that they both include a financial forecast which has been put together by the management team. Data around both the business planning and budgeting exercises are to be presented to potential financial partners, lenders or investors.

Business plan vs budget: what are the differences?

There are three main differences between business planning and budgeting: the scope, the time frame, and the depth.

Business plan vs. budget: The scope

A budget only includes a financial forecast, whereas a business plan will also detail the commercial opportunity and the market, the company and its organisation and strategy over the next few years. The scope of the business plan is therefore much larger than the budget.

Business plan vs. budget:  T he time frame

Both documents have very different time frames. A budget is done over a short-term horizon, generally for 12 months, while a business plan is a medium-long term document looking at the next 3 to 5 years.

Business plan vs. budget:   The depth

The level of depth and detail for each document also varies significantly.

A budget will have to be very detailed, and will include an itemised list of each planned expense with its exact cost, whereas a business plan will leave room for change, as the main goal will be to get a global view of the business.

This can also be explained by the two document's respective time frames.

Apart from new businesses, it is easy for a company to have an idea of what's going to happen in the next 12 months, which makes it easier for the management team to use last year's accounts as a point of reference by simply adding inflation and marketing costs for the new year to create the budget.

It is much harder to have a clear vision of what will happen to a company over the next 3 or 5 years. Market demand can evolve, regulation can change, competitors can adapt to different market trends, and many other aspects of the business can dramatically change the game, rendering it impossible for the entrepreneur to predict exactly how well the company will be able to perform financially.

Before any entrepreneur can truly claim they know what they're doing when putting a business plan or budget together, it's vital to understand the difference between the two. 

We do hope this article has helped you understand the main differences between a business plan and a budget, however do not hesitate to get in touch if you have any more questions.

Also on The Business Plan Shop

• What is a business plan and how can I create one?
• How to do a market analysis for a business plan
• How to create a sales forecast for your business

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Founder & CEO at The Business Plan Shop Ltd

Guillaume Le Brouster is a seasoned entrepreneur and financier.

Guillaume has been an entrepreneur for more than a decade and has first-hand experience of starting, running, and growing a successful business.

Prior to being a business owner, Guillaume worked in investment banking and private equity, where he spent most of his time creating complex financial forecasts, writing business plans, and analysing financial statements to make financing and investment decisions.

Guillaume holds a Master's Degree in Finance from ESCP Business School and a Bachelor of Science in Business & Management from Paris Dauphine University.

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The Ultimate Guide to FP&A: Financial Planning and Analysis Explained

In the fiercely competitive startup world, understanding your financial health is non-negotiable. But while maintaining your balance sheet is crucial, a deeper level of financial wisdom propels your company from mere survival to ultimate success. We present the ultimate guide to Financial Planning and Analysis (FP&A) – an essential yet less understood discipline that can turbo-charge your business’s economic drive. We’ll untangle its roots, show you why it’s important for your startup, and provide tips on mastering this financial specialty. So buckle up and let’s delve into the world of FP&A!

FP&A, or Financial Planning and Analysis, is a crucial function in finance that involves activities such as budgeting, forecasting, and financial analysis. It provides businesses with accurate insights and data-driven decision-making support, helping them plan effectively, assess financial health, predict the impact of decisions, identify new revenue opportunities, and align strategy with execution. By combining financial data, operational data, and external data in one place for analysis, FP&A professionals can provide valuable guidance to inform confident planning and drive business success.

Understanding FP&A

Financial Planning and Analysis (FP&A) is a crucial function in finance that involves budgeting, forecasting, and financial analysis. But what exactly does it entail?

At its core, FP&A is a set of planning, forecasting, budgeting, and analytical activities that support business decisions and financial health. FP&A professionals provide accurate, data-driven insights to inform confident planning and decision-making. This involves combining financial data, operational data, and external data in one place for analysis.

Let’s consider an example to illustrate this further. Imagine a company wants to expand into a new market. FP&A professionals would assess the financial feasibility of this expansion by analyzing historical financial data, market trends, potential costs and revenues, and analyzing various scenarios to determine the potential impact on the company’s overall financial health. They would then provide recommendations based on this analysis to guide strategic decision-making.

Modern FP&A solutions utilize cloud-based deployment for scalability, easy collaboration, and access from anywhere. They also incorporate AI and machine learning for analyzing large amounts of data and uncovering insights. Robotic process automation can automate repetitive tasks in FP&A.

So why is FP&A important? Well, it helps organizations effectively allocate resources, optimize performance, identify growth opportunities, minimize risks, and align strategy with execution. It provides decision-makers with the information they need to make informed choices for the betterment of the business.

Overall, understanding FP&A is essential for finance professionals who want to excel in their roles and contribute to their organization’s success. It requires a strong foundation in finance principles, intermediate accounting knowledge, an understanding of financial statements, and intermediate Excel skills.

Now that we have a clear understanding of what FP&A entails let’s explore different approaches to planning within FP&A – strategy-based vs. mission-based planning.

• According to a 2020 report by Dresner Advisory Services, companies with dedicated FP&A teams are 1.5 times more likely to be top performers in their respective industries.
• A study conducted by the Association for Financial Professionals (AFP) found that organizations leveraging FP&A practices have seen an average increase in revenue of 10-20%.
• As per a survey by CEB (now Gartner), companies demonstrating superior performance in FP&A spend 20% less time on data gathering and more on strategic planning and analysis activities.

Strategy-Based vs. Mission-Based Planning

Within the realm of Financial Planning and Analysis (FP&A), planning plays a pivotal role in shaping an organization’s future. Two common approaches to planning within FP&A are strategy-based planning and mission-based planning.

Strategy-based planning focuses on aligning financial plans and decisions with the overall strategic objectives of the organization. It involves setting goals that support the company’s strategic initiatives and then developing financial plans and forecasts accordingly. This approach ensures that financial decisions are directly tied to the desired outcomes outlined in the company’s strategic plan.

For instance, if a company’s strategic goal is to increase market share by launching new products, the FP&A team would develop plans and forecasts that allocate resources towards product development, marketing, and distribution strategies necessary for achieving that goal.

On the other hand, mission-based planning centers around fulfilling the organization’s mission and purpose. It involves setting goals that align with the core values and purpose of the company. Mission-based planning places importance on factors such as social impact, sustainability, or corporate social responsibility.

Both strategy-based and mission-based planning have their merits, depending on the organization’s priorities and values. While strategy-based planning focuses on driving growth and achieving specific targets aligned with long-term strategic objectives, mission-based planning emphasizes broader societal impacts and values beyond pure financial metrics.

It is important to note that these two approaches are not mutually exclusive but can be integrated into a comprehensive FP&A framework. By considering both strategic objectives and organizational values, finance professionals can contribute to the overall success of their organizations while ensuring responsible decision-making.

Now that we have explored the different approaches to planning within FP&A, we can appreciate how understanding these nuances plays a crucial role in an FP&A professional’s toolkit.

Key Roles in FP&A

Within the realm of Financial Planning and Analysis (FP&A), several key roles contribute to its effectiveness and success. These professionals possess unique skills that collectively enhance the organization’s decision-making processes and financial health. Let’s explore some of these essential roles:

1. FP&A Analysts: These individuals are the backbone of FP&A teams, responsible for data gathering, analysis, and reporting. They work closely with other departments to understand their financial needs and provide insights for informed decision-making.

2. Financial Planners: Financial planners play a crucial role in developing strategic financial plans for organizations. By considering factors such as revenue forecasts, expense management, and risk assessments, they ensure alignment between financial goals and overall business objectives.

3. Business Partners: Business partners collaborate with various stakeholders, including department heads, executives, and finance teams. They act as strategic advisors by interpreting financial data, identifying trends, and providing actionable recommendations to improve business performance.

4. FP&A Managers/Directors: These leaders oversee the entire FP&A function within an organization. They are responsible for managing the team’s activities, ensuring accuracy in financial analysis and forecasting, and providing high-level guidance to facilitate effective decision-making at all levels.

Now that we have a clear understanding of the key roles in FP&A, let’s explore one of the core components that these professionals deal with on a regular basis: building and analyzing financial models.

Building and Analyzing Financial Models

Financial models serve as powerful tools for organizations within the field of FP&A. They enable businesses to make informed decisions based on robust analysis of historical data, current market conditions, and projected outcomes. Building and analyzing these models require a comprehensive understanding of financial statements, as well as the ability to incorporate various variables into a cohesive framework.

These models are built using spreadsheet software like Microsoft Excel or specialized FP&A tools such as Anaplan. Various components come into play during the construction and analysis of financial models:

1. Assumptions: Financial models rely on assumptions about factors that impact a company’s financial performance, such as sales growth rates, cost structures, and market trends. These assumptions guide the forecasting process to create realistic scenarios.

2. Data Analysis: Building accurate financial models involves analyzing historical data and identifying key performance indicators (KPIs) relevant to the organization’s objectives. This analysis helps identify trends, relationships, and potential risks or opportunities.

For example, an FP&A analyst may analyze sales data to understand the impact of seasonality or marketing campaigns on revenue generation. This information can then be used to inform budgeting decisions and future forecasts.

3. Scenario Planning: Financial models allow users to test different scenarios by adjusting variables and assumptions. By creating multiple scenarios, organizations can evaluate the potential outcomes of different strategies and make more informed decisions.

4. Sensitivity Analysis: Sensitivity analysis involves determining the impact of changes in specific variables on the overall financial model. This analysis helps identify potential risks and assess their magnitude, allowing organizations to develop contingency plans accordingly.

Building and analyzing financial models within FP&A requires a combination of technical skills, business acumen, and attention to detail. Next, we will explore other core components involved in FP&A to gain a holistic understanding of this discipline.

Core Components of FP&A

To truly grasp the essence of Financial Planning and Analysis (FP&A), it is important to understand its core components. These components serve as the building blocks for effective financial planning and decision-making.

One of the primary components is financial data analysis . FP&A professionals gather and analyze financial data from various sources, including historical financial statements, operational data, and external market trends. By combining these disparate pieces of information, they can uncover valuable insights that inform strategic planning and forecasting.

For instance, imagine a company analyzing sales data from the past few years to identify seasonal trends, customer preferences, and potential growth opportunities. This analysis provides a foundation for developing accurate revenue projections in the future.

Another crucial component is budgeting and forecasting . FP&A professionals utilize different methodologies like predictive planning and driver-based planning to create comprehensive financial models that forecast future outcomes based on key drivers and variables. This proactive approach allows organizations to anticipate potential risks and take preemptive measures to mitigate them.

Now that we have explored the importance of analyzing financial data and creating accurate forecasts, let’s delve into another core aspect of FP&A: policies, procedures, and practices.

• Financial Planning and Analysis (FP&A) relies on key components such as financial data analysis, budgeting and forecasting, and policies, procedures, and practices. By analyzing financial data, FP&A professionals can uncover insights that inform strategic planning. Budgeting and forecasting methodologies help create accurate financial models that anticipate future outcomes. Furthermore, establishing robust policies and procedures ensures efficient and effective financial planning and decision-making processes.

Policies, Procedures, and Practices

Policies, procedures, and practices form the framework within which FP&A functions effectively. They provide structure and guidelines for financial planning activities while ensuring consistency and reliability in decision-making processes.

Financial policies outline the principles and rules that govern budgeting, forecasting, reporting, and analysis within an organization. These policies establish the standards for assessing performance metrics, allocating resources, managing capital expenditures, and evaluating investment opportunities.

For example, a company might have a policy that sets limits for how much debt it can take on based on its financial health indicators such as debt-to-equity ratio or interest coverage ratio. This helps maintain a sustainable capital structure and ensures prudent financial management.

Procedures detail the step-by-step processes for executing financial planning tasks. These procedures provide a standardized approach to collecting and analyzing data, creating budgets and forecasts, and monitoring performance. They enable consistency and accuracy in financial analysis across different departments and ensure that everyone follows the same methodology.

Imagine a retail company with multiple stores. To create accurate sales forecasts, they may have a procedure in place that requires each store manager to submit weekly sales reports by a specific deadline. This ensures timely data collection and enables more accurate forecasting.

Practices , on the other hand, are the day-to-day activities carried out by FP&A professionals to execute financial planning tasks. These practices involve utilizing technology tools, conducting analyses, collaborating with stakeholders, and providing insights to support decision-making.

It is important to note that while policies and procedures provide the framework, practices can vary between organizations based on their unique needs and goals. However, best practices often emerge within the FP&A field, which are widely accepted as effective approaches to financial planning.

For instance, utilizing cloud-based FP&A platforms for real-time data access and collaboration is becoming more common as it enhances efficiency and agility in the planning process. Similarly, leveraging advanced analytics techniques like predictive modeling or scenario planning can help uncover valuable insights and improve forecasting accuracy.

Now that we understand the core components of FP&A and how policies, procedures, and practices shape its implementation, let’s explore the modern tools that have revolutionized this field.

Modern Tools in FP&A Implementation

Over the past decade, the field of Financial Planning and Analysis (FP&A) has witnessed significant advancements with the emergence of modern tools designed to streamline and enhance its implementation. These tools leverage technology to automate manual tasks, improve data accuracy, and facilitate real-time decision-making. Let’s explore some of the prominent modern tools used in FP&A implementation.

One such tool is Cube , a powerful FP&A solution that eliminates manual work and provides real-time insights. It combines the flexibility of spreadsheets with the power of enterprise software, offering features like automated data consolidation, integrated financial modeling , and customizable dashboards. With Cube, companies can optimize their planning processes and gain a competitive edge through more accurate forecasting and strategic decision-making.

Another popular tool is Workday Adaptive Planning (formerly Adaptive Insights), which offers flexible and scalable financial planning and analytics solutions for large enterprises. Its cloud-based platform enables collaboration, scenario planning, predictive modeling, and variance analysis. The intuitive interface allows users to easily navigate through complex datasets and generate dynamic reports.

Anaplan is yet another tool that stands out in the world of FP&A. It provides enterprise-wide solutions for complex scenario planning, budgeting, forecasting, and performance management. Anaplan’s cloud-based platform allows organizations to create integrated models that connect various departments and business units. This promotes cross-functional collaboration and enables better decision-making based on holistic insights.

Beyond these three examples, there are several other notable tools available in the market catering to different needs within FP&A, including Planful for continuous planning with structured and dynamic capabilities, OneStream XF for unified financial consolidation and reporting, Prophix Software for financial process automation, Vena Solutions for integrated planning across departments, Oracle Hyperion Planning for enterprise performance management, BizNet Software for real-time reporting and analysis, and Hubble by insightsoftware for financial reporting and analytics.

These modern tools have revolutionized the way FP&A professionals operate, enabling them to be more efficient, accurate, and strategic in their financial planning and analysis activities. The benefits of adopting these tools are manifold.

Benefits and Application of FP&A Tools

The application of FP&A tools brings numerous advantages to organizations seeking to optimize their financial planning and decision-making processes. Let’s delve into some of the key benefits:

Improved Accuracy and Efficiency: FP&A tools automate time-consuming manual tasks like data entry, consolidation, and reporting, reducing the risk of errors and freeing up valuable time for analysis. This leads to increased accuracy in financial forecasts and reports, enabling finance teams to make more informed decisions.

Real-time Visibility: Modern FP&A tools provide real-time insights into critical financial data, allowing stakeholders to monitor performance metrics, identify trends, and respond promptly to changing business conditions. Dashboards and visualizations offer a comprehensive view of the organization’s financial health at any given moment.

Enhanced Collaboration: These tools facilitate collaboration among different departments and teams involved in the financial planning process. Cross-functional input helps align organizational goals, improves communication, and fosters a unified approach towards achieving desired outcomes.

The benefits mentioned above are just a glimpse into how FP&A tools can transform financial planning and analysis practices. By leveraging automation, advanced analytics, and real-time capabilities, organizations gain a competitive edge in today’s fast-paced business environment.

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About the author: Oran Yehiel

Oran Yehiel is the founder of Startup Geek, with an MBA specializing in financial management and a background in Deloitte. As a Certified Public Accountant and Digital Marketing Professional, he writes about venture capital, marketing, entrepreneurship, and more, bringing a wealth of experience to businesses seeking growth and success.

What Is the Difference Between a Financial Plan and an Operational Plan?

by Priti Ramjee

Published on 26 Sep 2017

You have goals for your business. Now you need a road map for direction. An operational plan and a financial plan are elements of your business plan that support each other to move your business ahead in a chosen direction. The operational plan runs the business, whereas the financial plan is the bread and butter. The thought process behind the operational and financial plans allow you to develop a strategic business plan with continuous nurturing as your business grows.

Difference in Function

Operational and financial plans serve different purposes within a business plan. The operational plan explains the daily operations of the business such as its location, equipment, people, processes and surrounding environment. In an operational plan, your focus is on how and where your products and services are produced. It identifies your location requirements, business hours, personnel, inventory and suppliers. Your financial plan forecasts over a one year period sales, the cost of goods, expenses, and reflects your monthly profit and cash flow to determine if your working capital is adequate.

Difference in Plan Development

As the owner of your business, you develop the operational plan because you are aware of the processes of your business. Since operations are often interconnected, you may need to consult with management departments in the operations of your business. Your financial plan is initiated by your insights. You may need to consult with a financial professional to crunch the numbers and make recommendations in the development and implementation of your financial records.

Difference in Risk Reduction

The operational plan identifies internal risks to the business such as partnership risks or your production capability, and external risks such as political and economic influences. The operational plan outlines your strategy for risk reduction. The financial plan focuses on price outlook, historical data, inventory planning and identifies other risks which can affect your profits.

Difference in Growth Strategies

As your business grows, your financial and operation plans will change as well. If your operational plan is outdated, it will have an effect on your hiring, training and future directions. Similarly, growth requires storage space for new products, delivery mechanisms for new services, as well as new equipment, all of which require adjustments to the financial plan to reflect accurate cash flow.

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Strategic Financial Management: Definition, Benefits, and Example

Investopedia / Dennis Madamba

What Is Strategic Financial Management?

Strategic financial management means not only managing a company's finances but managing them with the intention to succeed—that is, to attain the company's long-term goals and objectives and maximize shareholder value over time.

Key Takeaways

• Strategic financial management is about creating profits for the business over the long run.
• It seeks to maximize return on investment for stakeholders.
• This differs from tactical management, which looks to seize near-term opportunities.
• A financial plan is strategic and focuses on long-term gain. 
• Strategic financial planning varies by company, industry, and sector.

Understanding Strategic Financial Management

Strategic financial management is about creating profit for the business and ensuring an acceptable return on investment (ROI). Financial management is accomplished through business financial plans, setting up financial controls, and financial decision-making.

Before a company can manage itself strategically, it first needs to define its objectives precisely, identify and quantify its available and potential resources, and devise a specific plan to use its finances and other capital resources toward achieving its goals.

Strategic management also involves understanding and properly controlling, allocating, and obtaining a company's assets and liabilities, including monitoring operational financing items like expenditures, revenues, accounts receivable and payable, cash flow, and profitability.

Strategic financial management encompasses furthermore involves continuous evaluating, planning, and adjusting to keep the company focused and on track toward long-term goals. When a company is managing strategically, it deals with short-term issues on an ad hoc basis in ways that do not derail its long-term vision.

Strategic financial management includes assessing and managing a company's capital structure, the mix of debt and equity finance employed, to ensure a company's long-term solvency.

Strategic Versus Tactical Financial Management

The term "strategic" refers to financial management practices that are focused on long-term success, as opposed to "tactical" management decisions, which relate to short-term positioning. If a company is being strategic instead of tactical, it makes financial decisions based on what it thinks would achieve results ultimately—that is, in the future—which implies that to realize those results, a firm sometimes must tolerate losses in the present.

"Strategic" management focuses on long-term success and "tactical" management relates to short-term positioning.

Part of effective strategic financial management thus may involve sacrificing or readjusting short-term goals in order to attain the company's long-term objectives more efficiently. For example, if a company suffered a net loss for the previous year, then it may choose to reduce its asset base through closing facilities or reducing staff, thereby decreasing its operating expenses. Taking such steps may result in restructuring costs or other one-time items that negatively affect the company's finances further in the short term, but which position the company better to succeed in the long term.

These short-term versus long-term tradeoffs often need to be made with various stakeholders in mind. For instance, shareholders of public companies may discipline management for decisions that negatively affect a company's share price in the short term, even though the long-term health of the company becomes more solid by the same decisions.

The Elements of Strategic Financial Management

A company will apply strategic financial management throughout its organizational operations, which involves designing elements that will maximize the firm's financial resources and use them efficiently. Here a firm needs to be creative, as there is no one-size-fits-all approach to strategic management, and each company will devise elements that reflect its own particular needs and goals. However, some of the more common elements of strategic financial management could include the following.

• Define objectives precisely.
• Identify and quantify available and potential resources.
• Write a specific business financial plan.
• Help the company function with financial efficiency, and reduce waste.
• Identify areas that incur the most operating costs, or exceed the budgeted cost.
• Ensure sufficient liquidity to cover operating expenses without tapping external resources.
• Uncover areas where a firm may invest earnings to achieve goals more effectively.

Managing and Assessing Risk

• Identify, analyze, and mitigate uncertainty in investment decisions.
• Evaluate the potential for financial exposure; examine capital expenditures (CapEx) and workplace policies.
• Employ risk metrics such as degree of operating leverage calculations, standard deviation, and value-at-risk (VaR) strategies.

Establishing Ongoing Procedures

• Collect and analyze data.
• Make financial decisions that are consistent.
• Track and analyze variance—that is, differences between budgeted and actual results.
• Identify problems and take appropriate corrective actions.

Strategies Based on Industry

Just as financial management strategies will vary from company to company, they also can differ according to industry and sector .

Firms that operate in fast-growing industries—like information technology or technical services—would want to choose strategies that cite their goals for growth and specify movement in a positive direction. Their objectives, for example, might include launching a new product or increasing gross revenue within the next 12 months.

On the other hand, companies in slow-growing industries—like sugar manufacturing or coal-power production—could choose objectives that focus on protecting their assets and managing expenses, such as reducing administrative costs by a certain percentage.

What Are the Benefits of Strategic Management?

Having a long-term focus helps a company maintain its goals, even as short-term rough patches or opportunities come and go. As a result, strategic management helps keep a firm profitable and stable by sticking to its long-run plan. Strategic management not only sets company targets but sets guidelines for achieving those objectives even as challenges appear along the way.

What Is the Scope of Strategic Financial Management?

Strategic management can encompass all aspects of a firm's long-term objectives. Financial management often plays a key role in this, which involves cost reduction, risk management, and budgeting.

What Is the Ultimate Objective of Strategic Financial Management?

The goal of strategic financial management is to ensure that long-term goals are properly planned for and ultimately met.

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The Leading Source of Insights On Business Model Strategy & Tech Business Models

Business Model Vs. Financial Model

A business model is a holistic framework to describe, understand, and analyze how companies provide and capture value. The financial model is how companies generate profits, cash, and are financially sustainable. A financial model is indeed part of the overall sustainable business model and one of its core components.

What is a Business Model?

What is A Financial Model?

Table of Contents

Key Similarities between Business Model and Financial Model:

• Part of Business Strategy: Both the business model and the financial model are essential components of a company’s overall business strategy . They play a crucial role in determining how the company operates, generates revenue, manages costs, and sustains its financial health.
• Long-Term Perspective: Both models are designed with a long-term perspective in mind. They are not just focused on short-term gains but aim to create sustainable value and financial viability for the organization over time.
• Interconnectedness: The financial model is a subset of the business model and is closely interconnected with other elements of the business model. The financial model supports and aligns with the overall business strategy and value proposition .

Key Differences between Business Model and Financial Model:

• Scope and Purpose: The business model is a comprehensive framework that outlines how the company creates, delivers, and captures value in the market. It encompasses various aspects such as value propositions, customer segments, channels, and revenue streams. On the other hand, the financial model is specifically focused on the financial aspects of the business, including revenue forecasting, cost analysis , profitability projections, and cash flow management.
• Level of Detail: The business model provides a high-level overview of the company’s value proposition and the way it operates, while the financial model delves into detailed financial projections and analysis based on the assumptions made in the business model.
• Audience and Usage: The business model is often used for strategic planning, market analysis , and communication with stakeholders, including investors, partners, and customers. It helps to showcase the company’s unique selling points and value creation potential. On the other hand, the financial model is primarily used for internal financial planning, budgeting, and decision-making. It helps management assess the financial feasibility of the business model and make data-driven financial decisions.
• Components and Elements: The business model consists of various components, such as the value proposition , customer segments, key activities, resources, and partnerships. It outlines the overall value chain of the business. The financial model, on the other hand, focuses on specific financial elements, such as revenue projections, cost breakdown, profit margins, and cash flow forecasts.

Business Model Examples :

• Direct Sales Model : Apple sells its products directly to consumers via its Apple Stores and online store.
• Freemium Model : Spotify offers a free version of its music streaming service with ads, and a premium version without ads and with added features for a subscription fee.
• Subscription Model : Netflix charges customers a monthly fee to access its library of movies and TV shows.
• Affiliate Marketing Model : A blogger promotes products and earns a commission for every sale made through their referral link.
• Marketplace Model : eBay connects sellers with buyers and takes a commission from each sale.
• Franchise Model : McDonald’s allows entrepreneurs to operate their own McDonald’s restaurants using the brand , processes, and resources of the parent company for a fee.
• Advertising Model : Google offers its search engine services for free and earns revenue through targeted advertising.
• Crowdsourcing Model : Wikipedia relies on volunteers to create and edit content, allowing it to offer a vast encyclopedia for free.
• Razor and Blades Model : Gillette sells razors at a low cost or even a loss, but replacement blades (which customers need to buy regularly) have high margins.
• Peer-to-Peer Model : Airbnb allows homeowners to rent out their properties to travelers.

Financial Model Examples :

• Cost-plus Pricing : A company determines the cost of producing a product and adds a markup percentage for profit. For instance, if a shirt costs $10 to produce, and they want a 20% profit, they’ll sell it for $12.
• Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Model : Used to estimate the value of an investment based on its future cash flows.
• Comparative Company Analysis (CCA) : This model involves comparing a company’s valuation metrics to other firms within the same industry to determine its relative value.
• Budget Model : Companies forecast their income and expenses for the upcoming year to set budgets.
• Break-even Analysis : Determines the point at which total costs and total revenue are equal, meaning there’s no net loss or gain.
• Projected Income Statement : Forecasts a company’s revenues, costs, and profits for a future period.
• Balance Sheet Projection : Predicts a company’s assets, liabilities, and equity for a future date.
• Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) : Used to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an asset.
• Merger and Acquisition Model : Used by companies to evaluate the financial impact of merging with or acquiring another company.
• Option Pricing Model : Used in finance to calculate the fair value of an option based on factors such as stock price, exercise price, time to expiration, and volatility.

Key Highlights :

• A holistic framework used to describe, understand, and analyze how companies provide and capture value.
• Focuses on finding a systematic way to unlock long-term value for an organization.
• Delivers value to customers and captures value through monetization strategies.
• Value model (e.g., value propositions, mission , vision)
• Technological model (e.g., R&D management)
• Distribution model (e.g., sales and marketing organizational structure )
• Financial model (e.g., revenue modeling, cost structure, profitability and cash generation/management)
• Pertains to how corporations finance their assets, typically through debt or equity.
• Key elements include cost structure, profitability, and cash flow generation.
• Is a subset of the business model and one of its core components.
• Both are vital components of a company’s overall business strategy .
• Designed with a long-term perspective, focusing on sustainable value and financial viability.
• The financial model is closely interconnected with the business model and aligns with the overall business strategy and value proposition .
• Business Model: Comprehensive, outlining how the company creates, delivers, and captures value.
• Financial Model: Specifically focuses on financial aspects such as revenue forecasting, cost analysis , and cash flow management.
• Business Model: Provides a high-level overview of the company’s operations.
• Financial Model: Offers detailed financial projections and analysis .
• Business Model: Used for strategic planning, market analysis , and communication with stakeholders.
• Financial Model: Used for internal financial planning, budgeting, and decision-making.
• Business Model: Includes components like value proposition , customer segments, and key activities.
• Financial Model: Focuses on specific financial elements like revenue projections and cash flow forecasts.

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How to Write the Financial Section of a Business Plan

When you are starting a small business or a startup, you will need to make financial projections for your business.

What is Financial Plan in Business Plan?

How to write a business plan financial section, profit and loss statement.

• Cash Flow Statement
• Balance Sheet
• Sales Forecast
• Personnel Plan

Breakeven Analysis and Business Ratios

Use financial plan as a tool for business management, frequently asked questions (faqs).

Financial plan in business plan helps understand the chances of your business becoming a financial success. Investors want to see a financial plan to know how much money they’ll invest and what the expected return over investment is for them.

We have briefly discussed the process of writing a financial plan in business plan. One thing that can make or break your financial plan in business plan is your honesty about numbers.

Try not to be over-optimistic. See the growth pattern of similar businesses and project closely to them. Don’t overestimate the effects of your competitive advantage.

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A financial plan in business plan is an overview of your business financial projections.

Business plan financial projections include financial reports including Profit & Loss, cash flow statement, and balance sheet.

A financial plan will also discuss sales forecast, employees’ salaries and other expenses forecast, business breakeven analysis, and important business rations that help measure growth.

A business plan financial section is about making simple forecasts and creating a few financial reports. You don’t need to know accounting, nor is it necessary for creating financial projections.

We have outlined and simplified the process of creating a financial plan for business plan. Simply follow the process and take help from our examples and templates to write an excellent financial plan section of a business plan.

Review your Business Goals and Strategic Plan

You have set business goals in your business plan. A strategic plan is how you will navigate to financial success. 

Everything in a business plan that contributes toward your business goals. Before writing financial projections, consider these goals and milestones:

• Expansion plans 
• Adding more people to your team 
• Resources required to meet your business goals 
• Cash flow needs of your business in the short and long term
• Financing needs to meet business goals 

Create Financial Projections

 Financial projections in a business plan will include the following:

• Profit and loss statement

Cash Flow Statement 

Sales forecast .

• Business Ratios and Breakeven Analysis 

We will explore each in detail in the following section. By the end of the article, you will fully understand how to create financial plan in business plan. 

A profit and loss statement is the first financial report you will create when writing financial plan in business plan.

A profit and loss statement reports your business income or loss over a certain period of time.

Profit and loss statement is also known by other names including its short form i.e., P & L statement, income statement, and pro forma income statement.

A profit and loss statement includes total revenues, expenses, and costs. A P&L statement is made for different time intervals like quarterly, bi-annual and annual. It shows net income after the cost of goods sold, expenses, taxes, depreciation, and amortization.

Before creating a P&L statement for your business, you may need to look for the right format for your business structure. For example, you will need a different format for a profit and loss statement for a sole proprietorship and a different one for an LLC.

Check income statement examples to understand and create one yourself. 

Profit and Loss Statement Template

Download our free profit and loss statement templates &  examples, and make a professional income statement for financial plan in business plan. 

Parts of a Profit and Loss Statement 

Every profit and loss statement includes the following elements:

• Total Revenues 
• Cost of Sales or Cost of Goods Sold 
• Gross Margin 

Depending on the business type, a P&L statement may include insurance, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. Make sure to include a forecast for all heads in financial plan in business plan.

Calculate Operating Income 

Start your profit and loss statement by calculating operating income; use this formula. 

Gross Margin – Operating Expenses = Operating Income

Typically, operating income is equal to EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization). 

Operating income is also called the gross profit and it does not deduce taxes or other accounting adjustments from the income.

Calculate Net Income 

Use this formula to calculate net income. 

Operating Income – (Interest + Taxes + Depreciation + Amortization Expenses) = Net Income

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A cash flow statement is typically prepared every month. You can create monthly and quarterly cash flow statement in financial plan in business plan.

A cash flow statement informs about the cash your business brought income, the cash it paid out, and how much is still available with the bank.

A cash flow statement gives an understanding of your income sources and expenses. When you forecast your financial reports, a cash flow statement will show your expected income sources and expenses.

A cash flow statement will help potential lenders and investors understand how you plan to make money. It provides reliable data about cash in and cash out. Keep it realistic and in line with the industry number for the most part. An exception may be an innovation or a breakthrough you bring to the market.

Your profit and cash flow are not the same. It is possible to have a cashless, profitable business or a business in loss with plenty of cash. A good cash flow helps you keep your business open and turn things around.

A cash flow statement also reflects your behavior with money. It shows if you spend on spur of the moment or think strategically. When creating a cash flow statement in a business plan, you will need to understand two basic concepts of accounting; cash accounting and accrual accounting.

Professional Business Templates for Small Businesses

Check our extensive library of business templates for small businesses and make use of the templates and examples in writing your business plan.

Difference between Cash and Accrual Accounting 

The difference between cash and accrual accounting is Accrual accounting records revenues/income and expenses when they occur while cash accounting records income/revenue and expenses when the money actually changes hands. 

You will need to decide if you will use cash accounting or accrual accounting. However, the final choice will depend on your business type and product. 

For example, you are selling tickets to a show or you are taking preorders for your new product. Under cash accounting, you will record all income now and expenses when you have actually shipped the product or organized the show. 

However, with accrual accounting, you will record both income and expenses when you have shipped the product or held the show. 

Here, cash accounting will show the months with cash abundance as profitable and the months of spending, like shipping of the products of event organization, as a loss. It is hard to see a pattern and get actionable insight with cash accounting. 

It is a good time to decide about the accounting method you will use when you are writing a financial plan in business plan. 

Check with your accounting consultant and discuss accrual and cash accounting to select the one most suitable for your business.

Balance Sheet 

A balance sheet is a summary of the financial position of your business. 

A balance sheet includes assets, liabilities, and equity. A balance sheet is based on this formula and it is always equal on both sides of the equation. 

Assets = Liabilities + Equity

Here, Assets include your inventory, cash at hand and bank, property, vehicles, accounts receivables, etc. Liabilities are debts, loans and account payables. Equity includes shares proceeds, retained earnings, and owner’s money. 

Download Balance Sheet Template from WiseBusinessPlan and make a balance sheet easy. 

A sales forecast is your projection about the sales you will make in a certain time. Investors and lenders will be interested in seeing your sales forecast. They will estimate your chances of meeting the forecast and projections. 

Keep your sales forecast consistent with the financial reports like the cash flow statement and profit & loss statement.

How To Make A Sales Forecast For A Business Plan?

First, decide the period for the sales forecast, like one month or a quarter. Then, do the following steps to make a sales forecast for that period. 

• List goods or services your business sells
• Forecast sales for each product or service 
• Set per unit price for your goods or services 
• Find sales volume by multiplying units sold with unit price 
• Calculate the cost of goods sold 
• Multiply the cost of goods sold by the number of units sold, this is your total cost 
• Take the total cost amount from the total sales amount

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Personnel Plan 

A personnel plan shows the costs and value of the employees you will hire. 

Very small businesses, startups, or solopreneurs may not need a personnel plan but any business with employees, or plans to hire employees, will need this. 

Forecast the cost of each employee and the value they will provide. You don’t need to discuss everything about employees, just do a short cost-benefit analysis for each position or employee.

Breakeven analysis tells you the number of sales you need to bring in to cover all of your business expenses. 

Use this formula to calculate the breakeven point for your business. 

Break-Even Point (units) = Fixed Costs /  (Sales price per unit – Variable costs per unit) 

Business ratios are like signals for your business. You can quickly spot a growth or fall with a ratio. Some business ratios also help you see business health. 

You are not required to include business ratio forecasts however, it is good to know about them when writing a business plan. 

Here are some of the most used business ratios.

• Gross margin
• Return on sales
• Return on assets
• Return on investment
• Debt-to-equity
• Current ratio
• Working capital
• gross margin
•  return on investment (ROI)
• Debt-to-equity.

One mistake that most people make is thinking that building a business plan is a one time thing. 

Your business plan and your financial projections can help you measure your business growth. You can use these numbers as a yard stick to see if you are meeting your projections or not. 

Here is how you can your business plan as a management tool for your business. 

Schedule monthly and quarterly business review meetings. Compare your actual data for that period with your forecast data and see how you are moving towards your business goals. Adjust your forecast or projections with the help of actual data to keep your growth trajectory in the right direction.

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The financial section of a business plan should include key financial statements such as the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement. It should also provide details on projected sales, expenses, and profitability, along with any assumptions or financial ratios used.

Forecasting sales and revenue involves analyzing market research, understanding your target audience, and considering factors such as pricing, competition, and marketing strategies. Utilize historical data, industry benchmarks, and realistic growth assumptions to estimate future sales figures.

In addition to sales and revenue projections, the financial section should include projected expenses, such as operational costs, marketing expenses, and overheads. It should also outline anticipated profits, cash flow projections, and return on investment (ROI) calculations.

Yes, including a break-even analysis is important as it helps determine the point at which your business will start generating profits. It identifies the sales volume needed to cover all expenses and provides insights into the viability of your business.

Supporting documents may include historical financial statements, tax returns, cash flow statements, balance sheets, and any other relevant financial records. Additionally, include details about any loans, investments, or funding sources that contribute to the financial projections.

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Business Continuity vs. Disaster Recovery: What’s the Difference?

Disaster recovery and business continuity are two processes that help organizations ensure their resilience when unexpected adverse events occur. Learn more about them and how they differ.

• Cost Optimization
• Disaster Recovery

May 07, 2024

When disaster strikes, whether it’s natural or human-made, businesses need to be prepared. Business continuity planning helps organizations continue operating during or after an event, while disaster recovery planning helps them restore IT infrastructure and data after a disruption.

When the unexpected happens, poorly prepared businesses run the risk that everything could come to a screeching halt. Customers could stop placing orders, outgoing shipments could cease, and productivity can grind to a standstill. All of that leads to lost revenue, unhappy customers, and bad publicity. In some cases, it can even result in compliance failures and financial penalties.

It’s important to understand the distinctions between business continuity planning (BCP) and disaster recovery planning (DRP) because they each entail a different set of problems, priorities, and solutions. 

Historically, business continuity and disaster recovery have called for complex and expensive solutions with multiple potential points of failure. Recent innovations, including Pure Storage ® ActiveCluster ™, combine simplicity and ease of use with robustness and dependability. Before we delve further into solutions, though, let’s talk about the main differences between BCP and DRP.

What Is Disaster Recovery Planning?

Disaster recovery , often referred to simply as “DR,” ensures that organizations can rebound quickly in the face of major adverse events. When a hurricane leads to widespread power outages, flooding, and workforce disruption, for example, an effective disaster recovery plan ensures that IT systems remain up and running and that operations can come back online as soon as possible.  

The primary focus of DR is to restore IT infrastructure and data after a significantly disruptive event. This includes minimizing downtime, minimizing data loss, and ensuring business continuity. Readiness starts with an effective disaster recovery plan that incorporates backup systems, data replication, and testing procedures to ensure that the plan will work in practice.

What Is Business Continuity Planning?

Business continuity is somewhat broader in its scope, encompassing an entire organization’s ability to continue operations during and after a crisis. Not only does it address a wider range of functions, but it also encompasses a larger array of potential disruptions, including localized events that might simply halt operations for a brief period of time.

Business continuity plans address the need to maintain essential operational functions, manage risks proactively, and adapt to changing circumstances. When a regional storm makes travel difficult and causes short-term power outages, for example, an effective business continuity plan will have already laid out the potential impact, measures to mitigate associated problems, and a strategy for communicating with employees, vendors, customers, and other stakeholders.

Disaster Recovery vs. Business Continuity: Key Differences 

So, what is the difference between BCP and DR? 

Business continuity planning addresses the big picture, including a broad range of operational functions, whereas disaster recovery planning deals primarily with IT infrastructure and data recovery.

BCP extends beyond the IT department into key business processes such as supply chain management , customer service, and human resources. DR is a vital subset of business continuity because it attends to the recovery and continued operation of the company’s IT backbone.

BCP and DR have slightly different objectives as well. The former prioritizes keeping things going, even if it’s not “business as usual.” The latter seeks to restore normalcy as quickly as possible.

Business continuity planning often entails temporary measures or workarounds that are not part of the company’s normal routines. In the face of regional disruptions, for example, a company might reallocate workloads to a secondary location or contract with an outside organization to fill a gap temporarily. 

In this respect, business continuity often includes plans that enable the organization to continue operations under adverse conditions. This requires planners to identify essential business functions, create manual workarounds for automated processes, and ensure that sufficient resources will be available to continue operations. In BCP, the goal is to keep things going, even if extraordinary measures are required to do so.

The objective of DR, in contrast, is to minimize downtime, restore data to the greatest extent possible, and return critical IT systems to their normal state as rapidly as possible. This typically involves detailed technical strategies for system failover, data recovery, and backups. The primary objective is a rapid return to normalcy while minimizing losses.

Because BCP encompasses a broader range of functions, it also requires a more detailed approach to scenario planning, risk assessment, and contingency measures. Testing business continuity requires that organizations simulate various scenarios to ensure that all aspects of the plan function correctly and that personnel are able to perform their roles adequately.

DRP also calls for routine testing, but such tests tend to be more focused in their scope, zeroing in on the immediate aftermath of a disaster and aiming to get systems back online within a specified target time frame.

Importance for Organizations

To ensure their resilience in the face of adverse events, organizations should have both a disaster recovery plan and a business continuity plan in place. The unexpected can happen when you least expect it, and things can change quickly.

When a cargo ship destroyed the Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore earlier this year, it severed access to the port, halting operations for the businesses that operated there and disrupting supply chains for countless companies.

When Colonial Pipeline suffered a ransomware attack in 2021, there were fuel shortages in 17 states. Numerous airlines were compelled to alter their flight schedules, and drivers were faced with long lines at the gas station. 

These events illustrate why it’s so important to have both a business continuity plan and a disaster recovery plan in place and to test them routinely. Even for companies with very little exposure to weather disasters or supply chain disruptions, it’s important to plan ahead. Ransomware, for example, is a growing problem for businesses of all sizes. According to SANS Institute, the number of ransomware cases increased by nearly 73% in 2023 . 

To protect yourself, engage stakeholders in your organization to develop comprehensive plans for both business continuity and disaster recovery. Consider investing in technology solutions that are designed with resiliency in mind.

At Pure Storage, for example, we’ve designed our products around what we call a cyber-resiliency architecture . Pure Protect™ //DRaaS , for example, is an on-demand disaster-recovery-as-a-service solution that simplifies DR by enabling you to recover critical systems to the AWS Cloud in just minutes while maintaining full custody of your own data at all times. Purity//FA , the software heart of our FlashArray ™ solution, offers always-on data protection and lightning-fast replication. Our Evergreen//One ™ storage-as-a-service offering comes with a first-of-its-kind ransomware recovery SLA .

Pure Storage can help you fast-track your BCP and DRP readiness with solutions designed with native cyber-resiliency capabilities. Learn more about our data protection , ransomware , and business continuity and disaster recovery solutions today, or contact us to discuss your unique requirements.

Written By: Pure Storage

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Demystifying directflash modules vs. ssds vs. hdds vs. hybrid.

Term life vs. permanent life insurance

• Term life insurance 

Whole life insurance

Universal life insurance, variable life insurance, variable universal life insurance, simplified issue life insurance, guaranteed issue life insurance, group life insurance, choosing the right type of life insurance, types of insurance faqs, exploring the types of life insurance: a comprehensive guide.

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• Permanent life insurance lasts your lifetime and accrues cash value in addition to offering a death benefit.
• Term life lasts for a specified time and then expires, but it's cheaper than permanent life.
• There are several types of term and permanent life policies, and some don't require a medical exam.

Life insurance is a contract between you and the life insurance company. You'll pay monthly or annual premiums for coverage. If you pass away while your policy is in effect, your insurer must pay a death benefit or your policy's proceeds to your chosen beneficiary.

Life insurance is a crucial tool to manage your risk and protect your loved ones financially. "If you don't make it home and someone relies on your income to live, you need life insurance," says Mark Williams, CEO of Brokers International.

The best life insurance policy for you depends on your budget as well as your financial goals. There are two main types of life insurance policies to choose from: permanent life and term life.

The difference between term life insurance and permanent life insurance is similar to the difference between renting an apartment (term life) and owning a home (permanent life).

When you rent, you have a lease for a certain amount of time. When that lease is over, you can renew it. Likewise, term insurance lasts for a specified period. When it ends, you can reapply for coverage, but your premiums will likely increase based on your age and health status.

Permanent life insurance has a death benefit for your beneficiaries and a cash value you can use during your lifetime. It's like owning a home. Like a home, you build equity in your policy, which you can use as collateral. You can also use your cash value to leave a larger death benefit to your heirs when you pass away. 

Whether you choose permanent or term life insurance, you must undergo the underwriting process. During the underwriting process, your insurer gathers information about your health, job, income, finances, and other personal information to evaluate your risk level. It may require a medical exam, which includes collecting a blood and urine sample. Based on your risk level, the insurer determines your eligibility, premiums, and coverage amount.

The table below highlights the core differences between term and permanent life insurance. 

Term life insurance 

What is it .

The most popular type of term life insurance is a level term policy. You pay fixed premiums for a designated term—usually between ten and 30 years—for a fixed death benefit. If you die during your term, your beneficiaries receive a death benefit. If you outlive your policy and pass away without renewing your coverage, your beneficiaries won't receive a death benefit.

There are also other types of term life insurance policies, some more popular or expensive than others. Take a look at the list below for the top term life policies and their features.

• Annual yearly renewable (ART): This policy provides coverage one year at a time up to a specified age, without an additional medical exam. However, premiums increase each year as you age.
• Return of premium: Returns part or all of the money you've already paid if you haven't used the policy once your term ends. You'll pay an extra premium for this feature.
• Convertible term life: This allows you to convert a term life policy into permanent life insurance without additional evidence of insurability.

Who is it best for? 

Term life insurance provides coverage for a certain amount of time. This makes it suitable for most applicants, as most people's financial obligations decrease as they age. It's also the most affordable life insurance policy, making it accessible to most individuals. You can find our guide on the best term life insurance here.

Whole life insurance is a lifelong or permanent policy in which you pay a fixed premium for a guaranteed death benefit. The insurance company saves a portion of your premium in its own portfolio to increase your policy's cash value. Since whole life insurance offers many guarantees, it's one of the costlier life insurance policies.

Whole life insurance is an excellent option if you need long-term coverage, like if you have lifelong dependents or are a business owner. If you'd like to build a tax-free legacy for your dependents with little to no market risk, a whole life policy may be the way to go. You can find our guide on the best whole life insurance here.

Universal life insurance allows more flexibility than a whole life policy. You can raise or lower your death benefit, which increases or decreases your premiums based on your financial situation and needs. For example, if you find that you need less coverage because your children are grown up and your mortgage is almost paid off, you can lower your death benefit. As a result, this decreases your premiums. 

If you'd like lifelong coverage, steady cash value growth, and flexibility in your premium payments and coverage amounts to align with changing financial needs, universal life insurance could be the perfect policy for you. You can find our guide on the best universal life insurance here.

Variable life (VL) insurance policy, a type of permanent life insurance , was created years after universal life for people who didn't like how whole and universal life commingled their investments with the insurance company. 

Your money is invested in subaccounts that track underlying mutual funds, bonds, and stocks. If the market does well, so do you. If the market falls, so does your cash value, making it riskier than whole and universal life.

VL insurance is best for someone who wants control over how their cash value is invested and can tolerate increased market risk for higher returns. Since life insurance policies tend to yield subpar returns, VL may be best suited for high-net-worth investors who have maxed out other tax-advantaged investment vehicles (i.e., 401(k)s, Individual Retirement Accounts (IRA)s, etc.). 

Variable universal life (VUL) insurance is a combination of universal and variable life insurance. You can raise or lower your death benefit and have your cash value invested in subaccounts that mirror the performance of underlying investments. Again, this is risky, but if the market does well, so does your cash value.

Like a VL policy, VUL is best for those who want lifelong coverage, more investment options, and the ability to weather increased risk for higher returns. It's also suitable for those hat want flexible premium payments and coverage amounts. You can find our guide on the best universal life insurance here.

Simplified issue life insurance doesn't require a medical exam, but you still have to complete a health questionnaire and provide access to medical records. If you fail to disclose a condition and die, your insurance company can deny death benefits to your beneficiaries. 

It's worth noting that some insurance companies enforce graded death benefits, which refers to your insurer withholding your full death benefits for the first few years of coverage.

Simplified issue life insurance is suitable for applicants of all ages with mild to moderate medical conditions (e.g., asthma, obesity, mental health issues, etc.) You can find our guide on the best no exam life insurance .

Guaranteed issue life insurance is easier to obtain because it doesn't require a medical exam or health questionnaire. However, it has several drawbacks. One of those drawbacks is you must be 50 and older to apply. Plus, since this policy is catered towards high-risk applicants, premiums are usually higher, and coverage amounts are limited. 

Guaranteed issue life insurance is also known as final expense insurance since it offers low death benefit amounts and tends only to cover funeral and burial expenses. 

Guaranteed issue life insurance is a viable option for individuals who struggle to obtain traditional life insurance, like seniors, smokers, and applications with chronic, severe, terminal illnesses or multiple health conditions. You can find our guide on the best life insurance for seniors here.

Group life insurance is employer-provided life insurance, usually offered for free as part of the company's benefits. However, if you are discharged, retire, or quit, you will lose coverage. Plus, group life insurance usually has limited coverage amounts and options compared to private life insurers. 

Consider group life insurance if you're employed with a company that offers this benefit and you anticipate staying with the company in the long run. 

The best life insurance policy for you depends on your budget and financial situation. If you have a fixed income with temporary needs, term life insurance may be best for you. If you have health issues that may prevent you from traditional coverage, you may want to consider no medical examination life insurance . If you want coverage for your dependents in the event of your untimely death, then a term life policy works. If you want to build wealth and leave a legacy, a permanent life insurance policy is best.

Your life insurance needs will change as you age, and you'll need to consider children , marriage, divorce, retirement, and caring for aging parents. Consider consulting a financial advisor, estate attorney, and accountant to ensure you have the proper coverage for your goals and life changes. Also, talk to your insurance agent or financial planner about what works best for you and your budget based on your financial situation.

Term life insurance provides coverage for a certain period of time (usually ten to 30 years). Whole life insurance offers lifelong coverage along with a cash value component.

Many term policies have built-in term-to-perm conversion options. If not, you can include it as a rider or an add-on to your policy at an additional premium. This allows you to convert your term policy to a whole life policy without undergoing an additional medical exam or health questionnaire. 

Policies like variable life and variable universal life insurance insurance allow policyholders to invest the cash value in separate accounts that track underlying investments, This offers the potential for growth but exposes you to market volatility, increasing your risk. 

If you don't qualify for traditional life insurance, no medical exam policies like simplified issue or guaranteed issue may be an option. However, these policies tend to have higher premiums and lower coverage amounts.

Consider your financial goals, coverage needs, budget, and any current or potential health issues. Work with a financial advisor for personalized guidance on your individual situation.

Editorial Note: Any opinions, analyses, reviews, or recommendations expressed in this article are the author’s alone, and have not been reviewed, approved, or otherwise endorsed by any card issuer. Read our editorial standards .

Please note: While the offers mentioned above are accurate at the time of publication, they're subject to change at any time and may have changed, or may no longer be available.

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Business | When a financial plan is no plan at all

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• Investigative Reporting
• Environment

I wish this was the opening to a fun riddle, but sadly, when estate plans (wills, trusts, powers of attorney, health care directives) are unclear or out of date, it’s never funny, and can often be disastrous.

Said vs. meant to say

More often than I’d like to see, someone has gone to the trouble of having their estate plan created, but they sign the documents without understanding its terms. Sometimes, misunderstandings result because assets or circumstances changed, but the plan was not updated. Sometimes what’s in the documents does not match what mom or dad have told the kids, resulting in hurt feelings and often litigation.

A typical “plan” and sentiment is that a trust is to take care of the surviving spouse if there is one, and then “to my children equally” (often in fancy legal terms like “descendants” and “per stirpes,” both of which sounds like things you’d find in a pharmacy). But what if one child has been living in mom’s house taking care of mom in her final years, and mom has promised to leave that child the house? What if one child has worked in dad’s business and dad has always said to the hard-working child, “One day, this will all be yours”?

If a trust states, “to my children equally,” and says nothing about specific assets to specific children, the trustee’s hands are tied. Thus, in the above house example, the only way the house could be distributed to the caretaking child is if there are enough other assets to give the other children an equally valuable share. Even then, the trustee may need the consent of the other children. If the caregiving child was expecting the house and 1/3 of the other assets, they’re going to be out of luck. This is true even if that child was paying the mortgage on the house, unless the child can prove they were purchasing the house from their parent and thus entitled to some portion of the house as a purchaser rather than an heir.

The bigger problem

Even when a trust says “house to child A,” problems can arise. It should be clear whether child A gets the house “off the top” before all other assets are split among the children, or if child A gets the house as part of their share.

For example, assume dad dies with a trust holding a house worth $600,000, and other assets of $900,000, for a total of $1.5 million in assets.

If child A is getting the house, and the “remainder” (also referred to as “residual”) is going to all three kids equally, then child A gets $900,000 of assets (the house plus one-third of the $900,000 of other assets), and the other children each get $300,000. If, on the other hand, child A has the right to the house as a part of their one-third share, they are only entitled to $500,000 (one-third of $1.5 million) and will need to buy out their siblings’ share of the house.

Without specific terms, whichever way the trustee goes, this trust is likely to be contested by one child or another, and the legal fees will eat up a significant portion of the estate. Probate might have been cheaper.

When a gift is to be distributed is another important and overlooked issue that can nullify a plan.

If dad is leaving the family business to the child who works in the business, the trust again should make clear if that’s “off the top” or part of that child’s share. But what if dad’s spouse is still alive? Is the surviving spouse meant to continue receiving income from the business? Is the gift only made once both spouses are deceased (particularly a concern with children from different marriages)?

What if the child is no longer working in the business at the time of dad’s death? At the time of surviving spouse’s death? The trust should cover these conditions — e.g., the child only received the business as part of their share of the trust assets, after the surviving spouse has died, and only if the child is still working in the business.

Formula trust

Estate planning attorneys often draft trusts with complicated formulas for how a trust is divided. We do that not because we’re showoffs or charge by the word (that only seems true) but because tax laws change, asset values change, and we don’t know when you’re going to die. But sometimes, if the law changes drastically, or your assets significantly change, these formulas can up-end a plan.

When a trust is drafted, the formula could benefit the surviving spouse (i.e., the largest share under the formula is set aside for the spouse), but as laws and assets change over the years, that could reverse, and the formula may benefit the children more, or perhaps unintentionally reduce a spouse or child’s share to zero.

Make sure you consult with counsel every few years and confirm the formula still works.

If you have a trust that was put in place before 2012 and hasn’t been updated yet, you should have it reviewed. Tax laws have changed significantly, and where pre-2012, it was commonplace that a trust would split into two at the death of the first spouse to save on estate taxes, this is no longer the case. And in fact, splitting the trust into the “old school” two trusts may cause higher income taxes.

An estate plan is a living document for so long as you are a living person. Just as you buy new clothes, move homes, and change your diet and exercise habits, your trust is going to need an update as well. Just like those jeans you wore in high school, a plan is not a plan if it no longer fits you.

Teresa J. Rhyne is an attorney practicing in estate planning and trust administration in Riverside and Paso Robles, CA. She is also the #1 New York Times bestselling author of “The Dog Lived (and So Will I)” and “Poppy in The Wild.”  You can reach her at [email protected]

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The great wealth transfer has started — but millennials, Gen Z may not inherit as much as they anticipate

There’s a massive  wealth  transfer underway.

“It has started and it’s only going to accelerate,” said Liz Koehler, head of advisor engagement for BlackRock’s wealth advisory business.

Baby boomers are set to pass more than $68 trillion on to their  children . And yet, some  millennials  and  Generation Z  may not be inheriting as much as they think.

Recent reports show a growing disconnect between how much the next generation expects to receive in the “great wealth transfer” and how much their aging parents plan on leaving them.

To that point, 68%, of millennials and Gen Zers have received or expect to receive an inheritance of nearly $320,000, on average,  USA Today Blueprint  found. Additionally, 52% of millennials think they’ll get even more — at least $350,000 — according to a separate survey by Alliant Credit Union.

However, 55% of baby boomers who plan to leave behind an inheritance said they will pass on less than $250,000, Alliant found.

Further, just one-third of white families and about one in every 10 Black families receive any inheritance at all, and more than half of those inheritances will amount to less than $50,000, according to a separate   study  by Federal Reserve Bank of Boston.

Part of the discrepancy is because “parents are just not communicating well with their adult children about financial topics,” said Isabel Barrow, director of financial planning at Edelman Financial Engines.

Tack on  inflation , high healthcare costs and longer life expectancies, and boomers suddenly may be feeling less secure about their  financial standing  — and less generous when it comes to giving money away.

Overall, fewer Americans are feeling financially confident these days, a report by  Edelman Financial Engines  found, and just 14% would consider themselves wealthy.

Millennials may be 'richest generation in history'

Still, over the next decade this intergenerational transfer could make millennials “the richest generation in history,” according to the annual  Wealth Report  by global real estate consultancy Knight Frank.

These funds come at a time when  millennials  and Gen Zers are having a harder time  making  it on their own.

In addition to soaring food and  housing costs , today’s young adults face other  financial challenges  their parents did not at that age. Not only are their  wages lower  than their parents’ earnings when they were in their 20s and 30s, after adjusting for inflation, but they are also carrying larger  student loan balances , recent  reports show .

With so much at stake, “there is so much missing that needs to be discussed with our adult children when it comes to what happens with our money,” Barrow said.

Boomers need to map out a plan

At the same time,  views of inherited wealth are changing , according to BlackRock’s Koehler.   Parents want to feel confident that the next generation is going to have the same value system around building wealth.

“Firms and advisors who are doing this well are finding ways to open up the conversation so it is clear and transparent and setting common family values and expectations around philanthropic endeavors,” she said.

The failure to create such a strategy is a major issue, the Edelman report found: 90% of parents intend to leave an inheritance to their children but 48% do not have a specific plan in place.

That makes it even more important to map out how that money will be handed down as well as exactly how much will change hands, Barrow said, in addition to discussing it as a family.

“It’s not only what are you getting but how you are getting it — all of this needs to be part of a big-picture financial plan,” she said.

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Jessica Dickler is a personal finance writer for CNBC.

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A Wealth Shift That Could Leave Some Younger Americans Behind

Assets held by baby boomers are changing hands, but that doesn’t mean their millennial heirs will be set for life.

By Martha C. White

Alainta Alcin has heard about the huge transfer of wealth from baby boomers to their millennial children that is underway — a move that has been called the largest shift of assets in history. But Ms. Alcin, an analyst for hospital systems, says it bears little resemblance to her own family’s experience.

“Unfortunately, my mom is one paycheck away from being unable to pay for anything,” said Ms. Alcin, a 34-year-old resident of West Palm Beach, Fla. “There’s nothing to transfer.”

Baby boomers have trillions of dollars in wealth that some economists predict will have a significant impact on their millennial-aged children when they inherit the cash, homes, stock portfolios and other assets their elders hold. But experts say that the narrative of millennials’ paying off debts and wielding greater spending power over the next two to three decades is complex — and leaves out families without enough assets to pass along.

As a first-generation American, Ms. Alcin saw her mother struggle to raise herself and five siblings after her father died. The elder Ms. Alcin had menial agricultural jobs — work that, at the age of 67, has become more difficult to do, even as she tries to make higher payments on her home’s adjustable-rate mortgage.

“She only has a limited amount of time where she can continue to work,” Ms. Alcin said. “It just seems as though economists miss a part of the hidden stories of people where there’s no wealth to begin with.”

In particular, young adults who are providing for aging parents while trying to establish their own retirement nest eggs worry that this inflection point will leave them further behind. Federal Reserve data shows that the average net worth among those aged 65 to 74 in 2022 was nearly $1.8 million. This figure is skewed by those at the upper end of the wealth spectrum, though. At the median, the average net worth of this age bracket was roughly $410,000, a figure that includes the values of homes and investments.

Estimates of how much wealth will be transferred over the coming decades vary widely, but even low calculations suggest that tens of trillions of dollars will change hands as baby boomers die. Some $84 trillion is expected to pass from older to younger generations between now and 2045, with $16 trillion of that taking place over the next decade. The rise in real estate values and the historically long bull market predating the pandemic, along with the shift from defined-benefit pensions to defined-contribution plans like 401(k)s over roughly the past generation, has made it possible, experts say.

Many monthly pension payments cover most or all of the cost of day-to-day living expenses, but with rare exceptions, payouts terminate after the worker or that person’s surviving spouse dies. Retirement accounts such as 401(k)s and individual retirement accounts, though, are treated differently.

“One of the interesting things about 401(k)s is that, unlike pensions, they can be handed down,” said Geoffrey Sanzenbacher, an associate professor of economics at Boston College. “There’s the opportunity for there to be this wealth transfer.”

And some boomers have both pensions and 401(k)s, giving them the flexibility to live on their pension payments and Social Security, and to save the defined-contribution balance for their heirs.

Even in families that have been able to accumulate some wealth, research suggests that millennials might be overconfident when it comes to expectations about how much they’ll inherit, though. A survey conducted two years ago by Alliant Credit Union found that just over half of millennials who anticipated inheriting money expected that they would get at least $350,000. However, 55 percent of boomers who say they plan to bequeath assets to their children or other younger family members say the amount will be less than $250,000.

“Parents have less money than their kids think,” said Sumeet Grover, Alliant’s chief digital and marketing officer.

A generational divide, and agreement

Boomers say their children live beyond their means. Millennials say their parents don’t have a clue how expensive it is to raise a family today. Beyond that, financial advisers who work with each generation say they see a widespread lack of transparency — although, again, they differ on what creates this divide.

Sophia Bera Daigle, founder of Gen Y Planning, a financial planning firm in Austin that works mostly with millennials, suspects that the appeal of holding onto the family purse strings for boomers is too strong to relinquish. “I think a part of it is control,” she said. “They really like having that control, being able to dole out those gifts if, and when, they want, or when they see fit.”

Boomers might also be unfamiliar with what young adults have to pay for homes, child care and college, even when those young adults are their own children, Ms. Daigle said.

In some cases, that disconnect extends to boomers’ own finances.

“In the ’90s with the tech boom, I think a lot of people made a lot of money and expected that same amount of money” would be available to them in the future, she said, but everything from recessions to health crises to divorce can crack those nest eggs.

Boomers counter that they are acting in their children’s best interests.

“In some families, it gets into the parents’ perception of the child’s work ethic and spending habits,” said Scott Oeth, a financial planner in Edina, Minn. “They don’t want it to seem like their kids are depending on their inheritance.”

Where the generations do agree is that virtually nobody talks about this.

Alvin Carlos, a financial planner in Arlington, Va., said only about 10 percent of his millennial clients had talked to their parents about estate planning. “I think a majority of our clients think their parents are in a decent financial situation, but they don’t know that for sure.”

Ms. Daigle also said she saw generational differences in comfort with discussing financial matters. “I have yet to see a boomer be extremely transparent with their finances for their kids, unless that parent is living with them,” she said.

Mr. Grover, of Alliant, suggested that millennials were comparatively more open about their finances because, as a generation, they had been conditioned via social media to obtain and share information readily. “When you look at millennials, they’re extremely comfortable talking about money,” he said. “I think one of the reasons for that is the internet,” because young adults are used to sharing so much online about their personal lives.

The cost-of-care conundrum

One of the biggest risks that comes with not sharing financial and estate-planning information is the prospect that a parent could wind up needing lengthy nursing home care.

State-administered Medicaid programs are often families’ only options for that care, but eligibility requirements mean spending down savings and selling off or liquidating assets.

“That next generation needs to wait longer and may get less because, in the last few years of their parents’ lives, they had all those expenses of long-term care,” said Steve Parrish, co-director of the Center for Retirement Income at the American College of Financial Services.

People who want to leave an inheritance to their children and minimize taxes and delays on the transfer often establish trusts for their assets. But this supposes that these families are wealthy enough to afford to hire an estate lawyer. Middle-class millennials who might otherwise inherit a home and perhaps the contents of a bank account are the most vulnerable to seeing that value get depleted in order for their parent to qualify for Medicaid.

And some aren’t expecting anything at all.

Joyce Hahn, a first-generation American, said she worried about her father as he approaches age 80. Although he held a plethora of jobs since emigrating from South Korea in the 1970s, Ms. Hahn, 39, said she didn’t believe he was ever able to save for retirement.

Ms. Hahn, a Census Bureau employee and resident of Washington, D.C., already splits the cost of her father’s housing, in a rent-controlled senior living apartment in California, with her younger sister. She also pays ancillary expenses not covered by insurance, such as dental care. “We never really talk about those kinds of things,” she said. “We were raised in this Asian mentality of taking care of your elders,” she said.

She said she wished she had more visibility into her father’s finances. “I don’t imagine he’ll get to the point where he needs long-term care, but I don’t want to be surprised by it.”

Significant as the impact of long-term care costs can be on affected families, social policy experts warn that there is a much bigger pool of people who could be hurt by the way this wealth is transferred: Those millennials whose parents were unable to accrue wealth in the first place.

“It just exacerbates the wealth inequality that’s been growing worse over the last several decades,” Mr. Sanzenbacher said. “It becomes harder and harder to compete for resources.”

Marsha Barnes, founder of the Finance Bar, a financial planning firm in Charlotte, N.C., said many of her younger clients worried about outliving their 401(k) balances.

“Many of my clients are Black,” said Ms. Barnes, who is also Black. “They maybe started a little later in life with saving money in their 401(k),” she said, because many had to support their parents in retirement.

“I have a client who’s in her early 30s, and now she’s helping her mom because her dad passed away — she just feels that level of responsibility,” Ms. Barnes said.

An earlier version of this article misstated the location of a financial planner. Scott Oeth is in Edina, Minn., not Lake Edina.

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